TU" Li LUAN CUA M. BAKHTIN DI TiM KET CAU DAC TRUNG C O A TIEU THUYET
Nguyin Thi Ninh Khoa Nga van - Khoa hoc xa hoi Email: [email protected] Ngay nhan bai: 07/10/2019
Ngay PB ddnh gia:21/10/2019 Ngay duyet ddng: 25/10/2019
TOIVI TAT: Tren ca so Idiao ciju, diic nit c6 b6 sung nhiing thanh tmi li luan ve the loai, dac biet la li luan loi lac cua M. Bakhtin va thuc tiin sang tac, bai viet buac dan chi ra nhiing dac tnmg kef cau co ban cua tieu thuyet so vdi cac the loai tu sir ra doi trudc no va the loai cimg thdi voi no la truyen ngan.
Su due nit nay phan nao c6 gia tri hiin ich doi voi viec nghien ciiu, giang day va hpc tap ve the loai noi chung, tieu thuyet noi riSng.
Til' khoa; M. Balihiin, liet cdu, itel cdu diic tnmg, tieu thuyet, the loat FINDING THE TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF NOVELS ACCORDING
TO M. BAKHTEV'S THEORY
ABSTRACT: On the basis of research and inference, supplemented with theoretical achievements of genres, especially the outstanding theory of M. Bakhtin and composing practice, the article initially points out the basic stmctural characteristics, of novels compared to the genre of narratives that preceded them and their contemporary genre as short stories. This finding is somewhat usefiil for research, teaching and learning about genres in general and novels in particular.
Key words: M. Bakhtin. siniclure, typical structure, novels, genres.
1. DAT VAN DE tren cap dp tong thS, vua thim thiu vao D6n nay, da c6 rit nhiiu cong trinh '^S yeu t6 cu thg. Tim ra khuon dang co khoa hoc luan giai vS dac trung noi dung ^ ' ^ '^o^g thiic bao quat cho ket cau dac ciing nhu hinh thiic ciia cac thS loai van trung cila tieu thuyet lai cang la mpt viec hpc nhu tho, kich, tiSu thuygt, truyen 1^™ ^^^ kh^ dT vi "tieu thuygt la thg loai ngSn... nhimg chua c6 cong trinh nao ™° chuong duy nhit dang biln chuygn xay dung he thgng ly thuygt vg dac trung ^^ coii chua dinh hinh. Nong c6t thg loai kgt ciu ciia cac thg loai nay. Day la viec '="'' 'i^u thuyet chua he rjn lai va chung hgt sire kho khan vi kit ciu co noi ham ^'^ '^hua thg du doan hit kha nang uygn vo ciing rpng Ion. No vira hiru hinh, vita chuyen cua no" [1; 21]. Dieu nay gay vo hinh trim tuong, vira co thg hinh dung, khong it kho khan cho nghign ciiu, giang vira rit kho hinh dung. No vita tin tai d?y va hoc tap chuygn sau vg thi loai. Vai 120 TRirdNG D4,I HQC HAI PHONG
mong muon phan nao thao go nhiing kho khan, bai viit buac dau chi ra mpt each CO he thdng nhung dac trung ket c^u ca ban cua tiiu thuyet tren ca sa khai quat CO b6 sung thanh qua li luan ciia nhimg Dguoi di truoc ket hop voi thuc tien sang tac xua nay.
2. Npi DUNG
Cung vai sy ra dai va thay the lan nhau cua nhieu dang thiic tieu thuyet khac nhau trong lich su la su xuat hien cua mot khoi luong cong trinh khong 16 ve li luan the loai. Mpt trong nhung chu nhan cua nhieu cong trinh H luan xuat sac, co anh huong Icrn trong gioi hoc thuat va sang tac la M.
Bakhtin (1895 - 1975). D6n nay, h k nhu chua CO cong trinh khoa hpc nao vupt xa hon nhiing thanh tim ma ong da diic ket vh thg loai tieu thuyet. Ong nhan thay, vai cac the loai van hpc khac, li luan van hpc
"boat dpng mpt each tu tin va chinh xac", con doi voi tieu thuyet, li luan ay "bpc 16 mpt su bat luc hoan toan" [1; 28]. Tuy nbien, trong khi xay dung li luan ve thi phap tieu thuyet, ong van "co gang tim ra nhihig dac diem cau tnic co ban nhat cua cai the loai mem mai nhat nay, nhung quy dinh ca phuang huong bien d6i ciia chinh ban than no den toan bp van hpc" [1; 32].
Trong khi dua ra nhimg dac trung cau tnic ciia tieu thuyet, M. Bakhtin da co y phan biet tieu thuyet vai tat ca cac thi loai van hoc khac (trong do c6 truyen ngan). Tuy nhien, trong cac cong trinh ciia minh, 6ng chu yeu d6i sanh, nhan manh su khac biet ve cau true cua tieu thuyet so voi sii thi va cac the loai cao thuong khac - noi chung la cac the loai tir sir ra doi truoc no. Su khac nhau giiia dac tnmg cau tnic cua tieu thuyet so vai truyen ngan - the loai tu su gan gkn giii nhat voi tiiu thuyit chua dupe
M. Bakhtin minh giai cu thi. Han niia, nhiing dac trung cau tnic cua tiiu thuyit ma ong diic kit, o muc dp nhit dinh, cung CO a truyen ngan. Truyen vira hien dai ciing rit gan voi tiiu thuyit nhung ranh gioi giiia hai thi loai nay nhiiu khi khong ro rang. Dac tnmg ket ciu ciia tiiu thuyit con dupe chi ra qua nhiing nhan dinh khai quat hoac dupe gian tilp lam ro qua cac hinh thiic luan giai phong phii, sinh dpng tir thuc tiin sang tac nhiing dac tnmg vl td chiic c6t truyen, xay dung nhan vat, sang tao hinh tuong, to chuc dilm nhin, gipng dieu, khong - thoi gian... trong nhiiu c6ng trinh khoa hpc. Tuy nhien, qua d6, nhiing dac tnmg ket cau co tinh khu biet vl thi loai van con la van de ma ho, chua dupe lam sang to.
De buoc dau chi ra nhiing dac tnmg ket cau co ban nhat ciia tieu thuyet, chiing toi tien hanh hai viec:
- Can cu chu yeu vao li luan cua M.
Bakhtin trong cong trinh Ly ludn vd thi phdp tiiu thuyet do Pham VTnh Cu chpn dich va giai thieu, ket hpp them li luan cua mpt s6 hpc gia khac va thuc tien sang tac dl chi ra nhirng dac tnmg ket cau co ban nhdt ciia tieu thuyet so voi cac the loai tu su ra dai truoc no.
- Kit hpp thanh tim li luan van hpc va thuc tiin sang tac xua nay de lam ro hon dac trung kit cau ciia tieu thuyet so vai truyen ngan.
2.1. Kit cau dac trung cua tiiu thuyet so vol cac thi loai ty sy ra doi truo'c no
Theo M. Bakhtin, mpi dac trung kit ciu cua tiiu thuyit deu co chung diem xuit phat: Tiiu thuyit la thi loai con non tre va chua hoan thanh, vin dang bien chuyin trong khi sir thi va mot so the loai khac trong van hpc thanh van thai co dai
TAP CHI KHOA HQC, So 39, thang 3 nam 2020 121
va trung dai co hinh thiic da hoan bi, tham chi da gia nua tii lau. Chiing co nong c6t ran chac voi nhiing c6ng tiiiic, luat le mang tmh quy pham. Chiing cao tuoi hon chii viet va den nay van it nhieu giii duoc ban chat "truyen khau". So voi cac the loai nay, tieu thuyet la "mpt sinh linh thupc giong noi khac". No tre hon chii viet va duoc nay sinh, nuoi duong boi thoi dai moi ciia lich sii loai nguai. Tieu thuyet thich ling vdi hinh thiic tiep thu kn lang. Mu6n hieu tieu thuyet, nguoi ta phai dpc va suy ngam, phai giai ma ket cau ciia no ca trong t6ng the lan tiing mat xich. Ciing khdng cd tieu thuyet noi chung vdi cdng thiic luat le cd dinh ma chi cd nhung dang thuc tieu thuyet khac nhau trong qua trinh lich sii. Vi vay, "Nghien ciiu cac the loai khac tua hd nghien ciiu nhiing tii ngii, nghien ciiu tieu thuyet gidng nhu nghien ciiu nhiing sinh ngii, ma lai smh ngu tre" [ 1; 22].
2.1.1. Tieu thuyet xdy dymg hinh tu-ffng a tpa do khdng gian, th&i gian dang tiep dien Trong khi cd gang dua ra nhiing dac trung cau tnic cua tieu thuyet, Bakhtin da phan biet tieu thuyet voi su thi cd dai o net tieu bieu: su thi the hien qua khii anh hiing dan tpc ma co sd la ki lie cua cpng ddng truyen thdng, cdn tieu thuyit mieu ta cupc sdng "hien tai" khdng ngiing b i l n ddi, sinh thanh tren ca sd kinh nghiem ca nhan. Dac diem cau tnic ciia su thi la tao ra mdt mpt khoang each khong t h i vupt qua giiia ngudi ke sii thi vdi nhan vat trong su thi gpi la "khoang each sii thi". Dd trudc het la khoang each thdi gian xa vdi vai giiia the gidi ciia sii thi va the gidi ciia ngudi ke, ngudi nghe sii thi. Dd cdn la khoang each gia tri, khoang each tdn ti, trat tu. Ddi tupng, ndi dung va tpa dp xay dung hinh tupng ciia sir thi
la qua khii dan tpc anh hung - 4 " ^ ' " ^ - cua cha dng - nhiing ngudi "thii nhat ya
"uu tii nhit". Qua khii i y thupc dang cap gia tri cao nhit va hoan hao nhat. Do la qua khii da hoan kit, xong xudi va mang tinh khep kin. Trong khi do, ca tac gia lln ddc gia cua sii thi lai thudc mpt thai dai khac, mpt d i n g c i p gia tri khae. Dd la the gioi cua eon chau, ciia "hau bdi", dang dd dang, t h i gidi "ha d i n g " , day ray nhirng chuyen nhem nhudc, phu vkn.
Ngudi ke sir thi bao gid' cung diing tir xa ma chiem bai, thanh kinh hoac ton siing d i i vdi qua khir anh himg. Diem nhin duy nhat trong sir thi la diem nhin cua ca cpng ddng the h6 sau nguong vpng ve the he trudc. Nang luc va siic manh sang tao cua sii thi la ki lic ehii khdng phai nhan thiic, phan tieh, giai thich; la kinh nghiem eiia cdng ddng chu khong phai kinh nghiem ca nhan. Ngudi dpc khdng chi cd the tim thay nhiing dac t n m g nay 6 cae the loai cao thuong khac cua thdi c6 dai va trung dai ma con cd the tim thay ngay ca trong nhung tae pham hien dai mang khuynh hudng sir thi. Do ciang la nguy6n nhSn khien ket eau ciia sir thi tro nen x o cimg, khep kin voi khudn hinh ndng c6t r i n chac, don dieu, khien cuong, udc le va it uyen chuyen.
Tiiu thuyit trai lai, da xoa bd "khoang each sii thi" de xay dung hinh tupng d tpa dp khong - thdi gian dang diln biln.
Dieu nay keo theo su thay d i i toan dien trong c i u tnic cua tieu thuyit so voi sit thi va cac thi loai cao thupng khac thdi e6 dai, trung dai, ca nhiing tac p h i m hien dai mang khuynh hudng sir thi: Thu nhit, hinh tupng trong tiiu thuyit m i t di tinh hoan tat, b i t biln trong sir thi va ludii ddi mdi, bd sung eiing qua trinh ddi mdi ngii
122 TRl/ONG DAI HOC HAI PHONG
canh. Thii hai, khac vdi su thi, truyen ke c6 dai va tmng dai chu y i u su dung ngucd kl toan tri, mot gipng vdi thai dp thanh kinh, tiiu thuyit cho phep nguai t r i n thuat dung kinh nghiem ea nhan de danh gia hien tuong tir nhieu chieu, nhieu diem nhin, da chu thi, da gipng dieu voi thai dp Mo. mat, tham ehi bd ba, sudng sa. Bdi le, tiiu thuyit h i p thu va mieu ta mpi su viec ciia cai thuc tai cimg thdi dang sinh thanh va phat triin tren ciing mpt cap dp gia tri - thdi gian vdi ban than minh. Ddi tuong eiia tiiu thuyet la con ngudi cua hien tai, con ngudi ngang hang, binh dang nhu ban be, hang xdm hoac cimg sdng trong mpt thanh phd, lang que. Truyen ki ciing su dung kinh nghiem nhung do la kinh nghiem, each nhin duy nhat cua ngucri viet truyen ky. Thir ba, van de md dau va ket thiic, vin de tinh trpn ven ciia tieu thuyet cung dupe dat ra theo each mdi. Qua khii trong sir thi hoan tat va khep kin ea trong tong the cung nhu d timg bp phan nen sir thi cd the bat dau hay ket thiie eau chuyen d bat cir diem nao. Nguac lai, tieu thuyet tiep xuc gan gui vdi cupc sdng duang dai dang tiep dien nen dac biet quan tam den ket cue se ra sao? cai gi xay ra sau do? Nd CO the dan dat ngudi dpc vao the gidi ky thii ciia nhung dieu chua biet do cdt truyen gay ra. Bd cue ciia tieu thuyet ciing vi the ma da dang, bat tuan theo quy tic.
Dd la nguyen nhan, cung la sire marih khien ket cau tieu thuyit cd dp md, dp long Idn, het siic tu do va thudng xuyen bien ddi. N6 mem mai, uyen chuyen vdi kha nang bien thien khd doan dinh, khae vdi khuon hinh ndng cdt ran chac eiia sir thi va cac the loai cao thupng khac. Tieu thuyit khdng de cho b i t cii dang thiic nao cua nd dupe 6n dinh nen bit cii hinh thiic
ket eau nao cua nd ciing chi la nhiing thi nghiem cdn dang dd.
2.1.2. Sir khdng trung khit giira cdc mat khde nhau cua hinh tirong eon ngudi trong tieu thuyet
M. Bakhtui cho rang, "su thay ddi dinh hucmg trong thdi gian va thay ddi khu vuc xay dung hinh tuong khdng bdc Id d dau sau sac va co ban bang d viec xay dung lai hinh tupng con ngudi trong van hpc"
[1; 67]. Trong su thi va cac the loai cao thupng khac, nhan vat dupe khac hpa theo nguyen tac nguyen phien, nhat tuyin va ki vT. Con ngudi ay cd su triing khit tuyet ddi giiia pham chat va dia vi, ben trong va ben ngoai, ldi ndi va hanh ddng. Hon niia, mpi kha nang va tiem nang ciia nd deu duoc the hien den ciing d dia vi xa hpi be ngoai, d sd phan, tham ehi ngay ngoai hinh cua nd. Con ngudi cd dia vi nhu the nao thi hanh ddng nhu the ay, phu hpp vdi cucmg vi cua minh. Suy nghT cua nhan vat r i t thuan chiiu, don gian, khdng he bi roi vao trang thai dan vat hay dau tranh npi tam. Nhan vat eiing khdng cd quyin chu ddng v l tu tudng va ngdn ngu. Nd chi biet d i n mdt t h i gidi quan va mdt thir ngdn ngii thdng nhit, cd san, bat buoc va kh6ng t h i hd nghi. Ca t h i gidi quan lin ngdn ngii d i u khdng t h i trd thanh nhiing nhan td ca t h i hda, phan biet va ciu thanh hinh tupng con ngudi. Quan niem ciia nhan vat v l minh hoan toan trimg hpp vdi quan niem ciia nhiing ngudi khac v l nd. Nhirng dac dilm nay tao ra ve dep vo song, tmh thuin toan, nguyen khoi, trong sudt nhu pha le va tinh hoan chinh nghe thuat d chinh hmh tuong con ngudi ay. Nhung d6ng tiidi, chimg ciing de ra tinh h p hep, don dieu, thilu siie ti-ong nhiing dilu kien sinh t i n mdi cua loai ngudi. Day ciing la
TAP CHI KHOA HQC, S6 39, thang 3 nam 2020 123
nhiing dac dilm ciu tinic hinh tupng phd bien trong than thoai va bi kich.
Trai lai, hinh tupng trong tiiu tiiuyet dupe xay dung dua tren sir venh leeh giiia sd phan vdi dia vi va tinh ngudi, ben ngoai va ben trong, ldi ndi va hanh dpng, kha nang va thuc tl thuc hien kha nang, cam xiic va suy nghi. Nhan vat tieu thuyet thing nhit trong ban than nd nhiing ddi cue: nhan tmh va phi nhan, dao li va that diic, ban nga va phi nga, y thirc va v6 thiic, cao ca va tim thudng... Mpt ngudi cd dia vi cao nhung c6 the hanh vi lai hen ha, mpt ngudi cd dia vi thap lai cd the hanh dpng rit cao thupng. Chang han, Phd giao chil Nha thd Claude Frollo la mdt tri thiic Thien Chiia giao cd dia vi dang kinh vdi ve be ngoai hao hoa phong nha nhung tam hdn xau xa vdi due vpng de hen, hanh dpng dang khinh bi. Quasimodo cd than phan thap kem vdi ve be ngoai xau xi, di dang nhung day long tu trpng, tam hon cao thuong, hanh ddng phi thudng {Nhd thd Dire Bd Pari - V. Huygd). Su tu nhan thitc cua nhan vat ve minh va cua ngudi khae ve nd eiing thudng khdng ddng nhit.
Day la "chat van xudi" tieu bilu lam eho tieu thuyet khac vdi truyen tho, tho trudng thien va sir thi. Nghia la, tiiu thuyit tai hien cupc sdng vdi nhiing chi tilt gidng nhu that, khong thi vi hoa, li tudng hoa.
Nhan vat ciia sir thi, bi kich chi cd mdt bp mat duy nhat gan vdi sd phan, dia vi ciia minh va chii de do sd phan iy quyit dinh. Nhan vat tieu thuyit cd thi hanh dpng trong mpi than phan, cd mat trong mpi tinh huong ma khdng bao gid cd thi hda than den cung vao cai than xac xa hdi - lieh su hien huu. O nd, bao gid ciing tiem tang nhiing kha nang ehua thanh hien thuc va nhiing ddi hdi ehua dupe dap img.
124 TRl/OfNG BAI HQC HAI PHONG
Nhan vat tieu thuyit co kha nang Uuch nghi nhanh vdi tiin trinh cude sdng ludn ludn biln ddi va thudng xuyen xuat hipn trong nhung hmh hai mdi. Cdt tiiiyen tieu thuyit cung vi thi khdng khai thac den can kiet con ngudi nhu su thi ma dupe cau tao hit sue tu do, la nhiing cdt truyen - thu nghiem day khieu khich.
Nhan vat trong sir thi, bi kich, huyen frung dai thudng la nhan vat hanh dong, neu guong dao diic. Nhan vat trong tieu thuyet eiing hanh dpng nhung khong theo chuin muc chimg cua xa hdi ma theo kinh nghiem rieng eua ea nhan minh nen thudng xuyen va vap, suy tu, "nem trai". Trong kich ciing cd nhiing "nhan vat nim trai" nhu Promete trong Promete bi xieng, Hamlet trong Hamlet, Rddrigo trong Lcrxit... nhung vi han che cua thdi gian san khau, lai thieu ldi nguoi tran thuat nen kich khdng tai hien trpn ven qua trinh nem trai nhieu mat cua nhan vat. Chinh vi vay, mieu ta the gidi ben trong, phan tich tam li la phuang dien rat dac trung eho tieu thuyet, mac du ndi chung, loai van hpc nao ciing khdng the bd qua dupe khia canh tam li. Nhan vat tiiu thuyet lien tue nam trong su giao thoa giiia cac ludng du luan va trong trang thai diu ti^nh ndi tam cang thing. Nd cd thi bi danh lua va mac sai lam bSt cir luc nao. Giang Mmh Sai (Thdi xa vdng - Le Luu) la nhan vat diln hinh cho "mot ddi lim lln, mpt ddi thit bai". Su "nim trai" hay bi kich cua cupc ddi anh cd mam mdng tir chinh tinh each rut re, yeu du6i, nhu nhuoc cua anh.
Sai khong du can dam gilm len du luan dl duoc la minh, dl den voi tinh yeu dich thuc.
Ket qua la Sai Ur chude liy mdt bai hpc dau ddn: nira ddi dau phai yeu cai ngudi khac yeu, nua ddi sau e chl vi chay theo cai minh khdng cd. Bdi dae dilm nay ma tiiu
thuyet thudng cd cPt truyen pnue tap va ket ciu phuc tap. Nd chiia dung bao nhieu cai
"thira" so vdi truyen ngan, truyen vira tnmg dai. Trong cac truyen ngan, truyen vua, tiiu thuyit doan thien, cdt truyen ddng vai trd chil yiu cimg voi nhan vat. Mpi yeu td ciia tac phim ddu duac td chiic sit sao voi su van dpng cua c6t trayen va tinh each, hau nhu khong cd gi "thira", tat ca nira trpn ti-ong cac lien he nhan qua. Ngupe lai, ti-ong tiiu thuyit, cai "thira" ay lai la cai chinh yeu the hi?n thai dp cua nhan vat va nha van ve the gidi, vl ddi ngudi (nhu su phan tieh can ke diln biln Imh cam, trinh bay can ke tieu sir cua nhan vat, nhiing chi tiet ve Hen he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi, mdi tmdfng va toan bd tdn tai cua cupc sdng...). Su pha vo tmh toan ven sir thi (va ca bi kich) eiing khien eon ngudi trong tieu thuyet ed nhan tinh phat trien phirc tap, dupe quy§n chu dpng ve tu tudng, ngdn ngii va cd tinh ca the hda eao.
Nhung li do do khien kit cau cua tieu thuyit vd cung linh hoat, uyen chuyen, vuot khdi mpi khudn khd ciing nhac. Kha nang kham pha ciia tieu thuyet la khong cimg, no co the dat den nhirng sang tao bat ngd, gay ngac nhien khdng chi voi ngudi dpc ma vdi ehinh nd va tae gia ciia nd giong nhu hien tupng "nhan vat ndi loan"
trong chu nghTa hien thuc phe phan the ky XIX. NghTa la nha van khong the chac chan sir phat triin vl sau cua tinh each nhSn vat, ciing khdng chac chan ve ket cue cua nd va khong the xay dung cho nd mpt ket cau bang be tdng, cdt thep ngay tu dau.
2.1.3. Nguyen tac ddi thogi trong td chuc ngdn ngir tieu thuyet vd khd nang tdng h^ sue mgnh nghe thuat cua cdc the logi van hgc khac
De xay dung ly thuyet ve ngdn ngii tieu thuyit, Bakhtin da ehi ra nhiing han
che eua tu duy phong each hpc truyin thdng. d dd, mdi ldi phat ngon true tilp chi thi hien mdt y thiic, mdt gipng dieu cua ngudi phat ngdn. Ldi ndi ehi biit cd minh, ddi tuong ciia minh, sic thai cua minh va ngdn ngii th6ng nhit, duy nhit cua minh. Tren dudng den vdi ddi tupng, ldi ndi true tiep chi vap phai luc can ciia ban than ddi tupng ma khdng vip phai su khang eu ciia vo van nhimg ldi ndi khac. Nguac lai, tiiu thuyit thau tdm ddi tupng trong trang thai da ngii, trang thai da "dupe ndi den", "duoc luan ban" bdi nhirng y kien trai ngupe nhau. Vi the, Idi van cua tieu thuyet dupe td chiic theo nguyen tac ddi thoai. NghTa la, gipng dieu ciia ngudi phat ngon trong tieu thuyet duoc tao lap d khu vuc hoat ddng phiic tap eiia nhiing tieng ndi khac nhau theo nhung phong each khac nhau ve cimg mdt ddi tupng. Gipng cua ngudi nay ed the trung lap, ddng tinh, phan ddi, eat van hay lang nghe gipng cua ngudi khac, tham chi gieu nhai lai chinh minh. Ngdn ngii tieu thuyit la ca mpt he th6ng ngdn ngii ed quan he ddi thoai vdi nhau, hda am hoac nghich am vdi nhau. Ldi van trong tieu thuyet la ldi dupe ddi thoai hda tir ben trong. Ngdn ngii trong tiiu thuyet khdng chi duoc sii dung nhu phuong tien mieu ta ma cdn la ddi tupng mieu ta. Nd tham gia vao mdi trudng ddi thoai phirc tap noi ddi tupng nhiing khia canh, nhiing ndi dung da dupe ng6n tir xa hpi y thirc va luan ban, tii do, mai dua nhirng duong net, ham nghia va phong each cua minh.
Thue tl, ddi thoai la thupc tinh ban chit phd biln cua tu duy va ngdn ngu.
Nhung ehi d tiiu thuyit, dac tinh ddi thoai mdi dupe t l chire lai mdt each nghe thuat nhit tao ndn tinh nhilu be, nhiiu gipng va
TAP CHI KHOA HQC, S6 39, thang 3 nam 2020 125
da thanh, phiie dieu (tieu thuySt eua F.M.
Dostoevski la mdt minh chiing dien hinh).
So sanh dac diem nay vdi tho ca, Bakhtin nhan dinh: d cac the loai thi ca hieu theo nghia hep, chit ddi thoai tu nhien cua Idi ndi khdng duoc su dung vdi mue dich nghe thuat, ldi ndi cd tinh ddc lap tu than. Trong cac t h i loai tho thuan tiiy, nhiing tieng ndi khac nhau n l u dupe dua vao ciing chu yeu qua ldi cua cae nhan vat, chi vdi tu each mdt vat duoc mieu ta chii khdng phai vdi tu each mdt ngdn ngii khac mang theo nhiing quan diem rieng ciia nd. Ngupe lai, trong tiiu thuyit, tinh ddi thoai trd thanh mdt nhan td het siie co ban cua phong each van xudi va duoc gia edng nghd thuat mdt each dac thii. Nha tieu thuyet khdng chi tach minh khdi ngdn ngii eiia tae pham minh ma cdn ludn cd xu hudng luong hda ban than de trao ddi, d6i thoai. Cac ng6n ngii khac nhau bao gdm nhiing ngdn ngii xa hpi khac nhau hoac nhiing tieng ndi ca nhan khac nhau duoc du nhap va td chiic lai mdt each nghe thuat bang nhiing hinh thirc phong phu khac nhau trong nhiing dang thiie tieu thuyet khac nhau.
Tieu thuyet ciing la the loai ed kha nang tdng hpp nhieu nhat kha nang nghe thuat ciia eac the loai van hpc va du nhap vao ket eau eua minh ca cae the loai ngoai van hpc. Su dinh hudng mdi v l thoi gian, khu vuc tiep xiic vdi ddi sdng duong dai va ngdn ngii cd tinh da thanh, phirc dieu khdng chi tao cho npi dung eiia tieu thuyit mdt chieu sau khdng day ma cdn tao ra mdt quan he dae biet giiia tieu thuyet vdi cac the loai nghe thuat hoac phi nghe thuat. Hon niia, nhiing the loai duoc du nhap vao tieu thuyet van thudng giii duoc tinh CO gian ve ket cau va dem vao tiiu thuyet ngdn ngii ciia minh lam phan hda 126 TRl/dNG D^I HQC HAI PHONG
SU thdng nhat ngdn ngU tieu LUU^^-V . a tao chiiu sau mdi eho tmh phiic am trong ngdn ngii tiiu thuyit. Ngay d giai doan phat sinh, hinh thanh, tiiu thuyit da dua vao nhilu hinh thai phi nghe thuat trong sinh hoat ea nhan va xa hdi, dac biet la cac t h i van chmh luan, hung bien. 6 cac thdi dai phat triin sau nay, tiiu thuyit sir dung rdng rai va lip ghep vao trong nd cac hinh thiic thu tii, nhat ki, ldi tiJ thu... Nhdm t h i loai nay ddng vai trd ket cau tdi quan trpng trong tiiu thuyit va ddi khi true tiep quyit dinh ca c i u tnic ehinh the eiia tieu thuyit, tao ra nhung dang thiic tieu thuyet dae biet. Chiing khdng chi cd the dupe dua vao tieu thuyet nhu mpt bd phan cau tnic quan trpng, ma cdn cd the quy dinh ca hinh thiic tieu thuyet nhu mpt chinh the (tieu thuyet tu bach, tieu thuyet nhat ky, tieu thuyet bang thu, tham chi dua tho vao tieu thuyet nhu mdt dau hieu cau thanh the loai). Chang han tieu thuyet sir thi - tam li eua L. Tolstoi (Chien tranh vd Hda binh), tieu thuyet - kich cua M. Proust (Di tim thdi gian dd mdt), tidu thuyit t h i su - trii tinh cua M. Gorki (Thoi tho du, Kiem sdng...), tieu thuyet huyen thoai eua G.
Marquez.., Moi day d Viet Nam la cac tac pham Chuyen cua thien tdi (Nguyin T h i Hoang Linh), Pari 11/8 (Thuan)...
Tren day la nhiing dac tnmg k i t ciu eo ban khien cho hinh thiie cua tiiu thuyit khac biet hoan toan v l nguyen t i c khdng chi so vdi cac t h i loai tho ca, sir thi, bi kich ... - ndi chung la eac t h i loai tu su ra ddi trudc nd trong qua trinh d i n din chuyin hda thanh tiiu tiiuylt, ma ca cae the loai dang tdn tai cimg thdi vdi nd.
Diem ndi bat nhit cua k i t ciu tiiu thuyit so vdi eac the loai nay la tmh nang ddng, mem mai va uyIn chuyin. V l mat nao ddi
ngoai trir su thi, Di Kicn la hai uie loai da
"c6t hda" tir lau voi bd khung kit ciu bit di bit dich, cdn cae thi loai khac 6 thdi hi?n dai van dang hmh thanh va chua xong xudi, tuy nhien, d tiiu thuyit, cac kha nang tdng hop va nang ddng Idn hon.
Nhiing dac diem ket cau nay la he qua eua tu duy tiiu thuyit xem thi gidi nhu nhiing gi dang trdi chay khdng ngimg, phiic tap va diy riy nhiing dieu phi li, ddi lap vdi tu duy mpt chiiu cua sir thi ed gang sap xdp nhiing cai bl bpn, phiic tap ciia cupc sdng thanh nhiing cai tit yiu, gpn gang, dn dinh, dl hieu va hpp quy luat. Tat nhien, nhiing dac diem nay duoc bieu hien mpt each khac nhau trong tung bien tudng the loai khac rihau.
2.2. Ket cau dac trimg cua tiiu thuyit so vol truyen ngan
Xet ve ngudn cdi, ea tieu thuyet va tmySn ngin deu thupc cimg mpt loai hinh van hpc la trayen. Trai qua nhieu giai doan lich su khac nhau vdi nhiing ten gpi khae nhau va pham vi ndi ham khae nhau, khai niem tieu thuyet hien dai dupe su dung nhu ngay nay mdi ra ddi. Ci Trung Quoc, din cudi thi ki XIX, diu thi ki XX mdi cd khai niem tieu thuyet hien dai, gpi la tieu thuyet trudng thien, tieu thuyet tmng thien, tieu thuyet doan thien. Sau dd chung dupe tmyen vao Viet Nam va dupe dich: doan thi§n tieu thuyet la trayen ngan, tmcmg thien tiSu thuyet la trayen dai, trang thien tieu thuyet la trayen vira. O phucmg Tay, ngudi Anh diing tir "story" chi trayen ngan, "novel" chi cac tiiu thuyit mdi la, tan ki, tieu thuyet tmcmg thien. Ngudi Phap gpi tieu thuyet la "roman", nhan manh tinh chit li ki. Ngudi MT gpi tiiu thuyit la "fiction", nhin manh tdi tinh chit tudng tupng, hu cau cua can chuyen. Ci
Viet Nam, din diu thi ki XX ngudi ta mdi sir dung thuat ngii "tiiu thuyit" nhu Trung Qudc nhung ddng thdi vin sii dung thuat ngii tmyen. Trayen dai, tmyen vira, tmyen ngan hoan toan ddng nghTa vdi eac thuat ngii tra'dng thien tiiu thuyit, trang thien tiiu thuyit, doan tiiien tiiu thuyit. Tuy vay, thuat ngii' "tmyen" cd cdi ngudn sir hpe va phat trien tir thdi tmng dai. ThuSt ngii "tieu thuyet" my muon tii Tmng Qude nhung mang ndi ham hien dai cua thi loai van hpc chau Au. Trong tiing Viet hien dai, ngudi ta diing thuat ngii "tiiu thuyit"
de ehi tae pham trayen cd qui md Idn, edn quy md nhd va vira van gpi la tmyen.
Tmyen ngan dupe hieu "la hinh thiic tu su CO nhd, ehii yeu phat trien trong khoang 150 nam gan day" [4; 315]. Lich sir cua tmyen ngan cung trai qua nhieu giai doan.
Trayen ngan tmng dai rat gan vdi trayen vira, khac ban tmyen ngan hien dai.
Ci day, chiing tdi ddi sanh dac tmng kit ciu ciia tiiu thuyet so vdi tmyen ngan hiiu theo khai niem hien dai vl chiing.
Nhu fren da phan tich, mpi dac trung kit ciu cua tieu thuyet deu bat ngudn tir khu vuc tilp xiic tdi da cua nd vdi ddi sdng duong dai dang tilp diln. Nhung tmyen ngin gan vdi tiiu thuyit hon ca ciing boi ndi dung phan anh cupc sdng duong dai.
Tmyen ngin eiing la mdt the loai nang ddng va cd tinh thoi su. Gin vdi cai "hdm nay" thudng xuyen biln doi, tmyen ngan cung it bi rang buoc bdi nhiing quy tac, luat le da dinh hinh. Khuon kh6 eua ttnyen ngan vin thudng xuyen vo ra de xac l^p su tdn tai mdi. Ndi dung cua tiiiyen ngan cd thi rit khac nhau: ddi tir, the su, hay sir thi nhung cai ddc dao ciia nd la ngan.
Tuy vay, huyen ngin khdng phai la tieu thuyit ngin hay mot "tiiiyen dai" thu nhd.
T^P CHI KHOA HQC, So 39, thang 3 nam 2020 127
Trayen ngan cd hinh thiie va each eau tao dac biet rieng khac han vdi tiSu thuyet.
Chiing la hai the loai khac nhau, cd ket cau khac nhau. Tuy nhien, de giai quyet triet de van de nay phai cd mdt edng trinh dai hoi chuyen biet. Chimg tdi ehi nhan manh den vai diem khai quat nhat nham lam ro hon dae tnmg ket cau cua tieu thuyet. Hon niia, dd chi la nhiing diem co ban, thudng thay trong tieu thuyet va trayen ngan ndi chung tren cai nhin dai cue, chua tinh den nhiing tmdng hpp ngoai le. Cung cd the ndi, dd la nhiing diem thudng thay trong md thiic tu su tmyIn thdng va cac sang tac thdi ky tien hien dai. Ngay nay, su phat trien eua hai the loai nay da va dang tien den su xam lan lanh thd eua nhau, su phan biet chiing ti-d nen khd khan hon, nhat la ve phuong dien ket cau. Sau day la nhiing diem co ban:
1) Cung hudng den phan anh cude sdng duong dai nhung vdi khudn khd rdng Idn, tieu thuyet cd the td chiie ket eau don tuyen hay da myen (nhu Chien tranh vd Hda binh eua L. Tolstoi), don gian hay phirc tap, nhieu nhan vat, nhieu su kien (nhu Gidng td cua Vu Trpng Phung)... Trong vdng may chuc trang hay vai nghin tir tra xudng, tmyen ngan chii yeu xay dung kit ciu xoay quanh mdt su kien, mdt tinh hudng dupe coi la CO ban nhat (nhu su kien anh phu xe - ngua ngudi bat dupe mdn khach "hdi" la a gai diem - ngudi ngua vao dem 30 Tit trong Ngua nguoi, ngudi ngua cua Nguyen Cdng Hoan). Nhiem vu cdt yeu cua ngudi viet tmyen ngan la phai tinh toan, td chire cac yeu td lam sao de sire gpi tu kit ciu tac pham toat len mdt each ddc dao nhit, di vao Idng ngudi nhat.
2) Ciing cd kha nang chuyen tai cac vin de cita thdi dai mot each nhanh nhay, tinh te, nhung d tieu thuyet, hien thuc thudng
128 TRirdNG D^I HQC HAI PHONG
dupe md ra qua chiSu rpng eua Kiiuug 5.—
ciing nhu chiiu dai ciia tiidi gian. Mot tac phim tiiu tihuylt cd thi bao quat hien thuc trong nhilu khoang khdng gian va thdi gian khac nhau (nhu Tdy du ky cua Ngd Thira An) nen kit ciu eua nd thudng phiie tap.
Ngupe lai, fruyen ngin chi the hien cupc ddi va sd phan con ngudi qua nhiing lat cat ngin ngiii. Khong gian ti-ong d^iyen ngan thudng chi thu hep trong mdt quan mpu, mpt lang que, mpt khu vudn, mpt gia dinh...
nao dd (nhu khdng gian phd huyen ngheo ti-ong Hai diea tre ciia Thach Lam). Thoi gian trong tmyen ngan thudng la khoang thoi gian tieu bilu nhit dupe nha van lua chpn, keo cang va the hien (nhu nam ngay cudi ciing trong cude ddi Chi Pheo trong tac pham Chi Pheo cua Nam Cao). Trong khdng gian va thoi gian rpng Idn, mpt tac pham tieu thuyet cd the cimg Mc giai quyit trpn ven nhieu van de, nhung voi gioi ban ve dung lupng, trayen ngan khong the dat ra va giai quySt cimg liic nhieu van de. Ngudi viet trayen ngan thudng chi ehpn mdt vin de va td chiie ket eau lam sao de van de ay dupe hien len mpt each ndi bat nhat, sau sac nhat (nhu bi kich cua ngudi tri thiie cd udc mo cao xa nhung bi cupc sdng ao com ghi sat dat trong Ddi thira ciia Nam Cao).
Vi vay, ket eau cua tmyen ngin thudng cd dp nen va dp tinh xao cao, nhd gpn ma cd siic chiia Ion. Xet rieng tiing tmdng hpp thi khdng phai liie nao ciang cd su khac biet nay. Nhat la hrong sang tac hien dai, hau hien dai, nhilu tieu thuyit da di xa khdi diem nhan dang nay nhu mot mmh chung cho kha nang biln thien khdng ngimg cua the loai. Ching ban trong tae phim Ldu ddi eua F. Kafka, khong gian chi bd hep tir miy quan mau trong lang din tda lau dai, then gian cung chi cd miy ngay. Trong tac phim Thoat ky thuy eua Nguyen Bmh Phuong,
khong gian chi quarm quan nong mdt xdm Soi vdi bai Nghiln Sang gin bd sdng Lmh Nham, then gian ehi ddn trong 12 tileng...
Ngupe lai, mdt sd tiruyen ngan nhu Sdphan mot con ngudi cua M. Cholokhov, Phien cho Giat cua Nguyin Minh Chau, Budc qua ldi nguyin ciia Ta Duy Anh... khdng tai hien cupc song qua nhiing khoanh khac ma sudt ca chiiu dii ciia ddi ngudi, kiep ngudi, "khdng nap "trong khe hep nhin ra"
ma la nhiing cai nhin tnre dien va toan cue"
[3; 27]. Dii vay, xet tren tdng thi thi do
"rpng" cua tieu thuyet van Idn hon.
3) Diem nua la ket ciu cua tieu thuyit va Uuyen ngan deu ed tinh linh hoat. Day cung la hai the loai rat nang ddng, tu do trong xay dung hinh tupng, trong bd cue, trong lua ehpn each md dau va ket thiic tac phSm, ca hai cung cd tinh da thanh trong gipng dieu va ngdn ngii. Tuy nhien, nhirng dac diem nay d tieu thuyit dupe thi hien mpt each uu trdi hon, ndi bat hon.
Mat khac, trong md thiic tu su trayin thong, tmh da phiie, da ting trong tieu thuyet thudng duac the hien qua nhirng mdi quan he phong phu, phirc tap giiia nhieu nhan vat, nhieu bien ed. Cdn tmyen ngan thudng chi the hien cude sdng qua mdt nhan vSt ehinh va td chiie ket eau tae pham tir cac mdi quan he qui tu vao nhan vat nay. Tieu thuyet thudng tip trung khai thac nhung kieu loai nhan vat cd thi cho phep nha van tai hien kha toan dien sd phan mdt ea nhan vdi nhiing thang tram, hanh phuc, khd dau. Cdn tmyen ngin thudng hudng chii y den nhiing vin dl nhay cam ciia cupc sdng qua nhiing kiiu nhan vSt ehi xuat hien vdi tu each la nhan vat phu trong tieu thuyit nhu anh keo xe, a gai dilm, ke lang thang... Nhung nhan vat ay thudng la hien than cho mdt trang
thai quan he xa hdi, y thiic xa hdi hoac trang thai tdn tai ciia eon ngudi. Chiing ciing it khi duoc khic hpa nhilu mat, diy dan nhu trong tiiu thuyit. Vi vay, nlu nhan vat cua tieu thuyit thudng la mdt thi gidi thi nhan vat tmyen ngin la mot manh nhd eiia thi gidi. Ciing vi vay, cdt trayen eua tinyen ngan thudng don gian han tiiu thuyit. Tuy vay, day khdng ehi la gidi han ma cdn la uu the eua tmyen ngin. Nlu xet tren phuong dien thi loai (bao gdm nhieu tac pham) thi trayen ngin khdng he thua kem tieu thuyet trong kha nang phan anh hien thue, ti-ong xSy dung hinh tupng con nguoi da binh dien, trong kit cau nang ddng va uyen chuyen... nhung so sanh timg tac pham thi nhiing kha nang ay d tieu thuyet Idn hon, tieu thuyit biln thien manh hon. Theo tac gia Trin Dinh Sir, "ket cau trong tieu thuyet ehu yeu la td ehirc diem rihin va trat tu su kien de dua ngudi dpc di vao the gidi nghe thuat ciia nha van, la xac lap quan he giua ngudi ke chuyen vdi nhan vat va vdi ngudi dpc...
Khac vdi trayen ke ed dai va tnmg dai chu yiu su dung ngudi ke toan tri, mdt gipng, tiiu thuyit hien dai da sir dung diem nhm da dang va linh hoat..." [4; 309]. Cdn kit cau ciia trayen ngan "thudng la mdt su tuong phan, lien tudng. Biit phap tran thuat thudng la chim pha. YIU td cd y nghTa quan trpng bac nhat ciia tmyen ngan la chi tilt ed dung luong Ion va hanh van mang in y, tao cho tac phim nhiing chiiu sau ehua ndi het" [4; 317].
Ngoai ra, do khudn khd ciid minh, tmyen ngin cung it cd kha nang dua vao trong kit ciu t^e phim nhung yiu td ngoai cdt trayen nhu loi ndi dau va cudi cua tac gia, cac doan trii tinh ngoai de, nhung doan phu dl, nhiing biic tranh phong
TJ^F CHi KHOA HQC, S6 39, thdng 3 nSm 2020 129
canh... Cdn d tieu thuyet, nhung yeu td dd la vd cimg phong phii.
Nhiing dac trung k&t cau ti-en lam eho hinh thiie eua tiiu thuyit dat den trinh dd phat trien cao nhat trong cac the loai van hpc tu su.
3. KET LUAN
La thi loai van chuong duy nhat dang bien chuyen va cdn chua dinh hinh, tieu thuyet khdng bao gid dimg lai d nhiing khudn khd cd sin. Den nay, tieu thuyit van
"duong la mpt hien tupng dpng, khd nam bit va hien dai mdi me" [2], Nd ludn phat trien, kiem tim va gan lien vdi su pha vo chinh minh de vuon tdi kha nang tu bieu hien, phan anh dudng nhu vo tan. Tim ra bd khung ket cau bat di bat dich eho tieu thuyit la dieu khong the. Hieu dupe li luan uyen bac ciia M. Bakhtin ciing khong m&y dl dang. Nhung dac tiamg kit ciu m^
bai viet chi ra dupe diic nit cd bd simg tir nhiing thanh qua li luan ve thi loai, chu yen va tmdc het la li luan ciia M. Bakhtin, ket hpp them nhiing kien giai sinh ddng
tii lUueu cong trinn ioioa iioi; va ».:r- - sang tac. Thiit nghT, viee lam nay ciing chi la mpt hat cat nhd gdp them vao chang dudng dai dac chua tumg ed dau hieu hiia hen vl dilm diing. Nd vin ddi hdi nhieu cdng phu, tam luc, tti lire va biit luc tii cae nha khoa hpe.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. M. Bakhtin (1992), Ly ludn vd thi phdp tiiu thuyit, Pham VTnh Cu dich va gidi thieu, Bp Van hoa thdng tin va The thao tmdng viit van Nguyin Du, Ha Ndi.
2. Dang Anh Dao (1995), Doi mdi nghe thuat tiiu thuyit phuong Tdy hien dai, NXB Giao due, Ha Ndi.
3. Nhilu tac gia (1999), Nghe thuat truyen ngdn vd ky, Ta Duy Anh chu bien, NXB Thanh nien, Ha Npi.
4. Trin Dinh Sii (chu bien) (2008), Li ludn vdn hoc. Tap 2, NXB Dai hpc Su pham. Ha Npi.
130 TRirdNG DAI HQC HAI P H Q N G