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Mot vai nhan dinh ve viec xay dung va ap dung phi bao ve nidi trirdiig doi vdi l(hi thai tai Viet Nam
LE QUOC CyPNG
Trudng D^i hgc Thu'dng mai Ha Ngi
V
iet Nam dang thyc hien cdng cudc cdng nghiep hda, hipn dai hda dat nude fren tat ei cie phuomg dien, dac bipt la cac boat dpng sdn xuat cdng nghiep. Tuy nhien, ITnh vyc cdng nghiep lai la mpt nganh ed dnh hudng ldn den van de d nhiem mdi tmdng do khi thai ciia cdc boat dpng sdn xuat cdng nghiep. De giam thilu dugc cdc tde hai dd, mpt nguyen tde thudng dugc de cap tdi la nguyen tic ngudi 1dm tdn hai phdi bdi thudng. Theo dd, cac doi tugng phai nop mpt khodn tien bdi thudng dudi dang phi bdo vp mdi tradng. Phi bdo vp mdi tradng se li mpt cdng cu nhdm nang cao y thuc cua ehu the tiln hanh boat dpng kinh te, tao ngudn thu cho qude gia xu ly cdc van de mdi trudng.Phi bdo vp mdi tmdng ddi vdi khi thii, bin chit li mdt cdng cu kinh te dugc su dyng frong quin ly mdi trudng. Vi vay, khi ip dyng se tic dgng true tilp din chi phi v i lgi ich ciia eic doanh nghipp chju phi. Vl mat ly thuyet, phi bio vp mdi tmdng doi vdi khi thii khi dugc thyc hipn phii dem lai hipu qui vl mat xa hgi, hay dem lai lgi ich tdi da cho x i hdi v i khoin tien doanh nghiep phii ngp phii phin inh dugc thipt hai do cac chit thii khi cua doanh nghiep frong qui trinh sin xuit giy ra.
De xie djnh dugc mdt mde phi cd co sd khoa hgc v i thyc tiln, cd rat nhieu cin cu xie djnh. Die bipt, ddi vdi vipc xie djnh muc phi ddi vdi cie co sd sdn xuit cdng nghipp, can tinh tdi mdt sd cin cu sau:
Thu nhit: Can cu vio chi phi giim thii v i thipt hai cua cie chit khi thii.
Diy li CO sd khoa hgc cd tinh chuin myc nhit de cd thi xac dinh mgt muc phi chinh xac. Tuy nhien, vipc xie djnh chi phi giim thii v i thiet hai cua cac chit thii, fren thyc tl thudng bd sdt eic ylu td chi phi, thipt hai hi do dan tdi mgt muc phi khdng chinh xie.
Thu hai: Cin cu vio tdng lugng cie chit cd frong khi tiiii.
Ddi vdi CO quan quin ly mdi tmdng. Thdng qua vipc xie djnh dugc tdng lugng khi thii cua cdng nghiep ndi rieng v i tdng lugng chit thii cua toin bg cie hoat ddng kinh te ndi chung, cd the tinh toin dugc muc do gia tang d nhilm theo tung nim, qua do cd nhung ke hoach cy thi trong tuong lai trong cdng tic quin ly mdi tiirdng.
Thd ba: Dya vio die diem cdng nghp cua cdc ngudn giy ra d nhiem khdng khi.
Vipc xie djnh dugc die diem cdng nghp cua eic ngudn gay ra d nhiem frong ho^t dgng cdng nghipp li mgt vin de het sue quan frgng. Trong ly thuyet ve d nhiem khi thii, chung ta biet dugc cie ngudn giy ra d nhiem. Khi chung ta
xem xet boat ddng cdng nghiep giy ra d nhiem mdi trudng khdng khi cho thiy, bin than boat ddng cdng nghiep cd rit nhieu ITnh vyc khac nhau (cdng nghipp khai thic, cdng nghiep co bin, cdng nghipp sin xuat vat lieu xiy dyng...) mdi boat dgng deu cd the tao ra khi, thii tuy nhien muc dp, thinh phin cie chit cd frong khi thii lai khdng nhu nhau.
Thu tu: Dya vio thinh phin v i him lugng eic chat gay d nhiem khi thii.
Thinh phan v i him lugng cie chit fliai cd frong khi thai cua cac nginh cdng nghiep l i khac nhau. Ddi vdi cie nganh cdng nghiep nhu ciu su dyng tii nguyen ldn, thi thinh phan khi thii phy thugc vio eic chit cd frong tii nguyen dugc su dyng. Tuong ty ddi vdi nginh su dung ning lugng dau vio khic nhau nhu than di, diu md ciing cho kit qui khic nhau. Thim chi, eic ngudn nguyen tdiien hpu khic nhau Cling cho ta nhiing kit qui khic nhau.
Thu nim: Dua vio be sd chju tii mdi tmdng.
He sd chju tii mdi trudng niy bilu thj muc dg chju tii cua mdi trudng cua mdt vung cy the khi xem xet din thyc frang mdi tmdng, cdc die ti-ung vl phit friln kinh tl xa hdi v i nhiing mdi nguy co tiem ting ddi vdi vin dl d nhilm khdng khi. Ngudi ta thudng phan ra khi nang chju tii mdi tiirdng theo vung, theo khu vyc. Theo dd, muc dg hip tiiu eic chit cd hai din mdi tmdng cua cie khu vyc khic nhau li khic nhau. Vi dy, ngudi ta phin chia khi ning chju tii ciia khu vyc ndng thdn thdnh thj, khi nang chju tai cua ddng bing mien nui.
Thu sau: Dya vio tieu chuin mdi tmdng.
Tieu chuin mdi hixdng li cin cu dl xie djnh boat dgng cua mgt doi hrgng cy till cd giy ra 6 nhilm mdi tiirdng hay khdng. Tuy tung giai do?m cy till, tuy timg qude gia ma
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tieu chuin mdi tmdng cd thi dugc hipu chinh cho phu hgp vdi sy phit trien kinh te xa hgi.
Dya fren cie co sd dd, ta cd thi xiy dyng mdt cich tinh mute phi bio vp mdi tmdng ddi vdi khi thii cho cie doanh nghipp frong boat dgng sin xuat kinh doanh phii nop nhu sau:
Cich 1: Tinh theo luu lugng thii v i ndng dg cie chat CO frong khi thii
Ta cd cdng thuc sau:
SLt(Ci - CoLkW-kpi }.14.fti
Trong dd:
n: So cie chit khi thii dugc tinh phi. Cie chit khi thii dugc dl xuit ip dyng phi l i (CO + C02, NOx, SOx, Byi, VOCs); i: Chit giy d nhiem thd i; Ci: Ndng do cie chit gay d nhilm thu i cd frong khi thii; Coi: Ndng do dat tieu chuin mdi tmdng cho phep ddi vdi chit gay d nhiem thu i theo quy djnh; Kpi: Hp sd cdng xuit. Cu the he sd cdng suit cdng ldn, mde phi se phii ddng nhilu ban.
Cdch 2: Tinh phi theo mde dg su dyng cie ylu td diu vio Ta cd cdng thuc sau:
Trong dd:
Mi: Khdi lugng nguyen lipu, nhien lipu dugc sd dyng;
Ri: Mde phi dugc ip dyng vdi chit giy d nhiem thu i. Hi:
H? sd phit thii cie chit thu i. Hp sd ip dyng theo phuong phdpICCR
Mpt vii diem luu y khi ip dyng phi khi thii tai Vipt Nam Cie qude gia fren thi gidi, die bipt Ii cie qude gia phat friln nhu My, Thyy diln, Ba Lan v i cie quoc gia, vung
lanh thd ling gieng cua chung ta nhu Trang Qude, Dai Loan cung da ip dyng phi bio ve mdi tradng ddi vdi khi thii. Tuy nhien, giira cie quoc gia cd sy khic bipt ve cich thuc ip dyng phi. Nguyen nhin cd sy khic biet niy do trinh dg cdng nghp, dieu kien ndi tai nen kinh te, hipn frang mdi trudng. Do viy, khi ip dung, Vipt Nam can cd sy tham khio kinh nghiem eic qude gia va cd the van dung mpt cich linh hoat v i phu hgp vdi dilu kien ndi tai cua dit nude.
Muc phi ddi vdi eic chit khi thii khi ip dyng cin cin cu vio dieu kien kinh tl x i hdi cua Viet Nam vi thi hipn dugc frich nhipm cua doanh nghiep, cie co sd sin xuat kinh doanh, eic chu the giy d nhiem ddi vdi x i hdi.
Khi ip dyng phi khi thii, cin dua ra mdt Ip trinh cy the, de phit huy hipu qua cua chinh sach; trdnh day cdc doanh nghipp vdo chd khd khin, thua Id khi muc phi qui Idn. Tuy nhien, mde phi cung nhu viec md rdng cie ddi tugng phai chju phi can dugc dieu chinh de cd the phit huy tie dung tdi da cua cdng cy v i the hipn dugc muc do tham gia eic Cdng udc qude te frong cie van de mdi tradng cua Viet Nam.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Trinh Thi Thanh - Trdn Yem - Dong Kim Loan (2004), Gido trinh cdng nghi mdi trUdng, Nxb Dgi hgc Quoc gia Hd ndi.
2. Nguyen Th^ Chinh (2003), Gido trinh kinh tevd qudn ly mdi trUdng, Nxb Thong ke.
3. World Bussiness council for sustainable develop (6/2005), C02 Acounting and reporting standard for cement industry.
4. World Bussiness council for sustainable develop (2009) 5. Assessment of Environmental Impacts of the Holclm Cement [TrUc tuyen] Dundee Plant, Dundee, Michigan [ Dia chi]
http://www.wbcsd.org/web/projects/cement/tf5/holcim.pdf [Truy cdp ngdy 20 thdng 9 ndm 2010].
CONG TY TNHH THlTaNG Mi?Ll VA DICH v u VIET QUANG: 2 GIAI PHAP SXSHDAUTU'LO'N
Tilp ndi thanh cdng frong vipc thyc hipn eic giii phip sin xuit sach hon (SXSH) giai doan I, Cdng ty TNHH Thuong mai v i Djch yy Vipt Quang da xiy dyng Dy in "Diu tu thay ddi cdng nghp ip dyng SXSH vd cii thipn mdi tmdng lao dgng frong sin xuit", vdi 02 giii phip diu tu ldn, dd li: Thay ddi miy n6n lanh vi he thdng phu frg vdi mdi chat lanh R507;
Xay dyng lai hp thdng xu ly nude thii.
Vdi giii phip diu tien li Thay ddi miy nen l?nh vi hp thdng phy frg vdi mdi chit lanh R507, Cdng ty da diu tu 1,5 ty ddng dl cii t^o lai hp thdng dipn l?nh, nhd dd da tilt kipm dugc 237,8 tiipu dong; gidm tieu thy 87.750 kWh dipn, tiiomg duomg giim phit thii 63,2 tin C02, giim phit thii 700 kg mdi chit lanh R22.
D I xiy dyng l?ii hp thdng xd ly nude thii, Cdng ty da dau hi gin 2 ty ddng. Kit qui, nude thii dugc xu l^ fript dl cie chat giy d nhiem mdi tiirdng, frinh phit tiidi 7600 kg SS/nim, 25.250kg BOD/nim, 37.250kg COD/nam, Igi ich kinh t l mang lai 21,79 fripu dong/nam.
THU NGA
VINACOMIN KY KET QUY CHE VE BAO VE MOI TRUONG
Mdi diy. Tip doin CN Than - Khoing VN (Vinacomin) vd Cyc Canh sit phdng chdng tdi pham vl mdi tiirdng (C49) - Bp Cdng an da ky kit Quy chi phoi hgp cdng tic phdng ngua, diu franh phdng chong vi pham phip luat ve bio vp mdi tmdng.
Theo dd, cdng tic phdi hgp tuin thu diing chu traong dudng Idi, chinh sich cua Ding, phip lu^t cua Nhi nude. Phdng 3 - Cyc Cinh sit PCTP mdi frirdng v i Ban Mdi tradng cua Tip doin CN Than - Khoang VN li bai dom vj thudng tiirc, tham muu, theo doi, ddn ddc, kilm fra vipc thyc bipn quy chi niy.
Phit bilu tai ll ky, TGD Tip doin Vinacomin Le Minh Chuin eho bilt: "Vinacomm ludn coi trgng bio vp vi cii tao mdi tmdng frong qui trinh sin xuit kinh doanh. Tip do^in cd mgt cdng ty chuyen frich thyc hipn cie cdng trinh ve mdi tmdng, frong nhilu nim qua da ludn chi dao cie don vj thinh vien phoi hgp tdt vdi chmh quyIn eic dja phuong trong cdng tic bio ve mdi tiirdng". Thay mat cho Vinacomin, dng cam ket thyc hipn nghiem hie ngi dung ky ket.
Thilu tirdng Nguyen Xuin Ly - Cyc tradng C49 danh gid cao sy hgp tac cua Vinacomin vd mong mudn tren co sd cdc quy cbl ky kit, hai ben se tiiln khai cdc chuomg trinh phoi ket hgp vdi ngi dung toin dien bom.
QUANG NINH
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