Tt^p chi khoa HQC TrUdng DQI h(ic Quy Nhdn - So 2, Tap VI ndm 2012
MIEN NUI QUANG NGAI TRONG QUA TRINH P H A T T R I E N K I N H T E - X A H Q I
DUONG THI NGUYEN HA^
1. MCi DAU
Tii goc nhin ciia Dia Ii hpc, mien nui noi chung va mien nui Quang Ngai ndi rieng cd vai tro to Idn doi vdi cdc qud trinh tu" nhien va phdt trien KT-XH. Mien niii Quang Ngai khong chi nIm tren dp cao Idn, ma cdn la ndi b^t nguon cac con song Idn, ndi ma cac qud trinh xam thUc, bdc mdn, di chuyen vdt chat diln ra manh Het, tinh chat can bang cua cac qua trinh tU nhien rat "mong manh". Tat yeu, mpi thay ddi cua dieu kien tU nhien d dSy diu anh hudng Idn den viing dong bang-ven bien.
Mien nui Quang Ngai g6m 6 huyen (Tay Tra, Tr^ B6ng, Sdn Tay, Sdn Ha, Ba Td, Minh Long). Cd tpa dp dia li tii UOSS'SO" B den 15"22'30" B va tCr 108"06'00" D den lOS^SS'OO" D. Phia bac giap Quang Nam, phia tay gidp Kontum, phia tay nam gidp Gia Lai, phia nam gidp Binh Dinh, phia dong la dai dong bang nhd hep cua Tinh. Dien tich mien niii Quang Ngai rpng 324.475,7 ha (chia'm 63% dien tich tU nhien toan Tinh).
Ndi day difdc biet den vdi tiem nang tU nhien giau cd: tdi nguyen dat, tai nguyen ri(ng, khodng san, tiem ndng thuy dien,... Khong nhffng the, tren nui cao, khi hau mdt me, nhieu phong canh dep, nhieu dia danh noi tie'ng: Thach Bich, Van Phong, Rang CUa (Tra Bong), Thdc Trang (Minh Long),... ciing vdi nd la di san van hda truyen thong, phong tuc tSp qudn dpc ddo cua dong bao dan tpc thieu so' (Ca Dong, Cor, Hre) cho phep md rpng loai hinh du lich van hda-lich sii ke't hdp vdi du lich sinh thai.
Tuy nhien, dii dien tich rpng Idn va tai nguyen tU nhien phong phu, nhimg thiic trang phat trien KT-XH mien ndi chu'a tUdng xiJng vdi tiem ndng sdn cd. San xua't nong nghiep cdn qud manh mun; cdng nghiep-ti^u thu cong nghiep phat trien cham,...
ThUc u-ang phat trien KT-XH mien niii Quang Ngai dang diing trUdc hang loat khd khan. Bang each nao de khac phuc khd khan, phdt huy nhij*ng Idi the tif nhien, vUc day KT-XH miin nui, dUa mien nui tien kip dong bang? La nhu*ng d^u hoi ma bai viet nay hudng de'n tr^n cd set phSn tich tdng hdp nhffng thuSn Idi, khd khan cua mien ntii, tir do de xuat dinh hudng phat trien tdng hdp KT-XH mien ndi cung nhff toan tinh Quang Ngai tren phffdng di$n khai tiidc va sff dung hdp li tai nguyen, bao ve mdi tnfdng va phat tri6'n ben vffng.
DUONG TH1NGUY6NHA' 2. THUAN Ldl VA K H 6 K H A N CUA M I S N NUI QUANG NGAI TRONG
TIEN T R I N H P H A T TRIIiN KINH TE-XA HOI 2.1. Nhi?nK thuSn Vi
* r/itf nhdt, lai nguyin thiSn nhiln phong phu va da dt/ng + Tdi nguyin dd't
TJi nguyen da't cua mien nCii Qu3ng Ngai Vni phong pllli vj da dang. Theo Icet qud phan loai dat cQa FAO-UNESCO |6J, mien ntii QuJng Ngai c6 bon nh6m dat chinh.- nhdm dat xdm, nhom d^l mit ni, nhdm ddt xoi mdn tra sdi da v4 nhdm dii phU .<ra. Trong d6. nhdm deft xdm chid'm dien tich r0ng nhat (73,42% di?n tich tlT nhien).
Nh6m da't nay cd tang diy liha Idn (50-100 cm). Da't chii yeu phan bo tren dia hinh c6 do doc tren 15", nen thuan Idi cho trong riTng, ichoahh nuoi phuc hoi rCrng v^ thtfc hi^n cac mo hinh nong-lam ke't hdp, trong cay cong nghiep dai ng^y,... Nhdm ddt phii sac6 thanh phan cd gidi Icha tot, h^m lirdng chat hiJu cd trong da't nhieu, tang dat day, phdn tfng it chua de'n trung tinh. Loai d^t nay thirdng phan bo tren cdc thung lung song, gan nguon niTdc, r^t thuan Idi cho trong cay ltfdng thifc, hoa mdu vd cay cong nghiep ngdn ngay (lac, mia,...).
Theo kidm ke da't ndm 2010, tdng dien tich da't mien nui Id 324.475,7 ha. Trong do, Slf dung vao san xuat nong nghiep Id 264.644,36 ha. Phan con lai chifa suf diang (48.239,66 ha, chiem 14,87% dien tich tif nhien cua vung va chiem den 75,9% di$n tich da't chtfa su" diing toan tinh). Do dd, kha nang md rpng dien tich canh tdc cho mien ndi van cdn nhieu.
Bdng 1. Hien trang sH dung ddi mien nui Quang Ngai den ndm 2010
Stt 1 2 3
Hien trgng svl d^mg Da't nong nghiep Da't phi nong nghiep Dat chtfa su: dijng
Dien lich (ha) 264.644,36
11.591,69 48.239,66
n If di(n tich tif nhien (%) 81,56
3,57 14,87
Nguon: [8]
+ Tdi nguyen riing
Dien tich rdng tif nhien cua Tinh tap trung chu yeu S mien ndi. Rttng nguyen sinh vd rifng gid thd sinh Id loai rttng cd trif lUdng gidu cd nhd't, tuy con lai it, song chdng deu phan bd S viing nui cao thuoc cdc huyen Ba Td (7.609 ha), Sdn Hd (3.988,5 ha), Sdn Tay (464,9 ha) [5], [10]. Trong rifng cd nhilu lam san. Cdc lo^i go quy; lim, ddi, cho, sao cat, sdn, gii, mat, huynh tr^c,... dddi tdn rufng cd song, may, tre, niJa, ddt, id 6,... cho thu hoach vdi sd Iddng Idn (Tay Trd-thu 200 ta'n ddt/ndm). Ngoai ra, rilfng cdn
MIEN NUI QUANG NGAI TRONG QUA TRINH PHAT TRIEN KINH TE-XA HQI 105 CO cSy dffdc li6u, dac san qu^ nhff sa nhan, hd thu 6, ngu gia bi, qu^, tram hffdng, mat
ong hoa qu6',... Cac hoat dpng khoanh nuoi (nudi ong, nudi nhim, Idn rffng,...) va trdng que, dd b^u, id 6,... gdp phan gia tdng tiiu nhSp vd dn djnh ddi sdng cho ngffdi dan trong vung.
Trong chffng mffc nhS't dinh, rffng ci3a cdc huy6n mien ndi cho ph^p khai thdc nhilu loai lam san tren. Hien go dffdc khai thdc de cung cap nguyen lieu cho nha mdy che bien gd, nha't Id cdc nha mdy cua Khu kinh te Dung Qua't (cum cdng nghiep che bien go xua't khd'u vdi 9 nha mdy dang hoat ddng), md ra Idi the Idn cho nganh sSn xuat lam nghiep ndi day, gdp phan quan trpng thiic day tdng trffdng kinh t6' mien nui Quang Ngai.
Vi the, lai nguyen rifng hien dang duoc xem Id the manh ciia mien niii Qudng Ngai vd trong tffdng lai, ch^c ch^n ngudn tdi nguyen nay se v§n la mpt nguon tai nguyen khong the thieu trong phdt trien KT-XH cua viing ne'u chinh quy^n va ngffdi dan ndi day cd bien phdp khai thdc hdp li va khai thac di cCing vdi tdi tao ngudn tai nguyen ndy.
+ Tdi nguyen khodng sdn
Mien niii cd hoat dpng kien tao khd manh, chiu qud trinh xdm thffc, bdc mdn.
Phd bien trong vung la da macma xam nhap granitoit, thuoc phffc he da co, rat it cdc loai khodng san di kem. The' nen, khodng san ndi day khd ngheo nan. Mac du vay, cac huyen m i i n ntii Quang Ngai lai dffdc thiSn nhiSn ffu dai mdt trff Iffdng Idn dd xay dffng, da dp Idt, vat lieu chiu Iffa,... Ndi bat nhff md da granit Tra Bdng (16 trieu m^), Sdn Tay (2,5 trieu m^), Tay Tra (2,3 trieu m^),... Ben canh do cd nhieu kim loai khdc nhff ddng (md ddng d Ba Td, Tra Bdng), vang sa khodng (d cdc xa Ba Le, Ba Xa thupc huyen Ba Td), diem quang vang d Dong Dinh (Ba Dinh, Ba Td), cdc huyen Tra Bdng, Sdn Ha, Sdn Tay,... [1L2]. Day chinh la ngudn cung cap vat lieu chu yeu cho xay dffng cua tinh Quang Ngai.
Hdn nffa, mien ntii cd nhidu sudi khoang, sudi nffdc ndng nhff sud'i khodng Td Meo (Sdn Tay), Thach Bich (Trd Bdng) vdi tiff Iffdng va chat Iffdng kha td't. Hien chung mdi dffdc khai thdc d quy mo nhd (Thach Bich dffdc khai tiidc vdi Iffu Iffdng 2,5 1/s), nen tiem ndng khai thdc cdn rat Idn.
Tuy khdng giau tai nguyen khodng sdn, nhfftig tiff Iffdng cac loai khodng san hien cd la tien de cho mien ntii Quang Ngai bffdc &iu xay dffng va phdt trien ngdnh cong nghidp.
+ Tai nguyin nt^c va tiem ndng thuy di$n
Tuy chffa cd tdi lieu khao sat cu the nhffng tdi nguyen nudc cua miin nui duac ddnh gid Id rat phong phii ca ve nffdc mat va nffdc ngam. Nhffng ndi Idp phti tiiffc vat
DUCJNGTHINGUYENHA^
dffdc bao ve, khd ndng dieu tiet ddng chdy rai cao. Sdng ngdi cd ngudn nffdc doi ddo, cung ca'p lff0ng nffdc Idn cho sinh hoat vd s^n xuat cua nhSn dan toan Tinh. Dong thdi, ddp ffng nhu cau vc ngudn nffdc cho Khu kinh te Dung Quat vd cdc trung tam cdng nghiep khac.
Nhieu ddnh gid da kh^ng dinh: sdng ngdi mien ntii Quang Ngdi co tiem ndng thuy di?n rdt Idn. Rieng sdng Trd Khuc cd ticni nang 360.000 kW. Do chay tren dia hinh ddc, song cd nhieu thdc ghlnh, Iffdng nffdc Idn. nen rat thuan Idi cho xay dffng thuy dien vffa vd nhd. Cac nhd mdy dffdc quy hoach cd cong suat khd Idn nhff: Dak Rinh 125MW(SdnTdy),DakRe30MW(BaTd),PdE 15 MW (Ba Td), Hd Nang 11 MW (Trd Bdng), sdng Tang 1 vd 2 tdng cpng 12 MW (Tay Tra), sdng Rieng 3.7 MW (Tay Trd),... [11.5], 111.61 va van cdn nhieu kha ndng cho xay dffng cdc nhd mdy trdn song Trd Khuc. Tra Bdng. Vice hodn thdnh thuy dien Ha Nang vd dau nd'i tiidnh cong vao Iffdi di^n qud'c gia vdo ngdy 17/9/2010 vffa qua Id bffdc tie'n vffdt bac cua cdng nghipp thuy dien Quang Ngai. Nhffng thanh tffu bffdc dau md ra trien vpng Idn cho phdt trien ngdnh cong nghiep nay.
+ Tdi nguyen du lich
Dia hinh ntii cao, khi hau mdt me, trong lanh. Id tien dl cho phdt trien du lich nghi mdt. Theo ke't qua ddnh gia cac chi tieu sinh khi hau [2] cho tha'y che dp nhiet- am cua Quang Ngai ndi chung va midn nui ndi rieng deu td't cho sffc khoe con ngffdi.
So vdi trang thai "tien nghi nhiet" to'i ffu thi nhiet dp cua dai ddng b^ng phai giam di chut it, trong khi nhiet dp trung binh cua mien nui nam trong ngffdng de chiu (20-25"C). Do vay, dac diem sinh khi hau tao thuan iPi cho phat trien du lich nghi mat. ke't hdp vdi du lich sinh thdi. du lich vdn hda-lich sff. Mien nui co nhieu phong cdnh dep: rffng cau bat ngan d Sdn Tay, nui non trilng diep d Trd Bdng. Thdc Tr^ng d Minh Long, Thach Bich (Tra Bdng), Khu du lich dffdng sinh, sinh thai rffng Cd Dam- Hd Nffdc Trong; ke't hdp vdi cdc diem du lich d ddng b^ng tao nen cdc tuyen diem du lich ha'p dan [11.8].
Khdng chi cd tdi nguyen du lich tff nhien. d mien nui con cd tiem nang du lich nhan vdn khd da dang. Nhieu di tich lich sff. cdn cd" cdch mang: khu cdn cii Trd Bong;
khu cdn cvt Ba To; di tich quoc gia ddc biet Tnfdng Luy-chqy doc thuang dao xua, tii Trd Bong (Qudng Ngdi) den An Lao (Bmh Djnh). Hdn nffa. cdc cdng ddng dan tpc ciang sinh sd'ng tren vung nui cd ban s^c vd truyen thd'ng rieng, hinh thanh nen vdn hda da dang vdi nhieu net dpc ddo, gdp phan lam phong phti kho tang vdn hda nghe thuat ddn tdc. Cdc phong tuc dffdc bao ton. luti giff nhff le hpi dam trau, loai hinh nghe thuat cpng ddng, nhac cu truyen thd'ng cdng chieng (ctia ngffdi Cor),... trd thdnh tai nguyen phuc vu phdt trien du lich.
Tiem nang du lich tff nhien va nhan vdn cua mien nui Quang Ngai cho phep phat trien da dang cdc loai hinh du lich, hffa hen mang lai ngudn thu Idn cho viing mii xa xoi ndy.
MIEN NtJl QUANG NGAI TRONG QUA TRINH PHAT TRIEN KINH TE-XA HOI 107
* Thii hai, vi tri dia li thuan l<fi-tien de hqi nhap vd h(fp tdc kinh te Nam gidp vdi cac tinh Tay NguySn vd ddi ddng bang nho hep ciia Tinh. mien nui Quang Ngai cd nhieu Idi the U-ong qud trinh hpi nhap. Tay Nguyen Id viing cd the manh ve ndng san, cdn dai ddng b^ng nhd hep nhuYig cd kinh te phat trien manh vd dan cff dong. Day Id nhffng thi trffdng rpng Idn va day tiem nang cho mien ndi Quang Ngdi.
Mien nui vffa trao ddi hang hda vffa hdp tdc kinh te vdi nhffng dia phffdng tiep giap ndy.
Hdng loat cac tuyen giao thdng tinh Id (622. 622 B, 623, 624. 625, 626, 628,...) ndi mien nui vdi ddng b^ng vd cd Ha Ldo (qua qud'c Id 24, dai 169 km), cdng dffa mien nui Quang Ngdi tie'n gan hdn vdi cdc vting xung quanh trong tie'n trinh phdt trien kinh te, md rdng hdp tdc vdi bSn ngodi.
Vi tri dia li mien nui QuSng Ngai tuy chffa phai Id Idi the dac biet cho phdt trien KT-XH cua vffng nhffng nd ddng vai trd rat quan trpng ddi vdi cdc qud trinh tff nhien.
Chinh d vi tn dd md dieu kien tff nhien ciia mien ntii Quang Ngai cd nhieu thuSn loi so sdnh vdi ddng b^ng vd ven bien. Cung chinh d vao vi tri do, mien nui cung nhff toan Tinh dffdc danh gia la thupc vao dien lo khd binh dn vd khd yen tinh [7]. Dieu nay cd S nghia rat Idn cho phdt trien KT-XH cua vung (nha't Id xay dffng cdng trinh kien cd) vd dinh cff ctia con ngffdi.
* ThU ba, khi hau mdt me, li^ng mUa doi ddo vd miia ddng hdi lanh-nen tang cho vifc da dang cd cau cdy trong
Do nam tren dp cao trung binh Idn nen mien nui Quang Ngai cd nen nhiet giam di ro r6t. Cang len cao khi hau cang mdt m e . Mua ddng, d dp cao tren 500 m xua't hien ba thang lanh dffdi IS^C (tiiang 12, 1, 2). nhiet dp tdi tha'p tuyet dd'i da do dffdc; 9,2"C (Son Tay). Mien nui la nhffng tam mffa Idn cua Tinh vd Duyen hai mien Trung (tren 3.000 mm/ndm): Trd Bdng (3.571,4 mm); Ba Td (3.660,5 mm); Minh Long (3.655,5mm).
Lffdng mffa phdn hda thdnh 2 mila: mCia mffa mien ntii de'n sdm hdn va ke't tiidc mupn hdn ddng bang, ddi 8-9 thang (thang 5 de'n thdng 1 ndm sau). Dp am tffdng ddi khd Idn, tdng nhanh vdo mffa mffa vd tdng dan theo do cao. Day Id dieu kien thuan Idi cho cac lodi thffc vdt sinh trffdng vd phdt trien.
Ben canh the manh trdng rffng, mien nui cdn cd the manh trdng cay cdng nghiep (dai ngay, ngan ngay). cay iffdng thifc vd hoa mdu. Khi hau mdt me tren nhffng dien tich rpng vd bang phdng Id cd sd thuan Idi cho mien nui md rpng canh tac va trdng nhieu loai cay khac nhau. Cung vdi cac loai cay trdng cd nguon gd'c nhiet ddi, d day CO the trdng dffdc nhffng loai cd ngudn gd'c can nhiet (ch&),...
* ThuttU, the mqnh phdt trien trong cay cong nghi?p vd hinh thdnh vdng chuyen canh t4p trung
Nhd nhffng tiie manh ve tdi nguy6n dat, khi hdu. ngudn nffdc.... mien nui cd tiem
DUONGTHiNGUYENHA^
nang to Idn dc phat Iricii cay cdng nghiep ddi ngay (keo, s^n, dieu, mdy nffdc, luong, cau, xoan, que....) vd hinh thdnh nhUng vung chuyen canh Idn. Hien nay, mot sd loai cay trdng d mien nui Quang Ngai cd ihffdng hipu vd hinh thdnh dffdc vung chuyen canh Idn nhff que: dffdc trdng d Trd Bong, Tay Trd, cd dipn lich khoang 4.500 ha; Cau: dffdc trong nhieu d Sdn Tay. dien tich khoang 1.500 ha; che: hdn 100 ha (d Minh Long)....
Neu nhff cdc huypn ddng bi'ing cd ihe manh trdng mia. thi cac huyen mien nui lai cd dini kieu thuan l(.li clw cay sdn phdt triin, Vffa qua. Chu lich UBND tinh quyet djnh bd sung iren 2.520 ha da't huyen Sdn Hd vdo Quy hoach phat trien vCing s^n nguyen lieu bdn vffng cho Nhd may nhien lieu sinh hpc Bio-ethanol Dung Quat, giai doan 2011-2020. Dffa tdng dicn tich s^n nguyen Heu ben vffng cho Nhd m^y nhien Ii?u sinh hpc Bio-ethanol Dung Qua't todn tinh len 16.700 ha. 6 day cdn tiem ndng Idn de md rdng vDng chuyen canh san (ml) 1dm nguyen lieu cho cdc nhd mdy ndy.
* Thi'fndm, s{fquan tdm vd ddu tit cua chinh quyen dfaphUfPig vd Trung Ucfng Cung nhff mien nui ca nffdc. mien nui Quang Ngdi nhan dffdc nhieu chinh sdch hd trd, ffu tien cho mien nui, nhieu chffdng trinh vd de an phdt trien dffdc trien khai (nhff 134. 135. 30a....),... Tff chffdng trinh 30a. ndm 2009. mdi huyen mien nui Quang Ngdi dffdc phan bd 25 ty ddng/huyen de xay dffng cd sd ha tang; 232 ty ddng de xay dffng 9.700 nha d cho hd ngheo,... [11.1]. Cdc chinh sdch do phan nao giup dd. ho trd nhan dan mien nui khac phuc khd khdn vd nang cao ddi sd'ng nhan dan. .Mdc du ludn nhan dffdc sff quan tam cua dia phffdng vd trung ffdng. nhffng de dffa mien nui Quang Ngai thodt khdi khd khdn hien nay, ndi day van can dffdc quan tam vd dau tff hdn nffa.
2.2. NhlTng khd khSn
* Thi^ nhd't, syt xa cdch ve mat dfa li, thieu nguon nhdn Itfc co trinh dQ cao vd tqp qudn canh tdc lac hdu
Mac du cd ngudn tai nguyen phong phu nhffng dieu kien tff nhien cua mien nui Quang Ngai cung tao ra khdng il ud ngai, gay kho khdn cho phdt trien KT-XH vd dinh cff cua con ngffdi. Khd khdn Idn nha't cua mien nui la cdch xa ve mgi dia li, nam tren dia hinh cd dp cao dp dd'c Idn, mffc dp chia cit manh, viec di lai va giao Uiffdng gap nhieu cdch trd. Dien tich canh tac rdng Idn, nhffng ngffdi dan van san xua't theo tap quan lac hdu nen nang sua't vd san Iffdng tha'p, thieu Iffdng thffc la dieu khd tranh khdi. Hdn nffa, d day ngudn nhan Iffc rat thieu, nha't la ngudn nhan life cd tnnh dp va qua dao tao. Vi vay. han che kha ndng tie'p can khoa hpc cdng nghe vao san xud't, kho khdn rat Idn cho cdc huyen mien nui trong qud trinh phdt trien.
Tren dien tich rpng Idn nhffng dan cff thffa thdt, chu yeu Id ddng bao dan tdc thieu so', mffc sd'ng chffa cao, so' hp ngheo chid'm ti le Idn, trinh dp ddn tri thdp, con nhieu hu tuc, tap quan du canh, du cff, dd'tnffdngldmray cdnpho bien. Nang sua^tcanh tac chi dffdc mpt vai ndm dau, sau dd giam di nhanh chdng, bu6c cdc cdng ddng
MIEN N O I QUANG NGAI TRONG QUA T R I N H P H A T T R I E N KINH TE-XA HOI 109
chuyen di ndi khac. Day la nguyen nhan lam suy giam dien tich rffng. dd't dai bac mau tiioai hda (nha't Id tren cdc dinh nui cao cua huyen Sdn Tay, Tay Trd). Vay nen, cupc sdng khd khan ciia ngffdi dan khdng the kh^c phuc dffdc. Dien tich rffng bi suy giam.
khong chi lam gia tdng tan sua't thien lai. anh hffdng Idn ddn mdi trffdng tff nhien mien nui, md cdn gdy nhieu hdu qud ndng ne dd'i vdi ddng bSng vd ha Iffu.
* r/ii? hai, xoi tnon-rda troi mqnh vd di^n tich dat thodi hoa ngdy cdng gia tang Tren dia hinh dd'c, khi hdu mffa miia, Iffdng mffa Idn, da't bi xdi mdn manh, nha't Id nhffng ndi rffng bi tan phd hoac canh tdc ba't hdp li, lam tdng dien tich da't xdi mdn manh trd soi dd. Mffa khd, da't hi nfft n6 vd cd nguy cd thoai hda cao.
Tffdng quan nhiet-am ddi ddo. Id dieu kien thuan Idi cho sinh vat sinh trffdng vd phat tridn manh. Song, phan bd' nhiet-am khdng deu theo thdi gian lai trd thanh tdc nhan bat Idi cho cdc qud trinh tff nhien. Mila khd tuy ngan, nhffng vdn cd hidn tffdng diie'u nffdc. Tai cac thung lung thap, gid tay khd ndng hoat dpng manh, cang lam tang kha ndng bdc hdi, cay cdi khd heo, dien tich dd't nfft ne gia tang. Day la thdi ki cdnh quan tu nhien tich luy duc/c ngudn ndng luang doi ddo. Mua mffa de'n, chung thffc hiSn cac qud trinh cd hpc. Ngudn nhiet-a'm dff thffa trd thdnh tdc nhan pha buy cdc qua trinh tff nhien khac. Lffdng mffa Idn tren dia hinh dd'c, nen nffdc tap trung nhanh.
Lffdng mffa tang len dot ngpt khi cd sff ke't hdp cua bao va khdng khi lanh (tran 6 ngay dau thang 12/1999 tai Trd Bdng Id L133,2 mm), gay ID lut Idn tren dien rdng. Nffdc sdng dang len, khdng chi gay ngap lut cho vung thdp trung, md con cd nguy c<3 xay ra lu quet, sat Id bd sdng, sat Id da't vung ddi nui dd'c, cac qua trinh xdi mdn, rffa trdi cang xay ra manh me hdn. Nffdc lu ddn xudng ddng bang, gdy ngdp lut tren dien rpng (trdn lut lich sff nam 1999).
* Thvl ba, cd sd ha tdng yeu kem
Mpt sd huyen cd 100% sd xa Id xa ddc biet khd khan. H6 thdng dien-dffdng- trffdng-tram du dffdc cai thien nhffng chffa dap ffng yeu cau, ne'u khdng ndi Id qud yeu kem so vdi viing ddng bang. Dia hinh bi chia cat manh, ddi nui hiem trd, dp ddc Idn.
Viec xay dffng dffdng giao thdng gap nhieu trd ngai. Giao tiiffdng va di lai giffa cdc xa trong huyen khdng dl thffc hien. Dffdng bd d mien ntii chu yeu la dffdng da't. Vdo mua mffa bao, dffdng da't bi lay loi, sat Id gay chia cat nghiem trpng, nhieu xa bi cd lap hodn toan. He thd'ng thdng tin lien lac gan nhff hi te liet. Han che Idn nha't nay da kim hdm kha ndng trao ddi, giao Iffu cua vung vdi bdn ngodi.
* Thi^tU, ccfcd'u ngdnh chUd hdp li-ndng nghiep chiem rf trong cao nhUng ndng suat thap
Sau gin 40 nam ddi mdi, kinh td mien nui Qudng Ngai cd nhieu khdi sac [1 LI], nhffng ve cd ban KT-XH vIn trong tinh trang khd khan va yeu kem. Cd ca'u kinh te mien nui nhffng nam gan ddy cd chuyen dich manh theo hffdng tdng ddn ti trong
DUONG THJWJUYINHA;
nhiing nganh phi nong nghiep, nhifng ti trong GDP cua cong nghiep vd xdy dung van chiem ti 1? tha'p: 28,0% ndm 2010 (todn tinh Id 59,8%) vd to'c do tdng trifdng trung binh 7,2%/ndm, trong khi ti trpng ngdnh nong nghiep van chiem ti le cao: 55,9%/nam 2010 (todn tinh Id 23,1%) [I],
Sdn .xudt luong IhUc luon dtfdc quan tam, nhdm dam bao lifdng thifc tai cho, nhung cay trong chQ yeu Id Ida, ngo, sdn (nang sua't chifa cao). Ngdnh chdn nuoi da dUdc chu trpng nhdng ti trong ngdnh ndy chi chiem 3% tdng gid tri san xua't ngdnh nong nghiep. Lam nghiep Id ngdnh ddng vai trd dac biet quan trpng. Dien tich rilfng trong tdng len ddng ke (8.757,5ha), nhifng nhieu cdnh rifng bi tdn pha dO' dpi. Thdi gian gdn day, ngoai viec phd rCfng de la'y go, tinh trang phd rCfng tif nhien de trong rCrng trd nen pho' bien, khien nhCfng cdnh rifng VS nhifin, rCfng phdng hp dan bi bien thdnh rifng tif nhan [11.3], [11,4]. Khai thdc trdi phdp cung den md'c bdo dpng. Rifng ddc dung, rifng phdng hp dau ngu6n sdng Trd Khuc, Trd Bong dang bi tdn phd nghiSm trpng. Ddng ndi Id viec phd rifng lai cd sif tie'p tay ciia mpt sdquan chdc dia phtfdng.
Gan day, gid go nguyen lieu gia'y tdng, nglfdi dan dd x6 ddt phd rifng de trdng keo, bach dan [11.3].
Ndi day cd the manh ve phdt trien nong-lam nghiep, nhifng den nay chlTa cd nha may che bien lam san vd cdc san pham nong nghiep tai cho. Hdn nffa, viec ddm bao lao dgng cho cdc cd sd che' bien con nhieu bien dpng,... Ddi sdng nhan dan tuy diJdc cai tbien, nhifng vdn thieu thdn mpi mdt. Viec xda ddi giam ngheo nhanh nhiftig kem ben viJng. Cdc ho tdi ngheo trd lai cupc sdng du canh, phll thupc vdo dieu kien tif nhien, khai thac tai nguyen manh me lam cho dien lich rifng tie'p tlac bi phd hijy....
Ta't ca khd khdn tren trd thanh nguyen nhdn lam cham sir phdt trien ciia mien ndi. VI vay, de dda KT-XH mien niii sdm thodt khoi tinh trang tri tre hien nay, can cd nhifng giai phdp phii hdp.
3. MOT SO DE XUAT KIEN NGHI
Vung nui Quang Ngdi dUdc ddnh gid Id co tiim ndng to Idn cho phdt trien KT-XH.
Tuy nhien, nd van dl?ng trifdc hdng loat khd khdn. Thifc trang phdt trien KT-XH cua vung chiTa tifdng xffng vdi tiem ndng vdn cd. Trong khi mijc tieu Tinh dat ra: "dua cdc huyen mien nui tUng budc thodt khdi linh Irgng sdn xudt ttf cung lif cdp, tien di'n sdn xudt hang hda, tdng cudng Ihifc hi?n xda ddi gidm nghko " va giam stf chenh lech vdi viing dong bdng. Vay nen, chiing tdi cho rdng mudn dat dlJdc muc tieu trdn, phai cd nhifng giai phdp phat huy hdn nifa nhffng Idi the so sanh vd khdc phijc nhifng khd khdn mien nui dang gap phai hien nay.
Khd khdn Idn nha't ve dieu kien tif nhidn cua cdc huy?n mien nui Quang Ngai Id dia hinh ddi ndi cd dp ddc Idn, lUpng mUa Idn vd phdn mila sau sac, trpng khi di^n tich rffng bi thu hep nhanh chdng nen thidn tai thirdng xuySn xdy ra. Dd khac phuc hidn
MIEN NOI QUANG NGAI TRONG QUA TRJNH PHATTRIEN KINH T^-XA ?
trang nay. giai phdp can thffc hien ngay la phai bao ve rffng nghiem ngat, trdng rffng, phuc hdi rffng, nhd't Id rffng dau ngudn. Giai phdp di kem Id can dam bao Iffdng thffc, tiiiTc pha'm tai cho nham tao dieu kien cho ngffdi dan yen tdm san xua't tren cdc cdnh rffng dffdc giao.
Hien trang khd khac phuc nha't la cd sd ha tang yeu k6m, midn nui nam xa cdc trung tam phdt tridn, viec trao ddi hang hda va budn bdn ra't khd khdn. Dan cff thffa thdt, tap qudn canh tdc lac hau, thieu kinh nghiem, thie'u vd'n, thieu lao dpng,... Vi vay, de dffa KT-XH mien ntii Quang Ngai phdt trien, trffdc m^t can xdy dffng cd sd ha tang, phdt trien cdng nghiep. Trdn cd sd tiem ndng ciia minh, tinh Qudng Ngdi da de ra phffdng hffdng phdt trien cho mien ntii Id "phdt trien cong nghiep miin niii Quang Ngdi giai doan 2011 -2015 dang duoc md ddu bdng viec xdy dung cdc cong trinh thuy dien, tif do phdt triin cdc xi nghiep cong nghiep che bien nong, Idm sdn, phdt trien cdc ngdnh dich vu ky thuqt vd dich vu khdc",... Vay nen chung tdi de xua't mpt sd dinh hffdng sau:
* Xdy dung cd sd hq tdng, do thi phdt trien du Uch
-t- Xdy dung cdc tuyen dudng dong-tdy, cdc hdnh lang kinh te, phat trien giao thong nong tiidn, nham tdng cffdng trao ddi, rut ngan khoang each giffa ddng bang- mien nui vd giao Iffu vdi cac linh xung quanh, thuc day qua trinh do thi hda, phdt trien cong nghiep vd kinh te mien niii.
+ Xdy dung cdc do thi, cac trung tdm KT-XH, tao sffc hut va lam hat nhan phat trien cho vung. Phdt trien dd thi mien ndi tiieo hffdng hien dai hda ket cau ha tang, nha't Id he thd'ng ha tang xd hdi (giao due, ddo tao, y td, nghidn cffu khoa hpc,...), pha'n dd'u den 2020 Sdn Ha ddm nhan chffc nang dd thi dau mdi giao IffU giffa cdc huyen mien nui ciia Tinh. Phat trien cdc thi tran Ba Td, Tra Bong. Di Lang sdm dat chud'n dd tiii loai V.
Hinh thdnh cac thi trdn mdi tai cdc huyen ly: Tay Trd. Sdn Tay. Minh Long,...
+ Di kem vdi viec xay dffng dd thi. la viec xay dffng cac khu vui chdi giai tri.
nha nghi, de tao dieu kien thuan Idi cho du khach de'n tham quan. Ddng thdi, can sdm thffc hien cac quy hoach du lich mien ntii de dffa nganh nay trd thanh ngdnh mui nhpn cho viing.
+ Hodn thanh viec xdy dffng cdc nha may thuy dien: Nffdc Trong, Sdng Tang, Dakre,... cung ca'p dien cho cdc huyen mien nui, tao d i l u kien phat trien cac nganh cong nghiep khac, vd gdp phan hodn thdnh chi tieu "den ndm 2015 co 100% so ho ddn dUQc SVC dung dien'' [11.5],
+ Cai tao cac hd chffa hien cd, hodn thdnh cac hd chffa dang trien khai, xdy dffng them hd chffa mdi quy md vffa vd nhd, dap thuy Idi, kenh mffdng kd't hdp vdi viec xdy dffng hd thiiy didn nham phuc vu dinh canh, dinh cff cho cac vffng kinh te mdi, dam
DUONG THI N,GUYEN HA' bao ngudn nffdc cho san xud't vd sinh boat d mien ntii vd gidm bdt tinh trang ngap ung d ddng b^ng nhilm sff dung tdng hdp ngudn nffdc.
* Phdt huy the mgnh Idm nghiep
+ Uu tien trdng vd cluim .s<'>c keo Id tram, que. cli^ gdp phan phu xanh dat trdng ddi trpc. nh^m thffc hi^n muc lieu nang dp che phii cua rffng len 5 8 % vdo ndm 2015 [9].
Phdt triin rifng kinh te, nha't Id rffng nguyen lieu, tao vung nguyen li?u ben vffng cho cum cdng nghiep che bien gd Dung Qua't hoat dpng on dinh.
+ Trdng rffng di ddi vdi va'n de bdo v? rffng, nghiem cam vd xff phat mpi hdnh vi khai thdc rffng U-di phdp. Bao vp rffng dau ngudn khdng chi la nhi?m vu gidm thieu thiet hai cho mien nui, md cdn gdp phan giam nhe thien tai cho dong b^ng.
* Thifc hi^n co hi$u qud cdq mo hinh canh tdc tren dd't doc
+ Hd trd cdc bien phdp canh tdc d^t dd'c vd dp dung rdng rai nhffng mo hinh sdn xud't tren ddt ddc phu hdp. cdc md hinh nong-ldm kit hop, trong vd bdo ve rifng phdng ho ddu nguon, phu xanh ddt trong doi trpc, phdt triin sdn xuat gdn vdi bdo ve moi trudng. Md hinh trong rifng vd rupng bdc thang hien dang mang lai hieu qua thie't thffc, can phdt huy vd nhan rpng hdn nffa.
-t- Cting vdi trdng rffng, can chu trpng vao viec khai hoang, md rpng rupng bqc thang, tham canh, tdng ndng sua't cdy lua (gdp phan dn dinh Iffdng thffc). Nhffng ndi cd dieu kien thuan Idi, tie'n hdnh trdng ngd va hinh thanh vung nguyen lieu tap Uung (san, may, dieu. que, che, keo,...), phdt trien chdn nudi (nha't Id chdn nudi dai gia sue).
+ Dau tff tham canh, md rpng dien tich cay cdng nghipp hang ndm. lau ndm, chuyen doi cay irong-vqi nuoi theo hffdng san xua't hang hda. Xdy dung vd nhdn rpng cdc mo hinh nhff: Md hinh lua chd't Iffpng cao, tham canh ngd lai, md hinh nudi cd, md hinh trdng cd nudi bd. cai tao dan bd. u^ang trai chdn nudi ke't hdp trdng rffng, md hinh cay keo lai giam hom, nudi heo rffng....
* Ddo tqo nguon nhdn l\fc vd thu htit von ddu tU
+ Tdp hud'n, chuyin giao cdc tien b^ khoa hpc ky thuqt, ky ndng canh tdc cho ngudi ddn, tiep tuc lap hua'n, nang cao ndng Iffc cho ddi ngu cdn bp quan li lam cdng tdc giam ngheo d dia phffdng; tao dieu ki$n cho ngffdi dan dffdc tiep can vdi cdc ngudn vdn vay ffU dai phdt trien kinh te hp gia dinh; khuyen khich kinh te trang trai, kinh te vffdn rffng,...
+ Ddng thdi, thuc hien cdc chinh sdch thu hiit cdn bp cd trtnh dd, ndng Iffc. Thffc hien bien phdp thu htit dff dn dau tff, ngudn von cho vffng ddi nui Quang Ngai gdp phan phat trien kinh t e , giff vffng dn dinh chinh tri xd hdi. Phat trien KT-XH mien nui cdn gdp phan dam bao an ninh qud'c phdng.
MIEN NUI QUANG NGAI TRONG QUA TRINH PHATTRIEN KINH T^-X A HOI U 3 De thffc hien dffdc cdc dinh hffdng tren, thie't nghi, can phdi cd nguon von. Ngudn
vdn de giai quyet nhffng khd khdn trffdc m^t, de trien khai cdc chffdng trinh, dff dn.
Song viec thu htit vd'n vdo phdt trien mien mii khdng de. Vi vay, phdt huy nhffng Idi the so sanh ciia mien nui can b^t dau tff viec hinh thdnh vUng nguyen lieu tap trung (san, ngd, mia,...) va phdt triin ri)tng sdn xud't, nham cung cap nguyen cho cac nhd mdy che bien. Day vffa la nhiem vu ciia mien nui trong lien ke't, hdp tdc san xua't vdi ddng bang vffa phdt huy the' manh vd'n cd ctia mien nui nham cai thien ddi sd'ng nhan dan va ndng cao hieu qua phdt trien kinh te-xa hdi.
TAI LI^U THAM KHAO
[1] Cue Thdng k& tinh Qudng Ngai, Nien gidm thdng ke tinh Qudng Ngai 2010, Nxb Thdng Ke, Ha Npi. (2011).
[2] Dffdng Thi Nguyen Ha. Nguyen Khanh Van, Do Thi Van Hudng, Ddnh gid tdi nguyen sinh khi hau tinh Qudng Ngdi phuc vu phdt trien du lich, Tuy^'n tap Hoi Nghi khoa hpc dia li toan quoc Ian thif III. Nxb Khoa hpc va Ky thuat. Ha Noi, (2008). I.. 582-590.
[3] Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyen Thffdng Hung, NguySn Ngoc Khanh, Ca sa cdnh quan hoc cua viec sd dung hqp li tdi nguyen thien nhien, bdo ve moi trUdng lanh thd Viet Nam, Nxb Giao Due, (1997).
[4] Trffdng Dinh Hung (chu bien) va cac thanh vien, Bac diem khi hdu-Thuy vdn tinh Qudng Ngai. Nxb Da Ndng, (2002).
[5] Sd Nong nghiep va phat trien ndng thon Qudng Ngai, Bdo cao kit qud ra sodt quy hoach lai 3 loai rifng tren dia bdn tinh Qudng Ngai, Quang Ngai, (2006).
[6] Sd Nong nghiep va phdt trien nong thon Qudng Ngai, Bdo cdo kit qud tiiuc hien du dn dieu tra xdy dung bdn dS ddt tinh Qudng Ngdi theo he thdng phdn loai FAO- UNESCO, Trffdng DH Nong Nghiep I Ha Npi thffc hien. Ha Npi, (1998).
[7] Dang Trung Thudn, Dinh Van Thanh, Ddnh gid tdng hap dieu kiin tu nhien tdi nguyen thien nhien vd kinh ti xa hdi tinh Qudng Ngai, Khoa Dia li-Dia cha't, Trffdng Dai hpc Tong hdp Hd Npi, (1990).
[8] Sd Tai nguydn va Moi trffdng Quang Ngai, Bdo cdo thuyet minh tdng hqp Quy hoach sU dung dd't din ndm 2020, Ke hoach sff dung dat 5 nam ki dau (2011-2015) tinh Quang Ngai, (2011).
[9] Uy ban Nhan dSn linh Quang Ngai, Quy hoach tdng thi phdt triin kinh ti-xa hoi tinh Qudng Ngai din ndm 2020 vd tdm nhin din nam 2025, Qudng Ngai, (2003).
[10] Uy ban Nhan ddn tinh Qudng Ngai. Dia chi Qudng Ngdi, Quang Ngai, (2006).
[U] Mpt so trang web
114 DUONG THINGUYENHA' [11.11 hltp://www.quangngai.gov.vn/quangngai/tiengviet/bangtin/2010/50372/-m]en nui
Qudng Ngai sau 35 ndm doi mdi
111.2] litlp;//www.quangngai.gov.vn/quangngai/tiengviet/Tongquan/217221/-tiem ndng khodng sdii Qudng Ngai
[11.31 hUp://vietbao.vn/Xa-hoi/Quang-Ngai-Rung-tan-nat
[11.41 http://www.tin24/7.com/quang_ngai_tan_nat_nhung_canh^rung [11.5] http://pcquangngai.cpc.vn/detail.aspx?ChannelID=13&lD=789 _
Cdng ly dien Iffc Qudng Ngai va chffdng trtnh "phdt trien ndng nghi?p. xay dffng ndng thdn mdi"
[11.6] http://www.quangngai.gov.vn/quangngai/tiengviet/bangtin/2010/55508/_
Thiiy dipn Ha Nang. didm khdi dau ddng khich 1?
[ 11.7] http://clbnhanai.vicongdong.vn/37232782/DANH-SACH-CAC-HUYEN-NGHEO- Danh sdch cdc huy^n ngheo
[11.8] http://dulichnetviet.net/danh-lam-thang-canh/danh-thang-viet-nam-65/nui-ca-dam- quang-ngai-se-}a-diem-du-lich-nghi-duong-sinh-ihai-hap-dan-3838.himl
QUANG NGAI MOUNTAINOUS REGION DURING THE SOCIO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Duong Thi Nguyen Ha
Quang Ngai mountainous region is ihe poorest area of the province. This region has abundant natural resources that are favorable for the development of a comprehensive economy; however, its economic sectors grow slowly and people's lives are very difficult.
The greatest strength of mountainous areas are agro-forestry, but it is still at a low and backward level. To help this region overcome poverty and rapidly develop commodity production, it is essential to promote its comparative advantages and solve its current difficulties. After analyzing its natural potential, the paper proposes some orientations for the socio-economic development of mountainous areas based on reasonable use of natural resources and environmental protection toward sustainable development.
"Khoa Dja li-Dja chinh, Tnrdng Dai hpc Quy Nhdn Ngiy nhSn b^i: 09/12/2011; Ngiy nh^n dSng: 14/02/2012.