TAI CHiNH-TIEN TE
Y tudng xay dang nen kinh te khong sir dung tien mat
NGUYEN KHAC QUOC BAO CHAU THANH HAO
? d i viet ludn gidi: xdy dting nen kinh te khong sii dung tien mat d 6&y vdi vai trb trung ' tdm la Ngdn hdng Nhd niidc. Ngan hang Nhd. niidc cung cap vd qudn ly tat ca cdc tdi khodn cua tat ca cdc chu thi(cd nhdn, phdp nhan,...) trong nin kinh te; mdi chu the chi co duy nhat mot tdi khodn ngdn hdng tai Ngdn hdng Nhd niidc vd cdc giao dich dU la nho nhat cua cdc chu the vdi nhau bdng hinh thtic chuyen khodn trite tiep vdi nhau thdng qua vi diin tu!, cdc thiet hi di dpng, mdy tinh, ... Ngodi ra trong nen kinh te khong sii dting tiin mat, Ngdn hdng Nhd niidc kiem sodt vd qudn ly td't cd ngoai te, vdng (trii vdng trang sUc). Ngog.i te vd vdng se khong diipc litu thdng trong nen kinh te trong niidc, vdng vd ngoai ti chi phuc vu cho viec giao thii(tng quo'c te.
Tif k h o a : thanh todn dien tu!, vi dien tu!, tiin mat trong nin kinh ti', nin kinh ti'khong tiin mat.
1. Gi6i t h i e u
Xay d u n g n e n k i n h t e khdng sii dung tien m a t giup m i n h bach hda cac giao dich trong xa hoi, tao r a mdt xa hdi v a n m i n h hdn, t a n g cUdng t i n h hieu qua va tidn ldi trong t^'t ca eac hoat ddng cua xa hoi va giiip sii dung triet de cac ngudn hie de p h a t trien k i n h tS', k i l m soat toan dien t a t ca eae hoat dong trong xa hoi.
Hifiu qua cua viec lifu t h d n g tien te trong n e n kinh te a n h hitdng ra't Idn den moi m a t cua xa hoi, do vay t i n h ca'p t h i e t cua viec k i l m soat ddng tien trong n e n k i n h te ma t a t ca cac quo'c gia dang hUdng d^n.
Hi§n nay tien te v a n cdn tdn t a i ditdi mot so' hinh t h a i n h u ddng xu, giliy bac, vang, cac so' lieu dien tii trong he thd'ng may t i n h (tien ky t h u a t so' - tai khoan). Cac h i n h t h a i nhlt dong xu, gia'y bac, v a n g m a n g nhieu h a n che a n h h a d n g den s\l p h a t trien cua n h a n loai nhtf la: chi phi p h a t h a n h , chi phi l u u thdng, chi phi bao q u a n cdn cao, t i n h t r a n g tien gia v l n cdn ton tai, ti'nh ^ n d a n h khi sii dung cac phUdng tien n a y d i n dd'n cac to' chiic toi p h a m de dang thUc hien h a n h vi vi p h a m cua m i n h , khd kiem soat
cae giao dich ba't m i n h , t i n h t r a n g hdi 16, t h a m nhiing khd kiem soat, t i n h t r a n g trom cap, t i n h t r a n g rr(a tien.
Tien m a t se ma't gia t r i ndi tai khi ca't trfi khdng dUdc dUa vao lUu thong trong nen kinh te, gay lang phi ngudn luc cua xa hoi.
Chinh p h u khdng kiem scat dUdc ta't ca cac giao dich kinh te do vAy lam m6o md nen kinh te, tao mdi trudng cho nen kinh t^ n g l m p h a t trien tha't t h u ve t h u e . Khdng t a n dung dUdc ngudn vdh san co dudi hinh thiic tien, vang, ngoai te dUde du trii trong dan vdi so*
lUdng ra't Idn d i n de'n lang phi ngudn lUc quo'c gia. Chinh p h u khdng t h e kiem scat 100% lUdng ngoai td trong nen kinh te, d i n den khd dieu tiet can cdn thUdng mai quo'c te, dieu chinh ty gia hdi doai.
De khac phuc nhiing h a n che tren chiing t a c i n xay dUng nen kinh te khdng sit dung tien mat.
2. T o n g q u a n n g h i e n cijfu^ cd sof ly t h u y € t v a phi^oTng p h a p n g h i e n cihi Nguyen Khac Qudc Bao, PGS. TS., Tnrcmg dai hpc Kinh 16' Thanh ph6' H6 Chi Minh; Qiflu Thanh Hao, C6ng ty C6 ph^n T.L.K.
Nghien cOtJ Kinh tis& 11(486) • Thing 11/2018
f tudng xay dung nen kinh te .
Tren the gidi cung da cd n h i e u tac gia nghien ctiu nhiing tac dong, nhiing ldi ich ve nen kinh te khdng s^ dung tien mat, h l u het nhiing nghien ciiu n a y la nghien ciiu thUc nghiem ve nhiing a n h hudng khi n e n kinh te chuyen tii tien m a t sang cac phUdng tien t h a n h toan k h a c phi tien mat vdi vai trd cac cac n g a n h a n g t r u n g gian va cae doanh nghiep cung ea'p dich vu t h a n h toan. Hien nay t r e n t h e gidi chua cd quo'c gia nao thuc hien t r i e t di loai bd hoan toan tien mat ra khdi n e n k i n h te. Bai viet nay tac gia de c i p de'n mot each tie'p can khac la loai bd hoan toan tien m a t r a khdi n e n kinh te, vdi Ngan h a n g N h a nude lam vai trd t r u n g tam trong moi hoat dong cua nen kinh te.
Theo Obi (2012) dinh nghia xa hoi khong s\l dung tien m a t la mdt t r o n g nhiing ndi khdng ai sii dung tien m a t , ta't ca cac k h o a n m u a h a n g dUdc thUc hien b a n g t h e tin dung, the ATM, s6c va chuyen trUc tie'p txt tai khoan nay sang t a i k h o a n k h a c . Theo Alilonu (2012), nen kinh t e khdng s^ dung tien m a t khdng cd n g h i a la loai bd hoan toan tien m a t , vi tien m a t se tie'p tuc la mot phUdng tien trao dd'i h a n g hoa va dich vu trong tUdng lai gan. Dd la mdt mdi t r u d n g kinh te, giam t h i e u viec s ^ dung tien m a t bang each cung cKp cac k e n h t h a n h toan khae t h a y the. Dieu nay khdng cd nghia la sU vang m a t hoan toan cua cac giao dich tien mat trong n e n k i n h t e , n h u n g giam so' lUdng cac giao dich tien m a t den miie td'i thieu. N i n k i n h td' khdng sii dung tien m a t la mot nen k i n h t e ma giao dich cd t h e dUdc thUc hien ma khdng nha't t h i e t m a n g tien m a t n h u mot phUdng t i e n t r a o ddi, giao dich ma la s\i dung t h a n h toan b a n g t h e tin dung hoac the ghi nd do'i vdi h a n g hoa va dich vu. Day la n e n k i n h t e trong dd h a n g hoa va dich vu dUdc m u a va t r a tien thdng qua cac phUdng tien dien txt (Okoye va Ezejiofor, 2013).
Nghien ciiu ciia Ordu Monday M a t t h e w , .Anyanwaokoro, Mike (2016) t a p t r u n g vao
viec t h a n h toan b a n g t h e ATM, t h a n h toan b a n g c h u y e n k h o a n q u a n g a n h a n g . Ket q u a cho tha'y r i n g n e n k i n h te cang h a n che lUu t h d n g t i e n m a t t h i cang giam chi phi p h a t sinh lien q u a n den viec in a'n, bao q u a n , lUu thdng... C h i n h sach khdng sii dung t i e n m a t lam cho cac doanh nghi§p h u d n g ldi tu: viec tiep can vd'n n h a n h hdn, giam tha't t h o a t d o a n h t h u , giam chi phi xit ly tien m a t , c h i n h s a c h k h d n g sii dung tien m a t se lam giam r u i ro p h a t sinh do trom cap, ton t h a t do hda h o a n .
Nhdm tac gia Thorsten Beck, Haki Pamuk, Ravindra R a m r a t t a n , Burak R. Uras (2018), n g h i e n ciiu ve dd'i mdi cdng cu t h a n h toan q u a thie't bi di ddng. T h a n h t o a n qua dien t h o a i di dpng chi ph6i t i e n p h a p dinh nhu mot phUdng t i e n t r a o dd'i, vi nd t r a n h dUdc n g u y cd t r o m c a p , n h U n g di k e m vdi chi phi giao dich dien txi.
3, K e t q u a v a t h a o l u a n
3.1. He thong lUu thong tien te cua Viet Nam hien nay
3.1.1. Ngdn hdng Nhd niidc (Ngan hdng Trung itOng)
N g a n h a n g N h a nUdc thUc M e n chiic n a n g q u a n ly n h a nUdc, n h i m d a m bao sii on dinh va a n t o a n e u a cho ta't ca cac he thd'ng n g a n h a n g , q u a dd t h u c hidn cac muc tieu dieu ti§'t, q u a n ly vi md cho nen k i n h t e . N g a n h a n g N h a nUde doc quyen p h a t h a n h t i e n t r e n p h a m vi t o a n quo'c, q u a n ly, cung iing dieu t i e t t i e n m a t ra n e n k i n h te. L a t r u n g t a m t h a n h toan chuyen n h u d n g , bii t r i i cua cac n g a n h a n g t r u n g gian va la ndi q u a n 1;^ quy du trii b i t buoc cua cac n g a n h a n g t r u n g gian.
3.1.2. He thd'ng luu thong tiin te trong nin kinh tehiin nay.
Trong n ^ n k i n h tfi' h i e n n a y t6n t a i nhieu h i n h t h a i cua t i e n t e dUdc l u u thdng nhu:
tien gia'y, vang, tai khoan ngan hang, ngoai te... mot p h i n giiip da d a n g hda t r o n g lUu thdng, n h u n g ngUdc lai lam p h a loang nguon luc t a i c h i n h cua qu6c gia, khd k h a n
NghiSn CIAJ Kinh tSsS 11(486) - Thing 1 i/3oia
Y tudng xdy dung nen kinh te ,
t r o n g viec k i l m scat ddng tien t r o n g n e n k i n h t e , n h ^ n g n g u o n lUc n a y mdt p h i n dUdc lUu thdng, mot p h i n tich trii, k h o a n tich trii n a y k h o n g t a o r a gia t r i cho xa hoi ddng thdi lam ma't di chi phi cd hoi va gia t r i ndi t a i theo thdi gian.
Trong md h i n h l u u t h d n g t i e n t e h i e n n a y , n g u d n t i e n dudc p h a t h a n h bdi N g a n h a n g N h a nUdc, N g a n h a n g N h a nUdc dieu tiet lUdng cung t i e n r a n e n k i n h t e t h d n g q u a cac n g a n h a n g thUdng m a i , cac n g a n h a n g thUdng m a i thUe h i e n cac n g h i e p v u HINH 1: S d d o c d c h ^ p h a t h a n h v a
n h a n t i e n giii t i e t kidm va cho vay de dUa t i e n vao l u u t h d n g t r o n g n e n k i n h t e .
Ddng t i e n l u u t h d n g trong n e n k i n h t e b a n g h a i h i n h thiic l u u t h o n g b e n trong h e t h d h g n g a n h a n g thUdng m a i va lUu t h d n g tien m a t tU do b e n ngoai, ca h a i h i n h thiic lUu t h d n g C h i n h p h u h l u nhU khdng kiem soat trUc tiep dUdc ddng tien t r o n g n e n k i n h te. Chinh p h u chi cd t h e kiem soat lUdng cung ti^n r a n e n k i n h t e thdng q u a cac cdng cu, lai sua't, ty le dU trii b i t budc, p h a t h a n h t r a i phieu,
liAi t h o n g t i e n t e h i e n n a y of Vifet N a r a
IIMIIII -; ;•;
I H I rjf^iji pi^si
$ -
y^,
(1) Ddng tien tuf N g a n h a n g N h a nudc bdm vao cac n g a n h a n g thUdng mai, ngUdc lai khi Ngan h a n g N h a nude mud'n giam lUdng cung t i e n r a n e n k i n h t e se d u n g cac cdng cu lai sua't, t y le dU trii b i t budc, p h a t h a n h t r a i p h i e u . . . d e hiit tien ve.
(2) Cac n g a n h a n g thUdng m a i dUa t i e n vao trong luu t h o n g b i n g each thUc hien cac nghiep vu cho vay va n h a n giii tiet
kiem vdi cac ca n h a n , p h a p n h a n bao gdm ca cac n g a n h a n g thUdng m a i k h a c . Ngoai r a n g a n h a n g thUdng m a i ciing thUc hien cac nghiep v u uy t h a c t h a n h toan cua cac ca n h a n p h a p n h a n cho Kho bac n h a nUdc va cho cac n g a n h a n g nudc ngoai b i n g ngoai te.
(3) Cac ca n h a n , p h a p n h a n giao dich t h a n h toan, t r a nd, chuyen tien qua lai l i n Nghien ciiu Kinh tis611(436) • Thing 11/2018
t tudng xdy dung nen kinh te
n h a u b i n g h i n h thiic c h u y e n k h o a n qua n g a n h a n g hoac giao dich b i n g t i e n m a t .
(4) Ngoai tien m a t , t a i k h o a n t h i vang, ngoai t0 ciing dUdc cac ca n h a n , p h a p n h a n giao dich qua lai l i n n h a u .
3.1.3. Nhiing ba't cap
Ddng tien l u u t h d n g d t i n g ldp thii 1 (Ngan hang N h a nUdc vk .eac n g a n h a n g thUdng mai), Ngan h a n g N h a nUdc cd t h e kiem soat dieu tie't dUdc lUdng tien luu thdng, khi ddng tien luu t h d n g ci t i n g ldp thii 2 (ngan h a n g thUdng m a i vdi p h a p n h a n , ca n h a n ) thi N g a n h a n g N h a nUde chi gian tiep kiem soat toe dp va l u u ludng l u u thong tien t$ va q u a t r i n h k i e m soat n a y cd do tre nha't dinh. J)^n t i n g ldp lUu thdng thii 3 (cac ca n h a n , p h a p n h a n giao dich qua lai) t h i N g a n h a n g N h a nUde chi kiem soat dUde mdt p h i n t i n h h i n h lUu thdng tien t e trong n i n k i n h t e va tii day nhiing thdng tin mdo md, nhQng giao dich ba't minh, cac to' chiic riia t i i n , tdi pham...
boat dong m a n h t r o n g t i n g ldp l u u t h d n g nay. T i n g ldp lUu t h d n g thii 4 la vang, ngoai t e t h i h l u nhU khdng m a n g hieu qua cho n i n kinh t l , ngUdc lai edn ma't di chi phi ed hdi, p h a n t a n nguon lUe cua xa hoi, td'n kem nguon lUc cua n e n k i n h t e de v i n h a n h chiing, n e n k i n h t e n g a m eiing dUdc giao dich trong t i n g ldp n a y , cac h o a t ddng budn lau, riia tien, t i i n gia, hd'i Id, t h a m nhiing, trom d p . . . dUdc giao dich trong t a n g ldp lUu t h d n g nay.
3.2. Mo hinh luu thong tien te khong sU dting tien mat vd gidi phdp 3.2.1. Khdi niim
Nen kinh t§' khdng svt d u n g tien m a t m a tac gia mong muon la n i n k i n h t l h o a n toan khdng sii d u n g t i e n m a t t r o n g lUu thdng, t h a n h toan, ca't trO va moi giao dich d i i u thdng qua Ngan h a n g N h a nudc va moi chu t h e chi cd mot tai k h o a n duy nha't tai Ngan h a n g Nha nUdc va v a n g khdng cdn ddng vai trd t r o n g t h a n h toan, lUu thdng, cat trfl ma v a n g chi cdn ddng vai trd
la n g u y e n lieu p h u c v u cho s a n xua't va d u n g l a m t r a n g sflc, tUdng tU ngoai t e cung k h d n g cdn l u u t h d n g t r o n g n e n k i n h te, ngoai t e t a p t r u n g d N g a n h a n g Trung Udng, N g a n h a n g N h a nUdc de thUc hien giao dich t h a n h t o a n vdi nudc ngoai.
H i e n n a y b n h i e u nudc p h a t trien, viec t h a n h toan sii d u n g t i i n m a t ra't h a n che, cac chu t h e t h a n h t o a n t h d n g qua nhieu h i n h thflc k h a c n h a u , n h i l u t a i khoan khac n h a u d nhflng n g a n h a n g k h a c n h a u va h l u h i t t h u c h i e n t h a n h t o a n qua ngan h a n g , m a y ATM, P C S , t h a n h t o a n qua dien t h o a i di dong, vi t h e N g a n h a n g Trung Udng k h d n g t h e k i e m soat mot each t r i e t de dupe dong t i i n t r o n g n e n k i n h t e .
3.2.2. Hinh thtic, vai trb vd chi^c ndng cua cdc chu thi
Ngdn hdng Trung Udng: Ngan hang T r u n g Udng dUdc t h a n h l a p bdi Quoc hoi, b o a t dong doc l a p k h o n g p h u thuoc vao q u a n ly d i i u h a n h tfl C h i n h phii, chiic n a n g la tao t i i n , d i i u t i e t ddng tien cung flng cho N g a n h a n g N h a nudc, quan ly giam s a t h o a t dong cua N g a n h a n g Nha nUdc. Q u a n ly k i e m s o a t ngoai t e , vang cua qud'c gia t h d n g q u a N g a n h a n g N h a nUdc, d i i u h a n h gia v a n g , t y gia hoi doai, lai sua't cd b a n , t r i n lai s u ^ t , . . . N g a n hang T r u n g Udng q u y e t d i n h l a i sua't t i i n gdi cd b a n dUa t r 6 n td'c do t a n g t r u d n g cua nen k i n h t e , mflc dp l a m p h a t , chi so gia tieu diing, mflc lai sua't cd b a n dam bao cho dong t i e n k h d n g hi ma't gia. N g a n hang N h a nUdc se tU dpng t h a n h t o a n t i i n lai cho cac t a i k h o a n h i n g t h a n g can cfl vao gia t r i so' dU toi t h i e u t r o n g t a i khoan t r o n g t h a n g d6. N g h i a l a N g a n h a n g Nha nUdc chi chi t r a lai sua't eho p h i n t i i n k h o n g giao dich c u a ca n h a n , to' chfle.
Ngdn hdng Nhd niidc: dUdc t h a n h lap bdi C h i n h p h u do C h i n h p h u d i i u h a n h , chiu sfl q u a n ly g i a m s a t cua N g a n h a n g T r u n g Udng. C u n g ca'p, q u a n 1^ t a i k h o a n c u a ta't ca cac chii t h i t r o n g n i n k i n h t l
6 Nghiin cOu fCmh ^sd 11(486) • Thing 11/2018
Y tudng xay dung n6n kinh te ,
trfl N g a n h a n g T r u n g Udng. T h u c h i e n giao dich vdi N g a n h a n g T r u n g Udng d l dieu tiet lupng cung t i e n r a n e n k i n h t e , giao dich vdi cac n g a n h a n g thUdng m a i , Kho bac n h a nudc, cac p h a p n h a n , cac ca n h a n , t h u c h i e n giao dich t h a n h t o a n qud'c t e .
Kho bac nhd niidc: dUdc t h a n h l i p va d i i u h a n h bdi Bd Tai chinh, chiu sU giam s a t cua N g a n h a n g N h a nudc, thflc hidn moi t h u chi ciia C h i n h p h u nhU t h u t h u e , phi, le phi,... ehi t h u d n g xuyen, chi d a u t u , t a i trd va cho cac h o a t dong cua C h i n h phii.
Ngdn hdng thiiOng mat: h o a t ddng dudi sU giam sat ciia N g a n h a n g N h a nUde, thUc h i e n cac boat dpng cho vay, n h a n t i e n gdi t i e t kiem tfl cac ca n h a n , p h a p n h a n . Cd chfle n a n g tao t i i n cho n e n k i n h te. Ta't ca cac hoat dong cua n g a n h a n g thUdng m a i vdi cae p h a p n h a n (doanh nghiep, to c h f l e . ) vdi cac ca n h a n d i i u t h d n g q u a N g a n h a n g N h a nudc.
Phdp nhdn (doanh nghiep, to chUc khdc): moi p h a p n h a n k h i t h a n h lap, dUdc N g a n h a n g N h a nudc ca'p duy nha't mdt t a i k h o a n tien Vidt d l thflc Men giao dich vdi n g a n h a n g thUdng mai; p h a p n h a n khae ca n h a n , vdi nude ngoai. Moi giao dich d l u t h d n g q u a N g a n h a n g N h a nUdc. Khi giao dich vdi nudc ngoai, ngoai t e se dfldc chuyen s a n g t i e n Viet t a i thdi diem giao dich va se chi n h a n dUdc t a i k h o a n t i i n Viet; ngUdc lai, k h i c i n t h a n h t o a n giao dich vdi qud'c t l t h i t a i k h o a n k h o a n t i i n Viet se dUdc dd'i s a n g ngoai t e de t h a n h t o a n cho dd'i tac ct nUdc ngoai.
Cd nhan: bao gom t i t ca cac ca n h a n dang sinh sd'ng d Viet N a m (ngUdi Viet N a m va ngfldi nUdc ngoai) va ngudi Viet N a m d nUdc ngoai; moi ca n h a n se dfldc N g a n h a n g N h a nUdc ca'p duy nha't mot t a i k h o a n t i i n Viet k h i mdi s i n h r a va dd'i vdi ngUdi nUdc ngoai t h i dUdc ca'p k h i l i n d l u t i e n den Viet N a m . Moi h o a t ddng t r a o ddi gifla ca n h a n vdi ca n h a n , gifla ca n h a n vdi
p h a p n h a n , gifla ca n h a n vdi n g a n h a n g thfldng m a i , gifla ca n h a n vdi Kho bac n h a nUde, gifla ca n h a n vdi nflde ngoai dieu dudc thUc Men t h d n g q u a t a i k h o a n t a i Ngan h a n g N h a nUdc.
3.2.3. Liiu thdng tiin te giUa cdc chu thi Ngan hdng Trung Udng vdi Ngan hdng Nhd niidc: N g a n h a n g T r u n g Udng la cd q u a n p h a t h a n h t i e n dUdi h i n h thflc t a i k h o a n cho N g a n h a n g N h a nflde t h d n g qua eac cdng cu t a i c h i n h de d i i u t i l t lfldng t i e n t r o n g n e n k i n h t l . K i l m soat moi boat dpng cua N g a n h a n g N h a nUdc, k i e m soat va q u a n ly ngoai t e , v a n g cua qud'e gia.
Ngan hang Nhd. niidc vdi Kho bac nhd.
niidc: N g a n h a n g N h a nUdc cung ca'p t a i k h o a n va q u a n ly cac b o a t dpng, giao dich cua Kho bac n h a nUdc. Moi boat ddng t h u chi ciia Kho bac n h a nUdc d i i u thUc M e n t h d n g q u a N g a n h a n g N h a nUdc.
Ngdn hdng Nhd niidc vdi ngdn hdng thiidng mai: N g a n h a n g N h a nudc cung ca'p duy nha't mot t a i k h o a n eho mdi n g a n h a n g thUdng m a i , mpi b o a t dpng cua n g a n h a n g thUdng m a i d l u t h d n g q u a t a i k h o a n n a y bao gdm n h a n t i e n gfli t i l t kiem, cho vay, chi t r a t i i n ludng, t h a n h t o a n cac chi phi, t r a lai sua't cho cac ca n h a n , p h a p n h a n .
Ngdn hdng Nhd niidc vdi phdp nhdn:
moi p h a p n h a n cd duy nha't mdt t a i k h o a n d N g a n h a n g N h a nudc, do vay moi boat ddng t h u , chi, t h a n h t o a n dieu t h d n g q u a t a i k h o a n nay.
Ngdn hdng Nhd niidc vdi cd nhdn: moi ca n h a n cung cd duy nha't mot t a i k h o a n b N g a n h a n g N h a nflde do vay moi k h o a n t h u n h a p n h a n dUde, cac k h o a n chi dieu t h d n g q u a t a i k h o a n nay.
Ta't ca moi h o a t dpng, t h a n h toan, giao dich qua lai l i n n h a u cua ca n h a n , p h a p n h a n , n g a n h a n g thUdng mai, Kho bac n h a nUdc, td ehflc nUdc ngoai d l u t h d n g q u a N g a n h a n g N h a nUdc.
Nghiin ci)u Kmh iS5611(486) - Thing 11/2018
t tudng xay dtfng nen kinh te ...
HINH 2: Sti d o c d c h e p h a t h a n h v a liiu t h o n g t i e n t e t r o n g n e n k i n h t e I t h o n g t i e n m a t
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3.2.4. Phiidng tiin liiu thdng tien ti giQa cdc chu the
Mdi chu t h e ed mdt t a i k h o a n b Ngan h a n g Nha nUdc, eac chu t h e thflc hien cac giao dich t h a n h toan, t r a nd, chi tieu, m u a s i p , gfli tien, vay tien, t a n g , cho, n h i n . . . dieu thdng qua t a i khoan n a y v a thUe Men viec chuyin khoan t a i n g a n h a n g h a y qua may tinh, dien thoai, t h i e t bi t h a n h toan di dong (vi dien tfl).
Thiet bi t h a n h toan di ddng (vi di§n tfl): vi dien tfl se dUdc Ngan h a n g N h a nUdc trang bi cho ta't ca cac chu t a i khoan de t h u a n ldi, n h a n h chdng trong viec t h a n h toan cua cac chu tai khoan vdi nhau; cac chu tai khoan khdng c i n phai den ngan h a n g giao dich, thiet bi nay giup cho viee giao dich t h u a n ldi mpi lflc moi ndi.
* Cdc dac tinh vd chUc ndng cdn thie't cua vi dien td
Bdn gian, nho gon nhe, di ddng thao tdc:
vi dien tfl ludn dUde cac ca n h a n mang theo b§n minh trong sinh boat h I n g ngay nen can phai thiet ke nhd, gon, n h e . Do nhieu ddi
tUdng sfl dung khac n h a u nhU ngUcii gia, tre con. Trinh dp dan t r i cua cac dd'i tUdng cung khac n h a u , thi lUc, mdi trudng lam viec cua nhdm doi tUdng cung k h a c n h a u , vi vay cin phai thie't k l ddn gian, d i dang thao tae.
Chong tham niidc: do la tMet bi e l m tay ludn m a n g theo cua moi ngUdi nen trfldng hdp bi mUa Udt, rdi xuohg nflde, bi Udc, mo hdi cua ngUdi sfl dung, mdi trfldng lam viec cua ngfldi sfl dung a m fldt... nen vi dien tfl phai t h i l t ke chd'ng tha'm nudc.
Chiu diidc sii va dap cao: trong qua trinh sfl dung, r u i ro rdi rdt c h i c c h i n se xay ra, trong qua t r i n h di c h u y i n , van chuyin, lam viec, sinh boat h a n g ngay... se p h a t sinh va eham, r u n g l i e , do vay c i n phai thiet ke vi di§n tfl a n toan trong nhflng dieu kidn tren.
Chiu diidc sii dn mon: nhflng ngudi song va lam viec g i n v u n g bien, mdi trfldng hda cha't cd t i n h a n mdn cao..., vi t h i nen c h i t lieu sfl dung d l tao r a vi dien tit phai cd tinh cho'ng a n mdn hda hoc, chd'ng bi oxy hda.
Dung liidng pin: vi dien tfl la thiet bi di dpng phuc vu cho muc dich giao dich cua ca
8 Nghiin ciiu Kinh ti'sS 11(486) • Thing 11/2013
Y tudng xdy dung nen kinh te
n h a n , chu t h e sfl dung vi mpi luc moi ndi vdi t a n g sua't hoat dpng lien tuc, do dd dung Ifldng pin phai dap flng cho vi cd t h e sfl dung trong thdi gian dai. Hoac la ngfldi sfl dung lam viec b ndi nguon dien h a n che khdng on dinh, b nhflng ndi vflng xa vflng cao, vi dien tfl phai tfl dpng xac pin b i n g n a n g Ifldng a n h sang m a t trdi.
Co tinh bdo mat cao: la tai san cua moi ngUdi, lUu trfl thdng tin giao dich cua ngUdi sfl dung, c i n phai d a m bao q u y I n rieng tfl, tU do cua ngudi sfl dung, do vay vi dien tfl p h a i cd k h a nang bao m a t cao, t r a n h ngfldi khac cd t h e t h a m n h a p k h a i t h a c thdng tin cua chu vi.
Kei not trite tuye'n 24/24: d l thflc Men dfldc giao dich t h a n h toan h e n tuc, moi luc, moi, ndi vi dien tfl phai ludn trong t i n h t r a n g ket ndi vdi Ngan h a n g N h a nflde.
Khd ndng dong bp vdi thie't bi khdc: n h a m muc dich chia se, quan ly cac thong tin, lich sfl giao dich cua chu vi, da dang hda phfldng tien giao dich d l gia t a n g hieu qua sfl dung do vay, vi phai cd k h a n a n g dong bp, k i t noi vdi cac thiet bi dien tfl khac nhU dien thoai di ddng, may tinh, may t i n h tien...
Khd ndng tiidng tdc vdi cdc thiit hi ciing loai: h a u het cac t h a n h toan dfldc thUc hien gifla cac vi vdi n h a u , do vay td'c dp giao dich e i n phai n h a n h chong, cMnh xac n h a m t i l t kiem thdi gian cua chu vi. Su tUdng tac cua eac vi vdi n h a u c i n phai thiet ke n h i l u che dp nhu tUdng tac d t i m xa, t i m g i n , trUc t i l p , gian tiep,
Khd ndng liiu trQ thdng tin: mac du, moi thdng tin, lich sfl v l giao dich d i i u dUdc Iflu trfl, quan 1;^ tai Ngan h a n g N h a nflde, nhflng b a n t h a n vi ciing p h a i cd chfle nSng Iflu trfl thdng tin giao dich trong mot khoan thdi gian nha't dinh, thdng tin luu trfl de dang t r a cflu, sao ch^p, cd c h i do bao m a t phu hdp.
Thiet hi da ngdn ngQ: do chu vi thudc n h i l u t h a n h p h i n sfl dung n h i l u ngdn ngfl khac nhau, nhfl ngfldi nflde ngoai dang sinh song va lam viec b Viet Nam, hoac ngfldi Viet
Nam thudc cac dan tdc thieu so' cd sfl dung ngdn ngfl rieng, vi vay vi can phai dfldc tich hdp da ngdn ngfl d l phu hdp vdi mpi ddi tfldng.
Tu" dpng dinh vi vi tri: vi la tai san cfla Ngan h a n g N h a nflde, do vay vi phai cd c h i do dinh vi vi tri d l q u a n ly, trfldng hdp bi tha't lae cung de dang tim ra, dong thdi t r a n h t i n h t r a n g ma't d p .
Dam bdo bang thdng cho nhiiu giao dich dong thdi: ta't ca mpi giao dich d i i u thflc hien qua vi dien tfl, vi t h i b nhflng ndi t a p t r u n g dong ngfldi, nhflng ndi cd p h a t sinh nhieu giao dich ddng thdi... d l dam bao khdng bi nghen mang, xfl ly tin hieu cham, Ngan h a n g Nha nflde phai t r a n g bi b a n g thdng, dfldng t r u y i n du Idn, Ngoai ra, vi dien tfl phai co chfle nang t h a n h toan t a m thdi trflc t i l p vdi gia tri nhd hdn so dfl trong tai khoan kM khong ket ndi dfldc vdi Ngan h a n g Nha nudc.
Ngay kM ket ndi lai tM se tfl dong dong bd gifla vi va tai khoan b ngan hang.
Vdi sfl p h a t t r i l n cua khoa hpc cdng nghd thdi dai 4.0 tM viec tao r a vi dien tfl vdi d i y du cac t i n h n a n g t r e n la k h a tM.
3.2.5. Cdc gidi phdp tie xay diing nin kinh te khong diing tiin mat
Biin phdp han che liiu thong vdng trong nen kinh ti'
Be b a n ehe vang ddng vai trd nhfl t i i n te lam phfldng tien ca't trfl, lUu thdng, t h a n h toan trong nen kinh te, Ngan hang Nha nUdc t i i n h a n h t h u m u a vang tfl cac ca n h a n , p h a p nhan. N h a nflde quy dinh vang cM la hang hda, la t r a n g sflc, do vay khi trao ddi mua, b a n d i i u phai chiu t h u e . Cac phap n h a n kinh doanh vang p h a i ddng t h u l , vang cang luu thdng trong n e n kinh te N h a nflde cang t h u dUdc n h i l u t h u l , tfl dd lam cho gia m u a va b a n lech n h a u , cang m u a ban nMeu cang ddng t h u l n h i l u , n h u vay vang se ma't di vai trd la tien te.
Ngan h a n g Trung Udng se thUc hien m u a b a n vang vdi Ngan h a n g N h a nudc de dieu tiet lUdng cung tien, d i i u tiet dfl trfl quoc gia;
Ngan h a n g Nha nflde sfl dung nguon lflc
Nghiin aiu Kinh l4s611(486) • Thing 11/2018 9
Y tudng xdy dung nen kinh te ...
vang nay phuc vu cho viec giao thfldng t h a n h toan qudc te.
Da't nUdc se ma't di chi phi cd hoi vi qua n h i l u ca nhan, phap n h a n sfl dung vang lam phUdng tien luu trfl gia tri. Nguon lflc cua dat nude se bi phan t a n va hdn h i t la CMnh phu khdng t h i k i l m soat lUdng vang luu thdng trong nen kinh te. Trong n i n kinh te ma cd qua nhieu chu the t h a m gia lam phUdng tidn t h a n h toan, tfl dd lam cho nguon luc cua xa hdi bi chia nhd, p h a n tan lam giam sfle manh.
Biin phdp han chi' liiu thdng ngoai ti trong nen kinh ti'
Khi giao thfldng hay n h a n d l u tfl, tai trd tfl nudc ngoai ta't ca nguon ngoai te tfl nflde ngoai vao Viet Nam dieu thdng qua Ngan hang Nha nflde. Tai day Ngan h a n g Nha nflde quy ddi sang tai khoan t i i n Viet va chuyen cho cac ca n h a n , phap n h a n , ngan hang thfldng mai, Kho hac N h a nflde, cac ddn vi thu hfldng lien quan. NgUdc lai, khi cac ddn vi nay thflc Men viec t h a n h toan eho nflde ngoai bang ngoai te, se dfldc Ngan h a n g Nha nflde chuyin tfl tien Viet sang ngoai te va thanh toan cho cac doi tac nUde ngoai; khi cac ca nhan, phap n h a n cd n h u c l u r a nflde ngoai du lieh, hpc h a n h , m u a s l m , d l u tU...
tM tai khoan t i i n Viet se dUdc chuyen sang ngoai te d l sfl dung.
Cac ca nhan ngfldi nflde ngoai khi den Vi§t Nam du lich, hpc h a n h , lam viec, sinh sd'ng mang theo ngoai t e vao Viet Nam se dfldc Ngan hang Nha nflde e l p tai khoan tien Viet cflng vdi vi dien tfl d l sfl dung va so' ngoai te se dfldc c h u y i n sang t i i n Viet de chi tieu, thanh toan; khi xua't canh, ed" t i i n Vi$t cdn lai se dUdc chuyen sang ngoai te theo ty gia tai thdi diem chuyen doi.
Nhu vay ta't ca ngoai te khi vao Viet Nam se dUde Ngan hang Nha nUdc n i m gifl va quan ly, tfl do diiu chinh dn dinh ty gia, can ddi can can xua't nhap k h i u .
Ngan hang Trung Udng thUc hien nghi§p vu mua ban ngoai te vdi Ngan h a n g Nha
nUdc d l d i i u tiet lUdng cung t i i n trong nen kinh te.
3.2.6. Vai trb vd hoat lipng cua ngdn hdng thiidng mat trong Tten kinh te khdng ste dung tiin mat
Trong n i n kinh t e khdng sfl dung tien mat tai khoan cua ca n h a n , p h a p n h a n diiu thuoc Ngan h a n g N h a nflde, Ngan hang Trung fldng se dfla vao t i n h h i n h t a n g trflcing va lam p h a t se quy dinh lai s u i t tien gfli cd ban, khi ca n h a n p h a p n h a n cd t i i n trong tai khoan se dfldc hfldng mot khoan lai sua't la mflc lai sua't cd b a n do Ngan h a n g Trung Udng quy dinh. NhU vay se dam bao duy tri gia tri thflc cua ddng tien.
KM ngan h a n g thUdng mai mud'n huy dpng vd'n trong xa hoi t h i n g a n hang thUdng mai phai t r a mflc lai sua't cao hdn lai s u i t t i i n gfli cd b a n do Ngan h a n g Trung Udng quy dinh, de hfl dap cho chi pM boat ddng, chi t r a lai s u i t huy dpng va ldi n h u a n cua minh, ngan h a n g t h u d n g mai se cho vay vdi mflc lai sua't cao hdn lai s u i t huy dpng nhUng n a m trong khudng kho mflc t r i n lai sua't do Ngan h a n g T r u n g Udng quy dinh.
TSit ca cac giao dich gifla ngan hang thUdng mai va ca n h a n , p h a p n h a n diiu thdng qua tai khoan b Ngan h a n g Nha nflde.
3.2.7. Tien than cua nen kinh ti'khong svl dung tiin mat d Viet Nam
Trong nhflng n a m g i n day de dap flng nhu c l u t h a n h toan trflc tuyen, t h a n h toan qua thiet hi di dong, t h a n h toan qua the, chuyen t i i n . . . nhieu cdng ty da cung ca'p dich vu VI dien tfl va dich vu ngan hang so cho khach h a n g n h a m gia t a n g tien ich thanh toan, dien M n h la MOCA, PAYOO, MOMO, VIETTEL PAY, VI VIET, VIMO, BAG KIM, NGAN LUONG, VNPAY, GRAB PAY, SAMSUNG PAY, VTC PAY, 123PAY, ONE PAY, SEN PAY
Mac dfl nhflng doanh nghidp nay boat dpng trong p h a m vi hep, k h a nang k i t noi cdn h a n c h i , khdng cd cong cu p h a p ly trong tay, cac dich v u chfla da dang va chiu sfl cM
10 Nghien ciiu Kinh lgs611(486) • Thing 11/2018
Y tudng xdy dung nen kinh te ...
phdl q u a n ly giam s a t tfl N g a n h a n g N h a nflde nhflng td'c dp p h a t t r i l n ra't n h a n h va day l a xu hfldng ta't y l u e u a thdi dai. Tren t h i gidi cung cd n h i e u cdng ty cung ca'p dich vu t h a n h toan dien tfl nhfl Alipay vdi so' Ifldng ngUdi d u n g ra't Idn. T r o n g k h i dd Ngan h a n g N h a nUdc cd d i y d u cac cd che, cdng cu p h a p ly, n i m dUde ngudn lUe cua da't nude, cd ta't ca cac d i i u kien c i n va d u de de d a n g x a y d u n g n e n k i n h t e k h d n g sfl
dung tien m a t .
3.2.8. Thd'ng ki phUdng tiin thanh todn trong nin kinh te'hien nay d Viet Nam Theo thd'ng k e c u a N g a n h a n g N h a nUdc Viet N a m (bang 1) td'ng phUdng tien t h a n h toan v a t i e n gfli c u a k h a c h h a n g t a i cac to chfle t i n d u n g t i n h d e n t h a n g 5 n a m 2018 la 8.757.588 ty ddng, t r o n g dd t i i n gfli cua cac td chfle k i n h t l l a 3.078.932 ty dong va tien gfli cua d a n cfl l a 4.259.041 ty dong.
BANG 1: T o n g phifdng t i e n t h a n h t o a n v a t i e n gtfi c u a k h a c h h a n g t a i c a c t o chfle t i n d u n g t h a n g 5 n a m 2018
Chi tieu Tdng phuong tifin thanh toan (*) Trong do:
- Tiin guri cua cac t6 chiic kinh t^
- Ti^n g&i cua dfln cu
SCI d u (ty d6ng) 8.757.588
3.078.932 4.259.041
Toe dd U n g (giam) so vdi cuoi nfim trudc 6,90
6,94 7,50
Ghi chu: (*)S6 li^u T6ng phuoig ti^n thanh toan tai bao cao n^y chua loai cac Ichoan phat hanh gi^y tcr co gia tri t6 chlic tin dung khac trong nu6c mua.
NguSn: Ngin hang Nha nudc, 2018.
HINH 3: T o n g phiiotng t i e n t h a n h t o a n v a t i e n giufi c u a k h a c h h a n g tai c a c t o chiic t i n d u n g q u a c a c n a m
iO.SOO.OOO 9.000.000 7.500.000
6.000.000 4.500.000 3.100.000 1.500.000 0
Tong phi/ongtiSn Ihanh loan
Tlln gin cua dan of
111" I " iiii:w.iiJiii,ii • • • I
Tien gin ciia cac to chdt kinh te
K0I7 712017 912017 11/2017 112018 312018 9201S
«!017 812017 10Q017 1212017 WU 4201S Thili gian (Ihanglnlm) Nguon: NgSn hang Nha nudc, 2018.
WsW/l c * Kmh Iis611(486) - nii/15 / 1/20W 11
Y tuorng xay dirng nen kinh te .
HINH 4. T i i n m a t Iflu t h o n g t r e n t o n g phflofng tifen t h a n h t o a n
Nguon: Ngfln hang Nha nudc Viet Nam, 2018.
Ty trpng t i i n mat trong nen kinh t l tren tdng phfldng ti$n t h a n h toan khoan 12% tai thdi dilm thang 5 nam 2018 (Mnh 4).
Td'ng phfldng tien t h a n h toan (bang 1) tai thdi diem thang 5 nam 2018, tfldng dfldng vdi 8.757.588 ty ddng - 3.078.923 ty ddng (tiin gfli cua cac to' ehflc kinh te) — 4.259.041 ty dong (tiin gfli cua dan cfl) = 1.419.615 ty dong tien mat, qua day cho tha'y lfldng tien mat luu thdng trong nen kinh te la ra't Idn, chi phi cho viee luu thdng, bao quan tien mat ra't Idn.
Neu trong mot thang lUdng t i i n mat trong n i n kinh te thuc hien ehflc n a n g t h a n h toan mot l^n, vay ta ed td'ng Ifldng tien mat Iflu thdng trong mot nam la: 1.419.615 ty dong x 12 thang = 17.035.380 ty dong, td'ng lUdng tien mat luu thong giip ddi td'ng phfldng tien thanh toan trong cac to' ehflc tin dung.
N l u trong mot tudn Ifldng tien m a t trong n i n kinh t l thflc Men chfle nang t h a n h toan mot lin, vay t a cd td'ng Ifldng tien mat Iflu thong trong mot nam la: 1.419.615 ty dong x 52 tu^n = 73.819.980 ty ddng, tdng Ifldng t i i n
m a t Iflu thdng ga'p hdn 8 l a n tdng phfldng tien t h a n h toan.
Va thflc te Ifldng t i i n m a t trong n i n kinh te thflc Men chfle n a n g t h a n h toan n h i l u hdn mot lan trong mot t u 4 n k h i dd ty trong lfldng t i i n mat Iflu thdng so vdi tdng phfldng tien t h a n h toan la ra't Idn.
4 . Ket l u a n v a gtfi y c h i n h s a c h Xay dflng n i n k i n h t l khdng sxt dung tien mat se huy dong dUdc ta't ca nguon lUc nhan roi trong dan, theo Udc t i n h nguon lUc trong dan tudng dfldng k h o a n 60 ty USD (theo bao cao cua Ngan h a n g T h i gidi, thdi diem nam 2018) chua dfldc dUa vao k h a i thac s\t dung gay lang phi cho xa hoi.
Minh bach hda cac tgCt ca cac boat dong san xua't kinh doanh, N h a nflde khdng bi tha't t h u t h u e .
Giam dang ke chi phi cho viec s\t dung tien m a t nhfl la cac h o a t dong kiem dim, van chuyen, bao quan, chi phi in tien, hao mon trong qua t r i n h sii dung, cac giao dich ngay cang ddn gian hdn, it td'n n h a n sU, mlft it thdi gian hdn, m a n g lai hieu qua cao hdn cho cac
12 Nghien aiu Kinh ti'sd 11(486) • Thing 11/2018
t tudng xdy dgng nen kinh te .
td chfle tin dung, ngan hang, cac doanh nghiep.
Giam chi phi h a n h cMnh, gia'y td in a'n cho cac boat dong lien quan den t i i n mat, giam chi phi eho cac hoat ddng t h a n h toan, chuyen khoan, ba't cfl ndi d a u moi ca n h a n , p h a p n h a n d i i u thflc hien dfldc viec chuyen tien qua lai mot each n h a n h ehdng va d l dang,
Va'n n a n tien gia se khdng cdn, cac td ehflc rfla t i i n se khdng cd cd hoi de boat dong vi Chinh p h u kiem soat moi boat ddng cua ca n h a n , doanh nghiep.
N i n kinh te v a n h a n h hieu qua, n h a n h chdng hdn, cac boat dpng san xua't kinh doanh dien r a t h u a n ldi.
Chinh phu kiem soat tridt de dUdc thi trUdng vang, ngoai te, ddng tien trong n i n kinh t l tfl do d l dang dieu h a n h dat nudc.
Va'n n a n hoi Id, t h a m n h u n g , n a n trdm cap, budn b a n ma tuy, budn lau, toi p h a m se giam dang ke, a n ninh chinh tri trong nUde dUdc dam bao vi Ngan h a n g N h a nude quan ly mpi boat dong, lich sfl giao dich cua titng tai khoan, do vay d l dang xac minh nguon goc cua ddng t i i n , cac giao dich m u a sam, chuyen nbUdng cua cac ca n h a n p h a p n h a n dieu thdng qua Ngan h a n g N h a nflde.
Bp may h a n h cMnh se t i n h gpn, hoat dpng bieu qua. Minh bach hda ta't ca mpi hoat dpng cua ta't ca cac chu the trong n i n kinh te.
Xu hudng n i n kinh te khdng dung tien m a t la xu hudng p h a t trien ta't ye'u cua n h a n loai, qud'c gia nao n h a n h chdng xay dUng se giup cho qudc gia do phdt trien n h a n h hdn, v a n minh bdn, cdng bang xa hoi tot hdn. Su p h a t t r i l n cua khoa hoc ky t h u a t ngay nay, trong cuoc each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 nay dap flng, dam bao cho viec xay dung nen
kinh te khdng sfl dung tien m a t dien r a mot each n h a n h chdng va t h u a n ldi./.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
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S0014-2921(17)30209-X.
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8. Sir Dinh Thanh va Vu Thi Minh Hing (2006), Nhqp mdn tai chinh - lien te, Nxb Dai hoc Qu6'c gia TP.
H6 Chi Minh.
9. Thorsten Beck, Haki Pamuk, Ravindra Ramrattan, Burak R. Uras (2018). Payment instruments, finance and development. Journal of Development Economics 133 (2018)162-186.
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Money creation and circulation in a credit economy.
Physica A 465 (2017) 425-^37.
Ngky nhan bai: 3-9-2018 Ngay duyet dang: 8-10-2018
Nghiin ciiu Kmh l4s611(486) - Thing 11/2018 13