CAC NHAN TO TAC DONG D £ N TINH HAP DAN CUA DIEM DEN TRONG VIEC THU HUT VON
DAU TU^ VAO DU LICH - NGHIEN ClTU TAI VUNG DUYEN HAI NAM TRUNG BO
TrSn Thanh Phong Tni-dng Dgi hgc Quy Nhon Email: [email protected]
Than Trong Thuy Cong ty TNHH dich vu du Hch Dat Nudc Viet
Emad: [email protected] Ngay nhan'03/7/2019
Ngay nhan ban sira 26/9/2019 Ngay duyet dang: 07/3/2020
T o m t a t :
Nghien euu su dung ly thuyet dia diem sdn xuat qudc ti, dp dung vao ITnh vuc du lich de chi ra cdc nhdn td chinh dnh hudng din tinh hdp ddn ciia diim den. Dong thdi ly thuyit ddng ea ddu tu cung dugc sir dung di sdp xep lgi cdc nhdm nhdn to dnh hudng theo ddng co ddu tu md cdc nghiin ciru trudc day rdt it de cap. Nghien ciru sic dung md hinh cdm true tuyen tinh (SEM) tren mdt mdu 356 nhd qudn ly edc khach san vd khu du lich thudc vung Duyen hdi Nam Trung Bd di kiim dinh mm quan he giua ede cdu true bdc mdt Ket qud kiim dinh chi ra rdng cd 5 nhdm nhdn to chinh tde dong din tinh hdp ddn cua diem din dd la: (I) thi trudng du lich tiem ndng; (2) lgi thi tdi nguyin dulich; (3) loi thi chi phi, (4) lai the co sd hg tang du lich vd (5) mdi trudng dau tu (PCI). Kit qud kiim dinh cung chi ra: chi sd ndng luc canh tranh cdp linh (PCI) vd nhdn td "ldi nguyin vdn hda "
la 2 nhdn td men. ddng gdp 1 phdn trong viec tgo nin tinh hdp ddn ciia diim din ddu tu du lich.
fix khda: Tinh hdp dan diem den, FDI trong du Iich, cac ygu to quygt dinh vi tri, ly thuyit dia dilm san xuat qudc tg.
M a J E L : F 2 1 , G l l , L 8 3
Determinants influencing attractiveness of the destination in attracting tourism investment:
The case of South Central Coast in Vietnam Abstract:
This study uses the theory of plant location applied to the tourism sector to show the main determinants affecting destination attractiveness. At the same time, the theory of motivation for investment is also used to rearrange the groups of influential factors according to investment motives that previous studies have hardly mentioned. The study used a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) on a sample of 356 hotel and tourism managers in the South Central Coast region to test the relationship between first-order constructs. The test results indicate that there are five main groups of/actors influencing the attractiveness of the destination: (i) potential tourism market, (ii) advantage of tourism resources, (iii) cost advantage; (iv) advantages of tourism infrastructure and (v) investment environment (PCI). The test results also show that the Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) and the factor "cultural resources" are two new factors that contribute a part in creating the attractiveness of tourism investment destinations
Key-words- Attractiveness of tourism destination, FDI in tourism, location determinants, theoiy of plant location
JEL code: F21, Gil, L83
Sd 273 thdng 3/2020 ^^' kililllrjlilllrii'j
Hagger. M.S. & ChatzisaranUs, N.L. (2005), 'First-and higher-order models of attiUides, nomiative influence, and perceived behavioural conttol in the theory of planned behaviour', British Journal of Social Ps^'clioloi;.^ • -^-*'-^*' 513-535.
Heidbreder. L.M., Bablok, I , Drews, S. & Menzel, C. (2019), 'Tackling the plasnc problem: A review on perceptions, behaviors, and interventions'. Science of The Total Environment, 668, 1077-1093.
Horton, A A., Walton, A., Spurgeon, D.J., Lahive, E. & Svendsen, C. (2017), 'Microplastics m freshwater and terrestnal environments: Evaluating the current understanding to identify die knowledge gaps and ftiture research pnorities", Science ofTlte Total Environment, 586, 127-141.
Juvan, E & Dolnicar, S. (2017), 'Drivers of pro-environmental tourist behaviours are not universaV, Journal of Cleaner Production, 166, 879-890.
Kashuna, Y., Wilson, S., Lusher, D., Pearson, L.J. & Pearson, C. (2013), 'The acquisition of perceived descriptive norms as social category leaming in social networks', Social Networks, 35(4), 711-719.
Kim, M.-S., Kim, J. & Thapa, B. (2018), 'Influence of environmental knowledge on affect. naUire affiliation and pro- environmental behavior?, among tourists', Sustainability, 10(9), 1-16.
Landon, A C , Woosnam, K M & Boley, B B. (2018), 'Modeling the psychological antecedents to tounsls' pro- sustainable behaviors, an application of the value-belief-norm model'. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6), 957-972.
Lapinski, M.K., Rimal, R.N., Devries, R. & Lee, E.L. (2007), 'The role of group onentation and descriptive norms on water conservation attimdcs and behaviors', Health Communication, 22(2), 133-142.
Lee, J.-S , Hsu, L -T., Han, H. & Kim, Y. (2010), 'Understanding how consumers view green hotels, how a hotel's green image can influence behavioural mtentions', Journal oj Sustainable Tounsm, 18(7), 901-914.
Miller, D., Merrilees, B. & Coghlan, A (2014), 'Sustainable urban tourism understanding and developing visitor pro- environmental hehav\o\irs\ Journal of Sustainable Tounsm, 23(1), 26-46.
O'Keefe, D.J. (2015), Persuasion- Theory and research. Sage Publications
Ohtomo, S. & Ohnuma, S. (2014), 'Psychological intervennonal approach for reduce resource consumption: Reducing plastic bag usage at supermarkets'. Resources. Conservation and Recycling, 84, 57-65.
Ramayah, T., Lee, J.W. & Lim, S. (2012), 'Sustaining the environment through recycling: an empirical study', Joumal of Environmental Management, 102, 141-147.
Rhodes, R.E. & Coumeya, K.S. (2003), 'InvesUgatmg multiple components of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived control: An examinaUon of the theory of planned behaviour in the exercise domain', British Journal of Social Psychology, 42{l), 129-146.
Smith, J R, & Louis, W.R. (2008), 'Do as we say and as we do; the interplay of descriptive and injunctive group norms in the attitude-behaviour relationship', British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(Pt 4), 647-666.
Smith, J.R., Terry, D.J., Manstead, A.S., Louis. W.R., Kotterman, D. & Wolfs, J. (2008), 'The attiUide-behavior relationship in consumer conduct: The role of nonns, past behavior, and self-identify', Tlie Journal of Social Psychology', 148(3), 311-334,
Stem, P. (2000), 'Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behaviour', .Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 407-424.
Tarkiainen, A & Sundqvist, S. (2005), 'Subjective norms, attitudes and intentions of Finnish consumers in buying organic iooA', British Food Journal, 107(11), 808-822.
Taylor, S. & Todd, R (1995), 'An integrated model of waste management behavior; A test of household recycling and composting intenUons', Environment and Behavior, 27(5), 603-630.
Tonglet, M., Phillips, PS, & Bates, M P (2004a), 'Determining the drivers for householder pro-environmental behaviour: waste minimisation compared to recycling'. Resources. Conservation and Recycling, 42(1), 27-48.
Tonglet,M.,Phillips,PS &Read.A.D.(2004b),'UsingtheTheoryofPlannedBehaviourtoinvestigatethedelenninants of recycling behaviour' a case sttidy from Bnxworth, UK', Resources. Consen'alion and Recycling, 41 (3), 191- 214.
Sd 273 thdng 3/2020 ^^ Iiillllll\l1lj||ln(i[[
CAC NHAN TO TAC DONG DEN TINH HAP D A N CUA DIEM DEN TRONG VIEC THU HUT VON
DAU TU VAO DU LICH - NGHIEN CU^U TAI VUNG DUYEN HAI NAM TRUNG BO
Tran Thanh Phong Trudng Dgi hoc Quy Nhon Email: [email protected] vn
Than Trgng Thuy Cong ty TNHH dich vu du lieh Dat Nudc Viet
Email: thantrongthuy.sg(^gmail.com Ngay nhan: 03/7/2019
Ngay nhan ban sua. 26/9/2019 Ngay duyet dang' 07/3/2020
Tom tat:
Nghiin ciru sic dung ly thuyit dia diem sdn xudt qudc ti, dp dung vao linh -vuc du lich di chi ra cdc nhdn td chinh dnh hudng din tinh hdp ddn ciia diim din. Ddng thdi ly thuyit ddng co ddu tu cung dugc sic dung de sdp xep lgi cdc nhdm nhdn td dnh hudng theo ddng co ddu tu md cdc nghiin cim truoc day rdt it de cap. Nghien cuu su dung md hinh cdu true tuyin tinh (SEM) tren mgl mdu 356 nhd qudn ly cdc khach san vd khu du lich thudc viing Duyen hdi Nam Trung Bd di Idem dinh mdi quan he giU-a cdc cdu true bdc mdt. Kit qua Idem dinh ehi ra rdng cd 5 nhdm nhdn td chinh tdc dgng den tinh hdp ddn cua diem den dd la: (1) thi trudng du Uch dim ndng, (2) lgi the tdi nguyen du lich; (3) loi thi chi phi, (4) Icri thi ca sd hg tdng du lich vd (5) mdi trudng ddu tu (PCI). Kit qud kiim dinh cung chi ra- chi sd ndng luc cgnh tranh cdp tinh (PCI) vd nhdn td "tdi nguyen vdn hda"
Id 2 nhdn td mdi, ddng gdp I phdn trong viic tgo nin tinh hdp ddn ciia diem din ddu tu du lich.
Tir khoa: Tinh hap dSn diem den, FDI trong du lich, cac yeu td quyet dinh vj tri, ly thuyit dia digm san xuat qudc tg.
M a J E L : F 2 l , G l l , L 8 3
Determinants influencing attractiveness of the destination in attracting tourism investment:
The case of South Central Coast in Vietnam Abstract:
This study uses the theory' of plant location applied to the tourism sector to show the main determinants affecting destination attractiveness. At the same time, the theoiy of motivation for investmeni is also used to rearrange the groups of infiuential factors according to investment motives that previous studies have hardly mentioned. The study used a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) on a sample of 356 hotel and tourism managers in the South Central Coast region to test the relationship between first-order constructs The test results indicate that there are five mam groups of factors infiuencing the attractiveness of the destination: (i) potential tourism market, (ii) advantage of tourism resources; (iii) cost advantage, (iv) advantages of tourism infrastructure and (v) investment environment (PCI) The test results also show that the Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) and the factor "cultural resources" are two new factors that contribute a part in creating the attractiveness of tourism investment destinations.
Keywords- Attractiveness of tourism destination. FDI in tourism, location determinants, theory of plant location
.lEL code: F21. GU. L83
Sd 273 thdng 3/2020 kiiilili'J'liiitli'ii'n
1. Gidi thieu
Ve vai trd cua ngudn von tu nhan (bao gdm ca FDI) da dugc nhilu nghign ciiu khing dinh la gdp phan xay dung va phat friln dia phuang, thiic d^y tang trudng kinh tl, tao ra nhilu viec lam, tao ra hieu img lan Ida ve cdng nghe, tao ra mdi birdng kinh doanh canh tranh, thiic day su phat triln cua doanh nghigp (Grossman & Helpman, 1991; Hermes &
Lensink, 2003, OECD, 2008). Ngudn von br nhan la yeu td thiic day tang trudng kinh te dai ban, cho ngn cac dia phucmg can phai xem la ngudn vdn trgng yeu, phai tap trung thu hiit dau tu.
Dg thu hiit dugc ngudn vdn tu nhan tir ben ngoai nay thi mdi dia phuang phai hieu dugc nha dau tu hg mong mudn dieu gi va dgng co ciia hg la gi?
Nhigu nghign cim khoa hpc chi ra rang myc tieu cua cac nha dau tu la tim kigm Ipi nhuan tren thj trudng (Agarwal, 1980; Moosa, 2002); hoac de da dang hda (Markowitz, 1991; Moosa, 2002; Rose-Ackerman
& Tobin, 2005); hoae bj hap dan bdi tiem nang thi trudng ciia cac nudc sd tai (Moore, 1993; Kreinin &
cpng su, 1999). Ket qua nay chi ra rang tiiy theo khu vyc (viing), tiiy timg giai doan, timg loai hinh dau tu ma ddng ca nha dau tu la khac nhau. Chinh vi vay, nghien ctiu nay sir dung Iy thuyet vi tri san suat qudc tg nham xac djnh eae dgng ca, cung nhu cac nhan td tac ddng chinh dgn tinh hap dan ciia diem den thu hilt dau tu tai viing Duygn hai Nam Trung Bd. Ddng thdi sir dung ly thuyet dgng co dau tu (Dunning, 1988) dg nhdm cac nhan td theo 3 nhdm ddng co chinh ma nhigu nghien ciiu trudc it de cap. Nghien ciiu sii dyng md hinh cau triic tuygn tinh (SEM) dg kiem dinh cac gia thuygt nghien ciiu, tir dd khang dinh cac nhan td anh hudng dgn tinh hap dan dicm den va cac ddng gdp mdi trong nghien cim nay
2. Co" SO" ly thuyet va mo hinh nghien cii"u 2.1. Khdi niem tinh hap dan diem den Mayo & Jarvis (1981) dua ra khai niem ve tinh hap dan diem den la: "Khd ndng nhgn thirc vi diem din di mang lgi loi ich cho cd nhdn hoae tap the "
Theo Hu & Ritchie (1993, tr.25) tinh hSp din digm den: "Phdn dnh cdm nhgn, niem tin, vd y kien mdi cd nhdn cd dugc ve khd ndng lam hdi long cd nhdn dd cua mdi diem din "
Cac khai niem tren vg co ban cung rat phu hgp vdi ngii- nghTa thdng thudng d Vict Nam. Tinh hap dan ciia diem den la cac thudc tinh dac biet ciia diem den cd kha nang thu hiit cac nha dau tu.
2.2. Ly thuyet dia diem sdn xuat quoc ti Theo ly thuyit dia dilm san xuat qudc te do Greenhut (1952) phat triln theo 2 each tilp can: Mot la, san xuat dugc dat d nai cd chi phi thap. Hai la, san xudt dugc dat d noi g§n khach hang. Ca hai each tiep can tren diu nhdn manh din viec tim ki6m vi tri mang lai sy chenh lech Idn nhdt giita tdng chi phi va long doanh thu (Greenhut, 1952). Nghien ciiu thyc nghiem dya tren ly thuyit dia diem san xuat qudc tl xac dinh cac nhan td bSp din cua diem den thu hiit diu tu phai kl den nhu Stobaugh (1969) cho rang mdi trudng diu tu va quy md thi trudng la quan trgng, Scaperlanda & Mauer (1969) va Schollbammer (1972) cho ring quy md thi trudng la yeu td quyet dinh, Caves & Reuber (1971) dl xuit tang trudng thi trutmg la quan trgng, McAleese (1972) va Falise & Lepas (1970) cho rang uu dai dau tu la quan trgng, Vernon (1971) cho rang mdi de dga cua cac cdng ty canh tranh la quan trgng. Trong do, tieu bieu la Stobaugh (1969) da chi ra nhdm nhan td va bien do ludng cu the cho Igi the diem den thu hut dau tu gdm: nhan td thi trudng, nhan td rao can thuong mai, nhan td chi phi, mdi tnrdng dau tu va nhan td khac.
Nghign ciiu thuc nghiem ve thu hiit vdn dau tu dya trgn ly thuyet nay d ITnh vyc khach san va khu du lich phai kg den cac tac gia:
Johnson & Vanetti (2005) va Snyman & Saayman (2009) chi ra sy gan giii ciia dat nudc, co sd ha ting va cac digm thu hiit khach du lich, quy md thi trudng va tang trudng, khuyen khich ciia chinh phii de thu hiit vdn dau tu va danh tigng ciia diem dgn hap dan la nhiing yeu td chinh thu hiit FDI d cac thi trudng mdi ndi nhu d Ddng Au.
UNCTAD (2007) va Ussi & Wei (2011) xac dinh rang thi trudng du lich va cau du Hch la ygu td quyet dinh ddng vdn dau tu. Anh hudng cua ca sd ha tang, tai nguygn du lich; tang trudng kinh te, chi phi lao ddng, va chi phi dau tu la vira phai. Nghign ciiu cho thay khong cd mdi quan he d^ng ke giua ddng vdn FDI cua khach san va ty gia hdi doai.
Polyzos & Minetos (2011) va Santos & cpng sy (2016) xac dinh dugc 3 nhdm nhan td anh hudng chinh din su lira chpn dja phuang diu tu du lich do la: Ngudn luc dia phuang gim tai nguyen du lich, ca sd ha ting; Quy md cau du lich va mdi trudng kinh doanh d dia phuang la cd anh hudng din thu hut vdn diu tu vao du Ijch.
Sd 273 thdng 3/2020 54
Kinliiyiiiiiimn
Assaf & cdng su (2015) va Li & cdng sy (2018) da chi ra sy ndng nhiet chao ddn khach, chit lugng CO sd ha tang giao thdng, ty le sd hiiu nudc ngoai va quy md cua nin kinh tl chu nha cd anh hudng dang ke nhat dgn thu hut cac khach san qudc tl din mdt diem du lich. Ti le tdi pham va tham nhung cd ve la yeu td tac dgng tieu eye tihlt.
Tyu trung lai, dg cd Ihl tdng hgp cac nghien ciiu thyc nghiem tren 1 each khoa hpc thi tac gia dya vao ly thuyit Dunning (1988) cho ring cd 3 ddng ca diu tu chinh giai thich cho quyet dinh diu tu dd la: (I) tim kigm thi trudng, (2) tim kilm tai nguyen va (3) tim kiem sy hieu qua. Hau bgt cac nghien ciiu vl thu hiit vdn dau tu du lich thudng chi dl cap din 2 dgng CO chinh thu hut nha diu br do la ddng co tim kiem thi trudng va dgng co dm kiem sy hieu qua. Dgng CO tim kiem tai nguyen du lich da sd cac tac gia it de cap, hoac cd de cap thi chua day dii (Snyman &
Saayman, 2009; Ussi & Wei, 2011; Li & cdng sy, 2018). Cac tac gia chua chi rd tai nguygn ty nhien du lich va tai nguyen van hda cu the la nhung bien quan sat nao. Ngoai ra, cac nghien ciru nay cung chua the hien day dii cac nhan td ve mdi trudng dau tu nhu:
chi phi khdng chinh thiic, chi phi thyc hien thii tuc hanh chinh, thdi gian thyc hien thii tuc dau tu...
2.3. Md hinh nghien cuu de xuat
Tdm tat lai Iy thuyet, tac gia cd thg chi ra cac nhan td tao ngn tinh hap dan digm dgn thu hiit vdn dau tu du lich bao gdm: (1) nhan td thi trudng du Hch tim nang (ddng co tim kiem thi trudng), (2) lgi the tai nguyen du lich (ddng ca tim kiem tai nguygn du
lich), (3) lgi the chi phi (tim kigm su hieu qua), (4) Igi the ve ca sd ha tang (co sd ha tang the che), (5) Mdi trudng dau tu - PCI (hieu qua digu hanh va thyc thi thg che chinh quyen dia phuang).
3. Gia thuyet nghien ciru
Theo Iy thuyet vi tri san xuat qudc te thi cae doanh nghiep se hudng den nai nao tao ra dugc cho hg lgi the chi phi, lgi the thi trudng tang doanh thu, lgi nhuan. Ddng thdi theo Dunning (1988) dgng ca tim kiem lai nguyen se tao ra lgi thg chi phi cho cac doanh nghigp. Ddi vdi doanh nghiep du Hch cd lgi the tai nguygn se gdp phan giam chi phi dau br canh quan de thu hiit khach, ngoai ra nd la Igi the thu hilt khach lam tang doanh thu cho doanh nghiep du Uch (Ussi & Wei, 20II; Guillet & cpng sy, 2011;
Polyzos & Minetos, 2011; Drakulic Kovacevic &
cdng su, 2017). Vi vay, gia thuygt dau tign dugc dat ra la:
HI: Lgi the tdi nguyin du lich cd tac ddng cung chieu dgn tinh hap dan ciia digm dgn du lich trong viec thu hut vdn dau tu du lich.
Trgn thyc tg ca sd ha ting du ljch gop phan tao thuan lgi cho doanh nghiep giam chi phi nhu chi phi van chuygn, chi phi xay dung, chi phi dien, nudc, giai phdng mat bang... Ngoai ra ca sd ha tang du hch gdp phan tao thuan lgi cho du khach den vdi doanh nghiep thuan lgi ban, tir dd gdp phan giam rao can giira doanh nghiep du hch va du khach (Endo, 2006; Johnson & Vanelti, 2005; Ussi & Wei, 2011;
Assaf & cgngsu, 2015; Santos & cdng sy, 2016). Vi vay, gia thuyet thu hai dugc dat ra la:
Hinh 1: Mo hinh nghien cihi de \uat
Tinh hap dan dau tir tong t h i cua diem din du lich
Luong von dau t u Ngudn: Tdc gid de xudt.
Thi tru-img du lich dem nang
Loi the tai nguyen du lich
Co so ha tang du ljch
Moi truOTig dau tu"
S6 273 thing 3/2020
kinhiy'lMllripn
H2: Ca sd hg tdng du lich cd tde ddng ciing chieu den tinh hdp ddn ciia digm den du ljch trong viec thu hilt vdn diu tu du Ijch
Ly thuyet dja dilm san xuat qudc tl va cac nghien cim thyc nghiem vl Iy thuyit nay frong ITnh vyc du ljch hau het deu chi ra quy md thj trudng, su tang trudng ciia thj trudng, nhu cau khach tang la co anh hudng Idn nhat dgn quyet djnh ciia nha diu tu (Johnson & Vanetti, 2005; UNCTAD, 2007; Snyman
& Saayman, 2009; Polyzos & Minetos, 2011; Li &
cgng su, 2018). Dieu nay ciing rat de hieu vi thi trudng du hch tiera nang se la ygu td tao cho doanh nghigp cd sy chac chan ban vg Igi nhuan trong quyet djnh dau tu. Vi vay, gia thuyet thii 3 dugc dl nghi la:
H3 • Thi trudng du lieh dim ndng (Lai the kinh te) cd tac ddng ciing chieu dgn tinh hap dan cua diem dgn du Ijch trong viec thu hut vdn dau tu du hch.
Tren thuc te dja phuong cd mdt mdi trudng dau tu' lot se giiip cho doanh nghiep giam chi phi ve thai gian thuc hien thii tuc dau tu, giam chi phi tiep can thdng tin, giam chi phi di lai, giam chi phi khong chinh thuc. .Va ngugc lai mdi trudng dau tu xau se lam tang chi phi cho doanh nghiep, anh hudng tieu eye den doanh nghiep va nha dau tu (Endo, 2006;
Adam & Amuquandob, 2013; Santos & cdng sy, 2016). Vj vay, gia thuyet thii 4 dugc tac gia dat ra la:
H4. Mdi trudng ddu tu- ed tdc ddng cung chieu den tinh hdp ddn cua diem dgn du ljch trong viec thu hut vdn dau tu du iich
Ly thuyet dia diem san xuat qudc te chi ra rang doanh nghiep se lya chpn dia diem dau tu nao mang lai Igi thg chi phi thap cho doanh nghiep. Ddi vdi doanh nghiep du hch (khach san, khu tham quan giai tri) ciing deu mong mudn tim den dia phuang mang lai lai the chi phi thap cho doanh nghiep Dieu nay gdp phan lam giam chi phi, tang Ipi nhuan, gia tang lgi the canh tranh cho doanh nghiep (Dunning,
2002; Snyman & Saayman, 2009; Assaf & cdng su, 2015; Villaverde & Maza, 2015). Vi vay, gia diuyet thir 5 dugc tac gia dat ra la:
H5. Lai thi chi phi cd tdc ddng ciing chiiu din tinh hdp ddn cua diem din du lich frong viec thu hiit vdn dau tu du hch.
4. Phirong phap nghiSn ciru 4.1 Thang do
Cac muc do ludng cho mdi nhan td deu da dupe dieu chinh va thay ddi tii cac thang do da dugc xay dung va kiem dinh do tin cay (xem bang 2). Tat ca cac bien quan sat dugc do ludng bang thang do Likert tir 1 den 5 diem.
Lgi thi tai nguyen du lich dugc do ludng bdi 7 bign quan sat, dugc dieu chinh bi thang do gdc ciia Ritchie
& Crouch (2003) va Polyzos & Minetos (2011).
Thi trudng du lich tiem nang dugc do ludng bdi 6 bign quan sat, dugc kg thira tir thang do gdc ciia Dunning (2002) va Assaf & cgng su(2015).
Ca sd ha tang du Iich dugc do ludng bdi 5 bien quan sat, dugc kg thua va dieu chinh tu' thang do gdc ciia Dunning (2002) va Assaf & cgng su(2015).
Loi thg chi phi dugc do ludng bdi 4 bien quan sat, dugc ke thira tir thang do gdc cua Dunning (2002) va Puciato & cpng su (2017).
Moi trudng dau tu dugc do ludng bdi 6 bign quan sat (ban dau la 10 bien quan sat nhung phan tich djnh Iugng so bg thi I bien bj loai do trung lap ndi dung va 3 bien chuyen sang do ludng cho cac thang do khac), dugc ke thira tir chi sd PCI (Chi so nang lyc canh tranh cap tinh ciia Viet Nam, 2018).
Tinh hap dan cua digm den thu hiit dau tu dugc do ludng bdi 5 bien quan sat, dugc ke thiia tii thang do gdc cua Nguyen Dinh Thg & Nguyen Thi Mai Trang (2009) va Dinh Phi Hd (2012).
4.2. Thu thap sd lieu
Bang 1: Tong hop so lieu kiem dinh thang do bang phan tich Cronbach's Alpha ST
T 1 2 3
Nhan to Tai nguyen (TN) Thi tmcmg (KT) Ha tang (HT)
So bien quan sat
7 6 5
Cronbacli' s Alpha
0,906 0,932 0,908
Cotrected Item-Total Correlation (nho nhat)
0,533 0,774 0,714
Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted (Idn nhat)
0,902 0,922 0,899 0,734
5 Chi phi (CP)
0,944 (can kiem tra them EFA) 6 Hap dan (HD) 5 0,931
Nguon: Ket qud Iii phdn mein SPSS 22.0
Sd 273 thdng 3/2020
SinlitaKPIiattriiin
Bang 2: Biln s6 v^ chi bao do lircmg tinh hSp dan diem den thu hut nha d i u tu*
Bien so va chi bao (items) He si tai 1. Loi t h i t^i nguyen du lich
TNI. Viing dat CO he thong bd bien va nhieu hon dao dep co tilm nang phat tnin du lich ,706 bien dao.
TN2. Hg sinh thai rung va dong vat da dang co dem nang phat trign du hch 826 TN3. Vung dat CO khi hau trong lanh va mat me thich hgp cho phat trign du lich 866 TN4 Dl tich lich sif, bao tang, Urgng dai an tuong co kha nang thu hiit va phat triln du ,785 hch
TN5 Cac su kien van hoa va lg hoi hap dan, doc dao thu hut nhilu du khach ,784
TN6. Am thuc da dang va hap dan thu hiit nhieu du khach. loai TN7. Hoat dong giai tri vg dem hap din thu hut nhilu du khach (cuoc sing vl dem, nha ,691
hang, song bac, cho d6m..) 2. Thi t r i r ^ g du lich tiem nang
KTl Luong khach den du lich 6 dia phucmg do co quy mo 1cm ,802 KT2. Khu vuc do co thSng ke loi nhuan v6 du lich cao .764 KT3. Toe dp tang trudng ciia nganh du Iich cao ,797 KT4. Chi tieu cua chinh phii va dia phuong cho du lich va cac chuong trinh du Hch ,811
nhigu.
KT5 Su chao don cua dia phucmg doi voi khach du lich va nha dau tir ,792 KT6, Muc do canh tranh 6 dia phucmg do thap va binh dang ,845 3. He thong cff s& tSng du lich
HTl. He thong giao thong (cau, bgn, bai, phuong tien ...) ciia dia phuong do thuan lgi ,832 cho phat tngn du lich
HT2. H | thong giao thong ket noi dia phucmg do voi cac khu vuc khac thuan tien cho ,766 phat trien du lich (duong thiiy, hang khong, duimg sat...)
HT3. Thigt bl cong cong dia phucmg do tot (dien, nuoc, y te, ve smh, dich vu cong c^ng, ,730 ATM .)
HT4. Co nhigu ngan hang tai dia phirong cung cap day du phuong thiic giao dich va ,845 thanh toan quoc te
HT5. Dia phuong c6 san mat bang, dat dai va luon tao dieu kign giao dat cho doanh ,864 nghiep thue lau dai.
4. Moi trirtnig dau tir du lich
MTl. Chinh quygn, toa an dia phirong giai quygt tranh chap va xu ly khieu nai nhanh ,816 chong va cong bing.
MT2 Chinh quygn dia phuong nang dpng va linh boat trong cac boat dong phap ly, thii ,8!2 tuc hanh chinh . nham fao dieu kien cho doanh nghiep kmh doanh
MT3 Cac dich vu ho trg ciia chinh quyen tao thu?Ln lgi cho doanh nghiep kinh doanh du ,846 hch (ni v4n phap luat, tmi kilm thi tnrong, xiic tiln thuong mai, ho tro c6ng nghe, an
ninh.. 1
MT4 Tmh minh bach va kha nang tiep can thong tin ve dau tu, dat dai, chinh sach, dich ,853 vu.. tai dia phuang do rat de dang.
MT5 Chi phi thai gian de thuc bign cac quy dinh nha mrac ngan ngay (thu tuc hanh ,852 chinh, thanh kiem t r a . )
MT6 Chi phi khong chinh thiic a khu vuc nay thap ,754 5. Loi the chi phi
CPl Doanh nghiep dl dang tigp can nguon nguyen vat Hgu dau vao gia re ,787 CP2 Dia phuong co nhieu uu dai ve ngan sach (thui thu nhap, VAT, giai ph6ng mat ,794 CP3 Dia pbutmg c6 uu dai tien tbue dat dai va mat bang kmh doanh cho doanh nghiep , / /2 la t6t hon so vcri dia pbuong khac
CP4. Chat luang lao dgng dia phuong duoc dao tao tot dap ling nhu cau sii dung ciia ,746
HD 1 Toi nghi doanh thu cong ty se tang truang theo mong muon ,853 HD2 Toi nphT loi nhuan ciia cone ty se dat nhu mong muon ,880 H n 3 Toi nehl cong ty chiing toi se tiep tuc dau tu kinh doanh dai han ,913
•
HD4 Toi se gioi thieu dia phuang nay cho ban be nguai than co mong mu6n dau tu ,895 HD5. Nhin chung toi nghi cong ty chung toi rat hai long vl viec dau tu tai dia phuong ,892 Ngudn- Ket qud phan tich EFA tuphan mem SPSS 22.0.
sd273 thdng 3/2020 57 KiiihMattran
H2: Ca sd hg tdng du lich cd tdc ddng ciing chieu den linh hdp ddn ciia diem den du lich trong viec thu hut vdn dau tu du lich.
Ly thuyet dja diem san xuat qudc tk va cac nghien cim thirc nghiem ve ly thuygt nay trong linh vuc du lich hau het deu chi ra quy md thi nnjdng, sir tang tnrdng cua thi trudng, nhu cau khach tang la cd anh hudng Idn nhat dgn quygt dinh cua nha dSu tu (Johnson & Vanetti, 2005; UNCTAD, 2007; Snyman
& Saayman, 2009; Polyzos & Minetos, 2011; Li &
cong su, 2018). Dieu nay ciing rat dl hieu vl thi tnrdng du lich tiem nang se la ygu td tao cho doanh nghiep cd su chac chan hem ve lgi nhuan trong quygt djnh dau tir. Vi vay, gia thuyet thir 3 dugc dg nghi la:
H3: Thi trudng du lich tiem ndng (Loi the kinh ti) CO tac ddng cimg chieu dgn tinh hap dan ciia diem dgn du lich trong viec thu hut vdn dau tir du Iich.
Tren thuc te dm phuong cd mdt mdi trudng dau tu tdt se giup cho doanh nghiep giam chi phi ve thdi gian thirc hign thu tuc dau tu, giam chi phi tigp can thdng tin, giam chi phi di lai, giam chi phi khdng chinh thirc... Va ngugc lai mdi tnrdng dau tu xau se lam tang chi phi cho doanh nghiep, anh hudng tigu cu'c dgn doanh nghiep va nha dau tu (Endo, 2006;
Adam & Amuquandob, 2013; Santos & cdng su, 2016). Vl vay, gia thuyet thu 4 dugc tac gia dat ra la:
H4: Mdi trudng ddu tu cd tde ddng ciing chiiu din tinh hdp ddn cua diem den du lich trong viec thu hut vdn dau tu du Hch
Ly thuygt dia digm san xuat quoc te chi ra rang doanh nghiep se lira chgn dia digm dau tu' nao mang lai lgi the chi phi thap cho doanh nghiep. Ddi vdi doanh nghiep du lich (khach san, khu tham quan giai tri) cung dgu mong mudn tim den dia phucmg mang lai lgi ihg chi phi thap cho doanh nghiep. Dieu nay gdp phan lam giam chi phi, tang lgi nhuan, gia tang lgi the canh tranh cho doanh nghiep (Dunning,
2002; Snyman & Saayman, 2009; Assaf & cpng sV, 2015; Villaverde & Maza, 2015) Vi vay. gia ^^uyet thir 5 dugc tac gia dat ra la;
H5: Lgi thi chi phi cd tdc dong cimg chieu den dnh hdp ddn ciia digm dgn du lich trong viec thu hut vdn dau tu du lich.
4. PhyoTig phap nghien cuu 4.1 Thang do
Cac muc do ludng cho mdi nhan td dSu da dugc digu chinh va thay ddi tu cac thang do da dugc xay dung va kigm dinh do tin cay (xem bang 2). Tat ca cac bign quan sat dugc do ludng bang thang do Likert tir 1 dgn 5 diem.
Lgi the tai nguygn du Hch dugc do ludng bdi 7 bien quan sat, dugc digu chinh tir thang do goc cua Ritchie
& Crouch (2003) va Polyzos & Minetos (2011).
Thi trudng du Iich tiem nang dugc do ludng bdi 6 bign quan sat, dugc ke thira tir thang do gdc ciia Dunning (2002) va Assaf & cdng sir (2015).
Co sd ha tang du Hch dugc do ludng bdi 5 bign quan sat, dirge kg thua va digu chinh tu' thang do goc cua Dunning (2002) va Assaf & cdng sir (2015).
Lai thg chi phi dugc do ludng bdi 4 bign quan sat, dugc kg thira tir thang do gdc cua Dunning (2002) va Puciato & cgng su (2017).
Mdi trudng dau tu dugc do ludng bdi 6 bien quan sat (ban dau la 10 bign quan sat nhung phan tich dinh lugng so bd thi I bien hi loai do triing lap noi dung va 3 bign chuygn sang do ludng cho cac thang do khac), dugc kg thira tir chi sd PCI (Chi sd nang luc canh tranh cap tinh ciia Viet Nam, 2018).
Tinh hap dan cua digm dgn thu hiit dau tu dugc do ludng bdi 5 bien quan sal, dugc kg thira tir thang do gdc ciia Nguygn Dinh Thg & Nguygn Thi Mai Trang (2009) va Dinh Phi Hd (2012).
4.2. Thu thap so lieu
Bang 1: Tong hop so lieu kiem dinh thang do bang phan tich Cronbach's Alpha . ; So bien Cronbach' Corrected Item-Total Cronbach's Alpha if Item
quan sat s Alpha Correlation (nhd nh5t) Deleted (Idn nhdt) _J Ta\ nguyen (TN)
2 Thi trudng (KT)
0,906 0,932 3 Ha tang (HT)
4 Mdi tmdng (MT) 5 Chi phi (CP) .6. Hip din (HP)"
Ngudn Kit qua tir phdn r,
0,813 0,931
0,533 0,774
0,902 0,922 0,944 (can kiem tra them
EFAJ_
- PJ13_
_0,923 "
Sd 273 thdng 3/2020
kiitlili'Al Irien
Bang 2: Bien so va chi bao dto l i r ^ g tinh hSp dan dilm a§n thu hiit nha dSu tir Bien so va chi bao (items) Hes 6 tai 1. L<d th4 tfii nguyen du licb
TNI. Vung dat CO he thSng ba biln va nhieu hon dao dep c6 tilm nang phat tngn du lich
bien dao. ,706
TN2. He sinh thai rirng va dong vat da dang co tiem nang phat trign du hch 826 TN3. Vung dat c6 khi hau trong lanh va mat me thich hop cho phat triln du lich 866 TN4 Dl tich hch sii, bao t^ng, tuong dai an tiring co kha nang thu hut va phat tngn du 785 lich
TN5 Cac su kien van hoa va le hoi hap din, doc dao thu hiit nhieu du khach 784
TN6 Am thuc da dang va hap dan thu hut nhigu du khach. loai TN7. Hoiit dpng giai tri vl dem hkp din thu hut nhilu du khach (cuoc s6ng v l dgm, nha ,691
hang, song bac, cho dem ..) 2. Thi t r u ^ g du lich tilm nang
KTl. Lu^ng khach den du hch a dia phucmg do co quy mo Ion S02 KT2. Khu vuc do co thong ke loi nhuan ve du lich cao 764 KT3. T6c do tang tnrong ciia nganh du hch cao ,797 KT4. Chi tieu ciia chinh phu va dja phuong cho du hch va cac chucmg trmh du hch ,811
nhilu.
KT5 Su chao don cua dia phuong dSi voi khach du hch va nha dau tu ,792 KT6. Miic do c^mh tranh a dia phuong do thap va binh dang ,845 3. He thong ca so' tang du lich
HTl. He thdng giao thSng (cau, ben, bai, phuang tien ...) cua dia phuong do thuan loi ,832 cho phat tnen du hch
HT2. He thong giao thong ket noi dia phuong do voi cac khu vuc khac thuan tien cho ,766 phat tnen du lich (ducmg thuy, hang khong, duong sat...)
HT3. Thigt bi cong cong dia phuong do tot (dien, nuoc, y te, ve smh, dich vu cong cong, ,730 ATM...)
HT4. Co nhieu ngan hang tai dia phucmg cung d p dky dii phuong thiic giao dich va ,845 thanh loan quoc te
HT5. Dia phucmg co san mat bang, dat dai va luon tao digu kien giao dat cho doanh ,864 nghiep thue Idu dai.
4. Moi trinmg dau ta du lich
MTl. Chinh quyin, toa an dia phuong giai quyet tranh chap va xir ly khieu nai nhanh ,816 chong va cong bang
MT2. Chinh quyin dja phirong nang dong va linh hoat trong cac hoat dpng phap Iy, thii ,812 tuc hanh chmh.. nham tao dieu kien cho doanh nghiep kmh doanh
MT3. cac dich vu hd trg cua chinh quyen tao thuSn loi cho doanh nghiep kmh doanh du ,846 lich (tu vin phap luat, tira kigm thi tmcmg, xiic tiln thuong mai, h6 tro cong nghe, an
ninh...)
MT4. Tinh minh bach va kha nang tiep can thong tin ve dau tu, dat dai, chinh sach, dich ,853 vu... tai dia phuong do rat de dang.
MT5 Chi phi thoi gian dk thuc hign cac quy dinh nh^ nuoc ngSn ngay (thu tuc hanh ,852 chinh, thanh kiem tra...)
MT6. Chi phi khong chinh thuc o khu vuc nay thap ,754 5. L^i the cbi phi
CPl Doanh nghiep dl dang tilp can ngudn nguyen vat heu dau vao gia re ,787 CP2. Dia phuang co nhieu uu dai ve ngan sach (thue thu nhSp, VAT, giai phong mat ,794 CP3. Dia phuong co im dai tien thue dk dai va mat bang kinh doanh cho doanh nghiep ,772 la t6t ban so voi dia phirong khac.
CP4. Chat luong lao dong dia phuong dugc dao tao tot dap iing nhu ciu sir dung cila ,746 doanh nghiep
6. Tiuh hap d i n ciia di^m den thu hiit dau tir
HDI Toi nghi doanh thu cong ty se tang truang theo mong muon ,853 HD2 Toi nghi loi nhuan ciia cong ty se dat nhu mong muon ,880 HD3 Toi nghi cong ty chung toi se tiep tuc dau tu kinh doanh dai han ,913
HD4 Toi se gi6i thieu dia phucmg nay cho ban be nguoi than co mong muon dau tu ,895 HD5. Nhin chung toi nghT cong ty chung toi rat hai long vg viec dau tu tai dia phuong ,892 Ngudn: Ket qud phdn tich EFA tir phan mem SPSS 22.0.
SS 273 thdng 3/2020
Kinh ttUhat trien
Nghien cim nay nham chi ra cho cac chinh quygn dia phuang xac djnli dugc ddng ca chinh cua nha dau tu. Chinh vi vay ddi tugng khao sat la cac nha quan ly, chu sd him cac khach san, resort 3 sao trd len va khu tham quan giai tri thudc 8 tinh dugc lua chgn. Phuang phap lay mau ngau nhien dugc ap dung trong nghign cmi nay. Phuang phap thu thap sd lieu dugc sir dung la giri ban hdi true Hgp va true luyen. Tdng sd ngudi dign vao form online la 41 ngudi, ddi vdi ngudi gui ban hdi true tiep tac gia phatra450 phieu thu vg dugc 341 phieu. Trong do cd 26 phieu thigu thdng tin trong bang hdi, nen tac gia quygt dinh loai 26 phigu nay. Nhu vay long sd quan sat dugc dua vao phan tich la 356 quan sat. Trong sd 356 quan sal cd 235 ngudi dugc hdi la Nam chigm 66% va 121 ngudi !a Nii chigm 34% Do tudi trung binh la 36 tudi, cao nhat la 60 mdi va nhd nhat la 20 tudi. Ngoai ra doanh nghiep kinh doanh khach san chiem 83,4% ngudi dugc hdi, 16,6%) doanh nghiep kinh doanh diem tham quan giai tri. Doanh nghigp cd vdn trong nudc chigm 85,1%), vdn nudc ngoai chigm 14,9%.
5. Ket qua va thao luan
5.1. Kit qud kiem dinh thang do bdng phdn tich be so Cronbach's Alpha
Kgt qua phan tich cd 1 bign TN6 neu loai bign cho he sd Cronbach's alpha la 0,944 Idn ban 0,943. Tuy nhien vi day la bien quan trgng ngn tac gia se giir lai de kigm tra EFA trudc khi loai bien.
5.2. Kit qud kiem dinh thang do bdng phdn tich nhdn td khdm phd (EFA)
Ket qua kiem dinh he sd KMO = 0,916 thi chimg td dir Heu nghign cii'u nay rat tdt, dat yeu cau dg phan tich EFA (Kaiser, 1974; Kaiser & Rice, 1974).
Ket qua kiem dinh Bartletl cd he sd Sig = 0,000
< 0,05, digu nay cd nghia cac bign quan sal dung de do ludng bign tdng cd tuong quan vdi nhau (Bartletf,
1937; Bartlett, 1950). He sd trich xuk nhan to Eigenvalue = 1,774 > 1 la dat ygu cSu (Hair & cpng su,2010)
Kgt qua phan tich he sd Total Variance Explained
= 72,79% chimg td 5 nhan to bign ddc lap g^' i thich dugc cho sir thay doi cua bign phu ih"P'^ ^"^^
72,79%. Chi sd nay nhu vay la dat yeu c^u (Hair &
cdng SLT, 2010).
Ket qua cung loai bign TN6: "Am thuc da dgng vd hdp ddn thu hiit nhiiu du khdeh'\
5.3. Ket qud phdn tich nhdn td khdng dinh CFA Ket qua kigm tra tinh dan hudng cho thay cac chi SO P=0,000 < 0,05 dat yeu cau; CMIN/df= 2,178 <
3 va Idn ban 1 nen dat yeu cSu; GFI = 0,848 > 0,8;
CFI = 0,939, TLI = 0,933 dgu Idn hon 0,9; RMSEA
= 0,058 < 0,08 dgu dat yen cau (Taylor & cdng sir, 1993; Hair & cdng su, 2010)
Do tin cay tdng hgp cua 6 nhan td dgu Idn hon 0,6 va he sd phuang sal trich cua 6 nhdm nhan td dgu Idn 0,5. Dgu nay chimg td thang do cua 6 nhdm nhan Id dgu dat yeu cau (Gerbing & Anderson, 1988; Hair
& cgngsu, 2010).
Kgt qua do ludng he sd udc lugng chuan hda cho cac bien quan sat dgu Ion hon 0,5 va nhd hem 1.
Gia tri thSp nhat la CP3 va TNI cd gia Hi 0,707, ddng thdi tuang quan giira cac khai niem vdi nhau cao nhat la 0,308 < 0,707; vdi P-value dgu nhd hem 0,001. Chiing td cac khai niem dgu dat gia tri hpi tu va phan biet.
5.4. Kit qud kiim dinh mo hinh va gid thuyet nghien ciru
Kgt qua chi ra he sd CMIND/df = 2,178 Idn han I nhd han 3 la r^t tdt; TLI = 0,933 va CFI = 0,939 ca hai chi sd deu Idn hon 0,9 la tdt. Chi sd GFI ngu Idn ban 0,9 la r4t tdt va RMSEA ngu nhd hon 0,5 la rat tdt. Tuy nhign, GFI = 0,848 Idn ban 0,8 va RMSEA
= 0,58 nhd ban 0,08 thi dugc cho la dat ygu cau.
Bang 3: Ket qua kiem dinh do tin cay thang do trong phan tich CFA STT Nhan 16
1 Moi tnrong dau tu 2 Tiem nang thi tnrong du
lich
3 Loi the tai nguyen du lich 4 Ha tang du Iich 5 Loi the chi phi
6 Hap dan dau tu _ Nguon- Ket qud phdn tich bdng Amos
Sd 273 thdng 3/2020
Estimate Trung binh
0,855 0,835 0,788 0,814 0,723 0,857 _ 2].0
58
Do tin cay tl Do tin cay tong hop
0,943 0,933 0,909
" 0 , 9 0 8 _ 0,814
0,933
Kang do Phuang S31 trich
0,736 0,698 0,625 6,666 ^ "
0,522 0,735
kinliliAiii
Hinh 2: Ket qua kiem dinh mo hinh nghien cmi
Chi-square=978 079, df^449,P=000:
Chi-square'df=2 178, GFI= 848 , TLI= 933 , CFN 939 , RUSEA=,05e
Vdi ket qua trgn ta thdy P-value deu nhd hon 0,05 (do tin cay 95%), tat ca cac nhan td deu cd tac ddng dgn tinh hap dan ciia diem dgn, kgt qua nay phii hgp vdi nhieu nghign ciru trudc day (Snyman
& Saayman, 2009; Adam & Amuquandob, 2013;
Assaf & cdng sir, 2015). Ket qua chi ra 3 nhan to tac dpng nhieu nhat dd la thi trudng du Iich Hgm nang, nhan to tai nguyen du lich va Igi the chi phi, digu nay ciing da dugc nhigu nghign ciru tnrdc day ddng nhat quan digm (Assaf & cdng sir, 2015; Huyen, 2015; Tomohara, 2016; Li & cgng su, 2018). Tuy nhign, cac nghien cuu trudc day chua de cap day du cac nhan td thudc mdi trudng dau tu va tai nguygn van hda. Kgt qua nay khang djnh ddng gdp mdi ciia nghien cuu cho khoa hgc va thuc tien.
Kgt qua nay dugc thao luan vdi cac chuyen gia (cac nha dau tu va nha nghien cuu), ho cho rang kgt qua nay hoan loan phu hgp. Cac chuygn gia cho rang 2 nhan td quan trgng nb^t ddi vdi nha dau tu la tiem nang thj trudng va tai nguygn du lich, thuc chat la 2 nhan td gdp phan tuong hd nhau de thu hiit khach.
Nhan td lgi the chi phi gdp phan lam gia tang lgi nhuan cho nha dau tu. Muc tigu Idn nhat ciia nha dau tu la tim kiem lgi nhuan, duy tri thi phan, do vay hg se tim kigm noi nao cho hg thay dugc tigm nang Idn nhat, mang lai lgi nhuan cao hg se lira chpn. Ngoai ra, cac chuyen gia cQng giai thich nhan td co sd ha tang va mdi trudng dau tu it tac dong la do nha dau m' cho rang, khi quy md thi trudng tang Ign thi chat lupng CO sd ha tang va mdi trudng dau tu tu dpng se phat trien keo theo. Kgt qua la nha dau tu phan Idn chii trpng vao 3 nhan td chinh do la (I) thi trudng du lich tiem nang; (2) tai nguygn du Hch va (3) lgi the chi phi.
5.5. Phdn tich cdu trite da nhdm
Kiem dinh su khdc biet theo danh muc ddu tu Id khach san vd diim tham quan gidi tri
Ta tinh duac P-value chgnh lech 2 mo hinh = Chidist (9,325; 5) = 0,09678 > 0,05; chung td khdng cd sir khac biet giira 2 md hinh. Hay ndi each khac, chua cd dii ca sd dg khang dinh co su khac bigt ve Bang 4: Ket qua irdc lircmg moi quan he giira cac nhan to trong mo hinh
HD <— MT HD <— KT HD <— TN HD <— HT HD <— CP Nguon: Ket qud phdn tich
SS 273 thdng 3/2020
Estimate ,031 ,290 ,235 ,056 ,232 bdng phdn mem AK
59 S.E ,079 ,067 ,073 .071 ,057 1OS2I.0
C.R.
2,301 4,322 "
6,855 2,071 4,040"
P ,020
... ...
,038 Label
hliililKj'liiillricii
Chi tieu so sanh Mo hinh kha bien
Bang^: So sanh cac chi so mo hinh b^t bien timg ph^n va kha bi^n Chi-square
1638,359
TLI CFI ^ R M S E A _ 0,787 0,909 0,917
Mo hinh bat bien 1647,684 903 0,786 0,909 0.917 0,48
Chenh lech 9,325
Nguon: Tong hap Icel qud uac luang tic 2 mo hinh bdt bien vd Ichd bi4n.
Bang 6: So sanh cac chi so 2 m6 binii - von trong va ngoai nirfrc Chi tieu so sanh
Mo hinh Idia bien
Chi-square
1850,352 0,772 0,885
CFI _ 3 M S E A ' O ^ 0.55 Mo hinh bat bien
Chenh lech
1853,978 3,626
902 4
2,055 1
0,772 -0,001
0,885 0
0,896 0
0,055 0 Ngudn • Tong hgp kit qud udc luong tir 2 md hinh bdt bien vd khd bien.
each nhin nhan linh hap dan digm dgn ciia nhirng nha diu br vao khach san va diem tham quan giai tri.
Kiem dinh su khdc biet gma nhd dau tu trong nudc vd ngodi nuoc
Ta tinh dugc P-value chenh lech 2 md hinh = Chidist (3,626; 4) = 0,045898 < 0,05. ta cd dii co sd dg khang dinh cd sir khac biet ve tinh hap dan cua digm dgn trong viec thu hiit vdn dau br giiia cac nha dau tu trong nudc va nha dau tu nudc ngoai. Ta can tim hieu su khac biet nay d diem nao vdi bang 7.
Ket qua trgn chi ra rang nha dau tu trong nudc chii trgng ygu td "lgi thg chi phi" va "thi trudng du lich tiem nang" nhieu hon nha dau tu nudc ngoai. Ngugc lai, nha dau tu nudc ngoai lai chii trgng ygu td "lgi the tai nguygn" hon. Kgt qua nay cung phii hgp vdi nhieu ket qua nghien cuu trudc day (Assaf & cgng su, 2015; Huyen, 2015; Tomohara, 2016; Li & cdng sir 2018). Dieu nay, da dugc tac gia thao luan nhdm sau nghien cuu, dugc cac nha dau tu nudc ngoai tra Idi rang hg quan trgng lai nguygn du lich vi dd la thu cd thg tao ra lgi thg chi phi, tao ra tigm nang du Hch.
Tai nguygn du Iich nay ngu khdng cd thi phai tdn rat nhieu chi phi de tao ra nd. Cdn ddi vdi nha dau tu
trong nudc hp chii trgng lgi thg cu the hien cd, do vay hg thien vg ygu td lgi the ehi phi va thi trudng du lich quy md Idn nhieu hon.
6. Ket luan
Vdi kgt qua nghien ciiu thg hign d trgn, nghign ciiu nay da ddng gdp phan nao ve mat hgc thuat ISn thirc tien cho cac nha hoach djnh chinh sach.
Ve mat hgc thuat
Thic nhat, nghien ciiu da he thdng hda ca sd ly luan vg tinh hap dan digm den ve thu hiit vdn dau tu ma rat it tac gia H-udc day dg cap. Vi da phan cac nghien ciiu trudc dg cap den van de thu but khach.
Thu hai, nghign ciiu da sii dung ly thuygt ddng CO dau tu dg phan nhdm cac nhan td anh hudng mgl each khoa hgc va quy chuan ban.
Thir ha, nghien cuu da chi ra dugc cac nhan td chinh anh hudng den tinh bSp d3n cua digm den trong viec thu hiit vdn dau tu. Ngoai ra, nghien ciiu da hoan thien va bd sung thgm cac bign do ludng cho nhan td "mdi trudng dau tu" va "tai nguygn van hda".
Ve mat thuc tien
CP^HD MT->HD KT->HD TN->HD HT->HD
Bang 7:
A ,021 ,229 ,117 ,069
Ket qua iroc Von dau tu
S.E ,088 ,061 ,077 ,077
lirong 2 md trong nuoc
C.R 2,234 3,724 2,270 1,973
hinh doi P ,024
* * +
,023 ,049
vol von X ,021 ,221 ,141 ,047
trong va ngoai oiro^c Von dau tu
SE ,079 .060 ,073 .071
nuoc ngoai C.R 2,307 3,697 4,771 2,703
P ,025
... *«*
,007 ,068
Nguon: Ket qud uac luang tie phdn mem AMOS 21.0.
SS 273 thdng 3/2020
KinhlivFliatlriM
K g t q u a tren giiip cac n h a hoach dinh chinh sach, Hai la, n g h i e n ciiu chi d e c a p dgn Igi thg digm dgn chinh quygn dia p h u o n g cd can cii x a c dinh d u g c m a c h u a dg cap dgn tac d d n g d o n g thdi ciia cac Igi cac n h a n td d u a vao d o dg cd chinh sach phat b i g n ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^ . ^ - ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^ . . ^ ^^^
cho p h u hgp.
Han che cua nghien cuu vd dinh hudng nghien cuu tiep theo
Mdt la, q u y m o m a u trong n g h i e n c u u n a y t u o n g
D o vay, trong nhiing n g h i e n ciiu tigp theo, cac n h a n g h i e n c u u phai tim hieu mdi quan he tac d g n g d d n g t h d i cua tinh h a p d a n digm dgn va cac rao can ddi nhd chi dimg lai 356 quan sat, p h a i tren 500 ^"^^ ^^^"^ ^^n, ttong viec thu hiit &m t u d u Iich.
quan sat m d i la tdt va trgn 1000 q u a n sat la rSt tdt B d n g thdi sd quan sat ciia m a u nghign ciiu nen H-en (Tabachnick & Fideil, 2 0 0 7 ) . 500 q u a n sat se tdt hon.
Tai lieu t h a m k h a o :
Adam, L & Amuquandob, F. E. (2013), 'Dimensions of hotel location in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana', Tourism Management Perspectives. 8(2), 1-8.
Agarwal, J. P (1980), 'Determinants of foreign direct investment: A survey', Weltwirlschaftbches Archiv, 116(4), 739-73.
Assaf, A. G., Josiassen, A. & Agbola, F. W (2015), 'Attracting intemational hotels: Locational factors that matter most', Tourism Management, 47(3), 329-340.
Bartlett, M. S. (1937), 'Properties of sufficiency and statistical tests', Proc. R. Soc. Land. A. 160(901), 268-282.
Bartlett, M S. (1950), 'Tests of significance in factor analysis', British Journal of statistical psychology, 3(2), 77-85.
Caves, R.E. &Reuber, G. L. (1971), Capital transfers and economic policy Canada. / 9 J i - / 9 6 2 , Harvard University Press.
Chi so nang lire canh tranh cap tinh cua Viet Nam (2018), truy cap ngay 15 thang 7 nam 2019, tu < http://pci20l8.
pcivietnam.vn/uploads/2019/BaoCaoPCI2018_VIE.pdf>.
Dinh Phi Ho (2012), Phuang phdp nghien cuu dinh luong vd nhirng nghien ciru thuc tien trong kinh te phat tnen nong nghiep, Nha xuat ban Phuang Dong, HCM.
Drakulic Kovacevic, N , Kovacevic, L , Stankov, U., Dragicevic, V. & Miletic, A. (2017), 'Applying destination competitiveness model to strategic toiuism development of small destinations: The case of South Banat distnct'.
Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8(1), 114-124,
Dunning, J. H. (1988), 'The eclectic paradigm of mtemahonal producbon arestatement and some possible extensions'.
Journal of International Business Studies, 19(1), 1-31.
Dunning, J. H. (2002), 'Theories and paradigms of intemational business activity, the selected essays of John H', Dunning. UK. Edward Elgar.
Endo, K. (2006), 'Foreign direct investment m tounsm—-flows and volumes', Tounsm management, 27(4), 600-614.
Falise, M. & Lepas, A (1970), 'Les motivations de locahsation des investissements interaationaux dans TEurope du l>iorA-0\iQSt', Revue economique, 21(1), 103-109.
Gerbing, D. W. & Anderson, J. C. (1988), 'An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment'. Journal of marketing research, 25(2), 186-192.
Greenhut, M. L. (1952), 'Integrating the leading theones of plant location'. Southern Economic Journal, 18(4), 526-538.
Grossman, G. M. & Helpman, E (1991), Innovation and growth in the global economy, MIT press.
GuiUet, B. D., Zhang, H. Q. & Gao, B. W. (2011), 'Interpreting die mind of muinnational hotel investors. Fumre ttends and implications in Chma', International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(2), 222-232.
Hair, J., Wdliam, B., Barry, B. & Rolph, A. (2010), Multivariate Data Analysis, Upper Saddle River, Prentice-Hall.
Hermes, N. & Lensink, R. (2003), 'Foreign direct investment, financial development and economic growth'. The Journal of Development Studies, 40(1), 142-63.
H u , Y & R i t c h i e , J B. (1993)'MeasuringdestioaUon attractiveness: Acontextual approach',/(?«/•««/of/rave/myeorcA, 32(2), 25-34.
Huyen, L. H. B. (2015), 'Determinant of the factors affecting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) fiow to Thanh Hoa province in Vietnam ', Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 172i)), 26-33
SS 273 thdng 3/2020 61 KinlitfiliatlriBn
Johnson, C. & Vanetn, M. (2005), 'Locational sfrategies of intemational hotel chains'. Annals of Tourism Research.
32(4), 1077-1099.
Kaiser, H F. (1974), 'An index of factorial &imp\icity\ Psycliometrika. 39(1), 31-36.
Kaiser, H F. & Rice, J. (1974), 'Little jiffy, mark I V , Educational and psychological measuremenl. 34(1). l l M '7- Kreinin, M E , Abe, S. & Plummer, M. G. (1999), 'Motives for Japanese DFI Survey, analysis, and implications in
light of the Asian crisis'. Journal of Asian Economics. 10(3), 385-94.
Li, T , Liu. J, & Zhu, H. (2018), 'The international investment in theme parks: SpaUal disUnbution and decision-making mechanism, an empirical smdy for China', Tourism Management. 67(2), 342-50.
Markowitz, H. M. (1991), 'Foundations of portfolio theory', The journal of finance. 46(2), 469-77
Miiyo,'E.i. 8i]ar\\^,'L.?.{\9%X),ThePsychology oJ Leisiii-eTravel- EffectiveMarketingand SelhngofTravel Service.
Boston, MA, CBI Publishing.
Mcaleese, D. (1972), 'Capital inflows and direct foreign investment in Ireland 1952-1970', Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquuy Society of Ireland. 22(4), 63-105
Moore, M O. (1993), 'Detenninants of German manufacturing direct investment: 1980-1988', Revie-^ of World Economics. 129(1), 120-38
Moosa, I. (2002), Foreign direct inveslment: theory, evidence and practice, Spnnger.
Nguyen Dinh Tho & Nguyen Thi Mai Trang (2009), Nghien cuu khoa hoc trong qudn tri kinh doanh, Nha xuat ban Th6ng ke, HCM.
OECD, O (2008), 'Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment', BD4.
Polyzos, S. & Minetos, D (2011), "An ordinal regression analysis of tourism enterprises' location decisions in Greece', Anatolia-An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 22( 1), 102-119
Puciato, D., Gawlik, A., Goranczewski, B., Olesniewicz, P., Wos, B., Jatidova, S., Markiewicz-Patkowska, J. &
Soltysik, M (2017), 'The factors influencing the decision on the location of hotels depending on their size in poland', E-^MEkonomie a Managemeni, 20(2), 216-225.
Ritchie, J. & Crouch, G. I. (2003), The compelUive destination - a sustainable tourism perspective. CAB Intemational, CABI Publishing.
Rose-Ackerman, S & Tobin, J. (2005), 'Foreign direct investment and the business environment in developing countries; The impact of bilateral investment treaties', Yale Law & Economics Research Paper.
Santos, M , Brochado, A & Esperan9a, J, (2016), 'Foreign direct investment patterns of global hotel chains', yowraf//
of Business Research. 69(11), 5235-5240
Scaperlanda, A. E & Mauer, L J. (1969), 'The detemiinants of US direct investment m the E E C , The American Economic Review, 59(4), 558-568.
Schollhammer, H. (1972), 'Locational Strategics of Multinational Corporations', Price and Productivity, 3(2), 1-38.
Snyman, J, A. & Saayman, M. (2009), 'Key factors influencing foreign direct investment in the tourism industry in South Africa', Tourism Review ofAIEST - Inlernational Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism. 64(3), 49-58.
Stobaugh, R. B. (1969) 'How to Analyze Foreign Investment Climates-4 Techniques For Dealing With Tricky Questions Of Economic And Political Stability', Harvard business revie-^, 47(5), 100-118.
Tabachnick Barbara G & Linda S Fideil (2007), Using multivariate statistics, Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
Taylor, S. A., Shariand, A., Cronin, J. J. & Bullard, W. (1993), 'Recreational service quality in the intemational setting'.
International Journal of Service Indusliy Management. 4(4), 68-86.
Tomohara, A. (2016), 'Japan's lourism-led foreign direct investment inflows: An empirical stu.d-y\ EconomicModeUing, 52(1), 435-41.
UNCTAD, T. (2007), 'Development Report 2007: Regional cooperation for development'-Geneva', UNCTAD.
Ussi, M & Wei, J. (2011), 'The Location determinants for hotel foreign direct investment (FDI) in Zanzibar', Management and Service Science, 8(3), 105-112
Vernon, R. (1971), 'Sovereignty al bay The multinational spread of US enterprises'. The Inlernational E.vecuiive. 13(4), 1-3.
Villaverde, J. & Maza, A. (2015), 'The determinants of inward foreign direct investment- Evidence from the European regions", Inlernational Business Review. 24(2), 209-223.