TAP CH( KHOA HOC XA HOI S 6 2(174)-2013 TRI^T HQC - CHiNH TRJ HQC - LU*T HQC
PHAN TAM HOC VA TAN PHAN TAM HQC - TU" FREUD DtN ADLER VA TRD'ONG PHAI FRANKFURT
DINH NGQC THACH NGUVeN TH| THANH THOY
TOM TAT
ChO nghTa Freud trd thinh m$t trio twu khd ph6 bi6n to- sau ChiSn tranh thS gi&i iSn thCf nhSt, gSn vOi nhOvg biSu hi$n khOng hoang cua van h6a, xS h0i. Cdc nhinh khcic nhau cua chu nghTa Freud bS sung CO so triSt hpc va phuvng ph^p lu$n cho hoc thuyM cOa chO nghTa Freud m^
chlnh Freud cdn thiiu.
1. s y RA oCn vA cAc GIAI BOAN CCIA P H A N T A M HQC
Phan tam hpc do Sigmund Freud (1855- 1939), bac si ngu'di Ao goc Do Thai, sinh tai Freiburg, Moravia, de quoc Ao-Hung (nay thupo ve Cong hoa Sec) sang lap.
Nam 13 tu6i ong theo gia dinh den Vienna sinh song. Nam 1873 ong hoc tai Khoa Y Bai hpc Vienna, 8 nSm sau moi tot nghi$p.
Nh&ng cong trinh dau tien cua Freud ban ve sinh ly hpc, giai phlu hpc nac bp. TCf nhOng nam 1880 du'oi anh hu'O'ng cija tru-ang phai Phap (Charcot, Bernheim) ve thoi mien Freud tim hilu chirng roi loan
Binh Ngpc Thach. Phd Giio su' tien s7. Trung tam Lj lujn Chlnh tri Bai hpc Qu6c gia TPHCM
NguySn Th| Thanh Thuy. Tien si. Vi$n Ph4t trien B^n vOng vUng Nam Bp.
th^n kinh chiic nSng (tam th^n). NhCrng nam 90 cua t h i l<y XIX Freud tap trung xay du'ng phan tam hpc - phuong phap diling tri Ii0u tam ly de chOa bpnh tam than.
Phu'ong phap nay can cij tren ky thuat lien tuirng tw do, phin tich nhCfng hanh vi l^m l l n va nh&ng gicic mo nhu' phu'O'ng thi>c tham nhap vao coi v6 thilfc, nghia la khu vi^rc khong chju su' kiem soat cua y thirc.
Vao nam 1900 Freud dua ra hoc thuyet ve CO cau bp may tam ty nhu' mpt h? thong nang lu'ong ma cc sff phat sinh cija no la xung dpt giOa y thine va nhu-ng ham muen v6 thijc. Vao nam 1920 Freud cong bo cong trinh "Ban nga va bl nga", dong thoi tCrng bu-ac van dgng phan tam hoc vao tam ly xa hoi, llnh vi/c van hoa, ngh$ thuat...
Imac khi tim hilu nhu'ng van de co ban cua phan tam hpc Freud, can lu'u y mOt s6 khia canh quan trpng, giup ngu'P'i dpc danh gia dijng mire vj tri cua phSn tam hpc trong tu' tu-ong phu'ong Tay hien dai.
Freud sang lap Phan tam hpc vao cu6i th§
ky XIX dau t h i ky XX, khi nhCmg quan niem truyen thong ve tam ly khong c6n phu hop. Tam ly hoc tru'oc Freud c6 gang xac djnh the nao la mpt con ngu'o'i binh thu'O'ng, khpe manh ca ve the ch^t l i n tam ly, ti>
vi^c tim hieu hien tu'png cua y thijc. Di xa hon nhOng "tc chat tu* nhien", Freud phan
DINH NGQC THACH - NGUYEN TH| THANH THtlY - PHAN TAM HQC.
tich tinh ch^t va nguyen nhan xullt hi$n chCmg r i i lean t h i n kinh chi>c nang, d^y n6 d i n llnh vg'c tam ly ngu'&i, va tCmg bu'b'c kham pha nhu'ng dilu sau kin nhit ma tam ly hpc tru'6'c d6 bp qua, ho^c nghiSn cu'u chu'a d i n noi d i n chin.
"Kham pha vo thuc" - dp la sg' danh gia da duoc Ihita nh|in p h i biln, du tif cSc thai d0 khen che khao nhau. Tim hilu "sy n l i loan cua v6 thirc", chu tru'ong giao dgc ngu'o'i bpnh bSng li?u phap tam ly, bing ky thuat lien tu'O'ng tu" do, theo d8i thu-ong xuyen nhu'ng thay doi tam ly cua ngu-oi bpnh, xac djnh nhOng nguyen nhan cua bung n6 xijc cam, nhOng I n ire... cang lam noi bat vai tro ngu'o'i thay thulc - nha giap dye trong dilu kipn phirc tap cua xa hpi, khi tam ly ngi^oi chju qua nhilu ton thu-ang tCr ben ngoai.
Freud khpng gpi minh la nha triet hpc, song Phan tam hpc do ong sang lap vu'pt ra khoi khuon kho cua mpt hpc thuylt tam ly, mang y nghla trilt hpc ro rang vi, thir nhat, SU' khai quat hoa trilt hoc nhij'ng y tu'O'ng CO ban trong vi^c xac lap co che tam ly cua ca nhan, thii' hai, tinh khuynh hu'O'ng ly luan, gan vol hanh trinh tu' tuong cua Freud.
Nhu* vay tip nam 1900 tren diln dan trilt hoc phippng Tay da xuat hipn mpt tru'ong phai trilt hpc tam ly theo khuynh hu'ong phi duy ly nhan ban, co ten gpi la chu nghla Freud (Freudism), hay don glan la Phan tam hpc. T h I h# sau Freud cang lam cho Phan tam hpc mang dipn mao trilt hpc thu'C sy, dong thoi khoi goi nhieu van d l lien quan d i n sang tao van hoa Bay thu'C sy la mpt bwac dot pha tao bao trpng tri4t hoc tam ty, cho du khong phai nhyng luan
dilm nao cua chu nghla Freud oung deu dyoc cSc nha nghien ciru va thi.i'c tiln thCfa nh$n.
Chu nghla Freud ngay tii" buoi d i u da khSng phai la mpt tru'ong phai thing nh^t.
Ngay giita nh&ng hpc tro than tin nhlt cua Freud vao nam 1910 d§ diln ra cupc tranh lu$n xem cai gi d6ng vai tr6 nang lupng tam ly CO ban. N l u 6 Freud nang l^ong 4y la nang lypng tam ly-tinh due, thi o A.
Adler (tam ly hpc ca thI) vai trc nay thupe ve m|ic cam gia trj chu'a hoan thipn va u'o'C mu6n t y hoan thi?n. Vdi K. Jung (tam ly hpc phan tich), v6 thu'C tap t h I va nhu-ng nguySn mSu (archetip) mdi la co so cua sang tap, nhit la sang tao van hoa, ngh?
thuat. O. Rank thi cho ring tpan bp hoat dpng cua ccn ngyoi luon bi am anh bol y nghl phai v y p l qua "cii s i c sinh no ban alu".
Mac dii cac nha phan tam hoc sau Freud xem xet lal va bac bo mpt s i luan diem cua ngyoi sang lap (ve quy tac, hay tleu chuln nghien ciru tam ly, giai thich tinh chit cua cac qua trinh tam ly, v l co c h l tam ly.. ), song nhu'ng nguyen ly co ban van glu nguyen: nang lygng vc thirc, nhi>ng khia canh phi duy ly ciJa doi song con ngyoi, tinh chit xung dot va si,^ phan than cua t h I gioi npi tam, tinh dpn nen, tinh b| ice chl, bj dan ap va y chi phan khang, van d l suy d l i van hoa. .
C/ My xu hu'ong sinh hoc hoa phan tam hpc k i t hop vol chO nghla thyc chirng va chu nghla hanh vi (behaviorism). Ben canh do con CO xu hu'O'ng lam g i n chu nghTa Freud voi B i l u khlln hoc (Cybernetics).
Chu nghla Freud-xa hpi cung cc tilng n6i trpng gloi hoc thu^t, no xem xet cac hlpn
DINH NGQC THACH - NGUY£N TH| THANH THOY - PHAN TAM HQC.
tu'O'ng chinh th, van hoa, xa hpi nhu- k^t qua cua si^ thang hoa (sublimation) nSng Ju'p'ng tam 19 tinh dgc, SLF bien d6i cac qud trinh v6 thi>c du-ai t^c dpng cua doi s6ng van h6a, xa hpi, Vao cuoi nhi>ng nam 30 cua th^ ky XX chu nghTa Freud-m6i c6 gang bi4n phan tam hoc thanh mpt hpc thuyet thu^n tuy xa hOi hpc va vSn h6a hpc, xa roi d^n quan di^m v6 thifc va cac y^u to sinh hpc thdi Freud, TCr cu6i nhi>ng nam 1940, tCfc sau Chi4n tranh the gidi l^n thCf hai, cac v^n 6k va c^c ket qua nghien CLPU cua phan tSm hpc du'p'c si> dyng rpng rai Phan tam hpc xa hpi lien ket vai chu nghTa hipn sinh va cung xac djnh hinh anh con ngu'o'i trong mOt the gioi phu-c tgp, du-ng a
"tinh th^ tranh chip" gii>a ton tgi va hu- v6, hoa binh va chi4n tranh, hu'ng thinh va do v^. Vien Nghien ci>u Xa hoi tgi Frankfurt (tru-ong ph^i Frankfurt) chju anh hu-ang dang ke cua phan tam hoc. Mpt so dai di^n thien ta cua no dung hoa phan tam hpc voi chu nghTa Marx, nhim tao dirng hpc thuyet chiet trung thep kieu chu nghTa Freud- macxit.
Phan tam hpc va cac van de do no gpi nen hipn nay tiep tyc thu hut sy quan tam nghien cu'u cua cac nha triet hpc, xa hpi hpc, tam ly hpc, van hoa hpc, dap difc hpc, chinh trj hpc.
2. TCf FREUD D^N ALFRED ADLER VA TRU'6'NG P H A I FRANKFURT
Alfred Adler la nha tam ly hpc, bac sT tam thin va nha tu- tu-ong ngu'o'i Ao, mpt trong nhij'ng tien boi cua chu nghla Freud-moi (neo-freudianism)'^', ngu'o'i sang Igp he th6ng tam ly hoc ca nhan, mo du-ang cho sy ra do-i quan diem cua thuyet ca nhan ve nhan each. Kheic voi Freud de cap v6 thu-c, Adler du'p'c gpi la Ego-psychologist vi 6ng
d|c bi^t nhan mgnh vai tr6 cua y thu'C ca nhan. Con ngu'o'i y thu'C du'p'c dpng co sau kin cua cac hanh vi, cu* chi cua minh, chu' khong phai t i t ca d^u du'p'c di^u khiln mpt cSch v6 thu'C. Nam 1901 Adler len tieng Ling ho cu6n s^ch m6'i cua Freud - cu6n Gi§i ma gi^c mo, nho d6 ong duoc Freud d l y moi tham gia nhom hpc thugt mm vu-a du'p'c th^nh l^p v^ phcin tcim hpc. Nam 1902 Adler tiep cgn vol nhom Freud, song khong tan thanh lugn dilm cua Freud ve vai tro cua dgc tinh a tre the trong sy phat triln tam ly. Trong cuon sach du'p'c cong bo nam 1907, Tim hiSu tinh khong hoan thi^n cua c&c co quan, ong du'a ra thong di#p ve su' c i n thiet xac l|ip cac phu'ong thLKC nghien cCfu phan tam hpc khac nhau.
Quan hp giija Adler va Freud ngay cang xlu di Trong vong hai thang cu6i nam 1910 Freud thay doi lien tgc sy danh gia cua minh ve hpc thuyet cua Adler, tif ch6 khen Adler la thong minh, co triln vong, d i n ch6 quy ket hoc thuylt cua Adler la r6i rim va khong the hilu noi. Cung nam do Adler du'oc chon lam Chu tjch Hoi Phan tam hpc Vienna Nhieu nha nghien cu-u xem Adler nhu- hpc tro cua Freud, song xet npi dung Xu tu'O'ng ca Adler va Jung deu xa d i n nguyen t i c xuat phat cua phan tam hpc Freud. Du hp'p tac vol Freud, song ho v l n kien tri quan diem von c6 cua hp, vi t h I khong the chi noi rang Adler va Jung phat trien phan tam hpc, ma dung hen la thyc hipn sy hipu chinh mpt phan phan tam hpc.
Nam 1912 Adler cong bo tac pham V§ 6ac tinh cua thin i<inh, trong do the hipn nhOng Iggn dilm co ban cua tam ly hpc ca nhan Ong cung cho ra doi Tgp chi Tam ly hpc ca nhan, nhu'ng sau do bj gian doan do
BINH NGQC THACH - NGUYSN THI THANH THCIY - PHAN TAM HQC.
Chiln tranh t h I glol l l n thir nhit n l ra.
Trong hai nam 6ng la bac sT quan dOi tai chiln tryong Nga, d i n nam 1916 tro v l Vienna phg trach quan y vi$n. Nam 1919 vol sy h i tro ciJa chinh phij 6ng thanh l^p b0nh vi$n thyc hanh giao dy&ng tre em d i u tien. Trong v6ng vai nam da c6 g i n 30 benh vien nhy t h I dyoc l^p ra tai Vienna, khien tieng tam Adler ngay mpt vang xa Lln lypi tai Ha Lan, flirc. My, nhyng b#nh vi0n tyong t y ra doi. Nam 1922. Tap chi v l Tam ly hoc ca nhan dyoc phuc h i i a t i m mire quoc t l . Nam 1926 ong nhan loi lam giao sy tai Dai hoc Columbia, New York. Tir nam 1936 Tap chi ccng b l blng tilng Anh. Tuy nhien nam 1938 bdng may cua chu nghla phat xit va chiln tranh mpt lln ntra gay kho khan cho qua trinh pho bien quan dilm cua Adler. Tap chi bi dong cya, cpng sy cua Adler bi truy birc, bupc phai sing lyu vpng. Nam 1932 Adler chuyin sang song tai My.
Adler thay the co che due tinh cua Freud blng mot he thong muc tieu tyong typng (fictional finalism), do la tap hop nhu'ng myc tieu ly tyong hoa thiic day con ngyoi c l gang hoan thipn ban nga. Tyong tyong dyoc hilu la dyoc ly tyong hoa, khong hoan toan can cir tren thyc t l , nhyng hyong d i n hanh dong thyc t l , chlng han nhO-ng quan ni$m ve t y do, binh ding, dan chu khong phai liic nao cung dyoc van dgng trong thyc tiln, song chinh chiing la cai thiic con ngyoi vyon d i n muc tieu d l blng n6 lye cua nhilu t h I h?. Khac voi Freud de cao v6 thirc, Adler dype gpi la Ego-psychologist vi ong dac bi?t nhIn manh vai tro cua y thire ca nhan. Trong bai phat bleu nam 1926 vol tieu de "Tam ly ca nhan nhy con dyong dan den sy nhan
thicc va ty y thirc cua eon ngyoi', Adler nhIn manh; "Dira tre gia nhap vao t h I gjoi, d l y ap kha nang phan irng va mpt s i nhu c l u . R i t nhanh chong, dCra tre bat dIu bu|c phai hyong chuyin dpng cua minh 1$
thulc vao y tyong chu dao nao do; chiing ta CO t h I d i n g thuan bay to y tyong l y khi noi; ty bao t i n , yde m u l n danh yu the, sy c i n thilt bao ve; nhyng chiing ta hilu dilu nay: v l n d l tryde tien la ve bmic * ma dira tre phai lam. Sinh lye t y nhidn cua n6 t i t y l u tuan thu nguyen t i c t y bao t i n , tao nen kha nang phat triln, khi k l hoach cupc song tyong t y dyoc vach ra, tuy nhien a day dica tre cir m i l phut tai hinh thanh nang lye cua minh trong sy giao tilp bin chat vol m i l tryong xung quanh. va dilu nay khong phai la s y phat t n i n nglu nhien cua cac sy kien; no dyoc gia nhap vao moi lien hp xa hoi, cai vach ra nhyng eon dyong djnh hyong, nhyng con dyong ay trong khi tao dyoc sy can bang trong doi sing tam hon eua dira tre, cung ding thoi dyoc tham thau vao k l hoach cupc sing va sy hinh thanh chinh dira tre (nhy m|t con ngyoi)"'^'.
Nhyng nguyen t i c co ban cua hpc thuyet Adler tap trung a cam glac v l sy khong hoan thipn va mac cam t y ti, yoe muln khang djnh tinh vyot trpi, phpng each sing, tam t h I xa hpi, cai toi sang tao, vj thir sinh ra (anh/chi em trong gia dinh chlng han)...
Muon hilu y nghla cua hanh vi, c I n hilu khai ni'em t y ten, t y ti va sy bii tn>. Khi cam t h i y bj y l u kem mpt mat nap d l , ngyoi ta co ging su'a d l i , bij tn> d l co dyoc cai t i t d?p, hoan thi$n dang t y hao (ty ton). Adler oho ring, cam giac ban dau a p h i n Ion tre em la cam giac ve sy
DINH NGQC THACH - NGUYEN THI THANH THOY - P H A N T A M H Q C . khong hoan thi^n cua minh so voi ngu-oi
Ion, d^n den m|c cam ty ti. Sy phat trien nhan each phg thupc vao vi^c blng each nao nhu'ng complex ay se du'p'c bii trif.
Trong nhOng truong ho"? bpnh ly con ngu-oi co the co bu tru* mgc cam khong hoan thipn cua minh blng each ap d0t quyen lye a6i voi nhij-ng nguoi khac.
Thuyet bu trCr ve quyin lye du'oc hilu theo nghTa nay.
Co nhieu y l u to cau thanh nhSn each nhu*
di truyen, hoan canh xa hOi, t h I gib'i quan ea nhan, nhu'ng theo Adler, co hai y l u to dgc bipt quan trpng: thu- nhIt, vj thu" anh chi ca (anh/chj ca va em ut co nhan each, li-ng XLH khac nhau, du'p'c xa hpi quy djnh to tru'p'c), thiK hai. giao dgc gia dinh (anh/chj ca trong gia dinh kha gia, nen nip Cham soc cac em nhilu hon anh/chi ca trpng gia dinh nghep, buong long giao dgc).
Trong so cac nha phan tam hpc sau Freud, vgn dgng phan tam hpc vao viec ly giai nhu'ng van de xa hpi, phai k l den Wlihelm Reich (1897-1957) voi hQC thuyet tinh duc- l<inh fe'^'
Nam 1922 Reich lam tro ly chuyen mon cho Freud va dpng thoi xac lap mpt bpnh vipn thyc hanh tai Vienna. Nam 1924 Reich tro thanh Giam doc cua Vien Nghien ciiu ve Phan tam hpc dau tien tgi Ao.
Nhung quan diem kha tao bao eua ong gay ra sy bit dong ngay ca trong cac hpc tro cua ong, chlng hgn quan diem ehp rang eo so cua can bpnh r6i logn thin kinh chirc nang n i m o su" thilu thon thoa man tinh dge.
Nam 1939 Reich du-oe Ban lanh dgo Tneong phai moi ve nghien cCeu xa hgi moi sang New York cung toan bp phong thi
nghiem eua ong. Tgi New York, Reich sang Igp V/pn Orgone^'^K Mon nghien CLPU orgone du'p'c gpi la Orgonomy Ong tilp tgc dao sau tim hieu nang luong sinh hpc, hay nang lu'p'ng vu trg, nang tu'O'ng sy song (life energy), hay den gian la orgone energy, thir nang lu'p'ng n i n tang, hipn di0n o t i t ca sinh thI. Nang lu'p'ng nay lly quan dilm libido cua Freud, cai du'p'c xem la sinh lye cua mpi sinh the, ea loai vgt l l n eon ngu'o'i, lam co so. D|ic tru-ng cua tu- tu-ong Reich la khong ehu trpng d i n tCrng ca nhan ri§ng le, ma hu'O'ng d i n ITnh vyc chinh tri-xa hpi Reich chi gii> l^i quan dilm n l n tang cua phan tam hpc Freud: ben ngoai y thu'C ton tai mot hipn thyc tam ly, v6 thu'C
Reich dua ra phu'ong an ly giai moi v l "co.
cau tam ly sinh hpc cua ca thI": 1) ting be mgt, tCfc ting lien ket xa hpi, ting "xa hpi - hu nguy" (lien tu'O'ng h6 sau ngan each giu'a "v$t ty no" va "hi^n tu-ong"); 2) ting trung gian, ting chong dli xa hoi (lien tu'O'ng v6 thu-e eua Freud), tong so nhij-ng xung dpng bac hai nhOng cuong vpng ngu xuin hung bao. nhu-ng hanh vi dam dang, 3) tang day sau, h?t nhan sinh hpc, nhyng to chat ty nhien-xa hpi tilm tang noi cpn ngyoi nhu' trung thyc, yeu lap dpng. Tile thay khi di qua tang trung gian nhu'ng to chit bi xuyen tgc, nhi^m bin, khue xg.
Nhij'ng dieu vu-a neu cho thIy, tu" tu-ong cua Reich, du'oc triln khai trong b|nh vien thu'C hanh cua ong, it nhieu vu-ot qua thoi dgi ong, do do khong tim du'p'c sy chia se trong xa hpi. Cu-crng ITnh eua 6ng khong con xa la trong dieu kipn hipn nay, bao gom mot so dilm can ban: giao dgc tang cu'cyng trong ITnh vyc kiem soat sinh san, cho phep pha thai, cho phep ly hon, tCr eh6i
DINH NGQC THACH - NGUY£N TH| THANH THUY - PHAN TAM HQC.
thi>a nhgn hon nh^n hp-p phap nhu' sy ki^n CO y nghTa to lo-n d6i voi gia dinh hi0n dgi, giao dge tinh dgc nhu- phu'ong thtfc ph6ng ngCra cac bpnh gian tTnh mgch v^ v l n d l tinh dgc, dgy mon v? sinh hpc tinh dgc cho bac sT va giao vien, khu-oc tu" trCrng phgt tOi phgm thyc hi^n tpi ac tren co so tinh dgc, va chCna trj nhOng ke phgm toi logi do blng cong nghp phan tam hpc. Sy khung hpang sy nghiep cua Reich trung hp'p vd'i khung hoang chinh tri cua dat nu-oc, khi Hitler nIm quyin lye tCr nam 1933.
Trong quan dilm chinh trj Reich ph6 ph^n
"chu nghia eye quyIn", chu nghTa phat xit tif khia canh tam ly. Trong Tam !•/ d^i Chung va chu nghTa phat xit ong vilt: "Do cho chu nghTa phat xit, khong Ip thupc vao thoi gian va vj tri xult hipn eua no, la phong trao eua quan ehung nhan dan, nen no CO tat ca nhijng dae tru'ng va mau thuin, CO hiju o co c l u tinh each cua ca the dai Chung. Trai vai du' luan chung, chu nghTa phat xit do khong thuIn tuy la mot trao lu'u phan dpng, ma no the hien ra nhu' sy kit hop cam xuc noi logn va tu* tuong xa hpi phan dpng"'^'.
Reich khong phu nhan sy hien dipn cua nang lye libido trong eo' cau tam ly ea nhan, hon nOa Igi phan tich no du-oi goc dp xung dot xa hpi. Trong tac pham noi tieng Cach m^ng tinh di^c {The Sexual Revolution, 1936) sy giai phong con ngu-oi du'p'c xem xet o khia canh ty do tinh dgc. Day la tac pham gay soc cho xa hpi mpt thoi.
Vao nu'a dau the ky XX phan tam hpc tilp nhgn them nhOng nguon nang lu'p'ng moi tu' chat lipu thyc tiln cua doi song xa hpi, g i n nhOng v l n de tam ly ca nhan voi nhu'ng moi quan tam chung, tao nen phong
c^ch t y duy phe phan xa hpi dgc tru'ng.
Tru'ong phai Frankfurt tieu bieu cho phong each nay cua phan tam hpc, hay c6 t h I gpi Id phan tam hpc xa hOi, phan tam hpc e6 djnh hu'ong phe phan xa hpi.
V l mgt Ijch sij, tru'ong phai Frankfurt ra db-i tu- nhijng n3m 20 (1923) voi tdn gpi Vi$n Nghien cCru Xa hOi {Institut fur Sozialforschung), thupc Dgi hpc Frankfurt am Mam do sang kiln cua Carl Griinberg, mpt nha mac xit "chinh thong" va giao su' chinh tr|. Vol n l n tang do, tru'O'ng phai Frankfurt du'ng tren Igp tru'O'ng t u tu-dng canh ta, mpt s6 dai bilu t y gpi la dgi dipn eua chu nghTa Mac phu'O'ng Tay (doi l|p voi chu nghTa Mac Stalin hoa, va noi chung la chu nghTa Mac bi biln dang). Tu" nam 1930 (hoac 1931) Giam doe Vipn Frankfurt la M, Horkheimer. B i t d I u tO vj Giam d6c nay hogt dpng cua Vien chuyen d i n sang khuynh huang phe phan xa hgi. Ong tuyen bo mge tieu cua Vien la xac Igp "trilt hpc xa hpi", du'oc bo sung bang qua trinh nghien eCcu thyc nghiem. Vao thoi ky chu nghTa phat xit len d m quyen, mpt nhpm eae nha trilt hpc Frankfurt lanh ngn tgi Thgy ST, Phap, My Sau Chiln tranh the gioi l l n thu" hai mpt so 6 Igi My, mpt so khac tra ve Frankfurt Den nhu-ng nam 1950 tryong phai Frankfurt mo rpng pham vi hpgt dpng, dgt du'gc nhilu thanh qua nghien CLCU, Trong tryong phai Frankfurt noi bgt nhieu ten tu6i Ion nhu' Max Horkheimer, Theodor Ludwig W Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Erich Seligmann Frpmm, Walter Benjamin, Leo Lowenthal, Franz Leopold Neumann, Friedrich Pollock, Jurgen Habermas, Oskar Negt.. Hai ngyoi sau cung thupc the he thy hai, dang tilp tgc lam vipc trpng cac tru'O'ng dai hpc.
DINH NGQC THACH - NGUY£N TH| THANH THOY - PHAN TAM HQC Nhieu nha tu- tu'O'ng cua tru'ong phai
Frankfurt tilp can vai hoc thuylt ve co cau nhan each, v6 thu-e va nguyen t i c thoa man eua chu nghTa Freud (Freudism), tCr do hp nhan manh su' thoa man ban nang, cai dSn d i n sy kilm soat doi voi ca nhSn.
Trong eupe dau tranh voi tu' nhien va moi tru'ong xa hpi con ngu'o'i che ngy ban nang, tuan thu nguyen tie hipn thyc, thay doi chung Noi khac di, nguyen tie thoa man phg thuoe vao nguyen t i c hipn thyc, dieu nay da dat con ngu'di le thupc vao xa hpi.
Tu- goc do phan tam hoc, cac dgi bilu cua tru'O'ng phai Frankfurt cho rang, chu nghTa phat xit (fascism)'^' khong phai la mpt truang hp'p ngogi le, mpt hien tu'p'ng ea bipt trong heh su-, ma la sy phan anh nhi>ng khuynh hu'O'ng chung nhIt, Thay vi kit an cac phong trao phat xit tCr goc dp Ipi ich cua giai elp, tap doan chinh tri, ho xem xet hien tuong chu nghTa phat xit nhu- bien thai cua ca c h l tam ly, d i n toi cac hanh vi da man, phi nhan tinh. W. Reich^' la mpt trpng nhu-ng ngu-oi dau tien toan tinh phan tich chu nghTa phat xit ti> lap tru'ong cua phan tam hpc. Trong tac phim Tam ly dai chung vS (va) chu nghTa phat xit {The Mass Psychology of Fascism. hAassenpsychologie des Faschismus 1946), Reich nhan djnh:
"Tinh thin phat xit, do la tinh than cua "con ngu'di nho be", bi no djch, mong muon dat din quyIn lu'c va cung dong thai phan khang Chang phai nglu nhien ma tat ca nhu'ng ke chuyen chinh phat xit deu xuat than til' moi tru'ong phan dpng cua "nhOng con ngu-oi nho be"'^*.
Phan tam hpc, dae biet la phan tam hoc xa hpi cua mpt s i dai bleu thuoc truang phai Frankfurt eo m6i lien he vol ca chu nghTa Mac lln ehu nghTa hien sinh. Yeu t6 chiet
trung nay le c6 nhien cIn du'oc xem xet mot each co phe phdn Mat khac, sy tieh hyp, thgm chi hoa l l n cac dong tu" tu'O'ng d l i l^p nhau c6 t h I goi mo cau tra loi kha thilt thyc trong dieu ki$n phu-c tgp cua xa hpi phu'ong TSy. Marcuse noi ve "van minh kh6ng co tinh dan ap", v l viec phat huy sue mgnh eua Eros (than Al tinh trong thin thogi Hy Lgp), nho do ban nang gay hin, ban nang chit bj day lui CCing d l cap sy tha hoa, nhu-ng Marcuse khong dgt no trong sy hi^n hCpu tru-ang ci>u trong m6i ca nhan (tinh t h I phan doi triln mien trong kiep nguai), ma huang d i n each tilp cgn macxit v l kha nang vupl qua trang thai phi ly eua dai song, tim niem vui trong thong dipp cua Eros Lao dpng khi l y se khong con bj tha hoa nu-a, ma biln thanh tro chai tw do, phu hop vol ban tinh con nguoi'^^
Trong logic phan tich cua Fromm c6 kha nhieu diem ehung vai ehu nghTa hipn sinh.
Fromm eo gIng rut ra tinh chit bi kjch eua ton tgi ea nhan ti> nhu-ng mau thuan cua doi song con nguoi, ma day Igi la dilm nhan trong chu nghTa hien sinh. Cac nha hien sinh khong ban d i n co so khach quan cua ea t h I tinh, Fromm cung vgy, mac du eo de cap nhi^ng thien hu'ong p h i biln ve tinh yeu, niem tin, suy nghT. Cae nha hien sinh xoay sau vao chu t h I tinh, vao "hien sinh" nhu- phuong thuc ton tai dgc tru-ng cua con ngu-oi. Fromm danh cho eon ngu'di sy phan tieh rieng, song rot cupc ong v l n cho rang ban chat cpn ngydi khong nen nhin tu goc do ban the, hay
"chat nen tang" trong con ngudi, ma tCr nhi>ng va chgm, mau thuIn co huu 6 ton tgi ca nhan. O Frpmm viec giai quylt nhj phan Ijch su- va nhi phan hien sinh dupe thyc hien tren co sd nhgn thu-c ca hai binh
BINH NGQC THACH - NGUYEN TH| THANH THOY - PHAN TAM HOC.
dipn - binh di^n xa hoi va binh di$n ca nhan. Khic phye nhj phan lieh su", tire nhyng mau thuIn trong tiln trinh lieh su-, d y f t tac dpng eua nhyng dilu kien xS h|i, thep Fromm. e i n g i n v^i vi$e xac lap m|t xa h|l nhan dao ml'i. D l i vdi nhi phan hi^n sinh, do hinh thanh tu* chlnh t i n tai eua eon ngyoi, nen chf giai quylt tirng phln blng each giai phing nguin xung lye cua cupc sing ca nhan, khai thong kha nang cua con ngydi trong tinh yeu, nllm tin va trpng suy nghT. Nhy vay, vi0c giai phIng con ngyoi chi c l t h I dat dyoc tren co s6' sij dyng phan tam hpc eo djnh hyong bien chirng va nhan dao, nho do mi'i danh thirc dyoc nhyng yeu to phe phan trong y thirc con ngyoi. Nhi>ng khai nipm nhy " k l hoach hoa nhan dao", "dy phong nhan dao", "tich eye hoa" ea the blng con dyong thay t h I cac phyong thirc eua e h l dp quan lieu bj tha hpa bang cac phyong thirc cua sy quan ly mang tinh nhan dao, sy thay doi phyong thirc tieu diing trong xu hyong gia tang tinh tich eye cua con ngyoi va khie phge tinh thy dpng, sy p h i bien nhyng hinh thirc moi eija djnh hyong tam ly-tinh thin, nhu-ng dinh hyong eIn phli tyong thich vol cac h0 thong ten giap qua khir.
Fromm eung dya ra y tyong xac lap nhyng cpng dong nho ma o do con ngyoi ty minh tao lap nen van hoa. 111 sing, phong each ty duy, chuin myc dao dire dac tryng, nhyng khong d l i lap voi djnh hyong chung, ding thoi lam phong phii cupc sing cua minh blng cac bleu typng tam llnh, cac nghi l l , sinh heat ton giao.
Nhy vay, Fromm da dya vao ty tyong v l eon ngyoi va xa hpi nhyng y l u to mang tinh hien sinh chu nghla d l tao nen mpt each tiep can thyc t l hon ve than phan, sy
nIm trai va khat vpng eua cpn ngyoi-ea nhan. Ong xem nhu'ng y tyong do thyc sy la each mang v l nllm hy vong, v l sy cai t l y thirc d l v y p i qua khung hoang cua xa h|i hi?n tai"°'.
3. K^T LUAN
Phan tam hpc, nhy da nci tren, ban dIu khing phai la mpt trao lyu, hay khuynh hyong triet hpc. ma chf la mpt dpt pha quan trpng trong viec chCra bpnh r l i loan than kinh chirc nang blng lieu phap tam ly.
Tuy nhien vol thoi gian, phan tam hpc dyoc bilt d i n nhy "kham pha v6 thire", mpt v l n d l hilm thIy trong trilt hpc tmyen thing, ma day la dilu ky dipu treng qua trinh phi cc dien hoa trilt hoe. v l n bit dIu tu- nhyng nam 30-40 cua t h I ky XIX. "Kham pha v6 thirc". do la each danh gia d n g blng va CO y nghTa nhIt doi voi phan tam hoc, tryoc h i t la phan tam hpc Freud,
"khong c l n ai bao v$ toan bo hpc thuyet phan tam va hinh thirc nguyen thuy v l trj lipu, nhyng cung khIng t h I phu nhjn anh hyong sau sac eua hpc thuyet l y d i n ty tyong chung cua thoi dai. dae bi#t v l tam ly hpc. tam ly trj li^u"'"'. Cho du nh&ng ngyoi sau Freud, trong do co Adler, tim each cai biln mpt s i v l n d l cua phan tam hpc.
nhim lam cho phan tam hpc phat trien hon, seng cai elt loi nhlt do Freud mo dIu vln c l n nguySn gia trj trong pham vi hpc thuylt nay. Qua trinh tir phan tam hpc "co diln"
d i n tan phan tam hpc va phan tam hpc xa hpi (tap trung kha r i m rp trong tryong phai Frankfurt) do la con dyong eua sy tim toi.
kham pha, lam moi minh, qua trinh tham nhap vao doi song xa hpi, va do eung la mpt trpng nhyng dac dilm n l i bat cua trilt hpc phyong Tay hi$n dai •
DINH NGQC THACH - NGUYEN THj THANH THOY - P H A N T A M H Q C . C H U T H I C H
'" Ra ddl \.ir nhOng nSm 20 cua thI ky XX trfin nln t^ng hpc thuylt Freud, vOi mpt s6 dgi di^n nhu- Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, Harry Stack Sullivan ..
'^Anwjjpew Aonep. MndueudyanbHaR ncuxo/ioauft Kax nymb K noanaHUK} u caMono3HaHUH3 HenoeeKa (Alfred Adler. Tdm // c^ nhSn nhw con du-dfng din dSn si/ nh$n tht>c vd ti/ y thCec cua con ngifCH).
http://lib.ru/PSIH0/ADLER/Adler-3txt ''' Ong Id nhA tSm ly hpc Ao-M?, mpt trong nhO-ng ngu-Oi sdng l$p tru-P-ng phSi chSu Au cua phan tam hpc, ngu-Oi duy nhlt trong s6 cac hpc trP cua Freud (ta gpi la nhO-ng nha tan phan tam hpc) phat tnIn tu' tu-dng phg phan xS hpi mpt each cSn ban nhu' d6i hoi thu tifeu thu- dao dCrc cd tinh dan ap va chu tru-ang gido dgc ve tinh dye, nhd d6 da anh hyang tich eye den phong trao canh ta mOi if Tay Au, cOng nhu' m$t vai trao liiu giao ly bl truyen
**'Thuat ngO Orgone energy xult phat ti> tieng Latinh Organismus, nghTa la "thyc the sing"
Reich su- dgng thu^t ngCr nay luSn giai "nang lu'png phi quat ciJa cupc sing" gin vP'i sy pha hQycac quy luat vatiy.
'^'W. Reich ncnxonornn Mace \A (jDaiuiiaM - Cne., 1997.
http://lib.nj/POLITOLOG/RAJH_W/raihdd.txt (flepeBoa c aHr/iMficKoro tO.M. flOHua 3/11/2005).
'^' Tilng Italia fasclsmo, xult phat ti> fascio - lien minh, thong nhlt, kit nil, chlng hgn t6n gpi cua t l ehCpc chlnh trj Co Mussolini (1883- 1945) dCmg fllu la Fascio di Combattimento, nghTa la Lian minh dIu tranh.
'^' Wlihelm Reich (1897-1957), nha tam ly Ao- My, ngu'di duy nhlt trong s6 cac hpc trd cua Freud (nhljng ngirdi ty tuyfin b l la dai di0n tan phan tam hpc, vdi nhfrng each tilp c§n khac nhau) phat tnen tu' tu-dng phS phan xS hpi
trong phan tam hpc, c6 anh hu-d-ng dang k l din phong trao cSnh ta tgi phu-ang Tay.
'^' BHJibre/ibM Pat^x. Tlcuxonosufj Mace u 0auju3M. cne.. 1997, crp 5 (Wilhelm Reich.
TSm 1^ d^i chOng va chu nghTa ph^t xit. St Petersburg, 1997, tr. 5. Ban djch sang tilng Nga).
'^* Xem H. IVIarcuse. Eros and Civilization. A philosophical Inquiry Into Freud. New York, 1962, p. 4-6,
'^°' Xem E. Fromm. The Revolution of Hope.
Toward a Humanized Technology. New York, 1968, p 97-100.
'"* David Stafford-Clark (Ngu'di dich U VSn Luy^n-Huyln Giang), Freud dS thi/c sw ndi gi.
Nxb Thigidi Ha Npi 1998, tr 29
TAI Lieu THAM KHAO
1. Anbcfipefl AflJiep. l/lndueudyanbHafi ncuxonoeup Kan nymb K noanaHuio u caMono3HaHUK) nenoeeKa (http://lib.ru/PSIH0/ADLER/Adler-3.txt).
2. David Stafford-Clark (Ngudi djch: Le Van Luy^n-Huyen Giang). 1998. Freud da tht/c si/n6igi. Ha Npi; Nxb. ThI gidi.
3. E. Fromm. 1968. The Revolution of Hope Toward a Humanized Technology. New York.
4. H. Marcuse 1962. Eros and Civilization A Philosophical Inquiry Into Freud. New York.
5. J.P. Charrier (Le Thanh Hoang Dan dich) 1972. Phan tam hgc. Sai Gdn: Nxb. Tre.
6 Phgm Minh LSng. 2000. Freud va tam phin hpc. Ha Npi: Nxb VSn hda Thong tin.
7. Sigmund Freud (Vu Binh Lu-u d|ch). 1969 Phin tSm hoc. An Tiem.
8. Vu Dinh Lu'u. 1968 Hanh trinh vao phan tam hQC Hoang Dong-Phu'ong.