50 NGONNGCr&OblSdNG s61+2 (207+208)-20^3 :NGONNGCtVdlvAN CHUONG I
TW^^g CA (DAO o^gVdi Vitr
TWE S'VM'BOCS or KJUyTJWD 'WlJfiD m'Vm'i^jiiM'EM rocKsoj^gs
NGUYEN THUY VAN (NCS, Hpc vien Khoa hQC Xa hoi) AhstracI
S\'nib(ils have played an inifK>rtant role in our life. Symbols have made a great contribution Io creating the cultitre with the most basic features. The symbols of folk songs are selected picttues which have been experienced through years and years. This has made the traditional chaiacteiistics of folk songs. The author focuses on symbols of "rain" and "wind" - common weather plienomenons not only in people's life, but also in art and literatuiie - in Viemamese folk songs in order to show how traditional artists have borrowed pictures of weather to express their intimate moods, feelings atid emotions.... over the past thousands of years.
. „ ; . , . , .i . . . Hinh tirong mua trong \an hpc noi chung 1. Ine gioi cac bleu trmie da done mot vai , . . .,-- vi •• •- i- u-i.
^ . ^ .*= • va trong ca dao Viet Nam not neng la hinh tro quan trpng trong do. song tinh than cua con , ^ ^ g , ^ j ^ ^ - ^ ^ ^ „ . ^ „ g ^ . , ^ „ j , ,.^
nguoi tu xua den nay. Cac bieu trung gop phan Miia mua 6 Vift Nam khong bit dJu a raiia lam nen bp mat cua mot nen van hoa 6 nhthig Dong hay XuSn mi khoi sg- tiong miia He va ducmg net co ban nhit. Do la mot thl gioi co keo dai qua mua Thu vcri nhihig con mua sire hap dan dac biet do no quy tu nhieu tinh dam tam t§ thang bay, thang tam. Thi nhan chat ducmg nhu doi lap nhau; vira hien hi?n. Vict Nam. trong nhimg ngay mua buon da vira tiSin an; vira bpc ip. vira che giiu; vita r5 timg d?t nen bao nhieu van tho trir tinh tuyet rang, vira mong lung . . . . Bieu trung ca dao la lac. Gpi l^i day nhihig thi pham miia muaco nhihig hinh anh da duoc dan gian chon lpc *^ 'a"' '=> ''^ 'hem que huong yeu dJu, trong sir dung va duoc thir thach qua nhiju n5m " ' V ^ S *«™ "^^i " 8 " " i ^'i. "^^ch va hieu thang. thl hien dam net nhimg dac tnmg truySn '"^' * ™ " ^ '^'^ ""^"^ "''^- ^ ^ ""^ "'"«
th6ng cua ca dao. Trong pham vi bai vijt nay ' " " ^ 1;^;^ " ^ l " " * ° Z™"*^ ,"'^™'^ "f»" ™ . . . , . i . , . , . , chac khong lam ta chan nan cuoc song men tac gia tap trung chu yeu vao hai bieu trung ^^_ ^,, ^^ ^ j ; ,p ^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^-^ ^ „ mua va-gio trong ca dao ngucrt Viet. hon qua nilm thong cam chung cua thi ca.
2. Bieu tnmg mm va gm trong ca dao ^^ ^inh hrpng mua do. tac gia dan gian &
• phan anh noi niem, khat vong va ca nhung kinh 2. / Bieu irung mua „ ^ ^ ^ ^ „ ^ ^^ ^ ^ B ^ g ^^ ^y sj jij
so 1 +2J207+208)-2013 NGON NG& & 0 6 l S 6 N G 51
hien nhung khao sal ciia tac gia ve bieu irrnig mua va bien the ciia no trong kho tang ea dao Viet Niim
Bieu trung \ a bien thl
Mua Mua phiin Hat niira Mua sa Tong cpng
So lan 78 7 8 6 99
T i l f 78.79 7.07 8,08 6,06 100.00 Bang 1. Bieu trimg mu-a (Nguun.Theo khau sdt cua tdc gia ndm 2011)
a Y nghTa ciia bieu trung; mica
Ca dao ehinh lii lieng noi eua dong npi. la ani vang cua lang que lo tniyen. phan anh sinh hoal nong thon. elnia chan linh cain dan tpc va mau sSc xir so. Cai dep cua ca dao giong nhir cai dep eua eo thon nir. an tang sue song, Hinh anh trong ca dao rat sac net. manli me, co khi lire, trong treo nliir khong khi dong que buoi sang.
Co the noi niira \ a nang. trang va sao, mat troi va bong toi. gio va may la nhimg hinh anii va trang thai thoi liet quen thupc khong nhOng trong doi song ma ca trong nghe thuat va van hpe.
Tir nghin nam qua, nhung nghe sT dan gian van mirgn nhCrng hinh anh va trang thai ciia thoi ti8l de gui gam long minh de bay to tam su, noi ni^m ctia minh. Trong ehuyen de nay, tac gia se ban vk biSu Urcmg mua trong ca dao Viet Nam.
b/ Biiu tnmg mira mang y nghTa the hien nhimg kinh nghiem trong .sdn xudl, sinh hogt ciia ngicai Viel
N6n van hoa nong nghiep, san xu3t lua nuoc truyin thSng cua dan tpc ta da dS Iai dau an sau dam trong doi song van hoa, sinh hoat, lao dpng. Trai qua bao th^ he cha ong la da tich luy dupc nhi^u kinh ngliiem trong san xual va dir bao nhiing hien tupng tu nhien nhu nSng, mua, gio ret, bao hit co anh huong den miia mang, thoi vu Nhiing kinh nghiem mau xuong ciia bao doi duoc lich tu trong nhiJng cau tuc ngiJ,
ca dao ve trong lua. trong cay, chSn nuoi...
Day chfnh la bai hpc quy gid ma ngudi nong dan Vi§l Nam xua kia truyen l^i cho cdc the he chau con.
Va mua ia mpt trong nhiJng hien tupng tu nhiSn pho bicn, Ihc hi?n nipt trong so nhiJng kinh nghiem do:
Khi chua co khoa hpc khi lupng, cha ong la da bi^t dira vao qua trinh quan sat ihoi ti^t, sir vat va rijt ra dupc nhung quy luat ngin gpn, eu the ve nhCrng bien dpng mua.
ii4ng the hipn qua nhij-ng eau ca dao nhu:
"Mdy xanh thi ndng, mdy trdng thi mua "
"Mdy kdo xudng bidn ihi ndng chang chang.May keo len ngdn Ihi mica nhu triit"
"Mdng ddng vong tdy, chdng mua ddy cdng bdo gidt"
"Mau .sao thi ndng. vdng .sao thi mua "
"Thdng bdy heo may. chudn chudn hay thi hdo "
Cac net dac biel ciia eac thang trong nam dugc truyen qua bao doi:
- "Dem thdng ndm chua ndm da sdng "
- "Ngdy thdng muai chua cuai dd ldi"
"Budn ve mot ndi ihdng gieng.
Con chim cdi cii ndm nghieng thd dal Budn ve mdt ndi ihdng hai.
Dim ngdn ngdy ddi, thua thiet ngudl la Budn ve mui nui thdng ba, Mua ddm, ndng lira, nguiri ta lie die
Budn ve mot noi thdng lu.
Ccm mat lie die, cc/m chdng mudn dn Bucm ve mgt ndi ihdng ndm, Chica dat minh ndm. gd gdy chim keu "
Su luan chuyen cua thai gian cung dirpc mieu ta chinh xae, sinh dpng:
"Qua gieng het ndm. qua rdm het thdng"
- "Ndng chong trua. mua chdng toi"
- '"Mdng mot luai irai, mdng hai la lua.
- Mdng ba cdu liem, mdng bdn lu&i liem Mong ndm liem giai. miing sdu that trdng... "
52 NGON NGiJr & 06\ SONG S 6 1+2 (207+208)-2013
".\hcin rdm Irdng ndu. micdi .sdu n dng treo' 'diu nam dun xndn sang he "
I )e gieo c;iy thiinh eong. diing thai vi,i v;i bpi thu ngirai dfm phiii quiin siit ti mi ciie hipn tupng lir nhien trong mpt qua Ulnh nhal djnh.
ghi nhtr eiie ki Ihiiiit eanh lae de rut thiinh cim nang kinh rigliiC'm sitn xual elm buo the hp.
Muon gieo tiong. eii> bir:i khong phai cir liiy tien Ihieh irong liie n;in \i\ Irong. Mii phai di;a van Ciie dicu kiC'ii lluuiii loi eua tu nhien:
\ lung chin thdng chin cd mua Ihi ccm Slim sun ciiy hira ldm dn Mdng chin thdng < bin khdng mica.
Thi ccm bdn ca cin hint di budn"
\dngIf'ii dua. miniti'ii liia"
\dm tricc'rc dugc can. ndm san din/c liia"
Nhir trdi mua gid thudn hud.
Mined] niio edy. tre gid dua nhcui.
i 'him. gii. cd, bm. ciinh can.
Miiu niui thicc ndy giic mdu nhd cpie ".
\'cn nhi'mg eau c^ dao eo van eo dieu. duyen dang, sinh dpn^. de nhtV. .eha ong la da giri gam linh eam gfui bo. hoa minh \in thien nhien, dong thiri dp u kliiit \png ehinh phue. eai tao thien nhien. do lii nhimg c.n.li ngliT. nep sinh Imat, luo dting san xuat eua ngin'ri dan nong nghiep. Ngum \ lei xua luon eo >' lliirc \ e \iee due rill, gin gifr. km tmyen nhung kinli nghipm qui biiu eho cac llie he noi tiep.
e liii'u trung mua mang y nghTa the hien nhung khd khdn tnmg c udc .si'mg
Ca dao dien ta diri .song iir linmg. tinh eam muon mau muon \ e eua nguiri lao dpng. Siing dual \;i hpi eu. nguin lao dpng Viet Nam ehju nhieu noi diing ea\. liii cue. \'\ \i\\ xuat hipn khong it nhirng bai ea dao than thiin. Trong nhung bui ca dao do. bieu tnmg nura Ihiriyiig dirae xuiil hien dc ehi nhimg kho khfin, ca circ trong eupe song Vi du nlur ci'tu ea dao suir
Than em nine hai mica rau I lgi nil xuung gieng. hgt viia vui'rn hoa 'Than em nhu hat mua sa
Hal viio ddi cat.. hid ra riic'mg ciiy Cuu Cil dao tren noi vc so phan ngucri phu nir Vict Nam ihoi xira khong duac qu\el djnh s6
phyn eua minh. thuimg g^p nhieu kho khSn. tiii e^re.
i lay nhu cdu ca dao sau:
DcV la chdng v(rai dd ddnh dirng xleu Mini sa Idc dcic gid ldp lanh limg
\V\6\.\ trung mua ii day mang y ngliTa nhQng chong gai ma doi vpf chong se gdp phai trong cupc song. Noi tom lai. nura cung dirpij diing de the hipn y nghTa bieu trung cho s\r nguy liii}m. nii ni. de di,)a trong cupc song xua nay.Viiy eon bieu tnnii' gio trong ca dao ngircn Vipt Ihuimg the hipn dii^'u gi?
2.2. Hieu iriniggid
Noi vc hinh lucmg gio trong van hpc dan gian Vipt Nam noi chung va ca dao Viet Nam noi rieng, eiie nha phe- blnh % an hpc thucmg cho • rdng gio la s(r va cham. gian dCr cua cdc nguyen lii chong chpi nhau. Id dong xoay ciia cae Iuc bi'ing tiii va anh sdng. ihu hiit mpi su song vao vimg tuan hoan ki la ciJa no.
Khong eo gi co the vo can vdi luong thoi eua gio. dii do la mat nuac song. Ia tan la cay hay la lam hon nguiri. tat ea deu phan img dap iai innrc si,r tiep xiic vai gio. \ a su tuong dong giira eiie khi eua cluing cang Ian thi sir phan img edng Ion. s\r cpng hucmg ben trong - kin dao va ben ngoai - ro rpt cang manh. I^am xiic dpng cac tam hon ngucri. lan gio cang bin ra thoi vao ede cau ca dao Viet Nam. lani song day cac lien tucmg tjuen thupc. Ca dao Viet Nam tir xua dd trdn dd\ tieng ri rao cua gio, do eo ihc Id gio xuan em dem. diu dal suoi am thien nhien bdng hai tho ddy sire song ciia no.
MiM khac. con ngircri cung khong the than nhien tnroc Ian gio thoi- Giong nhu hoa miia xiuin, con ngucri dirirc tiep them sinh khi ciia gio. ni) vuan thdng cac bo phdn bi chiing yen.
\;i hoi sinh trong hoi tho cua miia xuan. "Ngpn gio trang ldnh toi ihoi tung bay lan vay lua mong cua em, vd chiec ao mau xanh non, nhu Id CO miia xuan phat pha nhiing ngpn dai theo gio". Nhimg cai chinh ngpn trieu miia xuan ciia lu6ng khi sang da bao trCim con ngucri, va trai tim nguai - nai tap trung ciia khi Irong ca the- v ^ dpng vd rung dpng eiing mpi nhip vcri loan
s6l+2(207+208)-2013 NGON N G Q & DOI SONG the Ihien nhien. Doi khi trirae mdi ta hien ra cd
mpt birc tranh, trong dci tat ea deu hoa dieu vai nhau; gio. tim ngircri. tlie gitVi cam thu, hoa eo.
Tinh hinh xual hien eiia biSu inrng gi6 se diKTC phan anh ehi tiet qua hang diuvi d;i>
Bieu trimg va i So lan bicn the
Gio CPK) iiuni Cii6mua_
( l U i iiLim
lie
^76 47 1,07 ' 4.S^
] S.dd
^ o n g epng ^ 186 UK) UO Biing 2: Bieu t n m g gio (Ngiiun I hen khau silt cua tdc gia ndm 2011).
a ) nghia cua hieu trimg gid
Di vao ca dao \ iei Nam. bieu tnmg gio ngoai >' nghTa diie ket kinh nghiem eua img cha ta \ c mat Ihcri tiet. bicu tnmg iia\' eiin gop phan tlie Iiien nhimg triet ly nhdn sinh sdu sac.
Clio la nguon nang Iiraiig vo tan vd sue gio la dae tnmg ducrc khai thac nhieu de tao nghTa bieu tiimg. Neu AJ/V/L mua Id cua trdi" tlii nhfmg can giti dau \o hinh \an eo kha nang huy hoai khong kem vi gio gop phan rat Ion trong viec "vi}" nen be mat hanh tinh. Sire manh eua gio con duae dimg bieu tnmg cho nhthig thu thach. kho khan. Nguiri co thuc ldi, dam lupc moi eo thetrii \'Lmg truoc "ddugid"':
nguiri vimg vang, tu tin mai co the vuat qua nhinig bien dpng. kho khan ciia cupc doi.
b/ Bieu nimg gid the hieny nghTa bieu trung cho .su nguy hiem. rui ro. de cha ircmg cudc scmgxira net}'
Chang ban nhu;
i 'dy cao thi gid cdng lay
('cing cao danh vung cdng ddy gian Irudn Nhung vcri ngucri qudn tir, lap trucmg vung vdng thi "giu " chi la thir thach nho trong cupc dcri nhu "edy yiu gid lay, edy cao hdng cd"
Hai cdu ea dao tren co y nghia khdc nhau nhimg bi^u trung gio co phdn tuong ddng. Vcri net nghTa nay, "gid " ciing dupe diing de chi ve mpt M lire ma ke xau lpi dung dc lam hai ke khac. Hoae bi^u tnmg cho ke chuyen gay roi, khong d^ ngircri khac yen. Hinh tucmg gio con
diing bieu mmg dieu xau. eai ac ma eon ngucri gay ra va euoi eiing khong ihoal khoi quy ludt
"nhdn ncio-qua ddy". "gieu giu-gdt bdu "
Trong quan hp xu hpi vd ea trong gia dinh, neu phe phan. ehi trich nang nc qua mire eo th6 dan den hau qud xau. Nguiri bj phe phdn khong nhiing khong tiep thu ma ngupc lai ndy sinli su oan ghet. "Gid " c6 sue manh nhung Iai vo dnh, tang hinh. Su hien hCai ciia chimg chi thay dupe qua doi tupng bj ldc dpng nhu; la eay ri rao, song ggn ldn lan,... eum eliir khong thdy; nhdn biet ma ehdng the ndm bat. Dae linh hihi dpng nhung vo hinh nay dugc dimg bieu trung cho net nghTa khong chdc chan; chang dang lin, co nhu khong hodc "danh triing bo diii" trong hanh dpng. Icri noi. tinh each. Chrmg han nhir eau ca dao:
Ndi thi nhu mdy nhu giu Cho thi thdng md khdng xung
Gio la mpt hien tugng lu nhien, ton tai mpt each khach quan nen gio con dugc bieu tixmg cho thiri the hay Id Icri khuyen khi bat tay lam viec gi ciing can phdi cdn nhac thiet hon. lira chpn edch giai quyet diing dan. phii hgp vcri hodn canh. biet tan dung thiri ea thi cong viec moi thanh cong.
c/Bieu trimg gid the hien nhung du bdu ihcri liet hay phdn dnh kinh nghiem irong .san xudl.
dcri .sung cua ngicc'ri Viet
Khi hau nong, lanh trong cac thang eung dugc ddnh ddu moc trong ca dao. tue ngfr thong qua bieu trung gio, vi du nhu hai cau ea dao sau:
'"Gid bdc hiu hiu. .seu keu thi ret"
"Thdng gieng lel ddi, thdng hai rel l()c.
thdng ba rel ndng Bdn "
Hay trong cdu ca dao sau:
"Thdng tdm ndng rdm Irdi buiri"
"Ddu ndm suang muc'n. cudi ndm gid ndm"
Nhin chung, giong nhu nhfmg bieu tnmg tir thien nhien khac, bieu trung gio la mpt bieu tnmg pho bien the hien nhieu tang lap, y nghTa
54 NGON NGUT & 0 d l SONG s6l+2(207+208)-2013
khac nhau n h u mang \ nghTa la n h i j n g t h u ihiich. kho khdn. nhfmg btil irfie ma con nguiri phdi gap trong euoe diri li;iv bii;u t n m g cho nhfmg y ngliTa khong chac chdn, k h i m g lin e;iy.
3. Bieu t n m g luon chira d\nig trong m i n h nhung gid trj dd dircTc vTnli hdng liiia. Miiiii irinig la mpt thye the .song dong. luon luiin co sir luan chuyen. diip doi nghTa lien Uie Sinh the
; i \ duge nuoi d u o n g bang nhChig lot tir duy, nliimg tuiriig tmnig plumg phii ciia con nguiri.
Diri song eii.i eon nguiri khong biio giir btVt phirc tap d i . va hicu I n m g vi ihe eung khong bao g i a don gi;iii hon. N h f m g phirc Itip ciia cupc song dpi \'iio ldm l u eon ngtriri nhChig suy tuong khong c i m g . dc riii tir dt). chiing lai duiTC diin nen vao hp thiing bieu t n m g . 1)6 la con d u i m g lat yiiu eiia diri sting va cung la x u huong ton tiii vd phdt trien ldi yeu ciia bieu t n m g . Bieu t n m g mua va gii) irong tieng V i e i Cling n h u \ a \
Tdi lieu tham khao 1. V u Dung. V u riuiy Anh (2003). Cadau Vii't
\ain, 2 lap. Nxh f ein bda thdng tin
2. Nguyen NghTa Dan (1997), Cir dao Vi('t
\ani 1945-1975. Nxb Van hoa 1 hong tin. Ha Npi.
3. Nguyen Thj Ngoe Di^p (2001). Bieu tir^mg nghi^ ihudl trcmg ca dau iruyen thdng ngicdi Viel, Luan an lien sT Truimg Dai hpe Sir phiini Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh. Tp, I Io Chi \ f mh
4 Ninh Vict Giao (1996), Kho idng ca dao xic Nghe. Nxb. Ngh? An. Vinh. lap I
5 Ducmg Th! Tiianh Hien (2000), He thong hinh anh bieu tinnig ircmg truyen ngdn Nginvn Mmh C 'bdu. Luan van thac sT. Dai hpc Su ph^m Ha Npi. Ha Noi.
6. Nguyen Van Hieu (2001), Bii-u ttnmg nghe,' Ihudl iremg truyi'n ngdn Nguyen Huy Thiep, Khiiji lii^n tot nghiep. Dai hpc Su ph^in I Id Npi, I la Npi.
7. Do Till Hoa (2010), 1 he gtc'ri dgng vgi ircmg ca dao ed iruven iigitr'ri Vi^t, Luan an lien sT, Trucnig Dai hpc Sir pham Ha Noi. Mil Npi.
8. Jean Cheralier Alain Greerbrant (1997), Tu dii'n bieu tnmg vdn hda the gie'n. Nxb Da Ndng, Trucnig viet van Nguyen Du, Dd Nang.
9 N g u y i n Xuan K i n h (1992). Thi phdp ca dao. Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, l i a Npi.
10. Nguyen Xuan K i n h , Phan Ddng Nhjt (1995). Kho tdng ca dao ngm'ri ViC't. Nxb Vgn h6a Thting tin, Ha N p i .
! I. Tran Van Nam (2003). Bieu tnmg trong CO dau Viel Nam, Lu^n an tien sT, Dgi hpc quoc gia Thdnh pho Ho Chi M i n h . Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh
12. Truong Thi Nhan (1995). Su biiu dgi bdng ngdn tigu: cdc lin hii-u thdm mv - khdng gian chu ea dao, Lugn an P.T.S, Khoa hpc Ngir van, Dgi hpe Su phgm I id N p i , I la Npi,
13. Biii Manh Nhj (1997), 'Cimg ihuc iruyen tbcmg, dgc tnmg edu true cua ca dao ddn ca trii tinh ", 'I gp ehi Vein hgc. Ha N p i . so 1, tr. 76.
14. Nguyen Vdn N o (2009). DIL'U Inmg trung tuc ngu- ngin'n Vi^t, Nxb Dgi hpc Quoc Gia Ha N p i . Ha N p i .
15. V u Ngpc Phan (1978). Tye ngu ca dao ddn ca Vi('t Nam. N x b . Khoa hpc \a hpi. Ha Npi.
16. Hd Cong l a i (1988). Bieu iinmg irdng ircmg tha ca ddn gian. Van hpc. Ha Npi. (5), lr.65-68.
17 Nguyen Phucmg Thao (1994). Thien nhien vd vein hod ngirdi Vii't Nam, trong tap sach ciia cimg tac gia; VSn hoa dan gian Viet Nam - nhung phac thao, Nxb. Giao dye. Ha Noi.
18. Tran T h i D i l m Thuy (2002), Thien nhien trcmg ca dau ddn ca iru linb Vi^t Sum. Luan an tien sT. Tnrcmg Dgi hpc su pham I h a n h plio Ho Chi M i n h , Thanh phti Ho C h i M i n h .
19. Ngu>en Dire Ton (2002), 77m hieu dgc inmg ve'm hda ddn lgc qua ngdn ngu vd tuduy d ngin'ri Vi^•t. N x b Dgi hpc qii6c gia Ha Npi, Ha N p i .
20. D?lngThi Di?u Trang (2006), Thien nhien tnmg ca dao tru tinh ddng hdng Bdc Bo, Luan an lien sT, Vipn Nghien ciru vdn hoa. Ha Npi.
2 1 . Hoang Tu? (1977), "Tin hieu vd bieu tnmg"', I 'an ngbi; (11), tr.7.
22. Phgm Thu Yen (1998), NhCmg the gidi nghe ihugt ca dao, N x b Giao dye. Ha Npi.
23. Vipn Ngon N^i? Hpe (2010). Tu dien Tieng Vii't, N x b Tir Dien Bach Khoa, Ha Npi.
24.Truomg viet v i n Nguyen Du (1997), Tic dien bieu trtmg van hod the gidi, Nxb Da Nang, Da Ndng.
(Ban Bifin t$p nhSn 6ii ngay 05-12-2012)