nighien ciiu - T r a o doi
"UCH Sir QUA Ltri KE" VA NHUMG VAN DE DAT RA v m Li LUAN CONG TAC LUU TRV
THS. NGUYEN HdNG DUY PCN Bo mon Quan trj vdn phong Khoa LTH&QTVP, Tru-dng DHKHXH&NV Ha N6i
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u trudc den nay, khi ndi ve tai ligu luu trii chiing ta vln thudng nhan manh tdi cac tai ligu la cac ban chinh, ban gdc cd gid tri dugc hinh thanh trong hogt dOng ciia cdc co quan, td chiic va ca nhan tieu bieu, dugc luu giii nham phyc vy cac nhu cau su dyng cua xa hdi. Dac bigt, tai lieu luu trii ludn dugc coi la ngudn su lieu quan trgng hang dau trong nghidn ciiu Iich six. Tuy nhien, neu nhin tur gdc dd sii lieu thi trong nghien ciiu Iich sii khdng chi su dung cac tai lieu Iuu tru truyen thdng ma cdn bao gdm ca cac ngudn khde, trong dd cd "lich six qua ldi ke" (oral history). Vdi cdng tac Iuu trii thi day cd the coi la mdt van de mdi, can dugc nghi6n ciiu nham hoan thien hom he thdng Ii lugn vdn cd.1. Giai ma *'lich sir qua ldi ki", nhin tir gdc do su li^u hgc
Theo Judith Moyer trong tai lieu "Step- by-step Guide to Oral History" cho rang:
"Lich sir qua ldi ki" Id mot tap kgp co he thong vi su tucmg thugt lai cua nhimg con nguai cdn song ve kink ngkiem cua riing kg.
"Lich sir qua led ke" khong pkdi Id nhimg cdu chuyin ddn gian [folklore], nkung cdu ckuyin tdn gdu [gossip] hay nhimg tin ddn
fetfflwfl?""'
[hearsay]. Nkirng su gia chuyin nghien cm vi "lick su qua lai ki" [oral historians] ci gang xdc minh nhihig diiu nghe duffc, phan tich vd dgt ckung trong boi cdnh ckinh xdc.
Cdc sir gia ndy cdng quan tdm din vi$c lm trir lgi nhirng kit qud phong vdn cua ho cho cdc hpc gid sau ndy su dung "- \
Hiep hdi nghien ciiu Lich sii qua ldi ke (Oral history Association) dua ra dinh nghk
"Lick su qua lai ki " Id mot ITnh vuc nghien ciru vd Id mot phuang phdp suu tdm, giu^
vd gidi thich nhimg tieng noi vd ky uc cua con ngudi, nhirng CQng dong vd nhung ngucri 3a tham gia vdo cdc su kien da xdy ra [events]
trong qud khu. "Lich sir qua ldi ki " bao gom cd kiiu tim kieu lick sir xua cd nhdt, truac lihi CO chu viit, ldn cdch tim hieu lich su hien liflf nhdt, khdi ddu bang nhimg thiet bj ghi dm d thdp niin 1940 vd bdy gid Id nhimg thiit bi Id
thudt so cua thi kyXXl" '' Tdi lieu hudng dan Fundametals of Oral
History cua Uy ban Lich sii Texas [Texas Historical Commission] cho rang: "Lich sU qua lai ke" Id s^r thu thdp vd su thu dm tieng noi ve ki ire cd nhdn nhu mgt tdi liiu lich si.
"Lick su qua lai ki" chirng minh bdng tdi lieu nhimg dgng thuc cua syr tuang tkugt ma
24
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Van t h u - Lmi t r u Viet Mam s6 7/3016
cfisa^im
4
H
N g h i e n c i n i - T r a o doithong thudng khong dugc ghi chip lgi tkdnh tdi lieu vd no nhdn mgnh vdo tdm quan trong kinh nghiim cua con ngudi"
Tu dien American Heritage Dictionary cd dinh nghia ve "lich su qua Idi ke" vdi 3 dac diem sau:
'7. "Lich sir qua loi ke " Id nhirng dir lieu lich ^if bao gom ky ire cd nhdn, thudng la duai
^ dgng ghi dm lgi cugc phong vdn.
2. "Lick su qua lai ki " Id viic thu thgp vd bdo qudn nhirng dU lieu do
3. "Lich sir qua loi ki" la mpt bdo cdo lich sir dua trin nhimg du lieu do ".
Nhin dudi gdc do sii lieu hgc, toi cho rang
"lich su qua Idi kd" cd nhung gia tri nhat dinh nhu:
• "^' • Thu nhdt, "lich sii qua Idi ke" la phuang
^ " ^ thiic khai thde nhirng thdng tin cd gia tri lich prMiRf s^ n^m trong tri nhd ciia ngudi quan sat va pjni? nhung ngudi tham gia vao sy kidn nao dd oin^ici trong qua khii ma nhiing tai lieu thanh van viU^i^ khdng thd vidt dugc. Nd cd the giiip cac sir
*: ^-.; f gia kidm tra thdm dinh Igi cdc thdng tin Uch su MJflti'k trong cdc tai lieu thdnh van. Thdng qua ldi ke
nili£
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ciia nhan chiing, su gia cd the kiem chiing cdc thdng tin vd mdt sy kien qua Idi ke vd so sanh, ddi chidu vdi cac ngudn tai lieu khac.Vi vay, ' no dugc coi la mgt trong sau nguon su neu ca
*^ ban xet theo tmh ch4t cua chiing.
• Thu hai, "Lich su qua ldi kd" cd the Id 33*"*' kenh dd ddi chiing vdi cac thdng tin chinh su SI Ta*' da dugc dua ra tii gdc do quan Ii nha nudc j)iJ¥ ^ hogc Uch su vT md, vi du nhu dua tidng ndi jjrfh'" cua nhung ngudi, nhung cdng ddng bi coi la
^%^^ ydu thd trong xa hOi nhu phu nir, ngudi dan
^ i * tdc thidu sd, nhirng ngudi cdng nhan, nhiing
^ 4 ( ngudi lao ddng... ddn cdng chiing.
• Thu ba, "Lich su qua ldi k8" la mgt phuang phap hd trg tdt cho nghien ciiu Iich sit vi md. Ben trong nhung nghien ciiu ciia Iich su vi md, "Iich sii qua Idi ke" cd gia tri rat ldn vd nd giiip cho nhiing ngudi nghien ciiu hieu va phan tich nhiing tieng ndi ma hp tiing mang trach nhigm la xay dyng lgi lich su tir hien dgi.
• Thir tu, "Lich su qua ldi kd" cd the giup cho sii gia vd ngudi dgc cd mdt each nhm mdi vd sy kien vd con ngudi phdt hien them khia cgnh mdi, ma trudc day khdng dugc nghien ciiu, tim hieu hay do thdnh kien ma cd each nhin nhan khac.
• Thir ndm, "Lich sii qua Idi kd" lam biic tranh lich sur them smh ddng tdc ddng mgnh ddn cam xuc cua ngudi nghe vd ngudi dgc vi nd la nhiing cau chuyen da thyc sy xay ra trong cudc ddi cua mdt ca nhan. Dieu do giiip ich cho viec tdi hien lich sii va tang them su hidu bigt vh ckc sy kien lich sir trong suy nghl cua chiing ta.
Ben cgnh nhiing uu didm thi "lich sii qua Idi ke" ciing cd mdt sd hgn che sau:
(1) Thdng tm do nhiing ngudi quan sat vd nhiing ngudi tham gia cung cap dugc xem nhu Id mdt sir lieu tryc tiep. Nhung do anh hudng ciia thdi gian, tri nhd cua con ngudi bi suy giam cdng vdi sy nhan thiic Iai sau cac sy viec da xdy ra da ldm cho "lich sir qua ldi ke"
cd do tin cay thap.
(2) Lich su la nhiing cau chuyen dugc diln dat chu ydu bSng ldi tudng thugt cua nhdn chiing nen sy viec cd the cat bdt hoac them chi tidt Iam cho sy viec khac di nhieu so vdi nhiing gi da xdy ra. Dieu ndy rat dd hieu vi nd phu thudc vao khd nang dien dat bang Idi
Van thu - Luu t r u Viet Nam so 7/2016
Nghien c u u - T r a o doi
ciia nhan chiing. Trong thyc tk cd nhirng ngudi dien dat tdt hoac khdng didn dgt ddy du ngi dung ma hg mudn trinh bay nen thdng tm se bi meo md, sai lenh.
(3) "Lich su qua ldi kS" chiia nhidu ydu td chil quan trong quan diem va kinh nghiem ciia ngudi kd. Nd khdng dgi dien cho sd ddng.
Vi thd, nhiing thdng tm thu thap dugc tir cugc phdng vdn phai dugc xem xet can than khi nghien ciiu vd tham khao.
Tuy nhien, chung tdi cho rdng, "Iich su qua ldi kd" da va ludn dugc coi Id mdt trong nhung ngudn sir lieu quan trgng phuc vy cho vigc nghien ciiu lich sir ciing nhu cho xa hdi nhung each nhin da chieu va sau sac ve cdc vdn de Iich sir khac nhau.
2. Tir "lich sir qua Idi k e " tdi "tai lif u truyen mi^ng" tir goc do Liru t r u hoc
Nhu da phan tich d tren, "lich sir qua lai ki " Id su thu thdp vd su thu dm tieng noi vi ky uc cd nkdn nhu mot tdi lieu lick sir. "Lich sir qua lai ki" chimg minh bdng tdi lieu nhimg dgng thuc cda su tu&ng thugt md tkong thuang khdng dugc ghi chip lgi thdnh tdi lieu vd no nhdn mgnh vdo tdm quan trpng kinh nghiim cua con nguai. Nhu vgy, nkimg thong tin lich sir cua "lich su qua ldi ki" muon ton tgi vd luu giir dugc thi luon phdi gdn liin vai vdt mang tin vd vdt mang tin la mot dgc trung cua tdi lieu. Vgt mang tin co tki Id gidy doi vai tdi lieu ckd- viet, co tki Id dia, bdng ghi dm doi vol tdi lieu gki dm... Nku vdy, viic nghien cim lick su qud khu luon phdi gdn liin v&i tdi lieu vi tdi lieu Id vgt mang tin giup lim lgi cdc thong tin di nguai khde co thi biet den vd hieu dugc.
Tir gdc dp ve Uch sir vd thuat ngii nh?n dinh vd tdi ligu "lich sii qua Idi ki", tu do chiing tdi xin khdi qudt vd "tai lieu tmyfe
mieng" nhu sau: >^
Tdi liiu truyen miing Id vgt mang tin ckva dung nhimg thong tin co dugc tir cde cupc phdng vdn, ghi dm cua nhimg nhdn chdng ve nhimg thong tin trong lich su nhu cdc su k%
trgng dgi, cdc nhdn vgt md nhimg nguai dtigc phdng vdn dd timg tham gia hodc chimg kia chung. Hdu het cdc dg: dn cong trinh '7/d sir qua lai ke" deu sir dung dgng thuc ghi ck lgi cuoc pkong vdn do do nhirng thong tin M dugc chuyin tki thdnh dgng tdi Hiu ghi dm, sau do tuy muc dich nghiin ciru kogc xudt ban md nguai ta chuyin thi thdnh tdi liiu chd vik de CO the luu trir kogc pho bien rgng twng
cong chung. J
Theo each dinh nghia nay, "tai lieu tmyeo mieng" can dap iing dugc cac tieu chi nhu:
• Thu nhdt, "Lich sii qua Idi ke" la su nd luc ciia ngudi nghien ciiu nham khai thac nhiing Idi tudng thuat ciia cdc nhan chiing ma chiing CO the khdng dugc ghi chep trong cfic ngudn sit lieu thdnh van.
• Thir hai, "Lich sir qua Idi ke" ddi hoi phai cd mat cua nhung thiet bi mang tin nhu ghi am, ghi hinh hay sy ghi chep vi muc didi Iuu trii va Idm su lieu cho cac nghien ciru sau.
• Thif ba, "Lich sir qua Idi kg" la ldi tudng thudt ciia nhiing ngudi cdn sdng ve kinh
nghiem rieng cua hp. i
• Thir tu, "Lich sii qua Idi k8" khdng phai la nhung cdu chuyen dan gian, nhiing chuyfn tdn gau hay la nhiing tin ddn.
Nlir vay.'
Van thu - Luu tru Viet I\am ti6 7/2010
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Nghien cuu - Trao doi
Nhu vay, tam quan trgng cua nhirng thdng tin "Iich su qua ldi ke" Id rdt rd rang, neu chiing ta khdng tidn hanh khai thac mpt each kip thdi thi cimg vdi su gid va mit di cua cac nhan chung, nhiing thdng tin lich sir do cung se mai mai bien mat ma nhiing thdng tin dd khdng the tim thdy d bdt ky tai ligu ndo. Do dd, vide tien hanh cac cdng trinh tim hieu cac sy kign, nhan vdt "lich sir qua ldi kd"
la rat can thiet va nen dugc tidn hanh ngay, ddng hanh vdi do la nhung cudc phdng vdn va phai ghi Iai nhiing thdng tin dd. Nhiing di san thdng tin dd cd the trd thanh nhung tdi ligu vd gia cho boat ddng nghien ciiu. Mat khde, vigc gan cac thdng tin dd vdi vat mang tin vd cd nhiing phuang phap bdo qudn, ddng thdi nham khai thde sir dung rdng rai cac thdng tin lich sir cd dugc can tien hanh song hanh vdi nhau. Day hoan toan Id cac van de nghigp vu luu trii cd the xu ly dugc.
3. Kinh nghiem cua cac nird^c ve lini trv "tai lieu truyen mieng'' va van d§ dat ra vdi cong tac Iuu trir ciia Viet Nam
Viec nghien ciiu va thyc hien cac dy an ve luu trii ddi vdi cac nuoc tren the gidi da rat phd bidn. Nudc My Id mpt trong nhiing cdi ndi ddu tien cua Iich su truyen mieng, vdi sy ra ddi ciia Van phdng Lich sir truyen mieng trgng Dai hgc Columbia nam 1948. Hiep hdi Lich sir truydn mieng OHA dugc thanh lap nam 1967, tap trung vdo viec sir dung luu trii tdi ligu truydn mieng dd xay dyng bd suu tap chii khdng phdi la mdt thyc te lich sir phdn anh tren nhiing tdi lieu, hoac nghien cuu ve each chiing cd the dugc sir dung de phat trien
cdc each thiic mdi de xem vd Idm Iich su. Mgt sd bp suu tap nhu Liia Goff, James Fogerty, James Mink, vd William Moss la vi dy dan dau trong cac bp suu tap cua OHA va trong xa hgi My.
Tgi Canada, Hiep hdi Lich sir truyen migng (COHA) da thilt lap diln ddn
"d'histoire orale". Dien ddn da dugc phd bien d djnh dgng in tu nam 1975 den nam 2006. Tu nam 2007, nd da dugc xuat ban nhu mpt Tap chi tryc tuyen; ke tu nam 2010, nd da dugc cong bd bdi Athabasca University Press. Dien ddn vd trang web nay phd bien cac thdng tin ve tat ca cac khia cgnh cua Uch sir truyen mieng vd cd gang kich thich nghien ciiu vS chdt lugng ciing nhu khuyen khich tieu chuan cao cho viec xay dyng, bao quan va sir dung tai lieu Iich sir truyen mieng. Hiep hdi ciing tai trg cho cdc Hdi nghi qudc gia de mang lai ciing cac hdi vien trao ddi thdng tin va kinh nghiem va thiic day sy phat trien ciia Iich sir truyen mieng trong cdc viing khde nhau cua Canada.
Tai Australia, Hiep hpi Lich su truyen mieng Australia (Oral History Association of Australia) dugc thdnh lap nam 1978 vd nam 2013 dugc ddi ten Lich su truyen migng Aus- tralia (Oral History Australia). Nd van cdn la mgt td chiic phi lgi nhudn ma cdc thanh viSn thyc hien va thuc day Iich sir truyen migng.
Muc tieu ciia td chiic hudng tdi la:
• Thiic day thao luan vd dao tao tren tdt ca cac khia cgnh cua phuang phap ludn va thuc hdnh dao dire cua "Iich sii truyen mieng"
nhu mgt nguyen tac vd phuong tien thu thgp
Van t h u - Luu tru Viet Kam sl> 7/2016
Nghien c u u - T r a o doi vd bao tdn lich sir xa hgi vd van hda;
• Duy tri bdo qudn, tiep can va sii dung cac bp suu tap Uch sir truyen mieng;
• Hd trg cac Hdi lich sir truyen mieng ciia Nhd nudc va cac bang;
• Cung cdp mpt tieng ndi chinh thdng tren tdt cd cac khia canh ciia "Iich sir truyen mieng"; va ket ndi sy phat trien cua Uch su tmyen mieng Australia vdi qudc te.
Ngay tgi khu vyc Ddng Nam A, nhieu qudc gia nhu Thai Lan, Singapore, Philippm, Malaysia da cd khd nhieu cdc dy an khde nhau lien quan tdi luu trii tai lieu truyen mieng. Du cdn nhieu tranh cai, nhung d Singapore hien hg da cd khodng 18 dy an va tdng sd bd suu tap 28.000 cudn bang ghi dm hay 14.000 gid ghi am. Trong khi dd d Viet Nam, ndi ddn "tdi lieu tmyen mieng" trong cdng tdc luu trii gdn nhu la rat mdi. Vi vdy, lien quan tdi van de nay, cd nUan tdi cho rang, chiing ta cdn phdi Iuu y mdt sd vdn dd sau day:
- Thu nhdt, can cd sy thay ddi trong tu duy ve tai ligu Iuu trii, can gdn nhiSu hon tdi lieu Iuu trii vdi nhung di sdn thdng tin ma trong dd
"tai lieu truyen mieng" cd thd Id mdt ngudn khdng the bd qua.
- Thu hai, can cd sy nghien ciiu he thdng li thuyet Uen quan tdi Iuu trii "tdi lieu truydn mieng" tren co sd tich luy kinh nghiem ciia nudc ngoai va dac diem cdng tac luu trii tai Viet Nam. Dd Idm dugc didu nay tdi cho rdng can nhdn mgnh tdi trach nhiem ciia cac ca sd nghien ciiu vd dao tao vd luu trii hgc.
- Thir ba, vai trd quan ly nha nudc trong
ITnh vyc nay la vd cirng quan trpng. Chiing ta can nghien ciiu, ban hanh cdc chuan myc vg phap Ii, bdn quyen, dao dire lien quan tdi cdc boat dpng cua nhirng dy an ve "tai ligu tmyln migng" de dam bao quyen Igi va trach nhifin cua cdc ben cd lien quan.
- Thu tu, can mgnh dan trien khai mpt s6 dy dn cu the nham cd sy ddnh gid ve tinh hieu qud, gid tri ciia cac "tai lieu duyen mieng"
trong thyc te.
- Thir ndm, can cd sy tdng ket, ddnh gia tir cac gdc dp sir hpc, sir lieu hgc vd Iuu trir hgc de giai ma cac thugt ngu, cac phuang ph^
phli hgp vdi dgc thii cua cdng tac Iuu trii.
Nhin chung, xu hudng ciia tucmg lai ludn dat ra nhung ydu cdu mdi cho mdi nganh, moi ITnh vyc md cdng tdc luu trii khdng phdi la ngoai le. Tiep can tir "tdi lieu truyen mieng"
vdi nhiing Ii thuyet da cd, tdi cho rdng chiing ta dil dieu kien de hien thyc hda nhung dy an nhu nay trong tuong Iai, lam phong phii han thanh phdn tai lieu ciia cac phdng luu trii./.
Danh m^c t^i lieu tham khao:
rifi ririii
1. Judith Moyer, Step-by-step Guide to Oral History, 1999, nguon: http://dohistorv.org/on,, vour_own/tQQlldt/QralHistorv.
hfial
2 Paul Thompson,The Voice of the Past, Third edition, Ox- ford University Press
3- http://www.oralhi.storv.org/oral-histQrv-in-the-di^lal-aEe 4. http7/www.thc.state.tx.us/public/upload/pnhlir,atinns/Oral- Historv.pdf
5. http7/canoha ca/about 6. http://www.oralhistorvaustralia.orG au/
28 Van thu - Luu trii Viet Nam so 7/2016
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