TIT lieu tham khao
So 4(82) ndm 2016
M UlMG DVNG CAC LI THUVfiX TAM LI HQC TRONG D^Y HOC MAM NON
T R A N NGUVeN NGUYEN HAN'.
TOM TAT
Bdi viit trinh bdy tdm tdt cdc ii thuyet tdm li hQC tieu bieu duac xem id nen tdng dia day hoc mdm non vd viec img dung cdc ii thuyet ndy trong dgy hoc mdm non; qua do, gido vien (GV) cd thi lira chon ngi dung vd phuang phdp dgy hgc phii hap vdi trinh dg phal trien ciia tre.
Tirkhda: li thuyet tam li hpc, day hpc mam non.
ABSTRACT
Applying psychological theories in preschool education
The article prsents a summary of typical psychological theories which form the foundation of preschool education and the application of these theories in preschool education; in light of which, teachers can choose contents and methods that are appropriate to children's levels of development
Keywords: psychological theories, preschool education.
1. Dat vin ai
Tam li hoc dugc xem la co so cho day hpc. K. D, Usinxki vih: "Niu mufln giao due con nguoi ve mpi mat thi truoc het giao due hoc phai hieu bi6t con nguoi vS mpi mat." [1, tr.l7]. Dua tren kien thiic va su hiiu bi6t vj cac li thuyit tam li hoc, GV nhan thiic dupc trinh do phat trign cua tre, tir do, co thi lua chpn npi dung va phucmg phap day hoc phu hgp, dflng thoi, giilp tre quyit dinh phuong phap hgc phii hgp nhit cho ban than.
Nhan thiie dugc tim quan trgng ciia cac li thuyet tam li hgc dfli vol day hpc mim non, Uong bai viit nay, chiing tfli trinh bay torn tit vi cac li thuyit tam h hgc tieu bieu va viec ling dung cac li thuyit tam li hpc vao d^y hpc mim non.
2. Noi dung
2.1. Thuyet chin muoi sinh Itpc (maturism theory)
Theo thuyet chin mufli sinh hpc, tir khi sinh ra, su phat trien ciia con ngucri di theo trinh tu dugc lap trinh sin. Quan diem nay dua tren nen tang triet hpc ciia J.J. Rousseau, liy chuin hanh dpng trong tam li hpc eua A. Gessell va hpc thuyet cua C. Darwin, G. Stanley Hall lam co so.
Nhung chuang trinh tieu biiu di theo quan diem nay co truang phai Summerhill, chuong trinh Montessory, Waldorf...
Theo J. J. Rousseau - nha triit liQC Thuy ST, khi sinh ra, su phat triin ciia con ngudi diln ra mgt each ban nSng, tu nhien theo trinh tu co sin, vi thi, niu tie chua dat din su chin mufli sinh hpc, tac dflng cua mfli truong se anh huong tieu TS, TrubTig Bai hoc Slp pham TPHCM, Email han92mgmail.com
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
Trdn Nguyin Nguyen Hancue den sii tang trudng tvr nhien cua tre.
Tre CO dac tnmg khac voi nguoi lan va tre se trucmg thanh, thuin thuc theo eac cot mflc phat triin dugc quyet dinh theo yiu tfl di truyin. GV phai biit chip nhan dieu do vi cho dgi cho din khi tre dugc chin mufli vi mat sinh hgc.
Chiu anh huong boi thuyit tiin hfla cua C. Darwin - nha triit hgc nguoi Anh, trong cufln "Suy nghT cOa tre (The contents of Children's Mind)", G.Stanley Hall - nha tam H dong thai la nha giao due nguoi MT khSng dinh su phat triin ciia con nguod trai qua cac giai doan dugc du tinh truac. Tren co so nghien ciiu ciia G. Stanley Hall, A.Gesell - nha tam li hgc tre em nguflfi MT cho rang mau hanh dflng cua ca the sinh hgc dugc quyet dinh boi cae yeu tfl di truyen, theo do, flng trinh bay khai niem do chuan bi hgc, su chin mufli sinh hgc. Trong nghien ciiu eua flng, thong qua qua trinh quan sat, danh gia tre, phong vin phu huynh, flng da lap ra danh sach chuin hanh dflng theo do tufli dugc coi la tieu chuin vi su phat trien, tang truong cua tre va la thflng tin h£n4 ieh giup GV ISp ki hoach giao due phii hgp voi trinh dp phat trien cua tre theo timg do tuoi.
Do chin mufli v4 dfl chuin bi hgc tap la hai khai niem cflt loi cua thuyit chin mufli sinh hgc. Khi van dung thuyit chin mufli sinh hgc vao day hgc mim non, GV cin nim ro dfl chuan bi hgc tap ciia ca nhan di cung cip ngi dung giao due phil hgp. ® Do chin mufli (maturation) la tre co thi thuc hien kl nang mcri theo trinh dg phat trien ciia tre, nha vay ma hanh dflng cua tre dugc bien
hoa mot each tu do. Su ph4t triin cua tre bi kiim chi va bi diiu chinh theo s\i thuin thuc, chin mufli. Dflng co cua su phat triin chinh la yiu tfl di truyin. ® Do chuan bi hgc t|p (leaming readiness) la thoi ki hgc tap dien ra sau khi tre chin mufli vi mat sinh hgc. Niu muon day ngi dung nao cho tre, GV phai biet cho dgi cho den khi tre chin muoi ve mat sinh hge. Quan diem niy cho rang tre khi dat d6n su chin mufli de hgc didu gi dfl, tre sg nam bat dugc phuang phap hgc dieu do.
GV khong can phai thiic ep tre hpe dieu khflng phil hgp voi trinh do phat trien cua tre ma can quan sat hanh dgng tu phat cua tre, nhan biet chinh xac thai diem cSn phai can thiep bang giao due d6 co th§ Ifli keo tre tham gia vao hoat dflng hgc tip.
Noi mgt each cu the la GV can cung cap boat dgng phii hgp vod do chuan bi cua tre, xay dung mfli truong thoai mai, tiep nhjn tre de tre tu hinh thanh nang luc hgc tap, dong thoi, tfl chiic hoat dflng Hnh boat phil hgp vol nhu cau va hirng thii cua tre.
2.2. Thuyet hdnh vi (behaviorism theory)
Theo thuyit hanh vi, hgc tap duge hinh thanh bai tac dflng va phan ling cua mfli truong ben ngoai. Tire la, viec nguoi Ion cung cap kinh nghiem phii hgp se lam bien dfli hanh dgng ciia tre theo chiiu hucmg tich cue. Quan diem nay dua tren nen tang triet hpc ciia J. Locke, liy co sflf tam li hge cua J. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, E.Thomdike, B. F. Skmner, A. Bandura...
Chucmg trinh tidu biiu cho quan diim nay la DISTAR.
Quan diim cila J. Locke - nha triit
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hgc nguoi Anh dua trdn ea sa eiia tabula rasa (tir Latin: co nghia la mgt t4m the g6 nhin bong hay tim bang tring, thuat ngO diing trong li thuydt vd nhan thuc Iuan de chi vide con nguai sinh ra ehua hd bidt gi vd thd gidi, con "tr^ng" va toan bg nguon tri thuc dugc xay dung d4n d ^ tilr trai nghidm va tri giac vd thd gidi ben ngoai).
Theo do, diia fre khi sinh ra nhu td giiy tring, mgi hanh vi ciia tre dugc hinh thanh thong qua kinh nghiem ma tre cd dugc trong qua trinh tang trudng. Thong qua hudng dan cu thd, Iam mlu, khen thudng. Cling co, tre se phat tridn theo mong dgi ciia ngudi ldn.
Dai didn cho hpc thuydt hanh vi 1^
B. F. Skinner - nha tam Ii hgc ngudi MT.
Ndu ngudi ldn xay dung moi trudng dap Omg hanh vi cua tre thong qua didu kien dugc thuc hidn bdi thao tac, hanh vi ciia tre se dd dang nay sinh, luc nay, ndu ngudi ldn khen thudng tre se gliip ciing c6 hanh vi ciia tre. Nguge lai, khi tre thuc hidn hanh vi nao dd ma bi ngudi ldn khidn trach, hanh dgng do se bi giam dan.
Tit ca hanh vi cua tre ddu dugc kidm ehd bdi tae d^ng bdn ngoai ggi la: khen thudng v^ Cling c6. Qua trinh nay dugc thuc hidn m^t each lidn tue cd he thdng.
Theo thuydt hgc tap xa hgi cua A.Bandura - nha tam Ii hgc ngudi Canada, du tre khdng nhan dugc su ciing cd true tiep nhung thong qua qua trinh quan sat ngudi Idn thuc hidn hanh dgng (cung cd gian tidp), hanh dgng mdi se dugc hinh thanh. Hanh dgng ciia tre khdng phai duge hgc tap thong qua phan ung hinh thanh nhd tac dgng mdi trudng mgt each
ung va phan tich cua ca nhan vd tmh hudng. Theo dd, tre khdng bit chudc may mdc hanh dgng ciia ngudi khac ma thong qua phan tich ca nhan vd tinh hudng, m6i tre thuc hidn hanh vi khae nhau.
Khi van dung thuydt hanh vi trong day hgc d bac mim nou, GV cin nim ro hai khai niem cot loi cua thuyet hanh vi la Cling cd va lam guang. (T) Ciing c6 la ndu GV khen thudng, khich Id mgt each tieh cue ddi vdi phan ung ciia tre thi tre se the hidn phan ung nhidu hon. Sir phat tridn ciia tre la nhd anh hudng ciia moi trudng va qua trinh luydn tap. Liic nay, ndu tre nhan dugc su khuydn khich ciia GV thi su phat trien ciia tre dugc dien ra mgt each tich cue han. (2) Lam gucmg (modeling) la nhd quan sat hanh dong ciia ngudi ldn, tre hgc tap hay tir choi hanh dgng mdi. Day cd the ggi la hoc tap nhd bat chudc hay hge tap gian tiep. GV xac dinh muc tieu can thiet cho tre, trinh bay ndi dung hgc tap theo trinh tu, h|
thdng, mue do cu thd dd dat dugc muc tidu d§ xac dinh. GV can hudng dSn tre ITnh hgi kidn thiic mdi dua tren ca so kinh nghidm san cd ciia tre. Ngoai ra, GV can hinh thanh mdi trudng co sd vat chat, mdi trudng tam li phu hgp dd hinh thAnh hanh dgng diing d tre, khuyen khich tre tuong tac vdi mdi trudng, lap ke hoach hoat dgng khdng nhihig phii hgp vdi d6 tudi ma cdn tdn trgng su khac biet ca nhan. De cung co hanh dgng diing d tre, GV ndn thudng xuydn td chiie chotre luyen tap, thuc hanh, giang day true tiep, chip nhan y kidn eua tre, khen ngoi, khich Id tre.
TAP CHi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM Tran Nguyen Nguyen Han
(constructivism theory)
Thflng qua su tuong tac giiia mfli truong va di truyin, con nguoi dugc phat Uiin. Khae vo'i li thuyit chu nghTa hanh vi xem tre ton tai mgt each thu dgng, thuyet kiin tao kiin thiic nhan dinh dira tre cfl the tu kien tao kien thirc mflt each tich cue thong qua tuong tac vo'i mfli truong. Kien thirc khong phai la su truyin dat cho tre thflng qua phuang phap hgc tap hay day hgc dugc thuc hien theo trinh tu bat chuoc, ciing cfl, lap lai ma dugc hinh thanh mgt each tieh cue thflng qua chinh kinh nghiem cua tre.
Nguon gflc cua thuyet kien tao kien thirc la tu tuomg triet hge ciia I. Kant, J.Dewey, lay quan diem tam li hpc ciia Hunt, Bloom lam nen tang va dugc J.Piaget va L. X. Vygotsky tiep tue phfl biin. Cac ehuong trinh dai dien eho quan diem nay la Bank Street, Kamii-DeVries, High-Scope, each tiep can Reggio Emilia...
J. Dewey - nhJ triit hpc dflng thai la nha tam li hpc nguoi MT - cho ring giao due la qua frinh tang truong thong qua qua trinh tai kien tao kinh nghiem. Vi qua trinh tai kiin tao kinh nghiem dugc diln ra thong qua viec tuong tac khong ngimg giira tre va mfli truang nen flng da dua ra phuong phap giao due liy tre lam trung tam, liy hiing thii lam frung tam, liy kinh nghiSm lam trung tam nhim m\ic dich eho fre hge tap thflng qua kinh nghiem cua ban than. NghTa la, giao due khflng phai la su chuin bi cho tuong lai mi giao due ehinh la cugc song sinh boat, thflng qua dfl, chuang trinh giao due duoc xSy dung phii hgp voi su phat trien
va himg thu cua tre. Tre dugc quyen tir do lua chgn frong tinh huflng trai nghiem CO y nghTa di hinh thanh kinh nghiem, tir do, fre kien tao kiin thirc cho ban than.
[4]
Thuydt phat tridn nhan thiic ciia J.Piaget - nha tam li hgc ngudi Thuy ST - ciing cho rang tre cd thd kien tao kidn thuc mgt each tich cue thdng qua qua trinh tim hieu, thao tac vdi su vat trong thd gidi xung quanh. Tiic, thdng qua qua trinh ddng hda va didu chinh, tre ITnh hgi kidn thiic mdi hoac vua tai cau tnic hd thdng tri tue vira kien tao kidn thiic.
J.Piaget da giai thich 4 miic do phat tridn tri tue (Van dgng cam giae (0-2 tudi), Tien thao tac (2-7 tudi), Thao tac cu the (7-11 tudi), Thao t^c mdnh dd (11-15 tudi), mdi miic do cd su khac bidt ro rang va dugc thuc hidn theo trinh tu dinh s ^ , tuy nhidn, tdc do phat tridn cua mdi ca nhan la khac nhau. Theo J. Piaget, d thdi ki van dgng cam giac, tre hidu mdi trudng xung quanh thdng qua kinh nghiem cam giae va hoat dgng thd Iuc.
Nang luc bieu tugng va bat chudc dugc coi la d5c trung cua ngdn ngil d thdi ki van ddng cam giac, tinh trgng tam ban nga dugc coi la dac trung tri tue d thdi ki tien thao tac. [6]
L. X. Vygotsky - nha tam li hgc ngudi Nga - la ngudi dai dien cho thuydt kidn tao kidn thiic thdng qua tuong tac xa hdi. Ong lap luSn rang boat dgng tinh thin cua con ngudi la ket qua ciia hoat dgng hgc tap cd tinh chat xa hdi chii khdng phai hoat ddng hgc tap mdt each ca thd [7]. Su phat tridn eiia tre dugc hinh thanh thdng qua qua trinh tucmg tac xa hdi chii khdng thd hidn d
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Tu- li§u tham khao So 4(82) ndm 2016
cac miic do phat tridn tri tue dugc ddng nhit cho tit ca tre. Khi tre gap phai nhiing nhidm vu khd khan trong cudc sdng, tre se hgp tac vdi ngudi ldn va vdi ban be cd nang luc cao hon, nhiing ngudi nay se hd trg, khuydn khich tre hoan thanh nhidm vu ciia minh. Thuydt kidn tao kidn thiic thdng qua tuang tac xa hdi cua L.X.Vygotsky dd cao ydu td van hda, xa hdi ddi vdi su phat tridn cua tre. Theo dd, dd hiiu tre, ngudi ldn phai hidu bdi canh van hda, xa hdi, tap tue noi tre dang sdng, cung cip kinh nghiem, hudng din, hd trg tre hgc tap phu hgp vdi vung phat tridn gin.
Khi van dung thuydt kien tao kidn thiic trong day hgc d bac mam non, GV cin nim ro cae khai niem quan trgng nhu: CD Ddng hda va didu chinh: Ddng hda la qua trinh hap thu, tich hgp su vat mdi vao phac do tri tue (scheme) ed san.
© Didu chinh la Iam bidn ddi phac do tri tue cd san cho phu hgp vdi su v$t mdi.
® Can bang hda: La trang thai can bing cua tri tue, ddng hda va dieu chinh tri tue d trang thai can bing. ® Vimg phat tridn gan (Zone of Proximal Development): La vimg tnmg gian giiia trinh do phat tridn thue td the hidn qua vide tre cd thd thuc hidn cdng vide mgt each dgc lap vdi trinh do phat tridn tidm in ma tre cd thd dat dugc khi nhan dugc su giup dd ciia ngudi ldn hay ban be. © Xay dung gian giao (Scaffolding): La su giiip dd eiia ngudi Idn hay ban be dd tre cd thd thuc hidn cdng vide mdt each dgc lap.
Phuang phap giang day theo thuydt kidn tao kidn thiic dua trdn ca sd thuydt phat tridn nhan thiic ciia J. Piaget nhin
su hinh thanh kidn thiic va thuyet hinh thanh xa hgi cila L. S. Vygotsky nhin manh quan he tuang tac xa hgi trong viec hinh thanh kien thiic ca nhan. Hal nguyen tic chii dao ciia thuyet hinh thanh la:
Kidn thiic ban than nd tu hinh thanh;
Tre ddng vai trd tich cue trong vide hinh thanh kien thiic.
Theo thuydt kidn tao kidn thiic, tre khdng phai la ngudi ITnh hdi kidn thijc dugc lap trinh san ma la "ngudi hgc tich cue" tu tao ra kidn thiic phii hgp vdi thcii diem hidn tai. Vi thd, ydu td tidn quyk cua phuang phap giang day nay la sir tham gia ciia tre vao qua trinh day hgc vdi tu each chii the cua hoat ddng. Tre co nang lire tri tud cd kha nang hgc tSp ta chii (self-regulated learing), cd thd tir dira ra va thue hidn muc tidu, phuang phap hgc tap. GV ddng vai trd la ngudl hucmg dan, ngudi de xuit, ban hgc eung tre de giiip tre hgc tap.
Kien thiic dugc hinh thanh tit phuong phap giang dfiy theo thuyet kien tao kidn thiic bao gdm: kidn thiic vat li, kidn thiic logic-toan, kidn thiic xa hgi.
• Kidn Ihiic vat li: La kidn thiic nh|in bidt tit ca vat thd ddu bidn ddi va dugc tai tao theo tac dgng cua thdi gian, khong gian, luc. Khi tidp xiic vdi mdi trudng, tre sit dung eac giac quan dd lim hidu, tri giac, hinh thanh bidu tugng vd su vat, tir do tre tu kidn tao kidn thiic, thd hidn suy nghT.
• Kidn thiic toan-logic: Tre sir dung kidn thiic toan-logic trong qua trinh tim hidu, nhan bidt thd gidl xung quanh. KiSn thiic toan la ddm sd, so sanh 1 ddi 1, phan
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM
Trdn Nguyen Nguyen Hantr$t tu va quan h^ nguydn nhan-hd qua cua sir vat, tinh lap lai va quan he trudc sau ciia sir kidn.
• Kidn thiic xa hgi: La kidn thiic vd quy tae xa hgi, t^p quan truyen thdng, van hda duge truydn dat thdng qua tuong tae giiia ngudi va ngudi hay ngdn ngii va ngdn ngii, hieu va tdn trgng nhiing ngudi xung quanh.
Vi du vd su kien tao kien thiic ciia trd theo thuyet hinh thanh trong hoat ddng "Be tap buge day giay":
- Kien thiic vat li: Trd hidu rang dac diem ciia loai giay cd day la khi mang giay phai cgt day giay lai mdi dl chuyen duge; hieu cd rat nhidu loai day khac nhau nhung day giay dugc lam bang chat lieu khac vdi cac loai day khac.
- Kidn thiic toan-logic; Tre hidu dugc trinh tu budc day giay. Khi huge day giay, tre ddm sd, diing Idi giai thich trinh tu huge day giay. Qua do, tre hmh thanh kidn thiic vd toan va tu duy logic [2].
Brooks & Brooks (1993) da chi ra vai trd ciia GV khi thuc hidn phuang phap nay nhu sau:
• GV khuydn khich su tu chii va tinh tich cue ciia tre.
• GV sir dung nguydn vat lieu sin cd cung vdi tai lieu dugc chd tac.
• GV thuc hidn gid hgc theo phan ling cua trd, siia ddi ndi dung va phuong phap td chiic gid hgc phu hgp vdi tinh hudng.
• GV cin tim hidu miic do hidu vd khai niem cua trd trudc khi truydn tai khai niem, kidn thiic cho trd.
• GV khuydn khich vide giao tidp giaa GV vdi tre, tre vdi tre.
• GV dat cau hdi md cu the, chi tiet lien quan den chii dd, khuydn khich tre dat cau hdi nhim thuc diy tre hgc tap theo each thiic kham pha.
• GV sau khi dat cau hdi ndn cd
"thdi gian chd dgi" dd trd suy nghT va tra ldi. [3]
2.4. Thuyet tri thong minh da dgng (theory of multiple Intelligences)
Howard Gardner sinh ngay 11/7/1943, la mgt nha tam li hgc va giao due hgc ngudi MT. Ong la ngudi dd xuat 8 Ioai hinh tri thdng minh (TTM). Nam 1983, trong cudn "Cdu true cua tinh than'' (Frames of Mind), dng nhin manh nang luc tri tud phong phii ciia con ngudi va bac bd khai niem TTM IQ duge sii dung dong nhat eho tat ca mgi ddi tugng trude do.
Tri tud ciia con ngudi dugc dinh nghia la nSng luc giai quydt hay sang tao ra vin dd trong cac mdi trudng van hda.
Khac vdi cae thuyet thdng minh khac chi nhan manh den nang Igc tu duy logic, ngdn ngii hay toan, cac pham trii ciia thuydt TTM da dang phong phii han.
Quan niem ciia Gardner vd TTM da dang nhu sau: Cd nhidu dang TTM va chiing phan anh theo nhimg each thiic khac nhau trong cugc sdng. Con ngudi cd tit ca cac dang TTM, nhung moi ngudi cd mdt su kdt hgp dgc dao hoac cd dac tinh ridng. Tat ca chiing ta cd thd cai thidn TTM cua minh, mSc dii mdt sd ngudi se cai thien dd dang han nhiing ngudi khac trong ciing mgt dang TTM.
Danh gia cac dang TTM ciia mgt ca nhan cd the thdng qua phong each hgc tap va each giai quydt vin dd. [5]
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Tu' lieu tham khao Sd 4(82) nam 2016
Gardner da di xuit ra 10 loai hinh TTM nhu sau:
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
Loai hinh TTM TTM ngdn ngii (Linguistic Intelligence):
Word/Book Smart
TTM logic- toan hge (Logio- Mathematieal Intelligence):
Number/Logic Smart TTM am nhac
(Musical Intelligence):
Music/Sound Smart TTM khdng gian- hinh anh (Visual - Spatial Intelligence):
Art/Picture Smart
TTM van ddng ca thd (Bodily- Kinesthetic Intelligence):
Body/ Movement Smart
TTM tuang tac ca nhan (Inter-
Bac trtrng
Tre thich cac hoat ddng ngdn ngii nhu ndi, dge sach, vi6t chii. Thd hidn, truydn dat chinh xac suy nghT, cam xiic cua ban than bing ldi ndi hoac chii vidt. Cd nang lire ghi nho lau va bidt trinh bay vin de cho ngudi khac hidu. Co nang khidu vd ngoai ngCr. Thich dat cau hdi. Tuong lai tre cd the trd thanh nha bao, GV, luat su...
Tre hidu rd sd, ddm, quy tac..., cd nang lue giai toan nhanh le. Ghi nhd lau thdng tin lien quan ddn toan hgc. C6 nhu ciu kham pha vd ddi tugng, hidn tugng tu nhien, nguydn li van ddng va tac dung ciia su vat rit manh me.
Tre quan tam ddn cac tinh hudng suy luan "Ndu - thi". Co kha nang phan tich, tu duy dd giai quydt van dd. Tre thich hgp vdi nghd kd toan, kT su, nha xay dung chuang trinh...
Ghi nhd va phan img tieh cue, chinh xac vdi giai di^u, nhip didu, am sac, am thanh phong phii. Cd nang luc sang tac vugt trgi. Cd nang khidu vd hat, cam am, bidu dien nhac cu... Thuc hidn van ddng theo nhac dd dang. Tre thich hgp vdi nghd soan nhac, nhac sT...
Tre hidu va phan tich tranh, hinh dang, ki hidu, ban do...
rat chinh xac. Cd kha nang tim dudng ehinh xac, hidu va bd tri, sang tao khdng gian dii khdng nhin thay, nang lugng tudng tugng vd khdng gian lap the phong phii. Cd nang khidu va hung thii ve tranh hay tao hinh. Cd thd md ta chi tiet hinh anh. Tuong Iai tre cd the trd thanh nha hang h^, kidn tnic su, nha didu khic...
Tre cd nang lire didu khidn van ddng ca thd, duy tri su cSn bang khi nhay, miia, van dgng, trinh didn... Cd nang luc didu chinh van ddng tinh, v ^ dgng thd, nang luc sir dung dung cu. Phat tridn nang luc phoi hgp tay v^ mit. Hidu vi truydn dat suy nghT bing ngdn ngii cii chi tdt. Tuang lai tre thich hgp vdi nghd van ddng vidn thd thao, linh ciiu hda...
Trd cd kha nang nim bit chinh xac cam xiic va mong mudn ciia ngudi khac. Kha nang ddng cam rat tdt. Cd n5ng
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
Tran NguySn Nguyen Han1
8
9
10
ntelligence):
People/ Group Smart
TTM ndi tai (Intra-personal ntelligence): Self Intospection Smart
Tri thdng minh tu nhien (Naturalist Intelligence):
Nature/
Environment Smart
TTM tdn tai (Existential Intelligence):
TTM tam Iinh (Spiritual Intelligence)
hidn nang Iuc lanh dao. Dugc ban be ydu mdn, thuc hien vai trd tu vin hay trung gian hda giai tdt. Kha nang hgp tac vugt trdi. Tuang lai tre cd thd trd thanh nha tu vin tam li, chinh trj gia
Trd cd nSng luc tu kidm chd, tu suy xet b.m than, hidu r5 cam xiic ciia minh va nhan bidt tai nang ciia ban than. Cd kha nang truyen tai cam xuc tdt. Bidt rd didm mgnh va didm ydu ciia ban than, tu tin vd nang luc ciia ban than.
Xay dung muc dich phu hgp trudc khi tidn hanh cdng vide.
Tuomg lai trd thanh nha nghien ciiu, nha van...
Quan tam ddn mdi trudng tu nhidn cao, cd kidn thiic ve d^c trung va su tang trudng ciia ddng-thuc vat. Quan tam den the gldi via tru. Cd nang luc quan sat, phan Ioai vugt trgi va keo dai lien tue. Tieh cue bao vd ddng-thuc vat.
Tuang lai trd ed thd trd thanh nha mdi trudng, kT su ndng lam...
Tre cd khuynh hudng quan tam ddn "chan Ii" (van dd cudi cung). Tucmg lai tre cd the trd thanh tridt gia, nha Ii luan...
Trd cd nhan thirc vd tam Iinh. Tuang Iai trd ed thd trd thanh nha truyen giao, nha ngoai cam, nha tu hanh...
Khi van dung thuydt thdng minh da dang trong day hgc d bac mim non, GV cin luu y TTM vugt trgi ciia tre khdng cd sin. Khi ngudi Idn tao ca hgi giao due, didu kidn mdi trudng cd tai lieu va hoat ddng phong phu dd trd dugc tuang tac vdi mdi trudng, TTM ciia tre se dugc phat hidn va ngay cang phat tridn. Tre phai dugc cung cip ca hdi phat tridn cac Ioai hinh kidn thiic va TTM phong phu.
GV cin chii trgng cho trd tim hidu sau khai nigm cdt ldi ban la hgc nhieu ndi dung. Trong boat ddng day hgc, nhim tao didu kidn cho tre img dung kinh nghidm
Ngudn. [8]
va kidn thiic, GV can hidu cau true tri tud (profile) ciia trd de six dung phuang phap day hgc phii hgp. Ngoai ra, GV ndn td chirc boat ddng nhim den diem manh cua trd dd tre thd hidn nang Iuc ciia ban than, cung cap CO hdi de tre hgc thdng qua vide sii dung cac giac quan nham giup tre thd hidn suy nghT phong phii.
3. Ket luan
Cac li thuydt tam Ii hgc tidu bidu trong giao due mam non cd the kd ddn la thuydt chin mudi sinh hgc, thuydt hanh vi, thuydt kidn tao kidn thirc, thuydt TTM da dang. Mdi li thuyet ddu the hien quan
Tu- lieu tham khao ^^ ^(^2) "am 2016
didm dae tnmg vd qua trinh tang trudng hidu ro cac li thuyet tam li hgc v^ v^
va phat tridn eua dira tre. Dac tnmg ciia dung Iinh hoat cac li thuydt vao day hpc day hgc mim non la day hgc liy tre lam mim non, cac nha giao due cd thd xac trung tam, day hgc thdng qua tuang tac, djnh ngi dung va phuang phap day hoc day hgc thdng qua vui choi, day hgc phii hgp vdi trinh do phit tridn, hung thii, thdng qua lua chgn tu do. Vi thd, ndu nhu cau eua timg tre.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Nguyen Thi Anh Tuyet (2011), Tdm li hpc tri em lu-a tudi mdm non, Nxb Dai hoc su pham.
2. Branscombe, N. A., Castle, K., Dorsey, A. G., Surbeck, E., & Taylor, J. B. (2003), Early childhood curriculum: A constructivist perspective. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
3. Brooks, J. G., & Brooks, M. G. (1993), The case for constructivist classroom Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
4. Dewey, J. (1933), How we think: A restatement of the relation of reflective thinldng to the educative process, Boston, MA: D.C. Health & Company.
5. Gardner, H. (1983), Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligence, New York:
Basic Books.
6. Piaget, J. (1970), Piaget's theory. In RhH. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael's manual of psychology (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.
7. Vygotxky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
8. http://www.multi-intel.com/Ml_chart.html
(Ngdy Tda soan nhdn duac bdi: 23-01-2016; ngdypfian bien ddnh gid: 27-02-2016;
ngdy chip nhdn ddng: 20-4-2016)