TRUYEN THUYET PHAM NHAN VA NHCfNG BI AN 6 N O I THCJ CUNG
Bodn Thf Nggc Anh Khoa Ngie vdn - Dia li Email: [email protected]
Ngdy nhdn bdi- 04/01/2018 Ngdy PB ddnh gid: 26/01/2018 Ngdy duyet ddng: 30/01/20!8
TOM TAT:
TmyIn thuylt vd nhihig nai thd cung Pham Nhan dang la dieu bi an va cd nhieu ton nghi ttong dan gian eung nhu ddi vdi gidi nghien cuu. Trong bai viit nay, chung tdi khai thac truyin thuylt Pham Nhan v l phucmg dien cdt tmyen, khai quat dac diem xudt thdn, hdnh trang vd su hda than cua nhan vat. Dya vao kit qua diln da, chiing tdi ehi ra mgt sd dia diem, di tich thd cung Pham Nhan vd li giai hien tugng nay ttong ddi sdng van hda ddn gian ngudi Viet.
Tir khda: Truyin thuylt, di tich, bi an
LEGEND OF PHAM NHAN AND MYSTERIES AT HIS WORSHIP PLACES ABSTRACT
The legend of Pham Nhan and his places of worship are still mysterious and not fully comprehensible to the folk culture and also to the research community. In this article, we have explored the myth of Pham Nhan in terms of storyline, generalization of origin characteristics, his activities and bis incarnation. Based on the results of our fieldwork, we have pointed out some of Pham Nhan worship places and relies, and explained this phenomenon in the Vietnamese folk culture.
Keywords: legend, relics, mysterious
1. D ^ T VAN DE
Tin ngudng dan gian la mdt ITnh vuc rdng ldn, vd cung phong phii, da dang. Tu thdi xua, tuc thd than, thd thanh cua ngudi Viet da the hien rd ban chat tin ngudng da than ban dia. Trong lich sii, dng cha ta da bao luu rat nhieu hinh thdi tin nguong, tdn giao khac nhau. Ben canh nhiing vj thdn cd cdng
ttang hien bach tbi nhirng than, nhGng nhan vat bet siie binh thudng, thara chi tam thudng nhu mgt ngudi chet bat dac ky tii, mgt tay an from, tudng cudp hay ke dn may... van dugc ddn gian thd ciing. Nhiing nhan than d?ng ndy hdu bet gidng nhau d chd deu chet vao gid thieng nen linh iing vdi cdng ddng, khien cho ngudi dan khiep sg rad lap den th5 phung. Pham Nhan Id mgt dang ac than, nhan 24 I TRirONG DAI HOC HAI PHONG
vat phdn dien frong truydn thuylt ngudi Viet, mgt hien tugng dac biet frong sinh boat tin ngudng dan gian. Truyin thuylt va nhiing noi thd Cling nhan vat ndy bien dang la dieu bi an vd cd nhiiu tdn nghi frong dan gian cung nhu ddi vdi gidi nghien ciru.
2. NOI DUNG
2.1. Cot truyen Phgm Nhan Truyen thuyet la nhiing truyen dan gian cd lien quan den licb sii. Nd khdng phai la chinh su md la mdt thir da sir, lich su dan gian. Nhung fren thuc tl, lich sii vd truyen thuydt khdng tach biet va don gidn nhu v^y, nhdt la lich su dan tgc khi ehua cd chu: viit thi mgi bien cd thang frdm cua lieh sir dugc ghi lai bdi dau? Tu do, cd thd thdy truyin thuydt va lich su cd mdi quan he gan bo mat thiet. O ddy, nhGng hdi uc ve lich sir dam mau sdc dan gian dugc dan chiing bao tdn, tidm an trong coi tham sau cita tam linh va dugc truyen tung tir ddi nay sang ddi khac.
Cdt truyen ve Pham Nhan cd mdu sd chung vdi nhiing truyen thuyet lich su khdc bao gdra ba chang: hodn canh xuat hien; dac diera banh trang nhan vdt; nhdn vat hda.
Ve hoan canh xuat hien, nhdn vat Phara Nhan dagc sinh ra mdt each ki la. Truyen thuyet ke rang: 0 tbdi ki ddu eua nha Tran, fren ddt Nam Dinh ed mgt ngudi ten la Nguyin ST Thanh da chit, ty nhien sdng lai kl chuyen d fren frdi rang d viing Ddng Trieu tinh Hai Duong cd ngudi con gdi hg Nguyen, vg cua mdt thuong khach d Phuc Kien mo thay giao hgp vdi giao long, de ra mgt ke vd sau se gay loan d ddt nudc ta. Thugng de nghe tm, ben cho Thanh Tien ddng tu, cd Kim Ddng, Nggc nu' hd ve xudng phuong Nam tni hga giiip ddn lanh. Thanh Tien ddng tu ddu thai lam con cua An Sinh Vuang Trdn Lidu vd Thieu Dao qude mdu, xudng ttan dugc dat ten la Trdn Qudc Tudn. Cdn radi hilm hga cua
ddn tdc, do ngudi con gdi hg Nguyen sinh ra kia chinh la ten giac Pham Nhan. Trong qud trinh suu tam, dien da chiing tdi tim thdy hon hai muoi tmyen thuyet ve Pham Nhan, nhin chung cae tmyen thuyet deu gap nhau d mdtip ve su ra ddi ki la cua nhan vat nay. Co tmyen thuyet ndi rang, Nguyen Ba Linh la eon ciia mdt ngudi lai budn ngudi Qudng Ddng - Tnmg Qudc, me ngudi An Bdi - Ddng Trieu.
Ciing nhieu ban ke ndi rdng, me Ba Linh hi vua Thuy Td freu gheo, mdt lan ba di md cua d bien thdy con rdn quan vdng quanh chan va sau do ba ve mang thai, sinh ra Nguyen Bd Linh. Mdtip ve sy ra ddi ki la cita nhan v^it Pham Nhan cd lien quan den chi tiet ndm mdng, radt ngudi phy nii vimg Ddng Trieu nua dem ndm radng thdy giao hgp vdi giao long; mdt ngudi phu nil dan diu vdi vua Thiiy Td; radt ngudi phy mi bj Long Vuong freu gheo... Nhung chi tiet ddng nhat ndy cho thdy Pham Nhan ed ngudn gde tu nude. Mac dii la nhdn vat cd that frong lich sir cha ngudi Qudng Ddng - Trung Qudc, me ngudi Viet, song frong chudi truyen thuyet vd nhan vat nay, su ra ddi ki la lai cho thay nhiing didu khdng hay ve mdt ke duge sinh ra se gay lo?tn eho ddt nudc. Dd cting chinh la dung y eua tdc gia dan gian khi tao nen mgt sy ra ddi khac biet ddi vdi mdt nhan vdt ddc biet vd cung dy bdo trudc cho nhiing hanh ttang cua nhdn vat sau nay.
Ve dac diem, hanh ttang nhdn vat:
Nguydn Ba Linh cd mdt tudi tho tai qud me khdng rady binh yen, ngay tu be da hdn da cd tinh xau la thich rinh bgn con gai trong lang tam. Ba Linh ldn len la mdt dua tre ngd nghich, ca dan lang ddu khdng ua. Rdi Linh bd dat Viet, sang Trung Hoa, dui mdi kinh sir, thi dd tien sT. Lau ndm chuyen tam nghien cuu chudc thudt, phii phep ma quy, luyen khi, luyen cdng, Linh co tai biln hda khdn cimg. Khi vao trong cung chira benh, Linh da T^P CHI KHOA HQC, S6 27, thang 3/2018 25
dung ta thudt chuyen tbdi mien cac cung nii lam chuyen dam d, ve bua, ve cdc hinh thu ki quai ldn chd kin cung nii, sd soang ttong dem tdi, thdng dara mdt liic vdi nhieu ngudi.
Ldi ddn dai nhiing hinh thii Id quai trdn than the cung nii lan di, viec dam d Id ra. Mdt dao sT cao tay dugc bi mat nhap qudeh thanh.
Sau ba sau ngdy bet ragt ky Dja sat, Ba Linh bi phat giac. Triiu dmh chiiu tdi tram quyet. Linh cdu xin vua Nguyen cho dao cdng chudc tdi.
Linh tau rang, bdn vdn sinh ra d nudc Viet, thdng thao tiing ngudi luang dan, nhdn ro dudng di ngd ngach, xin nhan lam hudng dao cho qudn Nguyen. Hdt Tat Liet chap thuan cho Linh tham gia vao qudn cua O Ma Nhi, Phan Tilp, Tich Le Ca, sang xdm lang Dai Viet dl cd eo ldp cdng. Lai cdn cho Linh tiiy y dimg ta thuat, cdt la tning tri dugc dan chung nudc sd tai.
Linh di, cam Ida trong tay, mang nudc phep den trong bau, rude voi vl giay ma td.
Linh ddn doan quan thuy xdm ldng dgc, theo dudng mep bien Ddng, tien vao ddnh pha Dai Viet. Binh thuyen giac tien qua cira Van Ninh, Mdng Cai, rdi vao din cua An Bang, Qudng Yen. Linh tan siic giup ddi qudn vien chinh, diing ta thuat gdy that nhieu tdi ac.
Nhu vdy, hanh trang ciia nhan vat Pham Nhan gan lien vdi nhiing chieu trd ki quai vdi phu nii, va nhirng td thudt dugc su dung de hai ngudi. Ddu mang ddng mau Viet song lai xin 1dm hudng dao ddn dudng cho quan xdm luge, do vay Phiim Nhan trd thanh giac cua dan tdc ta. Nhimg ddc diem hanh ddng, cugc ddi cua nhan vat Pham Nhan hoan toan phii hop vdi du bdo ve ra ddi ki la eiia mgt nhan vat se gay loan eho ddt nude.
Vd cai chdt cua nhan vat: Trong tran Bach Ddng, Nguyin Bd Linh hi Hung Dao Vuong bdt va chat han lam ba doan, mgt doan virt xudng dat, radt xudng sdng vd mgt
len mii. Sau nay dan gian vung Van Kilp truyin nhau la doan viit len rimg biln thdnh vdt, doan xudng sdng thanh dia, vd sau cung la doan tren ddt la mudi. Ba Linh vdn tai sinh thdnh nhiing gidng cd hai ba con vdt deu hiit raau ngudi. Va dae bidt, Nguydn Ba Linh frd thdnh khde tinh ciia nhung ngudi phu nu Viet. Trude kbi chit, hdn cd hdi Hung Dao Vuong cho tdi an gi? Hung Dao Vuong vo cimg tdc gidn dd ndi "Cho rai an mdu de ciia dan ba". Vl tbi sau nay hdn Nguydn Ba Lmh di khdp ca nudc, gdp ngudi ddn bd nao de, thdi ngu vdi, hd ngudi ndo pham phdi via ciia Bd Linh thi se benh tdt dm dau mdi, udng thudc khdng khdi. Nhiing ngudi mdc phai can benh Phara Nhan quai ac den keu cau d din Van Kiep, dera chieu mdi ddi Idy chieu cu d din ve de nam va lay tan huong nudc la d ttong den ma udng thi mdi khdi benh.
Nhu vay, cdt truyen Pham Nhan phat ttien theo raach: Hoan cdnh xuat than bat thudng va dac diem ki quai cua nhan vat;
hdnh frang tdi dc ciia nhdn vat; Nhan vat tai sinh, gay hai quay nhidu nhan ddn. Sy bat thudng trong hoan cdnh xuat thdn ddn toi nhung hanh dgng dgc ac hai ddn bai nudc.
Ket eye nhan dugc su tning tri thda dang vdi cdi chet khdng toan thay. Nhung cai ac do gidng nhu mdt thii ung nhgt van tiep tuc tai sinh quay trd lai d l hoanh hanh, qudy nhieu nhan gian mdi khdng thdi. Dd cung chinh la sy khac biet can ban giiia cdt tmyen tmyen thuyet ve dc than vdi cdt truyen vd phuc thdn.
2.2. Nhitng d&u tich th& cung Phgm Nhan
Lich su da di qua tdm the ki, nhimg tmyen thuyet ve tudng giac Pham Nhan va nhiing noi milu thd, nhiing tap tuc, kieng ki huyen hi van dugc nhdn dan ri tai nhau truyin mieng tu ddi nay qua ddi khac. Mac du la tudng giac, khi sdng gay nen bao tdi ac
26 I TRlTCfNG DAI HQC HAI PHONG
ddi vdi dat nude, nhung sau khi chit nhdn vat nay dugc dan gian am thdm thd ciing. Tuy nhien, viec thd mgt ten giac xam luge tbi khdng the dugc thyc bien mgt each cdng khai. Mgi boat dgng tin ngudng cua nhan dan ddi vdi nhan v^t nay van la nhung an sd dang tim ldi gidi dap. Va nhdng dia diim thd ciing Pham Nhan cdn tdn tai nhiiu nghi vdn frong dan gian cung nhu gidi nghien cim vdn hda.
Trayen thuyet ed nbdc tdi ngdi railu thd Phara Nhan tai xa An Bai, huyen Ddng Triiu, nam ngay ben bd sdng Thaih Luong. Khi Hung Dao Dai Vuong eho dem ban ve ehem tai xa An Bdi rdi quang xdc xudng sdng. Bdy gid, cd hai ngudi danh ca d khue sdng nay, keo ludi len, chdng dugc ca ma dugc cai ddu ciia Ba Lmh, hoang sg, hg ben cimg nbau khdn thdra rdng: Neu hdn dng cd thieng tbi xin phii hg cho chiing tdi danh duge nhieu ca, chiing tdi se xin mai tang bdn hoi. Hg vua khdn xong thi la thay, keo me ludi nao cung dugc rat nhieu ca, vi the hg ben dera dau Ba Linh len tang fren bd sdng. Tir day ve sau, mdi lan ra chg ban ea, di qua chd mai tang dau Ba Linh, bg deu chi tay vao dd raa ndi: Mdi bac cimg di chai cho vui. Rdi thanh tiidi quen, hdn ma Ba Linh cimg nhdp bgn ma di vdi bg, ngudi duang thdi ggi la Tam bdn. Tam hdn phai thdi hay chdng gheo phy nii. Hd thich chdng gheo ai, hg chi can dua tay ve phia ngudi do rdi ggi ten Ba Linh, ngudi ay nhat dinh se bi ma am ngay, vi the, ngudi frong vimg ay phai lap mieu de thd. Theo ldi ke chiing tdi tim ve ngdi mieu thd Pham Nhan nay thudc tbi xa Chi Lmh, Hai Duong. Cu Dao Thi Mieng (90 tudi) va cu Nguyen Thi Hgi (83 tudi) deu cho biet: thdn An Bai cd thd Phara Nhan. Cac cu kl chuyen Pham Nhan xua bi Hung Dao Vuang chera, dau frdi ve phia lang An Bai, va nhimg ngudi phu nii, dac biet la nhimg ngudi xinh dep deu bi freu gheo, rdi bi radc nbifrig can benh khd chua. Tai lang do.
ngudi dan kmh hai ldp mieu thd, sau dua vao thd ttong dinh. Cac eu cho biet: ngudi dan lang nay bi cam khdng dugc ldn den Kiep Bac. Kbi den dmh An Bai gap ba Chen (74 tudi) ba la ngudi giii chia khda frdng eoi dinh An Bai. Ba bet sue canh giac vdi nhirng cau dugc hdi ve ngdi dmh nay thd ai. Ba cho biet ngdi dinh nay thd Thugng ddng tdi linh. Ba cd ke cau chuyen CO gia dmh den day dua ngudi con gai den vi bi Pham Nhan banh nen din din dl lam Id.
Nhung bd da tir chdi va ndi rdng dinh lang chiing tdi thd Thugng ddng tdi linh than chu khdng phai thd dng Nguyin Ba Lmh. Ba ciing cdng nhan rang ddn lang mmh hi edm len ddn Kidp Bac. Va ba Chen cdng ndi rdng nhiing ngudi phy nd den ki nguydt san, nhung nha cd tang va nhiing ngudi an thit chd khdng dugc din dmh. Phu nhdn dmh An Bai thd Pham Nhan, ba Chen ke cau ehuyen ve Mieu dng (chiia Mang) tai thdn Cdu Quan, Tan Dan huyen Nam Sach, chi each lang ba cd 1 canh ddng. Xua kia ngudi dan An Bai quanh nam thuyen chai sdng nudc de kiera com. Mgt ngay ng, ddi vg chdng keo vd len khdng thdy tdm ca ma thay mgt eai dau. Nhieu ngudi cho rdng do chinh la dau Pham Nhan. Bdi sau khi ehem diEmh ba manh, dau cua bdn dugc nem xudng sdng. So hai, ddi vg chdng viit chiec dau lau xudng sdng. Mgt thang sau, ddi vg chdng do keo ludi ciing lai thay cai dau. Ddi vg chdng khdn rdng: "Neu dng cd thieng tbi phu hd cho chung tdi keo dugc nhidu tdra ca, tdi se dem dng ve thd ciing ban boi". Qua nhien sau dd, ddi vg chdng keo dugc nhieu tdra ca, rdi an nen lam ra. Vi thi, hai vg chdng ben dem ddu Pham Nhan tang fren bd sdng va ddp thanh eai ddng giua ddng de thd. Dan lang ggi do la Milu Ong, nay thudc thdn Cdu Quan, xa Tan Dan, huyen Nam Sach - Hai Ducmg. Tuy nhidn, ggi la Milu nhung hien nay khdng cd mgt ngdi raidu nao, chi cdn la mgt eai go rdt cao, ma
TA.P CHI KHOA HQC, S6 27, thang 3/2018 I 27
ngudi dan chi len dd bao chmh la Mieu Ong.
Din tiid Pham Nhan da bi pha bdng tu rdt Idu.
CQng theo ldi kl, ttong milu thd khdng cd bai vi, chi cd mgt u noi hinh eon dia - lidn quan din cai chit ciia Pham Nhan. Mdt lan khac ttd lai ldng An Bai, chiing tdi nhan dugc sy giup dd cua anh Nguyen Duy Ddng (37 tudi) lam viec tai Ban quan li di tich den Kiep Bac, anh eho biet tai lang An Bdi, xa An Lac, Chi Lmh - Hai Duong hien cd mdt ngdi nghe thd Pham Nhan. Ngdi nghe nay nam trong khudn vien vudn nha dng Phao, ba Oanh. Den nai, chiing tdi dugc ba Oanh (66 tudi) kl cho nghe vl ngdi den dugc phuc dung lai nam 1978. Sau nhimg gidc mdng cu lap di lap lai khi bd mdi 27 tudi vd nbfing cd gai xinh dep, tdc ddi hang dem di tu tren nen ddt nghe vdo nha ba. Va vdi nhiing hien tugng la ve sue khde, lam dn eua gja dinh bd ndi rieng vd dan tang quanh xdm dd ndi chung. Mdt cd ddng (nay da mat) ggi cho ba biet ba va dan lang phdi l?ip lai nghe de thd tbi se yen dn, nhung khdng dugc noi la thd ai. Bd Oanh cd ke map md ve vide cac cy tmyen lai:
"cd hai ngudi keo dugc... cu tha xudng sdng, rdi vdn keo dugc, sau dd thi vdt len va ve ngu tai ddt nay. Ngdi nghe nay hien la mdt dja diem hiem hoi cdn lai nhung chung tich va cdu ehuyen truyen khdu ve Pham Nhan. Ba Oanh cho biet cu mdi nam "4 van": dau xuan, dau he, ngay ki (15/7 am lich), dip cudi ndm ba va ngudi ddn quanh xdm vdn 1dm le binh thudng de ddng cung. Va cd mdt dieu dac biet la nhiing gia dinh xung quanh dat nghe do diu khdng cd con gai, cd gia dinh de den 5, 6 lan deu la con frai. Trong ldi ke eua bd Oanh van cdn nhiiu dieu gidu kin, va nhidu thac mdc cua chung tdi khdng the dugc giai dap. Day eiing chinh la tap tue va nhiing bi raat rieng cua dan lang cd quyin dugc gidu km vl vi tiidn ma bg thd cung.
Tai thdn Hung Hgc, xa Nam Hda, huyen Yen Hung (nay la thi xd Quang Yen - Quang
Nmh) Cling cd radt ngdi mieu thd Phara Nhan ndm frong khudn vien chua Hung Lmh. Tmyen thuylt kl vl khue ddu cua Pham Nhan sau khi hi Hung Dao Vuong ehem frdi vl gd ddt Hung Hgc. Mdt mm dan ldng Hung Hgc bi dich benh, nhidu ngudi bi chit. Dan lang mdng thdy Pham Nhan bien v l vd yeu cau thd cimg thi mdi hit benh. Dan lang hdi khi ciing thi dimg li vdt gi? Nhan ndi: "cung mau ba de". Ddn ldng ben 1dm mdt ngdi mieu thd d bd de ven sdng, noi ddu Pham Nhan frdi dat den va mgt ngdi milu d frong lang, chi thd mgt cai mu tugng trung cho ddu Pham Nhan, dimg nudc la vdng dd nhu mau thay cho mau de dan ba de Cling tl, thi thay bet benh tat. Tu dd, cd tuc thd Pham Nhan d ldng nay. Mdi kbi rude thanh hoang lang frong cac ngay sinh ngdy hda deu rude mil Phara Nhan song hanh. Tu Idu, nhiing ngudi con gai kbi sinh nd ddu phai kieng khdng dam di qua raieu thd Pham Nhan. Hang nam le hgi lang Hung Hgc cdn ggi la le dai ky phuoc dugc td chuc frong ba ngay 13, 14 vd 15 thang gieng dm lieh. Ciing nhu cac Id hdi Dai ky phudc ciia cac lang khde, hgi Dai ky phudc lang Hung Hge la mgt sinh boat van hda tin ngudng eau thdn hodng va than Pham Nhan phu hg eho dan ldng mdt ndra mdi dan an vdt thinh. Khdng gian hgi dien ra d tnmg tdm lang, tu dmh Hung Hge tdi den Diic Huyen Quang va milu Pham Nhan d ehua Hung Hgc. Ngay 13 thang Gidng dan ldng rude tugng Than Hoang tu den Due Huyen Quang vd Mii thdn Pham Nhan tir milu thd Thdn vl duih Hung Hgc. Thu tu doan rude Thdn nhu sau: Di ddu la ngudi khenh ehieng, frdng; tiep theo la doan ngudi cd than (ed ngu phuong); den bai hang chdp kich, bat biiu; sau la huong an 18 vat gdm hoa, qua, banh rugu, Ign quay cua ldng; tiep theo Id kieu Long Dmh rude hop sdc; tiep theo la kidu Bat Cdng fren rude Than Tugng Ehic Huyen Quang; din kidu rude mil thdn Pham
28 I TRirdNG DAI HQC HAI PHONG
Nhan; di sau Id dodn ddi Id cita cac bdn den, ban phii frong khu vye ddn ngo di theo dodn rude; tiep theo la cdc quan vien doan te va nhdn ddn du rude Thdn.
Tai Hue ben ddng sdng Huong cd dien Hdn Chen, theo tmyIn thuylt ngay xua Id noi ma mgt phdn xac eua Ba Linh dat vao. Do vay quanh vimg con gai rat khd lay chdng, bang nam cii den ngay hgi mdng 8 thang 7 am ljch thudng phai te nhung cd gai dep ehua chdng va nem xudng Sdng Huong nhiing tdng thit Ign sdng thi dan quanh dd radi dugc yen. Nhan ddn vimg nay ggi Pham Nhan la quan Tara.
Qua khao sat tat ca nhiing ddu tich thd cung Pham Nhan, chiing tdi thdy thdi do cita nhdn ddn ddi vdi nhan vat Pham Nhan phan ldn la sg hai, khdng thich nhan vat ndy. Dd la dieu dd hidu ddi vdi mgt nhdn vdt chuydn lam vide ac, du cd tai nhung tdi ndng lai diing vao viee lara bai thien ha. Dan gian ludn giii thdi do de dat va kinh sg vdi vi thdn linh nay. Hau bet mgi ngudi deu raudn cd thai do giu rainh, kieng ki va tranh pham phdi via cua Pham Nhan. Td thai do sg hai frong ddn gian nhu vay ma cdng viec dieu tra khao sat truyen thuyet ve Pham Nhan gap rat nhieu khd khdn. Ngudi ta lap den thd
bay lara le vat de dang cung Pham Nhan chi Id de raong cdu binh yen cho ban thdn va gia dinh minh. Quan niem eua dan gian "Cd thd cd thieng, ed kieng ed Idnh" vi kinh sg ma thd Cling dd mong cau binh an, de tranh hdu hga, phien toai va ed nhiSng kieng ki rieng.
Dd cung chinh la ban sac van hda rieng cua dan tdc mang ddu dn vdn hda dia phuong dam net.
3. KET LUAN
Nhdn vdt Pham Nhan dugc xay dung qua tri tudng tugng ddn gian Id ke thu ciia dan tgc, sau khi chet linh hdn noi dat khach qud ngudi, san frong long ddy oan ban, nen thudng xuyen hien v l qudy nhidu, lam hai nhan dan. Mdt loat nhiing hien tugng la xdy ra d nhiing vung Pham Nhan di qua, khien eho ddn gian lien tudng nhieu tdi nhung can benh mang ten Pham Nhan. Cac truyen thuyet ve Pham Nhan cd rdt nhiiu chi tilt hoang dudng, ki do, nghieng ve yeu td tara linh. Nhiing truyin thuylt k l v l Pham Nhan, sy hda than, hda ac thdn cua nhan vdt ndy vd ndi am anh cua ngudi ddn ve siic raanh ki bi cua vi ac thdn ndy the hien ragt ddi sdng van hda ddn gian phong phu va phiic tap.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Tran Thi An (2014), Dgc trung the logi vd viee vdn bdn hda truyen thuyet ddn gian Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hgc xd hdi. Ha Ndi.
2. Chu Xudn Dien (2008), Nghiin ctru vdn hda ddn gian: phuang phdp, lieh sie, thi logi, Nxb Giao due. Ha Ndi.
3. Vii Phuang D I (1972), Cdng du tiep ky, Trung tam hge lieu - Bd Giao due, Sai Gdn.
4. Nguyen Thi Bich Ha (2014), Nghien cuu vdn hge ddn gian tie md van hoa ddn gian, Nxb Su phara. Ha Ngi.
5. Kilu Thu Hoach (cb) (2004), Tdng lap vdn hgc ddn gian ngu&i Viet, tap 4, 5, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi, Hd Ndi.
6. Nhiiu tac gid (1989) Vdn hod ddn gian - nhimg linh vue nghien ctru, Nxb Xa hgi nhan vdn. Ha Ngi.
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