TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA Hpi S6 4(176)-2013 TRIET HOC - CHfNH TRI HQC - LU^T HOC
TU" TUdNG CHiNH TRj VA QUAN Sy
COA H U N G OAO V U O N G TRAN QUdc TUAN
PHAM TRU'(b'NG SINH T 6 M T A T
Hung Dao virang Tr^n Qu6c Tuin li vi anh hiing dSn tic vJe^i, nhi tw tuimg l&n, nhi chinh tri Idi /gc, nhi quin si/ ki^t xuk cua din tOc ta. CuOc d6i, st/nghi$p vi twtu^ng ciia 6ng SS l^i diu in d$m nit trong Ijch sCr tw (w5ng Vi$t Nam, die bi$l li tu> tudng chlnh tli thin din, khoan thu sue din va tu twdng quin s y ki$t xuit dUK^c thi hi$n qua cic tic phim d$c sic cOa minh. BH viit phin tich vi lim ro nhCrng n0i dung tw twdng chlnh tri, quin sw co ban cOa Hwng B^o vwong Trin Qudc Tuin, ding th6l rOt ra cic d^c diSm vi gli trj Ijch si>.
Theo 0?/ Viit sw ky toin thw, Hung Dao vurang T r l n Qu6c Tuan (1232-1300) la con cua Yen Sinh vyong Trln Lilu. Ong sinh tai lang Ti>c M|ic, huyen My LOc, tfnh Nam Djnh. Ong von c6 tai quiln sv, \i tdn thSt nha T r l n nen ca ba l l n quan Nguydn- Mong xam lu'p'c Dai Vi$t, ong d i u gop sCrc aSnh gi#c glQ' nuidc. V6i sy chr (5ao chi^n lu'p'c thien tai, 6ng va quin dan Dai Viet lam nen chiln thing hiln hach a Chuong Difong, Ham Til, Van Kilp, Bach Dang, (Ju6i quan NguySn-Mong xam \uqic ra khoi bo" coi Dai Viet. Mua Thu th^ng 8, ngay 20 nam Canh T^ (5/9/1300), Hung Dao Pham Tru'*ng Sinh. Thac si. TmSng Trung d p Kinh t l KJ thuSt TSy Ninh.
vuong Trln Qu6o TuIn mIt d phij {J0 Van Kilp. Ong ducc trilu dinh phong t|ng Th^i su ThUQ'ng phy Thuo'ng Qu6c C6ng, nhan vu Hung Dao dai vuo'ng. Tdc phIm cua ong g6m co: Binh gia di$u If yiu IWQC c6n goi \i Binh thw yiu Iwqic, Dt; chw tf tw&ng hich vin, con goi \i Hjch tu^ng sf, V^n Klip tQng bl truyin thw ~ \i mot tac pham v l nghe thuat quan su cua Hung Dao vuong Trln Qu6c TuIn da bj thIt lac chl con luu giu ducc loi d l tua Van klip tQng bl truyin thw tw cua Nhan Hue vuong Trln Khanh Du. Ngoai ra, dng con d l lai nhilu lai noi CO y nghTa huln dg vol nguoi nam van menh xa tac nhu: Dip quQc vwong tic thi chi vin (Tra Ifrl nha vua hoi ve t h i giac);
Lim chung di chOc (Can d$n tacdc khi mIt).
1. TLC TLfdNG CHlNH TR! C O A HLTNG DAO VLfONG T R A N QUOC T U A N ' Tw twing chlnh tri 14 mOt he thong nhung quan diem phan anh quan he chinh trj, kinh t l giO'a cac ting lop, cac giai d p , cac qu6c gia, cac dSn toe ma c6t loi cua no la van d l gianh va giu chinh quyln, t l chuc va thuc thi quyln luc nha nuac. Tu tudng chinh tri bao gid' cung nay sinh t u nhilng dilu kiln kinh tl-xa h0i nhlt djnh, phan anh va dip ung dc quan h? kinh tl-xa hOi cua mdt x§ hgi nhlt djnh. Sau hang ngan nam gian kho lao dpng s^ng tao, d i u tranh kien cudng, b i n bi de thich nghi vdi t u nhien, ngudi Vipt da xSy dung dupc cho
PHAM TRLCONG SINH - TLC TLfdNG CHlNH TRj V A Q U A N 51,1'...
minh mot n l n vSn hda d|c sic, n l n van minh sdng Hing phit triln rye rd, mdt t l chuc chlnh tri-x§ hdi thing nhlt d i n d i n su ra ddi Ciia cdng xa ndng thdn - \i mdt trong nhOng t i l n d l cho sy hlnh thdinh vi phat triln nha nudc Van Lang (700-258 trudc Cdng nguydn) va nha nudc Au Lac (257-208 trudc Cdng nguyen). Sy xult hidn cua nha nudc van Lang-Au Lac tao ra budc phat triln mdi cd y nghia md d i u thdi dai dyng nudc va giO' nudc cua dSn tdc, ding thdi dinh d i u su ra ddi cua chinh tri va hinh thanh tu tudng chinh trj.
Tu tudng chlnh trj thdi ky Ly-Trln danh d i u budc ngolt phat triln mdi v l ty duy chinh tri, budc chuyin can ban t u t u tudng chu quyln, ddc lap dan tpc sang tu tudng xay dung mpt quoc gia b i n vu'ng, phong tuc phdn vinh; tu trilt ly chinh trj chu yeu la bao vp dat nudc sang trilt iy xay dung mpt quoc gia ddc lap, cudng thinh, van nudc Idu dai, dem lai hanh phue cho nhan dan. Tu tudng chinh tri thdi ky nay dupc bilu hien sinh dpng thdng qua cac quan ni$m, trilt ly chinh trj sau sac v l "y dan", 'long dSn", "trpng dan", "than dan", t h i hipn mpt tam nhin chiln lupc trong giai doan ijch su mdi: "khoan thu sue dan",
"chung ehi thanh thanh", "dong long", "hda myc", ...
Su nghiep dyng nudc va gly nyde cua nha Trln dypc tiln hanh trong dieu kipn mdi la xay dyng nha nudc Oai Vipt hung manh v l kinh t l , chinh tri, xa hdi, dpc lap v l chinh tri, van hda, t u tudng nham myc dich cung co vuong trilu Trln, bap vp Ipi ich cua quy tdc Trln, xay dyng nha nydc phcng kiln trung yong tap quyln vu'ng manh de phat trien kinh tl-xa hdi cua chinh ban than nd, cung nhu bao vp chu quyen.
ddc l^p dan tdc va du si>c chong gi^c ngoai xam. 06 t h i ndi, t u tudng chinh trj thdi ky nay n i l b^t v l n la t u tudng yeu nudc, thupng ndi, cam thu quSn xim lypc v l quylt tam bao V0 ddc lap dan tpc. Ty tudng chlnh trj cua Hung Dao vuong Trln Qu6c TuIn khdng chl dya tren nhung dilu kidn Ijch su, kinh t l , xa hdi ma cdn la sy phln anh nhilng nhu c l u cap thilt cua xa hdi Oai vidL
Tu tudng chlnh trj cua Hung Dao vuong T r l n QuAc T u I n bilu hien d long yeu nudc nlng nan, y thijc v l chu quyln, dpc lap dan tdc va Idng cam thu gi$c sau sic:
"Ta thudng tdi bOa quen in, nua dem v5 gli, mdt dau nhu cIt, nudc mIt d i m dia;
chi gian chua the xa thjt, Idt da, an gan, udng mau qudn thu" (Vlpn VSn hpc, 1989, t.
2, tr. 391). Ong ludn dat trach nhipm bao vp dat nudc len tren h i t va s i n sang hi sinh vi dat nudc: " D i u che tram than ta phoi ngoai ndi cd, nghln thay ta bpc trong da ngya, eung nguypn xin iam" (Vlpn Van hoe, 1989, t j p 2, tr. 391). YSu nydc, thuong dan va cam thu giac sau sac, dng keu gpi cae ty tudng eua minh quylt tam Sit Thit lira nhye cho nudc: "Giac Mdng That vdi ta, la ke thO khdng ddi trdi chung' (Vien van hoc, 1989, tap 2, tr. 391). D l iam dypc dilu ay, dng yeu c l u cdc ty tudng: "Phai h u l n luypn quan si, tap dupt cung ten, khiln eho ai n l y d i u gidi nhu Bang Mdng, mpi ngudi d i u t l i nhu Hau Nghp, cd t h i beu d i u Het T i t Lipt dudi cua khuyet, iam rua thjt Van Nam Vuong d Cao Nhai" (Vipn van hpc, 1989, t | p 2, tr 392). Cd Idng yeu nude va cd niem tin tat thang vio cudc chien tranh chlnh nghia cua dan tpo, ngay ca khi van nudc nguy nan nhung Hung Dae vuong T r l n Qu6o
PHAM TRLf^NG SINH - TLf TLfONG CHlNH TRI V A Q U A N SU"..
TuIn v l n giu' vOng khi tilt. Ong khIng khai ndi vdi vua Trln: "Thin xin trudc hit hay chem d i u t h i n di tntac dS r l i sau hSy hang gilc" (Thin thinh tidn tram thin d i u , nhien hau hang tac) (Vi#n Van hpc, 1989, tap 2, tr. 386).
Tu tydng chlnh tri cua Hung Oao vuong Trln Qu6c TuIn hlnh thanh trong dilu kl|n phat huy, cung c l doan k i t toan d i n tdc d l ching lai quan Nguydn-Mdng xim lupc.
Tardc hpa ngoai xim, nha T r l n d§ gili quylt thich ddng m i l quan hd giai d p va dan tdc nhu chia s i , dilu hda Ipi Ich, th^m chi hy sInh Ipi fch giai d p cua minh vi d$t Ipi ich ddn tdc Idn hang diu. Bdl le, dIt nudc, dan tdc mIt di thi Ipi ich cua giai d p cQng mIt di, cd bao ve dupe Ipl Ich dan tdc thi mdi bao ve Ipi ich giai d p ndn nha T r l n da dua Ipi ich dan tdc Idn trln Ipi ich giai d p , d i n g thdi thi hanh nhilu chinh sach tien bd, han c h l sy bdc Idt phong kiln cua cac vucng hau, quy tpc nhd dd ma quy ty dupc sue manh toan dan d l chdng gi|c ngoai xam, bao vp dpc lap chu quyln cua dIt nudc. Bieu hien d t u duy chlnh trj sac ben cua Hung Dao vuong Trln Qudc TuIn la d c h l dng gan thai I p eua cac vuong h l u va blng Idc cua cac tudng si vdi v$n m|nh eua dIt nudc, ciJa vypng trilu. Lpi ich eua cac ting idp, cua m i l ca nhan g i n liln vdi Ipi ich t l i cao cua dan tdc, cua dIt nudc. Do vay, tudng si va nhdn dan Oai Vi$t danh thing q u i n Nguyen Mdng xam lupc khdng chi id bao v | milu dudng cua tdng tdc, thai I p ciJa vuong h l u , blng lpe cua tudng llnh, ma cung la bao vp mo ma t l tiln, nha eua, xdm lang cda nhdn ddn. Lpi ich cua m i l ngudi gan liln vdi lpi ich toi eao cOa T l qu6c, sy cdn mIt cua moi ngudi gan liln
vdi su dupc thua cua cudc chiln. N l u thing dupc giac thi: "ChIng nh&ng thdi I p cua ta mdi mdi vung b i n , md blng Idc cdc nguai cung suit ddi tdn hudng; chang nhung gia thudc ta dupc I m dm giudng ndm, ma vp epn cac nguoi cQng trdm tuoi sum vly; chIng nhOng tdng milu ta dupc huong khdi nghin thu ma t l tien eae nguoi cDng b i n mCia thd cung; chIng nh&ng than ta kilp nay thda chl, md d i n cae nguoi, trSm ddi sau cdn d l tilng thorn;
ChIng nh&ng thuy hldu ciJa ta khdng h i mai mdt, ma ten hp cac nguoi cung su sach luu truyin" (Vien Vdn hpc, 1989, tap 2, tr. 392). Hung Dpe vuong Trln Quic TuIn thau hilu vl tri, vai trd to Idn eua ddn, dodn kit todn ddn vd b l i dudng silc dan trong su nghipp xdy dyng vd bao vp dIt nydc. Ong khang djnh: "Ddn Id g l c cua nydc" (Vlpn Sy hpc, 1977, tr. 249). Ong d l ra dydng 111 chiln tranh giu' nude dya vdo Idng yeu nude cua todn dan, vao y ehl qudt cudng bit khult cua ddn tdc. Ong chi ra nguyen nhdn thing Ipi cua cupc khdng chiln Cheng qudn Nguyen-Mdng xdm lupc Id do "ddn chung Idm k l "vudn khdng nhd tring"; "cd nude don sue" (VIdn Vdn hpe, 1989, tap 2, tr. 397). Ong nhdn thIy vl nhdn, anh hung Idm nen edng nghipp Id nhd CP su ung hd cua nhdn ddn, ding Idng cua quin ehung nhdn ddn: "Chim hIng hpc bay cao dupc la nhd d sau cdi Idng cdnh, n l u khdng cd sdu cdi Idng cdnh l y thi cDng ehi nhu ehim thudng thdi" (Da/ Vi$t s(rkf toin thw. 2009, tr. 304). Vi doin kit nhin din, dng ddnh gia cao y l u t l "ding long", "hda mye": "Mdi roi Toa Dd vd 0 Ma Nhi bin mat bap vdy, nhd vua tdi ding Idng, anh em hda thuan, ca nudc d i n sire lai ma bpn Chung ddnh phai chiu trdi" (Vidn Van
PHAM TRLfONG SINH - TU TLTONG C H I N H TRj V A Q U A N St/.., hpe, 1989, tdp 2, tr. 397). "Trln dudi cCing
•) nguyin, Idng ddn khdng ehia lla, xdy thdnh binh 15 md phd dupc qudn Ting"
(Vldn Vdn hpc, 1989, tdp 2, tr. 397). "Phdi gdy dung dupe mdt ddi qudn oha con"
(Vien Vdn hpe, 1989, t|lp 2, tr. 397). O l dua vde ddn, dng chd truong: "Nudi khi ddn, djnh khi qudn" (Viln Su hpc, 1977, tr. 36).
Ong xem nhan dan la chO t h i , la luc lupng chu y l u d l tiln hanh cudc chiln tranh gitt nudc. Nghd thudt qudn su eua dng Id vide phdt dpng toan dan vd thyc hidn chiln tranh nhdn ddn trdn n l n tang t y tydng chlnh trj "Idng ddn khdng ehia", "ca nudc d i n sdc", da tao nen t h i trdn chiln tranh nhan ddn "cd nudc ddn giac", 'ca nudc chong giac", ddnh giac d khIp npi, ddnh gipe tu nhilu phla, quet sach qudn Nguyen-Ming xdm lype ra khdi bd cdi.
Lich triiu hiin chwang lo^l chl cd vilt: "Ddi Trln nhan ddn ai cQng id binh, n l n mdi phd dupc giac du, Idm cho the nudc dupc manh" (Phan Huy Chu, 2007, tap 2, tr.
316). Ong chu y xdy dyng tinh dpdn k i t qudn dan, qudn ddi va chlnh quyln: "Binh di den ddu thi ngydi cdy khdng bd rudng, ngydi budn khdng bd hdng, si dai phu khong bd chdc, ngydi trong thien ha d i u than yeu ca" (Vidn Sy hpe, 1977, tr. 51).
"Luc Idm trdn mac thi cung nhau sing chit;
dupc nhdn hp thi cung nhau vui cudi" (Vlpn Van hpc, 1989, tdp 2, tr. 391). Trong qudn cd ngudi 6m, "tudng phdi thdn hanh dem thuoe dilu trj; quan cd ngydi chit, tydng phai khde thupng; pham ed khao thudng thi chia deu cho quan vd qudn; khi cd hdnh ddng thi phai hpp cd tudng td d l bdn, muu dd djnh r l i sau mdi danh. Cho nen tudng vdi binh cd eai on hda rupu va hut mau...
Tudng suy coi quan si nhy cd rac thi qudn
si coi tudng suy nhu eiru thO" (Vlpn Su hpc, 1977, tr. 64-65). Chiln thing qudn Nguydn-Mdng xdm lupc da d l ipi bdi hpc Idn v l su dodn k i t todn ddn: "Mdt khi nhdn ddn dd dodn k i t thdnh mdt khll quylt tdm chiln d i u d i n cijng d l bao vp d I t nudc thdn ydii cua minh thi cd t h i chllntthing b i t ky ke thu ndo, dii k l thu dd Idn manh g I p m I y l l n " (Hd Vdn Tin-Pham Thj Tdm, 2003, tr. 384).
Ong dac blpt quan tdm d i n v l n d l boi duong sue ddn. B l i dudng sue ddn Id nln tdng eho vide cCru nudc, bao v | ddc lap ddn tdc, dng chu truang: "Khoan thu si>c ddn de Idm k l sdu r l b i n glc, dd Id thupng sdch giu nudc" (Vidn Vdn hpc, 1989, tdp 2, tr. 397). Hung Oao vuong Trln QuIc TuIn da khuyen can vua Trln:
"Vide sua chira kinh thdnh khdng d n kip lam. Vipe c l n kip trilu dinh phai Idm ngay khdng chdm trd dupc Id uy lao nhdn ddn...
Ngudi xua ndi: "Chung chi thdnh thdnh", y chl eua ddn chung Id buc thdnh kien e l , do mdi id cdi d n sua chu'a ngay. Xin nha vua xet ky" (Pham Ngpc Phyng, 1975, tr. 195).
2. T U TU'O'NG Q U A N SV CCIA HLTNG DAO V L T O N G T R A N Q U O C T U A N Qua hang ngan ndm d i u tranh chIng giac ngoai xdm, ddn tdc ta d l lpi nhilu trilt ly qudn su, t u tudng qudn sy dpc sle. Ty tudng eua Hung Dpo vuong Trln QuIc TuIn hinh thdnh vd phdt triln trdn eo sd k l thua, t i n g k i t t u tudng quan sy qua cdc thdi dai oOng vdi tri thCpc vd kinh nghipm cua ban thdn sopn ra hai tdc phIm qudn su n i l tilng Id Binh gia di$u If yiu luvc va Vgn Klip tQng bl truyin thw. Sy ra ddi cua cae trude tdc ndy dd khai sinh ra n l n khea hpc qudn sy nude nhd vd dng dupc cpi la t$p dm thinh binh phip tnifin
PHAM TRUCyNG SINH - TU" TU^NG CHINH TRj V A Q U A N St/...
thdng. Ngh$ thu^t quan si/ vd tdi dpng binh cua 6ng r l t dgc sac: "Phdm ngu'6'l kheo elm qudn thi khdng c l n bdy tr^n, kh6o bdy trgn thi khong c l n giao chiln.
Kheo giao chiln thi khdng t h i thIt bgi, kh6o thIt b^i thi khong thu-ang vong" (Vidn Van hpc, 1989, t$p 2, tr. 600). Sp- tinh didu cua cac tr|n phap cua T r l n Qudc TuIn du'p'c T r l n Khanh Du* h i t long ca ngp'i:
"Qudc cdng ta ben so sdnh, kd ci>u tr^n 66 vd binh phap cua cac nhd, tdng hp-p lai thdnh mpt bp sdch... lai cdn them bdi vd-i chiln thu^t cua thai Tam dai, nhd* dd trdm tran tram thang. Cho nen du-cng tho-i phia bdc lam cho Hung N6 phai sp', phia t l y Idm cho Lam Ap phai kinh" (Vidn Vdn hpc, 1989, tap 2, tr. 600).
Hu-ng Dao vu-cng T r l n Qudc Tuan chu y d i n xay dyng quan dpi hiJng manh, coi trpng chat lup'ng han sd lu-p-ng vd quy o"
sy tinh nhu#: "Quan c l n tinh khong cln nhilu" (D?/ Vi$t su' ky to^n thw, 2009, tr.
312). Quan quy c/ sy tinh nhud, thidn chiln:
"Quan c l n gidi khong can nhilu. Nen chpn nhOng ngu-ffi khoe manh ma dung, khong Ily nhilu ngucyi nhd y l u de them sd lu'p'ng" (Vi#n Su- hpc, 1977, tr. 34). Ong cho ring: "it co t h i thing nhilu, y l u co t h i thang manh" {Vien SCr hpc, 1977, tr. 224).
Quan dyp'c hay thua Id d tyang: "Ngu-o-i tu-ang gioi dCrng dan md hay biln hoa, cu-ng cdt ma hay thu-o-ng ngycxl, nhdn tu- ma hay quylt doan, dung cam ma hay tu-o-ng tit, Ily each lu'p'c ma c h l ngy quan quan" (Vipn Si> hpc, 1977, tr. 60). Cho nen:
"Tyo-ng gidi Id ngu-ai giii' tinh mdnh cua dan, la ngu-oi chu an nguy cua nhd nyd'c vgy" (Vidn Sy hpc, 1977, tr. 114). Ong d l cao vai tro cua tu-ffng sT tinh nhud trong chiln dau: "Ke ra, tu-o'ng Id chl, ba qudn Id
khi. Khi d l dpng md kho c h l . Do tyo-ng c h l md tran tTnh thi sp- hai c6 t h i djnh, phdn trie c6 t h i ySn, trdm van qudn c6 t h i ti§u didt dyp'c. Chi ngay thing md myu c6 mdt, khi phln khai md dQng gIp d6i thi thing" (Vipn Si> hpc, 1977, tr. 68). Ong cho ring, mpt qudn dpi manh c l n hdi du 5 y l u td: "Sua sang binh khi; c6 dii qudn linh vd xe eg; sue tfch nhilu; r6n luydn sT tdt;
k6n dyp'c tyang gioi". Ong du-a ra 8 ti6u chi chpn ngucyi va tuyln ngu-di: "Hoi bang I6i noi xem tra lai co ro rdng khdng; gan gung blng lai le xem co biln hoa khdng;
cho gidn dipp xem co trung thdnh khong;
hoi ro rdng tu-ang t i t d l xem di>c hanh t h i ndo; ily cua md thu- xem c6 thanh liem khdng; Ily sac d^p ma thCr xem co dicng dan khong; lly vide kho khan md thu' xem CO dijng cam khong; cho uong ru'au say xem cd giu- du-ac thai dp khong" (Vidn Si>
hpc, 1977, tr. 35). Ong quan tam cham lo ren luy#n tuang sT de hp nang cao trinh dp, ]/ thirc vd kha nang chiln ddu. Ong da day cdng nghien ciru binh phap de soan ra bp Binh thw ySu Iwp-c va su-u tap binh phdp eae nhd, lam thanh B^t qu^i cuv cung cfd, dat ten Id Vgn KiSp tong bi truyin thw de truyen day cho cac tu-ang ITnh tdn thIt nha Trln, luydn tap quan sy cho tu'ang sT va dao tao nhilu v6 quan cho nha nu'ac. Ong can dan: "Nlu cdc ngu-ai bilt chuyen tap sach ndy, theo Ic/i ta day bao, thi trpn dai id thin tCr; nhu'p'c blng khinh bd sdch nay, trdi loi ta day bao thi trpn do'i la nghjch thu"
(Vi0n Van hpc, 1989, tap 2, tr. 392). Ong ran day cdc tu'ang cua minh: "Thanh liem ve cua eai, tilt kipm v l tieu dung, la la v l ru'au, giu' minh theo l l , tha be tren lay trung, vui lo cung quan linh, Ily cua djch ma khong tich tru, bat php nu' djch md
PHAM TRLf&NG SINH - TLT TU'O'NG CHlNH TRj VA Q U A N S I / , , khdng giO" ridng, nghe muu md dung ngudi,
g$p ngd md phdn dpdn, dCing md khdng l l n ngudi, nhdn md khdng bd phlp, g i l u tdi nhd rdn tdi Idn, phpm Idnh khdng k l Id thdn, thudng khdng nghi d i n thCi, ngydi gid thi ndng dd, ngudi t r i thi vS v l . . . "
(Vidn Su hpc, 1977, tr. 62). Ong l l n dn nhO'ng k l l o Idm gidu md qudn vide nudc"
vd ddi hdi qudn si phli ddt Ipl Ich ddn tdc Idn trln Ipi Ich cd nhan. Treng xay dung qudn ddi, dng d^ nghi vua Trln ken chpn ngudi tdi, ngudi hiln md trap che quyln binh, xdy dung ddi qudn cha ecn r l i mdi dOng thi mdi tao n l n sue manh "chung chl thdnh thdnh'. Thue tiln cudc khdng chiln chdng qudn Nguydn-Mdng dd chp thIy t l chuc qudn ddi vd xay dung luc lupng vD trang cua dng Id dung ddn, sdng tao. Ong dd d l lai cho ddn tdc ta nhO'ng t u tydng chlnh tn, qudn sy tiln bd 1dm n l n tang cho sy nghiep dyng nude vd giO' nudc.
Hung Dao vypng T r l n Quic TuIn chu tryong thyc hien chiln lype; "Giac cdy trdn ddi, ta cay binh ngln, lly ngan e h l ddi Id Id thudng cua binh phap" (Bi thj trudng tran, ngd thj dean binh, dl doan ehl trudng, binh phdp ehi thudng da) (Vlpn Van hpc, 1989, t i p 2, tr. 397) Thue chit t u tudng
"dl doan e h l trydng" la "Lly It dich nhilu, lly y l u danh manh l l y nhd thing Idn, dung quan dypc trang bi y l u hon d l ddnh d l i phuong cd trang b| manh, phdt huy mdt manh cua ta, han e h l mat manh eua d l i phuong d l thing dich" (Tu diin thu$t ngCrquin sw, 2007, tr. 209) Nghd thuat "dT dodn c h l trudng" eua dng ma v l n d l n i l bat Id trdnh cdi mpnh eua dich, lay cdi manh cua ta d l ddnh cdi y l u cua djch.
Trong Binh thw yiu Iwqic, dng vilt: "Phdm hay l l y it ma thing nhilu, lay y l u md djch
manh, i l y nhd md c h l Idn, t h i mdi gpi la thidn chiln" (Vidn Su hpc, 1977, tr. 236).
Trdn n l n tdng qudn s y "dl dean ehl trudng", trong thyc t i l n chi dpe cdc cupc khdng chiln. Hung Dpo vupng T r l n QuIc TuIn dd tao ndn mdt nghd thudt qudn sy ddc ddo: Nghe thudt chi dpo rut lui ehiln lupc; Nghd thujt tao t h i , tpo thdi eo phan cdng chiln lupc; Nghd thudt tao t h i trdn ca nudc ddn giSc ca nudc ehing gidc, trdm hp d i u Id qudn llnh (Bach tinh giai binh).
Dp Id nhung bdl hpc ed gid tri ly ludn vd thyc tiln sdu sle, mai mai tnid'ng t i n vdi thdi gian.
Qudn Nguydn-Mdng sang xdm lupc nudc ta, chung phdi di xa vd mdt mpi nen dng chu truong: "Lay g i n dpi xa, lly nhdn dpi nhpe, lly no ma dpi ddi" (Vlpn Su hpc, 1977, tr. 228). Qudn gipe ddng lpi manh vd thidn ehiln nen khi giao tranh vdi giac, Ing chu truang trdnh c h l manh, ddnh chd yeu eua djch: "Vipe binh ndn nhlm vdo chd d l md trdnh chd khd. Uy du thi tan, s i c nhpn thi gdy. Cho ndn, dich mang qudn d i n , t h i khdng d Idu dupc. T h i bdeh, kip muon thing ngay, thi ta d m . Djch ddnh cd Ipi, ta ddnh khdng cd Ipi, thi ta elm... C i m cho nd da mdt, bay gid ta noi day ma danh, thi sue ven ma edng nhilu. Ddnh g I p thi thua CO, lpi hoan thi e l m lpi. ThIy chic thi phdng, thIy mpnh thi tranh, trdu cho nd tuc, nhun cho nd kilu, nd nhdn thi khiln chp nd nhpc keo ddi d l b i n sue minh, d m Idu d l d m khln dich. Dung sau lam trydc, dd Id dilu bi cua phlp binh" (Vlpn Su hpc, 1977, tr. 190). C i m d l cho giac khln, no khln thi ta nhdn, "lly nhan md danh khln"
de lam giam nhud khi cua ehung vua ddnh vua lui dua chung vao t h i cua ta roi mdi phan edng va t i l n cdng. Phai d l i phd vdi
PHAM TRUQ-NG SINH - TU T U O N G C H I N H TRI VA Q U A N SI/..
mdt dpi qudn xdm tu-ac hiing manh, Hyng Oao vyang T r l n Qudc TuIn phdt huy ngh$ thu$t chi dao riit lui chiln lu'ac mpt cdch chinh xdc d l bdo todn lye ly^ng Id net ndi bdt trong tdi ndng qudn sy cua dng nham "trdnh cdi t h i hdng hdi liic ban mai"
cua djch, nhy cho chiing vdo tr$n dja cua ta, phdn tdn vd chia cIt lye lyang Idm cho ddi ky binh djeh bj ddn mong trdn dia hinh sdng ngdi eh$t h^p md khdng phdt huy du'p'c tdc dpng. Lai dyng sa dodn, kilm c h l sa tryd-ng cua djch, phdt huy sa tnj'&ng cOa ta Id quen ddnh gide a vung song nu'ac vd ven biln, budc djch phai bj ddng tdc chiln theo y djnh tdc chiln cua ta.
Dung k l "thanh dS", thyc hidn chiln tranh nhdn dan ddnh djch tir nhieu phia, nhdn ddn ddnh tra quylt lidt nhi>ng nai ma giac tai hoae khi ehiing di qua lam cho chung khdng cyap dyp'c lyang thyc, mudn ddnh chien luae eung ddnh khdng du'yc, tridt tu'ang thyc vd cat du-ang tilp t l , giac ludn bj danh du kich tu* nhieu phia nen tinh thin nhud l<hi giam sut, sinh lye bj tieu hao, khdn ddn v l tu'ang thyc d l y chiing vao cdi t h i "khi tdn Ipi liic ehilu tdi", n l m thai co khi djch quin bdeh de phan cong chiln lyac, phyc kieh, tap kich, danh nhCnng tran chiln lyac mang tinh quylt dinh de gianh todn thing. Ong timg ndi: "Bae thanh v6 trj dai, ddnh a chd khong thdnh, cdng a chd khong co IQy, chien a chd khong eo tr^n.
Nhe nhang nhu' mu-a rai trdn khong, dyng nen cupc dai v6 sy" (Vidn Su* hpc, 1977, tr.
39). Ong da thyc hidn nhieu mu-u cao, m^o gioi: "Tri khong blng mu'u, sire manh khong bang quyet doan"; "Ngu-ai gioi thing khdng c l n thing nhieu l l n md can toan thing, e l n dam bdo thing" (Vidn Sy hpc, 1977, tr. 189), Do la nghd thuat qudn sy,
phep dung binh tinh didu. Id sy bilu hidn sdng tao t y tu'ang didoin, chS truing md Hu-ng Dao vyang Trln Qude TuIn da v^n dyng trong cudc khdng chiln chdng qudn Nguyen-IVIong xdm lyac. Tu* tu'ang ndy da dyac ong dua tdi dmh eao cua ngh$ thu^t qudn sy du-ang Xhiyi.
3. K^T LUAN
Co t h i noi nghd thuat qudn sy trong 3 Ian khdng chiln chong qudn Nguy^n-lvldng Id dinh cao cua ngh$ thu^t chiln tranh nhdn ddn eua dan tpe ta trong thdi dai phong kiln md ngu'di de ra vd van dyng thien tai chiln lu'ac, chiln thuat chiln tranh nhdn dan do khong ai khae Id Hu'ng Dao dai vu-ang Trln Quoc TuIn. Ong xirng danh Id mpt trong nhO'ng anh hung kl$t xult nhlt cua dan tpc qua mpi thdi dai va du'ac tdn vinh Id mot trong 10 vi danh tudng vT dai nhat cua t h i gidi. Nhi>ng hat nhan tich eye, nhOng quan diem tiln bp du'ac chat lpe tCr tu' tu'ang yeu nu-dc, tu- tudng "khoan thu"
sifc dan" va tw tudng quan sy thien tai ciia Hung Dao vuang Tran Qudc TuIn eo y nghTa ly tuan va thyc tiin sau sac. Bdi hpc lly dan lam gdc va t u tudng "khoan thu sire dan" eua ong khong chf co gia trj trong Ijeh sir ma d i n nay vdn eon toa sdng. Q
TAI LIEU THAt^ KHAO
1. Danh nhan quan sy Vi$t Nam thdi Ly-Trin.
Ha Npi: Nxb. Quan dpi Nhan dan.
2. Doan Chinh-Pham Dao Thjnh. 2007. Qud trinh chuyen bien tw twdng chinh tri Vipt Nam cu6i the ky XIX dau the ky XX qua cac nhan vQt tieu bieu. Ha Npi: Nxb. Chinh trj Qudc gia, 3. D^l Viptswkytoan thw. 2009. Ha Npi: Nxb.
Vdn hda-Thdng tin.
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