TAP CHI KHOA HDC - SD 3/2D1B 13
TU TUdNG PHE BJNH VAN HOC VIET NAM SAU 1 9 8 6
LelluyB^c' Truang Dgi hqc Supham Hd Noi
Tom tdt: Sau Doi m&i 1986, tu tudng phi binh van hoc Vi?l Nam co nhieu (bay doi. Tri (hire Viet hir&iig ra the giai de hgc hdi, dep thu vd (myen bd cdc lu ttr&ng (ich cue vdo Viet Nam. Dien hinh, co (he ke den phi binh xd hgi hgc, phe binh doi thoai, phi binh phdn lam Iwe. phe binh hien sinh, phi binh hdu hien dgi vd gdn ddy nhdl Id phe binh ki hieu hgc. Moi hu&ngphe binh deu co md( manh mat yeu ciia no vd dd Idm phong pint dai sdng van hoc Viet Nam.
Tirkhod: Phi binh van hoc. phe binh vein hgc sau Doi mai, cdc kbuynh hu&ngphe binh.
1. MOf D A U
Sau Ddi mdi 1986, duang nhian tu tudng pha binh van hpc cung doi mdi. Cimg vdi su hdi nhap kinh te, van hoa Viet Nam vao dong chay chung ciia thdi dai, nan pha binh - li luan Viet Nam ciing chuyen ddi theo. De nhan thay la nhiJng tir tirdng phe binh van hpc Idn Clia the gidi ke tir thdi diem dd da dupe cap nhat khong ngimg vao ddi song van hpc Viet. Tnrdc do, chung ta da cd mot tniyan thdng phe binh xa hoi hoc vdi khong it thanh tmi. Ca sd ciia phe binh nay la nliirng quy chieu dan cac van de lich su, con ngudi trong ddi sdng xa hdi vdi mot dung y giao huan ro rang. Cach phe binh nay khong c6 gi la sai lac, tham chi nd cd tha hian ngang trong nhom nhiing tu tudng phe binh - li luan hang dau cua nhan loai tir cd chi kim. Chi cd dieu la, su van dung doi luc rai vao cue doan, bien no thdnh xa hpi hoc dung tiic, quy chieu mdt each chii quan vd dp dat ma khong dua tren ban chat Clia van chuang la hu cau va vice "gidng" bay "khdc" vdi thuc tien thi ^cu can phai xem xet ca khia canh tham im hay "lam van" cua ngirdi sdng tdc.
Phe binh xa hpi hpc van hpc vi the luon bo ich cho mpi thdi. Ndi khdng qua, day chinh la trudng phai nghien ciru van chuang lau ddi va ben vung nhat trong tien trinh li ludn nghe thuat ciia nhan loai. Dau sao thi, cang phat trian, nhan loai can phai co nhieu mon an tinli than han nira. Van de dat ra Id con ngudi khong chi yeu cau nha van sang tdc theo
' Nlifinbai ngay 25 03,2016; gui phan bicn va duyct dang ngay 28.04.2016 Lien he lac gia; Lc Huy Bac, Email leliuybac@gmail com
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T R U d N G DAI H D C THU D C HA HDI nhilu each mdi da lam tang them ddi sdng thdm mi cua tam hdn, ma con dat cho cac nha phe binh nghe thuat nliimg klidm pha tir cac ddi nipng sdng tac dd, chi ra cai hay cai dep dS con ngudi thuong thirc. Nha pha binh, cd le trong nhirng suy nghT circ doan nhat ciia gidi sang tao ngon tir, do Id nliirng ke "an theo", nliung vat ki sinh khdng gia tri... Cd the ha thdp vai tro ctia phe binh bdng nhieu Idi le tham hai hon the. Tuy nhien, can phai xem xet cho thau ddo van de2. N O I D U N G
D6i vdi nhirng nha phe binh - li luan toi, thi diing mudn ddi hp chi la nhirng ke an theo noi leo thdm hai. Con ddi vdi nhirng nha pha binh cd tam tu tudng Idn thi chinh cdc nha van lai phdi "an theo" hp. Nha van cd the la nha tu tudng, vd nhd tu tudng co the Id nha van. D6i vdi nhung bd dc trac tuyet thi dieu dd la mien ban, nhung thdng thudng, nha tu tudng ludn Id nguoidan dat nlid van. Vi may li do sau;
Nha tu tudng dinh hirdng xa hdi vc cac quan niem li tudng, sdng chat, hanh phuc, tu do, kho dau hay bat hanh., Tir dd tao nan mot moi trudng sinh thai ma nha vdn ton tai trong dd vdi tu each Id mot thanh vian va lay do la chat lieu sdng tac. Vdn chuang khong the klidi sinh tir cao dieuhu vo hay mot nai chon xa xoi nao dd noi hiau biat ciia con ngudi hau nlur Id sd khong tnrdc nd. Van chuang klidng khdi sinh tir day sau dia ngue noi cai xau cai ac chiem ITnh Van chuang phai bat dau tir mat dat, nai con ngudi dang tan hudng mpi hanh pliiic hay noi dau, noi bat hanh la ddng luc de con ngudi vi tha ban, da tranh dau cho mot moi smh tdt dep han Vi lc do, hau nhu mpi kiet tdc con ngudi Idm ra dau hudng den noi dau, "Dau" nhu Id mot bdn the cua van chuang, Nhung van chuang noi dau khong dc con ngirdi dau ban ma cot de con ngudi hanh phiic han vd nhu tha biat dau cimg la hanh pluic Kill dung dung vdi noi dau, con ngudi quay lai va vdi ban ndng "lodi" ciia minh,
Nlurng dc nhan thirc, lai hien vd tiep nhan dupe noi dau do, thi dan da, dac bict trong cdi thdi li linh da phat incn dan mire gdn nhu la tuyet dinh ngay nay, Nha van Vict Nam tnrdc Doi mdi, viet vc noi dau mat nude, noi dau chi£n tran, noi dau ciia cong dong,, Nhung noi dau do dupe the hien ro tren trang sach, va nhir tha vdn chuang dd trd thdnh vu khi ddnh ihii. Sire manh ciia vdn chuang da duac ghi nhan. Sang dan cdi thai khong con Sling dan, nhd van can phai "noi" kliac di trong each tai hien ddi s6ng cua minh. Co hai mang siing tac so ret mot hudng la van ke thisa Idi viat chi£n tran hao hiing da klicu goi long In hao ddn tdc. hudng kliac la quay vc vdi nhung chuyen ddi thudng, nhirng cuoc ddu tranh smh ton cua dan toe trong nhung khiic quanli ciia nhung iiii£n gia In kim tien. Mdng sdng uic ihii hai nd> la hudng chii dao ciia nhiau cay but thanh cdng sau D6i mdi nhu Nguyen Mmh Chau. Nguyen Huy Thicp, Lc Dat, Nguyan Quang Thiau, Bao Ninh, Liru
TAP CHI KHDA HDC - SD 3 / 2 0 1 6 15
Quang Vu, TrSn Thuy Mai, Nguyen Binh Phuang, Nguyen Viet Hd, Ta Duy Anh, Thuan, Nguyen Ngpc Tu... Vdn d% dat ra trong sang tdc ciia nhiing nhd van nay da phan la nhirng tran trd hay nhirng cii soc ciia ddi sdng con ngudi trudc khdng khi hpi nliap, trudc ngudng cira kinh t& thi trudng, nhihig gi dupe va chua dupe ciia cu dan nong nghiep lau ddi dang vuon lan chiam ITnli nan cdng nghiep hoa...
Tren nen ciia nhirng sang tac nay, da nhan thay cac tir tudng phe binh da dien da dupe gidi hpc thuat su dung da khai thac cdi dep van chuang. Dau tian co tha ke den tu tudng phe binh "ddi thoai" cua Bakhtin ma khi gidi thieu vao Viet Nam da trd thanh khiiynh hudng Thi phap hpc. Tu tudng "ddi thoai" ndy, tu Nga la do "nhdm Baklitin" (gdm Mikiiail Baklitin, Valentin Voloshinov vd Pa\'el Medvedev) de xuat, con tir MI la do ong to Clia ki hieu hpc Charles SandcrsPeirce de xuat. Tu tirdng nay xem ngon ngir luon cd tinh doi thoai ndi tai da tdn tai. Nhd dd ma ngon ngir van chuang luon dupe tao sinli vd la tieng ndi da am, da dien ve con ngudi... Tieu thuyet, neu tdn trpng tinh ddi thoai nay thi se trd thanh "tieu thuyat da thanh".,. Cd the noi, nhd "Thi phdp hpc" md phe binh vdn hpc Viet dd thoat dupe khdi mot so luan diem mdy moc, thieu can cir ciia phe binh xa hoi hpc (dupe van dung kliong diing) trudc do.
Nhung Thi phap hpc (sau ndy Id Tu su hpc) khong phai la he tu tudng dpc ton trong pha binh van hoc Viet, Thdi mo cira, nhu da ndi Id thdi ngudi Vict trai long ra vdi vo vdn cai hay cdi dep ciia nlidn loai. Day la thdi ma gidi phe binh van hpc Vict nhan thirc sau siic rang, pha binh Id mdt cdng cu khdng the thieu ciia ddi sdng van hpc, klidng co phe binh dinh hudng thi nhiing khd ndng "hieu" tdc phdm vdn hpc Id vo cimg han die. Day Id vdn de CO tinh toan cau. Chang han nhu chuyen "Kich phi II". Loai kich nay ra ddi vao thap ki 1950 tai Phap. Ngudi ta dinh danh la "phi li" vi no hau nhu chang giong gi kich tniyen thong, noi ngudi xem co tha nhap than, ciing vui va lo au hay noi gian vi nhirng hanh dong dang dian ra true tiep Iran san kliau, ma nlid do tam lion ho trd nen tot dep ban, Vay nen.
da ndy sinh tam li phan irng tire thdi la ngudi xem cue lire chi tricli loai kich ndy, tham chi ho con cho rdng tac gid da lira lip va khong it ngudi doi trd lai tien vc.. Co chuyen ndy don gidn la vi ngudi xem chua hicu each kich ndy chuyen tai thong diep, chua bict cdch thirc nghe thuat nha soan kich van dung da ma hoa cupc song va kem theo do Id gui gdm giao huan ngdm dn ra sao. Tinh tha do buoc canh phe binh phai nhay vdo, sau nhung phan tich, dian gidi dinh hudng, ngudi xem kich luc do mdi vd nhc rang do la ioai kich trdc tuyel vd con ngudi cdn ihay doi each xem hay doc kich tir ton tai trudc ddy.
Dua vi du nay ra de noi rang nipt trong nhirng thdnh luu Idn nhat cua nghe ihiidt ngon tir cua nhan loai ca a the ki XX lan XXI chinh la phe binh - li ludn. Trong liic vdn chuang khudc tir linh Ii linh ihco each ddy cao hon niia tinh 11 tinh trong sang tao thi buoc phe binh
1 8 II
T R U d N G DAI H D C THCI B D HA H 6 | phai phat triSn nhu mot sit dinh huang dpc thSm mi tich cite Vi 15 nay, cac truong phai phe binh - li luSn van hpc the giai deu gSn vai mpt he tu tuong triet hpc nhat dinh. Trong do, TriSt hpc Marx, nhu gidi nghien cuu phuang Tay danh gia la mot trong nhung tri6t hpc CO anh huang 1cm nlijt dSn tu tuong phuong Tay trong su6t the ki XX.Carl Marx noi tijng o tu tuong duy vat bien chung, cai ma hau het eac he tu tucmg nao cQng phai thira nh^.Chang han, phe binh h$u hien dai cong nhan la duoc phat triSn tit tu tuong nay ciia Marx a khia cjnh mpi su vat hi?n tuong dSu van dpng khong ngimg theo huong tich cue. Ki hiju hpc cung ghi nhan su anh huang nay, rSng mpi quy chiSu cua kf hi$u dSu huong ra "th6 gioi ben ngoai" va th^ giai do la cai co truac y niem cua con nguoi ve no...
Phe binh hi$n sinh cung la hudfng co anh huang Ion tren van dan Viet. Can luu y la tat ca cac khuynli huong phe binh hien dai duac giai thieu va van dung o Viet Nam deu gop phkn kliong nho trong viec chuySn dich bilt phap, tu tuong ciia nguoi sang tac. Phe binh hien sinh de cao cai toi tu chii ciia con nguoi. Va gia tri cua no co le la, klia nghich li, a cho nhirng dieu phi If no dua ra lgi chang the nao giai quyet duac, bai "cai t6i - ca nhSn"
cua con ngucxi lai luon ton tai trpng xu huong dung hoa vdi "cai toi - cong dong" va ca voi lich sit Clia cai toi do... Chang hgn nhu nguon g6c noi kho va each thiic de vupt qua no trong than phan nguoi dan ba hang chai trpng Chiec thuyen ngoai xa ciia Nguyen Minh Chau rat dien hinh cho su quy chiSu hien sinh nay.
Mot khuynh hudng tu tudng, khong phai la triet hpc, nhung hiing cir dai dang d phuang Tay la Phan tam hpc ciing dupe pho bien d Viet Nam. He tu tudng nay d6c dao d cho da xac lap duoc nliung pham vi dien giai ciia rieng no ve nhCtng hiSn tupng vSn chuong neu kliong sir dung cdng cil "phan tam" thi rat khd d6 thi thSu hi6u (trudng hop Ho Xuan Huong chjng ban). Gia trj ciia Phan tam hoc con la viSc giup con ngudi thiic nhJnvS ban than, vi cdi nguon ciia tri thiic deu la nhGng ddt biln tit ban nang trong nhung difiu kien van hoa nliat dinh nao dd.
Sau Ddi mdi, cd thS xem phe binh - li luan van hpc Viet Nam da nd luc tiem can gSn han vdi cac h$ hinh tu nrdng phe binh van hpc thd gidi. Su cap nhat trong nghien cihi vSn chuong Viet dupe the hipn d su truyin ba tu tudng phe binh hau hipn dai vao Vift Nam.
Co the ndi, tat ca cac trudng phai nghien ciiu van hpc trudc dd klii vao Viet Nam, dSu CO do liii so vdi khdi diem cua nd la vao klioang 50 nam nlu khdng ndi la xa hon, thi phe binli hau hifn dai chi liii dp 10 nam va gSn nhu bat kip nhung gi dang diln ra ciia trudng phai nay tren the gidi. Cdng bSng ma ndi, sang tac ciia cac cay but duang dai Vi$t cd ten tuli tren van dan hien nay it nhilu diu cd bdng dang ciia tu tudng hau hien dai. Day la he tu tudng giai phdng tdi da nang lire tri nhgn va hu cSu ciia ngh? si, giup nghe si ed dupe cai nhin da chieu va da dien vl con ngudi. Ngudi vilt cd thi dl xudt va giai quylt nhilu vSn de tir nhieu diem nhin khac nhau ma cac h? hinh tu tudng khac khd cd thi Ihifz hijn.
TAP CHI KHDA H D C - SO 3/201B
17
Hien tai, khuynh hudng phe binh Ki hieu hpc dang duac nhieu nha nghien ciju Viet quan tam, khdi ngudn ciia nd gan vdi chii nghia cau tnic, mot hudng nghien cuu thien ve hinh thirc va cdu tnic npi tai cua van ban. Chii nghia cau tnic cung dupe gidi thieu d Viet Nam vao nhirng nam cuoi ciia the ki XX nhung khdng nhan dupe su quan tam nhieu. Hien tai, ki hieu hpc dupe gidi nghien cim Viet xii li theo hudng "van hoa" va "hau hien dai", tuc la chap nlian viec md rong gidi han cua no ra cac pham vi lien quan nhu cac nen tang lich su xa hpi, tieu su vd cd "co mau" ciia nd.Diam qua cac hudng nghian cuu nay, co tha ndi tu tudng pha binh van hpc Viet Nam rdt phong phii va da dang. Moi hudng nghien cuu deu cd mat manh vd mat yeu ciia no.
Danh rang nhirng gidi thieu va van dung nghian cuu cac trudng phai phe binh nay da cd mot sd thanh tuii dang ka nhung nhin chung la van chua cd tinh he thdng, chua thuc su chuyen sau, my vao nang lire cua nhd nghien cim cu the ma cdc he hinh tu tudng do dupe phat huy tha manh ciia minh.
3. KKTLLAN
Thiet nghT, de hpc tap va tian tdi thiat lap dupe mot trudng phai phe binh vdn hpc mang danh hieu Viet Nam, chung ta can co sir dau m nghiam tuc ve con ngudi va ca sd vat chat mdt each hihi hieu cho tuong lai, cd nhu tha thi nhiing tu tudng tian bd va nhdn vdn ciia nhdn loai mdi cd the phat huy dupe sue manh, va con ngudi Vict se tu tin hon khi noi tieng ndi ciia rieng minh ra the gidi.
TAI LIEU THA>I KHAO
1- Phuong Liru (2001), Li ludn phi binh idn hgc phuang Tdy thi ki XX, Nxb Van hoc. Ha Noi 2. Tran Dinh Sir (2013), Li luan vd phe binh vdn hgc, Nxb Giao due Viet Nam, Ha Npi, 3. Vien Thong tin Khoa hoc Xa hpi (2002), 100 nhd li ludn phi binh vdn hgc (hi kiXX, Ha Ngi
THOUGHT OF LITERARY CRITICS IN \ lETNA.M AFTER 1986 Abstracst: Aflerlunovation of 1986, the thoiightof hteraiy critics in Vietnam has changed Vietnamese intellectuals have reached oullhe world (o leant, absorb and spread (he positive (hoiiglus in Vieliiam. Typically, tt is possible (o mendon some main trends, such as sociological critique, critique of dialogue, critique psychoanalytic, exi-.leiUial crldcism, postmodern critique and recently it is critiqueof semiotics Each ii, nd of criticjueshasboth positive and negative points, and has ennched the literaiT life of Vietnam
Key words: literaiy critique, hteraiy critique after Innovation, cridque (rends.
