Trang 80
Ultrasound-accelerated arylthiomethylation of indole via multicomponent reaction in water catalyzed by acetic acid
Luu Thi Xuan Thi
University of Science, VNU-HCM
Pham Quang Vinh
Le Hong Phong upper secondary school-Dong Nai
(Received on June 5th 2016, accepted on April 10th2017 )
ABSTRACT
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) play an important role to create the molecular complexity in a one-step process. Based on the mechanism and process of Mannich-type reactions in the synthesis of Grammin, arylthiomethylation reactions of indole were performed by using three components: indole,
p-thiocresol and a solution of formaldehyde (36%) under two activation conditions, e.g. magnetic stirring and ultrasonic irradiation. The main product, 3-(p-tolylthiomethyl)-1H-indole, was obtained in a moderate yield (54%) under short irradiation (40 minutes) by probe sonicator.
Keywords: arylthiomethylation, ultrasound irradiation, acetic acid, and indole
INTRODUCTION
Mannich reaction classified into multicomponent reactions (MCRs), has been fairly extensively investigated, while there are few studies using thiols in place of amines for Mannich-type reaction, namely alkylthiomethylation and arylthiomethylation. The latter has been used widely in organic chemistry, especially in total synthesis of natural products, e.g.
sesquiterpenes and antibiotics [1-5].
Formaldehyde is a very active substrate frequently used in three-component reactions in order to generate active methylene transition compounds (or methides) via the methylenation of electron-rich carbons with formaldehyde. Subsequently, these active methylene intermediates were trapped by ,β- unsaturated ketones [1], ,β-unsaturated esters [2],
lactams [3, 4, 6], thiols [5, 7], indole [7, 8], and polyarenes [9].
In pursuit of our work on the analogue of the Mannich reaction, we report the arylthiomethylation involving indole, p-thiocresol and the solution of formaldehyde (36 %) to produce 3-(p- tolylthiomethyl)-1H-indole under the assistance of ultrasound irradiation in comparison with the on under magnetic stirring (Fig. 1). According to our literature review on the three-component reaction of indole, alkanethiol/arenethiol and formaldehyde, it was found that only one article described the yield around 25 % of desired products obtained for six-day magnetic stirring [8].
Trang 81
HCHO N
H +
SH
+ Catalysts
or )))) N H
S
+
N
+
S S S
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(5) (6)
Fig. 1. Phenylthiomethylation involving indole, (1) p-thiocresol (3) and the solution of formaldehyde (2) to afford 3-(p- tolylthiomethyl)-1H-indole
MATERIALS AND METHODS Instrumentation
Ultrasonic irradiation was performed by means of a probe sonicator GE130-41505L with 1/8" (3 mm) stepped microtip, operating at frequency 20 kHz.
GC/MS analyses were performed on Agilent 7890A apparatus equipped with HP 5MS capillary column (30 m x250 m x0.25 m) and 5973C VL MSD with Triple-Axis Detector, detector and injector temperature at 250 oC, gas carrier (Helium) at 11.104 mL/min (total flow), and oven temperature programme as follows: started at initial temperature is 50oC (maintained 2 min), increased 10oC/min up to 300oC (maintained 4 min). GC analyses were performed on Agilent 6890N apparatus equipped with capillary column (30 m x320 m x0.25 m), detector and injector temperature at 250 oC, gas carrier (Nitrogen) at 1.0 mL/min (total flow), and oven temperature programme as follows: started at initial temperature is 80 oC (maintained 1 min), increased 25
oC/min up to 230 oC (maintained 1 min) and continued increasing up to 300 oC (maintained 2 min). NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker 500 NMR spectrometer at 500 MHz (1H) and 125 MHz (13C).
Chemicals
All commercially available chemicals used were purchased from Aldrich and analyzed for authenticity and purity by GC/MS prior to use.
General procedure of arylthiomethylation of indole with p-thiocresol and the solution of formaldehyde (36 %) into 3-(p-tolylthiomethyl)-1H- indole under ultrasound irradiation
p-Thiocresol (0.248 g, 2.0 mmol) was added into the 25 mL two-neck pear flask containing 6 mL of water, then glacial acetic acid (0.180 g, 3 mmol), the formaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 36 % aq.) and the indole (0.351 g, 3.0 mmol) were added successively. The flask was equipped with the ultrasound probe and irradiated at a suitable amplitude for a specific period of time. Subsequently, 7 mL of water was added and the pH was adjusted to pH 11–13 by 20 % NaOH solution. The reaction mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (4 x 15 mL). The combined extracts were washed with water until pH 8, and then dried (anhydrous Na2SO4). After removal of the solvent by rotatory evaporation, the crude product was analysed by GC or GC/MS. The product was isolated by flash column chromatography (4–7 g silica gel, Davisil, grade 710, 4–20 m, 60 A, 99 %) using as eluent a mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (9:1 v/v).
Trang 82
Spectroscopic data
The identity and purity of products reported were ensured by GC/MS and NMR spectroscopy as descriptions below:
3-(p-Tolylthiomethyl)-1H-indole (4), C16H15NS (M = 253), white solid, mp 145-146 oC. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) H = 7.53 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.90 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 2.27 (s, 3H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): C = 138.6, 136.3, 134.3 (2C), 130.1, 129.9 (2C), 129.0, 126.0, 121.9, 119.6, 119.5, 115.4, 110.1, 29.9, 21.3. MS (EI, 70 eV): m/z = 253[M], 162, 130, 118, 103, 91, 77.
N-(p-Tolylthiomethyl)indole (5), C16H15NS (M = 253), white solid, mp 130–132 oC. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) H = 7.60 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (dd, J = 8.0 Hz, J = 0.5Hz, 1H), 7.18 (td, J = 8.0 Hz, J = 1 Hz, 1H), 7.10-7.13 (m, 3H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.81 (d, J = 3 Hz, 1H), 6.40 (dd, J = 3.0 Hz, J = 0.5 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (s, 2H) 2.31 (s, 3H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): C = 139.1, 134.6 (2C), 130.3(2C), 130.2, 130.1, 129.6, 128.2, 122.2, 121.4, 120.4, 110.4, 102.7, 53.0, 21.5. MS (EI, 70 eV): m/z = 253[M], 162, 130, 118, 103, 91, 77.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
At the beginning of this work, the reactions of indole, p-thiocresol and the solution of formaldehyde without using catalyst were performed under magnetic stirring for 2.5 h. The results showed that the three-component reactions in the absence of the catalyst did not take place. This led us to test several catalysts such as CH3COOH, NiCl2.6H2O, Mg-Al Hydrotalcite, and KF/Al2O3 (wt. 40 %) for this arylthiomethylation. Consequently, it was noticeable that acetic acid played a crucial role in our multicomponent reaction (Table 1).
A series of experiments with different molar ratios between p-thiocresol and acetic acid, as well as p-thiocresol and indole, was carried out to improve the reaction yield (Entries 1–5, Table 2). The optimum yield was observed when 3.0 mmol of acetic acid was utilized as catalyst; whereas the excessive amount of this acidic catalyst led to a remarkable reduction of product yield owing to the deactivation of indole ring from the protonation of nitrogen atom under acidic media.
Table 1. Effect of the catalyst nature on the arylthiomethylation of indole with p-thiocresol and the solution of formaldehydea
Entry Catalyst (mmol) GC (%) Yieldb (%)
1 3 4 5 6
1 None 50.87 42.79 1.21 0 0 1
2 CH3COOH 0 17.76 48.77 0 33.47 47
3 NiCl2.6H2O 85.63 2.41 2.20 0 1.92 2
4 Mg-Al Hydrotalcite 4.49 91.39 0.95 1.25 1.92 0.6
5 KF/Al2O3 wt. 40 % 4.08 62.87 4.18 5.61 5.64 4
a The reactions of p-thiocresol (2.0 mmol) and indole (2.0 mmol) with the solution of formaldehyde 36 % (2.0 mmol) in the presence of catalyst (3.0 mmol) were performed under magnetic stirring at room temperature for 2.5 h.
b Yields were calculated based on GC-FID analysis.
Trang 83 Table 2. Influence of reaction conditions on the yield of 3-(p-tolylthiomethyl)-1H-indolea
Entry Indole (mmol) CH3COOH (mmol) Time (h) Yieldb (%)
1 2.0 1.5 2.5 29
2 2.0 3.0 2.5 43
3 2.0 4.5 2.5 37
4 3.0 3.0 2.5 51
5 4.0 3.0 2.5 47
6 3.0 3.0 1.5 10
7 3.0 3.0 3.5 53
8 3.0 3.0 24 45
9c 3.0 3.0 30 min 16
10c 3.0 3.0 40 min 54
11c 3.0 3.0 50 min 41
12c 3.0 3.0 60 min 36
a The reactions with a fixed amount of formaldehyde (2.0 mmol) and p-thiocresol (2.0 mmol) were conducted by magnetic stirring at room temperature.
b Yields were calculated based on GC-FID analyses.
c The reactions with a fixed amount of formaldehyde (2.0 mmol) and p-thiocresol (2.0 mmol) were assisted by probe sonicator with amplitude at 64 micrometer.
In the next step, the reaction time was investigated under two activation methods. In the first series of arylthiomethylation of indole, the mixture of reactants were allowed to react under magnetic stirring for 1.5 h, 2.5 h, 3.5 h and 24 h at room temperature (Entries 4, 6–8, Table 2). In the second series, some reactions performed under the ultrasound
irradiation were compared with those above (Entries 9-12, Table 2). We first investigated the effect of ultrasonic amplitudes at 48 m, 64 m, 80 m, 96
m, and 128 m on the yield of desired indole. The results demonstrated that the most efficient amplitude to accelerate this reaction was at 64 m (Fig. 2).
Trang 84
Fig. 2. Influence of amplitude on the efficiency of arylthiomethylation of indole to generate the 3-(p-tolylthiomethyl)-1H- indole under ultrasonic irradiation for 40 min (indole: 3.0 mmol, p-thiocresol: 2.0 mmol and formaldehyde: 2.0
mmol) The comparison of the experiments activated by
two methods showed that a maximum yield of 4 obtained by the three-component reaction with acetic acid as catalyst reached 54 % after forty-minute ultrasound irradiation, while it was 53 % after three and half hour magnetic stirring. It could be explained that the disruption of the phase boundary, owing to a formation of extremely fine emulsions from the mixture of immiscible liquids under ultrasonic irradiation, increased the interfacial contact area between the reactant layers [10].
CONCLUSION
In summary, we have successfully developed an efficient and mild synthetic protocol of 3-(p- tolylthiomethyl)-1H-indole via three-component reaction of indole, p-thiocresol and the solution of formaldehyde (36 %) in the presence of acetic acid as catalyst. Ultrasound irradiation has influenced significantly on the reduction of the reaction time without any loss of product yield in comparison with magnetic stirring.
Bức xạ siêu âm xúc tiến sự arylthiometyl hóa indol qua phản ứng đa thành phần trong môi trường nước dưới sự xúc tác của acetic acid
Lƣu Thị Xuân Thi
Trường Đại học Khoa học Tự nhiên, ĐHQG-HCM
Phạm Quang Vinh
Trường THCS Lê Hồng Phong- Đồng Nai TÓM TẮT
Phản ứng đa thành phần (MCRs) đóng vai trò quan trọng để tạo ra các phân tử phức tạp theo quy
trình phản ứng một bước. Dựa trên cơ chế và quy trình phản ứng Mannich trong sự điều chế Grammin, 16
54
40 39
15
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Yield (%)
Amplitude (m)
Trang 85 sự arylthiometyl hóa của indol được thực hiện với ba
chất phản ứng: indol, p-thiocresol và dung dịch formaldehyd (36 %) dưới hai phương pháp kích hoạt như khuấy từ và siêu âm. Sản phẩm chính 3-(p-
tolylthiometyl)-1H-indol thu được với hiệu suất khá cao (54 %) trong thời gian ngắn (40 phút) dưới sự kích hoạt của thanh siêu âm.
Từ khóa: arylthiometyl hóa, bức xạ siêu âm, acetic acid và indol REFERENCES
[1]. A.B. Smith, Y.S. Cho, H. Ishiyama, Nodulisporic acid a synthetic studies. 2. Construction of an Eastern hemisphere subtarget, Organic Letters, 3, 3971– 3974 (2001).
[30]. H. Hagiwara, K. Kobayashi, S. Miya, T. Hoshi, T.
Suzuki, M. Ando, T. Okamoto, M. Kobayashi, I.
Yamomoto, S. Ohtsubo, M. Kato, H. Uda, First total syntheses of the phytotoxins solanapyrones D and E via the Domino Michael protocol, Journal of Organic Chemistry, 67, 5969–5976 (2002).
[31]. H. Abdel-Ghany, A.M. El-Sayed, A. Khodairy, H.
Salah, Synthesis of new 3-substituted and spiro 1,5-benzodiazepin-2-ones under phase-transfer catalysis conditions, Synthetic Communications, 31, 2523-2535 (2001).
[32]. G. Ramachandran, N.S. Karthikeyan, P.
Giridharan, K.I. Sathiyanarayanan, Efficient iodine catalyzed three components domino reaction for the synthesis of 1-(phenylthio) (phenyl)methyl) pyrrolidin-2-one derivatives possessing anticancer activities, Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, 10, 5343–5346 (2012).
[33]. M. Yamauchi, S. Katayama, T. Watanabe, 2- Methylthiomethylation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and synthesis of 2-methylene-1,3- dicarbonyl compounds, Synthesis, 11, 935–936 (1982).
[34]. R. Mudududdla, R. Sharma, S.K. Guru, M.
Kushwaha, A.P. Gupta, S.S. Bharate, S. Aravinda, R. Kant, S. Bhushan, R.A. Vishwakarma, S.B.
Bharate, Trifluoroacetic acid catalyzed thiophenylmethylation and thioalkylmethylation of lactams and phenols via domino three- component reaction in water, RSC Advances, 4, 14081–14088 (2014).
[35]. Y. Gu, J. Barrault, F. Jérôme, Trapping of active methylene intermediates with alkenes, indoles or thiols: towards highly selective multicomponent reactions, Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis, 351, 3269–3278 (2009).
[36]. F. Poppelsdorf, S.J. Holt, Reactions of thiols and thioethers. Part I. An analogue of the Mannich reaction involving thiols, formaldehyde, and active methylene or methylidyne compounds, Journal of the Chemical Society (resumed), 1124–
1130 (1954).
[37]. V.G. Nenajdenko, A.V. Statsuk, E.S. Balenkova, Reaction of 2-methylene-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds containing a CF3-Group with 1,3- dienes, Tetrahedron, 56, 6549–6556 (2000).
[38]. T.J Mason, J.P. Lorimer, Sonochemistry: Theory, applications and uses of ultrasound in chemistry, West Sussex, Ellis Horwood (1988).
