Q U Y H O A C H V O CAO CHO CHE D D C A D U P CD KIEIVI 5 D A T TREIM C A Y C A D S U
Dd Kun T h i n h ' , Nguyin Qudc Cudng\ Nguyin Diic Tin^
TOM TAT
Da thuc hien hai thi nghiem tren dong vo tinh GT 1 va PB 235 de so sanh nang suat mu cao su cua bon kieu quy hoach mat cao cho che dp cao tip 1/4 vong than. Cac kieu quy hoach mat cao bao gom kieu di chuyen mat cao hai nam mot lan theo chieu thing dimg (PI), kieu di chuyen mat cao moi nam mot lan theo chieu ngang (P2), kieu di chuyen mat cao mdi nam mot lan theo chieu kim dong hd (P3) va kieu di chuyen mat cao moi nam mot lan theo chieu ngugc kim ddng ho (P4). So lieu nang suit mu da dugc theo doi trong bdn nam cho thay khong co sy khac biet co y nghia thdng ke giua cac kieu quy hoach vo cao.
Kieu quy hoach mat cao PI va P2 do di chuyen mieng cao qua lai giua hai mat cao gan ben nhau se tao ra phan nira mat cao, con lai chi co the cao l/2St. Vcii kieu quy hoach mat cao P3, mieng cao di chuyen theo huong xoan 6c len cho thay phan mieng cao gin ranh hau luon luon huy dong mu tir viing huy dong Ion hon cua lop vo nguyen sinh con nguyen ven. Mat khac, voi kieu quy hoach vo cao theo huong ngugc chieu kim dong ho P4, mieng cao co xu huong di chuyen xudng phia duoi theo chilu mieng cao thi phan vo tai mieng tiln co dien tich viing huy dong mu nho hon mac dii kieu quy hoach nay co Igi the ve su phan bo cua vong dng mu.
Tir khoa: Cao tip co kiem soat, quy hoach vd/mat cao.
I. DAT VAN OE
Cao lip cd kilm solt (CUT) thudng duge b i t dau tir nam cao thir mudi mot trd di sau khi da eao g i n hit hai mat cao tren vd nguyen sinh mieng gdc. Cao kit hgp hai mieng up ngira II e h l dd khai thIc r l t phd biin tai VN do ed nhieu lao dong eao mii^. Nang suit mil cao su chu ylu tir mieng eao tip; tuy nhien, mieng cao ngira dii nang suit thap hon nhung vIn cd thi thu hoach phIn nang suit bd sung khoing 20%^.
Kinh nghiem thyc t l cho thIy e h l dd eao hai mieng cho nang suit mu kh6ng diu vi tiiy thugc vIo (i) chat lugng vd tai sinh cua mieng eao gde, (ii) e h l dd khai thIc tren vudn cay, (iii) quy hoach v l quIn ly mat cao, nhlt II cho mat cao lip. Cd the chia than cay thinh bdn mat cao tir HO-1 d i n HO-4 nlu Ip dyng e h l dd eao lip 1/4S. Sy sip xIp v l bd tri mieng cao tren d c mat cao hIng nam hinh thinh nhilu kilu quy hoach vd cao. Nguyen ly chung cua quy hoach vd eao II sao cho trinh trudng hgp bd tri mieng cao d phIn vd m l ranh tien vl ranh h l u da cao rdi. PhIn vd cao d vi tri nhu vay dugc ggi II "dc dao" cho nang suit mii thap vi bi gidi ban viing huy dong mu. Ngoli ra, quy hoach vd cao eIn bio dam nang suit thu hoach cao vl b i n viing trong nhilu nam cao lip cd kilm solt.
Vien Nghien ciru Cao su Viet Nam ' Cong ty Cao su Loc Ninh
Nghien cuu nly k l o dii trong bdn nam da thir nghiem bdn kieu quy hoach vd cao dya tren sy di chuyin mieng cap h I n g nam. Nhung thuan Igi vl khd khan cua d c kilu quy hoach vd eao duge trinh bIy trong b i o d o nly.
II. NOI OUNG PHUOniG PHAP
Da thyc hien hai thi nghiem rieng biet tren ddng vo tinh GT 1 v l PB 235 tai Cong ty Cao su (CTCS) Lgc Ninh. Chi tilt thi nghiem nhu sau:
Thi nghiem i.'Thyc hien tai 16 152, N6ng trudng 7, CTCS Lgc Ninh vdi ddng v6 tinh GTl; trdng nam 1985; nam md cao: 1991; nam b i t diu cao up: 2002;
nam bit diu thi nghiem: 7/2003; vdi nghiem thire: 4 kilu quy hoach vd cao. Thdi gian theo doi thi nghiem: 4 nam.
Thi nghiem i'.'Thyc hien tai 16 198, N6ng trudng 3, CTCS Lgc Ninh vdi ddng v6 tinh PB235, trdng nam 1985; nam md eao 1991; nam b i t diu eao lip:
2002; nam bit d i u thi nghiem: 5/2003, vdi nghiem thire: 4 kilu quy hoach vd cao. Thdi gian theo doi thi nghiem: 4 nam.
Ca 2 thi nghiem diu duge bd tri theo kieu khdi dly du holn toln nglu nhien (RCBD), voi 4 nghiem thiic X 3 lln nhic lai = 12 6 thi nghiem. Mdi 6 thi nghiem b i n g mot phIn cao.
M6 ta bdn nghiem thiic (kilu quy hoach vd cao up) nhu sau (Hinh 1): PI: Di chuyin mat cao hai nam mot lln theo chilu thing diing; P2: Di chuyin mat
cao mdi nam theo chilu ngang; P3: Di chuyin mat cao mdi nam theo hudng thuan chilu kim ddng hd.- P4: Di ehuyin mat cao mdi nam theo hudng ngugc chieu kim ddng hd.
Hai thi nghiem nay cd ciing e h l do cao lip cd kilm solt la l / 4 S t d / 3 10 m/12. ET 2,5% La 6-8/y voi nhip do kich thich tren PB 235 thap hon tren GT 1. Lieh boi chit kich thich cu t h i nhu sau:
Boi chit kich thich ethephon ndng do 2,5% ngay tren mieng cao khong bdc mii day trudc khi b6i.
Tat c l d c cay thi nghiem d i u duge gin m i n g chin d l trinh nia tr6i mu do nude mua.
Theo doi nang suit mii vIo mdi lln eao, mu nude cua d c cay trong cimg mot 6 thi nghiem duge thu ciing liic vl dong mil mot d i n hai lln mdi ngly, can mu d6ng vIo ngly h6m sau. Gil dinh trgng lugng tuoi cua mii dong ed h i m lugng 50% mu kho. Xac dinh him lugng mii kh6 (DEC) mdi thing hai lln.
Nang suit dugc tinh tir nang suit mdi cay nhan vdi sd cay cao (gia dinh ring co khoang 350 cay eao tren hecta).
Quan trie ti le kh6 mieng eao vIo thing 12 hIng nam. Cay kh6 mieng cao duge bilu diln b i n g ti le phIn tram cay kh6 timg phan vl cay kh6 toln phln.
III. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
Kit qui nang suit mu kh6 mdi cay trong mot lln cao (g/c/c) dugc trinh bIy trong bang 1 vl 2. Kit qui cho thIy sy khIc biet kh6ng cd cd y nghia thdng ke giua d c kilu quy hoach vd cao ngoai trir nang suit cua PB 235 vIo nam cao thii tu. Sin lugng cgng ddn trong bdn nam theo doi dugc trinh bIy trong bang 3 va 4. Nang suit hIng nam tren hecta dugc trinh bIy trong hinh 2. Kit qua cung cho thIy sy khIc biet kh6ng ed y nghia thdng ke giira d c kilu quy hoach mat cao. Dudng nhu kilu thi nghiem nly cin theo doi sd lieu jihilu nam de nhan dang tic ddng cua quy hoach vd cao. Sin lugng cao su thay ddi qua d c nam eao tren c l hai ddng v6 tinh m l nguyen nhan cd the II do tie dong eua ylu td miia vu vl do phln ling ciia gidng. Nhin chung, GT 1 bilu hien sy gia tang diu dan sin lupng qua cac nam cao trong khi ddng v6 tinh nang suit cao PB 235 lai bieu hien miic tang sin lugng rat it, tham chi con gilm di trong nam. D l giii thich hien tugng nly cin tilp tuc nghien ciiu tren cac thi nghiem dii ban.
Theo doi ti le cay kh6 mat cao cho thay PB 235 cd tl le cay kh6 toln phln (4,4 - 6,9%) cao hon GT 1 (2,8-4,4%).
Ddng GTl, cd ty le cay kh6 toln phln eao nhlt II kilu quy hoach P4 (4,4%), tiep din II P3, Pj, Pg Ddng PB 235 co ty le cay kh6 toan phln eao nhlt d kieu quy hoach mat cao Pi(6,9%); tilp d i n II P2, P4, vl P3 thIp nhlt. Kilu quy hoach vd cao PI va P2 cho thIy sy di chuyin mat cao theo chilu thing dimg hay theo chieu ngang se din d i n phln vd cao hi each ly. Nlu tilp tuc cao mii tren mieng cao 1/4S nhu trong thi nghiem nly thi mat cao cudi ciing HO-2 se bi d c h ly vIo nam sau. Cay se cho it mu bdi vi phln vd cao nly hi "dc dIo". Do dd, chi cd the eao phan vd nly vdi mieng eao 1/2S, che do cao nhu vay se hao vd cao nhilu, chi phi lao dong tang cao v l sin lugng nhirng thing trong nam se kh6ng d i u l
Kilu quy hoach vd eao P3 cho thay cd nhilu Igi t h i hon trong viec bd tri mieng cao vl mat cao.
Trudc hit, do dac tinh cua mieng cao II ddc tir phia cao ben trii v l phia thIp d ben phii, nen n l u di chuyin mieng cao theo chieu kim ddng hd thi mieng cao se di chuyin theo hudng xoln dc di len. Phln ranh hau eua mieng cao cd gde II 360° - 45° = 315°, flic II dien tich phln vd nguyen sinh ldn ban (Hinh 3). Dilu nly cd nghia la dien tich viing huy ddng mu ldn hon vdi "hieu img thu hut" * chat dinh duong tdt hon. Cin luu y la trong thao tic cao mieng up thi viec kiem solt gdc hau d l d i n g hon la tai gdc tiln.
Ngugc vdi kilu quy hoach vd cao P3, kieu quy hoach P4 II di chuyin mieng eao theo hucing ngugc chilu kim ddng hd tiic la di chuyen mieng cao theo hudng ddc xudng eua mieng cao ngira trade dd, dilu nly se din den phln vd hi " d c h ly". Phln mieng cao nguyen sinh d tai ranh tiln cd gde nhd han (360° - (90° + 45°) = 225°). Tren thyc tl, viec kilm solt gde eao tai ranh tiln thi khd khan hon. Trong vii tradng hgp, ngudi cao mii chi cao trugt qua m l khong lay diing goc do tai ranh tien. Mot diem Igi eiia kieu quy hoach nly II sy phan bd c l e vdng dng mu nghieng theo hudng ngugc lai vdi hudng nghieng eua mieng eao (Hinh 4). Vi vay, dudng nhu nd thuan Igi hon cho viec chly mu ra khdi vimg huy dong mu mac dii dd nghieng cua d c vdng dng mu chi trong khoing 2,1°- 7,1° (Gomez, 1982) \ Vdi kieu quy hoach vd eao P3, viing dien tich huy dong mu tai ranh tiln chi bi anh hudng mot it vi sy phan bd d c vdng dng mti g i n nhu II thing dimg.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - SO 4 - THANG 4/2010 29
IV. KET LUAN
Mae dii thdi gian thi nghiem chua du lau d l cd k i t luan thoi dang vl kilu quy hoach vd cao, nhung phln thao luan tren day da neu ra dugc kilu quy hoach vd cao PI vl P2 dudng nhu kh6ng thich hgp cho c h i do cao up 1/4S vl lau dii. Kieu quy hoach vd cao m l sy di chuyin mieng cao hIng nam theo chilu kim ddng hd hay ngugc chilu kim ddng hd thi thich hgp cho che do eao mieng up 1/4S. Tuy nhien, kilu quy hoach m l sy di chuyin mieng eao hIng nam theo chilu kim ddng hd dudng nhu d l d i n g thuc hien hon.
T A I UEU THAIVl KHAO
1. Gomez, J. B. (1982). Anatomy of hevea and its influence on latex production. Malaysian Rubb. Res.
Dev. Board. Monograph no.7.
2. Do Kim Thanh, Nguyen Quoc Cuong, Nguyen Due Tin (2007). Yield performance of controlled
upward tapping systems in relation to tree ;and and labour productivity. Paper presented ai IRRDB Annual Meetings and Conference 2007, 12-16 December 2007, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
3. Do Kim Thanh, Nguyen Anh Nghia, Nguyen Nang, Nguyen Tan Due and Nguyen Van My (2005).
Recent recommendations of latex harvesting technology in Vietnam. In: Tapping panel dryness oi rubber trees Q. Jacob, R. Krishnakumar. N. M.
Mathew). Rubb. Res. Inst. India. Pp: 221 - 224.
4. Pakianathan, S. W., Wain. R. L. and Ng, E. K.
(1975). Studies on displacement area on tapping in mature Hevea trees. In: Proc. Inter. Rubb. Conf., 1975, Kuala Lumpur, Vol. II: pp. 225-246.
5. Tupy, J. (1984). Translocation, utilization and avaiability of sucrose for latex production in hevea. In:
C R. Coll Expl. Physiol. Amel. Hevea Montpellier 1988, IRCA - CIRAD, Montpellier, pp. 135 -154.
PLANNING FOR RUBBER TAPPING UNDER CONTROLLED UPTURNING CHIPPING MANAGEMENT Do Kim Thanh, Nguyen Quoc Cuong, Nguyen Due Tin Summary
The two experiments on tapping the rubber trees with asexual clones GTl and PB 235 were carried out aiming to compare the latex yield obtained in the four patterns of faces tapped on upturning chipping techniques, in which a quarter of trunk circumference is cut. The premeditated chipping patterns are as following: The every two years freshening face moving in vertical direction (PI); the every one year freshening face moving in horizontal direction (P2); the every one year freshening face moving in clockwise direction (P3) and the every one year freshening face, moving in counter clockwise direction (P4). The results from these experiments showed that no difference on statistical point was noticed in the latex yield obtained in tapping with the deliberate performance. This fact can be explained as following:
In the experiments PI and P2 the two chipping faces are very closed so that the freshening operation can be effectuated only on the half of each face. In the experiments P3 chipping operation is moved in spiral direction down-up, resulting in latex is always gathered from undisturbed cambial layer. In the experiment P4 the chipping operation is moved up-down, the bark area cut at the exterior opening for gathering latex is always small notwithstanding there is an advantage in terms of high density of vessel elements.
Key words: Controlled upturning chipping management, wbber tapping planning.
Ngudi phan bien: TS. Nguyin Tan Diie.
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Hinh 1: Vi tri mieng cao qua 4 nam cao vdi d c kilu quy hoach vd cao khac n h a u
Di chuyen mat cao hai nam Di chuyin mat cao moi Di chuyen mat cao moi Di chuyin mat cao mdi mot lln theo chilu thing nam theo chilu ngang nam theo huong thuan nam theo huong ngugc dimg (PI) (P2) * chieu kim dong ho (P3) chilu kim ddng hd (P4)
Bang 1. Nang suat trang binh mu kho (g/c/c) eua elc kilu quy hoach mat cao qua bdn nam cao tren ddng v6 tinh GT 1
Kieu quy hoach mat cao Di chuyen mat cao hai nam mot lan theo chieu thang dung
Di chuyen mat cao moi nam theo chieu ngang
Di chuyen mat cao mdi nam theo huong thuan chilu kim ddng ho
Di chuyen mat cao mdi nam theo huong ngugc chieu kim dong ho
(PD
(P2) (P3) (P4) Trung binh
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Nam cao 1
41,8 35,8 41,2 41,3 40,0 NS
2 52,1
48,7 57,9 55,3 53,5 NS
3 54,8
53,0 68,1 61,1 59,3 NS
4 68,0
65,1 63,3 66,6 65,8 NS
Trung binh 54,2
50,6 57,6 56,1 54,6 NS NS: Khdng cd y nghia thdng ke.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - SO 4 - THANG 4/2010 31
Bang 2. Nang suit trung binh mu kho (g/e/e) cua cac kieu quy hoach mat cao qua bdn nam cao tren ddng v6 tj iPB235
Di chuyen mat cao hai nam mdt lln theo chilu thing dimg
Di chuyin mat cao mdi nam theo chilu ngang Di chuyin mat cao mdi nam theo hudng thuan chilu kim ddng hd
Di chuyin mat cao m6i nam theo hudng ngugc chilu kim ddng hd
(PI) (P2) (P3)
^P4) Trung bmh
LSUQOS
Nam cao 1
61,0 58,1 61,3 61,5 60,5 NS
2 58,9 66,6 60,4 63,8 62,4 NS
3 49,9 47,7 52,1 47,8 49,4 NS
4 61,6'-'''
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63,&'"
64,2 10,46
irung binh
57,8 60,9 58,6 59,2 59,1 NS NS: Khdng cd y nghia thdng ke
Bang 3. San lugng mu quy kho (kg/ha) cgng ddn trong bdn nam eao mu eiia d e kieu quy hoach vd cao tren GT 1
Di ehuyin mat cao hai nam mot lln theo chilu thing dimg Di chuyen mat cao mdi nam theo chieu ngang
Di chuyin mat cao m6i nam theo hudng thuan chilu kim ddng hd Di chuyen mat cao mdi nam theo hudng ngugc chilu kim ddng hd
(PI) (P2) (P3) (P4) Trung binh
LSDflos
Nam cao 1 *
1.039
888 1.023 1.026 994
NS
2 1.860
1.737 2.069 1.976 1.911 NS
3 1.939 1.872 2.409 2.159 2.095 NS
4 2.402 2.301 2.236 2.353 2.323 NS
San lugng cgng ddn 7.240 6.798 7.737 7.514 7.322 NS NS: Khdng cdy nghia thdng ke. *: Sin lugng tinh tu thing 7.
Bang 4. San lugng mu quy kh6 (kg/ha) cgng ddn trong bdn nam cao mu ciia cae kieu quy hoach vd eao b-en PB 235
Kilu quy hoach mat cao Di chuyin mat cao hai nam mot lln theo chilu thing dimg
Di chuyen mat eao mdi nam theo chilu ngang Di chuyin mat cao mdi nam theo hudng thuan chilu kim ddng hd
Di chuyen mat cao mdi nam theo hudng ngugc chilu kim ddng hd
Trung binh
(PI) (P2) (P3) (P4)
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Nam cao
1.923 1.830 1.933 1.937 1.906 NS
2.101 2.378 2.157 2.278 2.229 NS
1.764 1.686 1.841 1.691 1.746 NS
2.177 2.515 2.139 2.248 2.270 '^
San lugng cong don 7.965
8.409 8.070 8.154 8.150 NS I NS A'5'.- Khdng cd y nghia thdng ke. *: Sin lugng tinh tu thing 5.
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chilu kim ddng hd hoac ngugc chilu kim ddng hd ddng hd hoac ngugc ehilu kim ddng hd
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - SO 4 - THANG 4/2010 33