Mot so van de ve that thodt lang phi trong qudn ly chi phi ddu ttf xdy dtfng cong trinh hien nay
TS. NGUYEN LIEN HVOIUG & Th.S NGUYEN QUOC T O A N KHOA HNH T £ VA QUAN LY XAY DUNG, TRUONG DAI HOC XAY DUNG Th.S HOANG THI KHANH V A N
VIEN K Y T H U A T CONG TRINH D.^C BIET, HOC YlgN KY THUAT Q U A N SU (Bai nhgn ngdy 20/02/2017, hodn chinh sCta chCfa ngdy 27/02/2017}
T6MTAT: Ling phlthit tholt trong quin ly chl phldau tuxly dyng cdng trlnh la van de quan trgng dang dugc x l hdi v l cic nhi quin ly quan tam. Bai bao de d p den d e bilu hien eda ling phi that tholt trong xiy dyng, nguyen nhan efla nd, ddng thdi de ra mdt sd gili phip khk phuc
TU khda: Lang phi, thit tholt quin ly ehi phi, dau ta xiy dyng cdng trinh.
ABSTRACT: Wastefulness and loss in cost management of construction project are important This article aims to studythe expression and the reason of them and also to complete some solutions.
Keywords: Vi/astefulness, construction project
loss, cost management
mo DAU
V
dn dau tu va xiy dUng hang nam efla Nha nadc chilm khoang 40%tong vdn dau tU toln xa hdi va ed xu hadng tang trong nhflng nam qua (2013-2015), (Bang 1) (Hinhl) Da kien trong nhflng nam tdi ngudn vdn dau tu nha nude tilp tue tang Tuy nhiln.
hieu qua sfldung ngudn vdn nay lai ehua cao do rinh trang that tholt lang phi, tieu cue trong dau taxay dung dang la van de dien ra tfl nhieu nam nay va dUOc toln xa hdi quan tam.
Nhilu y kien cho rang con sd that thoat lang phf chiem tdi 20-30% tong sd von diu ta, Theo mdt d l tai nghien cdu khoa hoe efla 6d Xiy dyng [6], ty le lang phf, that thoat khoing tfl 9% - 23% tdng mfle
diu t y phu thude vao loai hinh edng trlnh (Bang 2)
Nhu vay, cd the ndi ty trong lang phi thit tholt trong diu tU xay dung la kha cao, doi hdi d p bach la phli nlng eao hieu qui diu tu nham chdng that tholt lang phL Dd la vin d l d p thilt trong quin ly chi phf diu tu xay dyng hiln nay, 1. KHAI NIEM LANG PHi IHAT THOAT TRONG D A U TirXAY DUNG CONG T1UNH
Chu tjch Hd Chi (Vlinh cho rang " Idng phi bao gom nhieu mdt lang phi sire lao dong, lang phi thdi gian, idng phi tien cua, ldng phi cua cdi vdt ehdt cua nhdn ddn, eua ddt nudc Nguyen nhdn gdy ra Idng phi id do trinh 36 non kim, do thieu
kien thde nghiip vu chuyin mdn, do dpc dodn dua ra nhQng quyet dinh sai lam.
Tham 6 Id trpm cudp. Ldng phi tuy khdng idy eda cdng dOt tui. song ket qud rat tai hai eho nhdn ddn, cho Chinh phu, cd khi tai hai han ngn tham 6. Nguyen nhdn dan den tham d, idng phi id benh quan iieu" [51
Theo Lult Thuc hanh tiet kiem ehdng lang phi nim 2013: "Ldng phi \a viec quan ly, sddung vdn, tai sin, lao ddng, thdi gian lao ddng va tai nguyen khdng hieu qui. Ddi vdi linh vyc da cd dinh mflc, tilu ehuan, c h l do do co quan nha nadc cd tham quyln ban hinh thi lang phi la viec quan ly, sfl dyng ngah sich nha nudc vdn nha nudc tai san nhi node, lao ddng, thdi gian lao ddng trong khu vuc nha nade va tai nguyen
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SANGI-NGUfiNtaNTRONGLlNH VLTC DAUTl/VAxAYDlfNGTHEOCACTHANHPHANKlNHTi Ttr NAM 2013 DeNNAM2015
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441.924 486-804 519.505
412.506 458-500 529-600
240.112 255.400 318.100
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4038 39.88
37^9 39.85
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600,000
^ 500,000 P «!0,000
300«K) 200,000 100,000
^ ^ Von dau t i i (tydong)
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2011 341,555
2012 406,514
2013 441,924
2014 486,804
So bo 2015 519,505
Hinh 1 . Von dau tU va xay diAig cOa thanh phin kinh te Nha ni/dc tir nam 2011 den nam 2015
BANG 2. t^ L | LANG PH( T H A T THOAT TREN TONG M CTC O A u T i l THEO LOAI HiNH C O N G T R l N H
Loai cdng ^ n h ^^^^^^K Dan dung m cong nghiep
Cap thoit nudc, Iui3i dien ^ ^ ^ ^ G sc Lio^g, •?..:/ 0, uiong tin W Cdngtrlnh khac ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ |
^leLPTTtr&iTMEff g 9,24% w i 2332% J
18,53%
^' 1^4096 ^ 1
vuot djnh mdc, tieu chuan, che do hoae khdng dat muc t i l u da djnh'[2].
Trong boat ddng dau t a xiy dung, lang phf la nhflng ehi phi da daoc dua v i o thyc hien dy an, cdng trinh nhang vuat q u i dinh mdc tieu chuan, che do quy dinh, hole nhdng ehi phi da bdra nhung khdng mang lai bleu q u i hoac khdng thyc hiln duac myc tieu eua dy an, cdng trinh da duoc xae dinh trade CIc can cd de xem xet, danh g i l ling phi trong dau tUxay dyng:
Dau ta vao d c cdng trinh khdng dung myc dfch, sai v l chu traong, khdng phat huy tac dung trong thyc t l . - Tdng so chi phi dau ta vao cac eong trinh hdu ich nhang vaat q u i mdc can thilt hoae sai pham trong q u i trinh thyc hien dau ta nha ehi eho khdi laong cdng t i c thilt ke sai hole q u i t i l u chuan quy djnh, ehi vuot dinh mdc don gia d y toan quy djnh. ehi t i l u liln quan den vile keo d l i thdi gian thyc hien, chl cho khoi luong edng ^ c phli phi di l l m lai do khong d i m bao chat luong.
Ve khai niem that tholt trong diu tu xiy dang cd the hieu la nhdng ngudn lyc bi mit mit thyc t l , khdng daoc dua vio cfing trlnh hay dy In ml bj lay di, bj mat di khi thyc hien edng trinh hay duin.
Nha vly, lang phi vl that tholt do la sy ton that ngudn lyc mat di ca hdi de tao them CO sd vlt ehat nham ting them nang lyc cho xa hoi va gilm hieu qui dau tU
2. NGUYEN NHAN GAY RA LANG PHf, THAT THOAT TRONG HOAT DONG HAU T V X A Y DUNG CONG TRiNH
2.1. Dac diem cda skn pham xay dyng v l sin xuSt xiy dyng de d i n den lang phf that thoat trong hoat dpng dau tir xay dyng
Dae trung efla xay dyng la nganh sin xuit vat chat die bi^t ed mgt sd die dilm rieng khac biet de xiy ra lang phi, thit thoat ban so vdi mdt sd nglnh sin xuit khic do la,
- Sin pham da dang, phin tin, gan vdi dieu kiln ty nhiln va xa hdi dm phaong.
Td dd, din din sy khac nhau ve gia thanh edng trinh xiy dung, moi mgt san pham xay dung ed gia rilng, khdng ed gia thdng nhat tren thj trUdng nha ele san pham cdng nghilp khac Dieu do, la yeu td khach quan de dan den lang phi, that thoat trong quin ly chi phi, - Cdng trinh xay dyng ed gil tri ldn, thdi gian sfl dung dai nen chi can mdt sai llm nhd trong qua trinh kiln tao hole sfl dyng se dan den nhflng tdn tai lau dai vl khd su'a ehUa Mat khac viec khic phuc hau qua thudng rit tdn kem, la nguyen nhin gay nen eae lang phi, that thoat., - Quy trinh sin xuat xay dyng mang tinh luu ddng cao. Sin pham c6 dinh, lao ddng va edng cu sin xuat dl ddng tao ra nhdng khd khin, phflc tap trong viee to chdc va quan !>/ sin xuat, de niy sinh that thoat, lang phi
- Chu ky san xuit xay dung thadng dai,
cae yeu to san xuat thadng xuyIn biln dpng, khd xae dinh chinh xac gil sin pham (edng trinh), eong tac thanh quylt toln gap nhilu khd khan, phflc tap llm phit smh eae CO hdi thit thoat, lang phi trong quin \y. Ngoai ra, neu cdng trinh xiy dyng khdng ddng tiln dd khdng nhdng Iam thilt hai ve kinh te ml cdn gly Inh hudng nghiem trong din cic nganh khae lien quan,
- Sin xuit xiy dyng chiu nhilu yeu td rui ro (chiu Inh hadng cua dieu kiln ty nhien, thdi tiet, khf hiu eua khu vyc cfia dilm xiy dyng, ele yeu td edng nghe, ky thult, thi trudng,, .) Inh hudng den tien do, chat luang, chi phi thuc hiln nen khd tranh khdi nhflng sai sdt trong kilm tra, kiem solt, cd the dan tdi that tholt, lang phi trong qua trinh quin ly san xuat.
2.2. Nguyen nhan gay lang phi, that thoat theo tdng giai doan cQa qua trinh dau tir
2.2.1. Ldng phf, that thodt trong khdu chudn bj ddu tu
a. Ldng phi, thdt thodt do khdng thUc hiin dung quy hoach, chdt lugng quy hogeh thdp
Quy hoach la sy sap xip, bd tri hop ly, can ddi gifla cac yeu td cua luc laong sin xuat trong xa hdi, phin cfing lai lao ddng trin cac vflng lanh thd eua cl nudc Do dd, quy hoaeh phai di trudc mdt budc Tren thuc te, cdng tac quy hoaeh ehua thye sy di trade mdt bade d l llm can cd xlc dinh dia diem xay dyng cho du I n diu ta nen khdng ft cac duan ldn, quan trgng cua Nha nUde khi ra quyet djnh ve chu truong dau ta d l tholt ly quy hoach, nen thieu tfnh chinh xac Va do do trong qua trinh triln khai thae hiln dyan phli di ddi gay lang phi, that thoat, hieu qua dau ta thap, TR Hd Chl fvlinh vfla ban hanh quyet dinh di ddi 22 co sd sin xuat kinh doanh do khdng phfl hop vdi quy hoach Tuy ehaa cd eon so thdng ke chinh xlc v l so laong Ilng phi, that tholt nhang cd the Udc laong eon sd len den hang tram tJ'[8].
Bin canh chat laong cdng tie quy hoaeh cdn nhilu van de phli bin, hiln tuong kha phd bien la thieu phdi hop trong cic cdng vi^c nhu quy ho^ch lam dudng giao thdng thilu kit hap vdi quy hoach he thdng ludi di^n. cap nadc, thoat nadc... din den cdng vile chdng cheo, phai phi di lam lai, gly Ilng phi, that thoat vdn diu tU. CIc dy I n quy hoaeh chUa cd t i m nhin dli han, nhat la cac so Illu,. thfing tin dy blo d l iahi cin cdquy hoach chua vCfng chic Quy hoach, nhit 11 quy hoach dadng bg da sd ele eong trinh giai quyet mang tinh tinh the. Quy hoach phli iam di !lm lai, quy hoach bi xe 11 theo vdng, mien, tinh. Chat laong quy hoaeh thap din den quy hoach nhanh bi lac hau, CIc quy hoaeh khdng duoc dilu chinh kip thdi eho phu hap vdi nhdng thay doi ve kmh t l xa hfii v l hoan cinh mdi nen quy hoach mat tinh thdi sy, khdng dip dng dugc ylu cau phat triln (Theo nhan djnh tai Td trinh so 271/TTr-CP ngay 24/08/2016 cua Chinh phfl vl cic tai lilu kem theo, ngay 05/09/2016 ve dy In Lult Quy hoach),
b. Ldng phi, thdt thodt trong khdu xdc djnh ehO truang ddu tu Chu truong dau tu ehaa gan vdi thyc te, theo ehfl quan cua ngadi cd tham quyln quylt dmh, Nguyen nhin din den quylt dmh ehu traong sai hole khdng dflng mdt phan do trinh do nhan thflc quan diem cua ngUcft ed tham quyln ehua dfl tam, mdt phan do chat luong cdng tac tham djnh cfla co quan chuyin mon tham mau eho ngudi cd tham quyen, Oo dd, CO khdng it d y l n sau khi ra quylt dmh dau tu, vile tnen khai thUc hiln d y l n den khi hoan thanh dua vao sddung thi DAOT khdng sfl dung het edng suit hoac cdng nghe lac hau, nen khi di vao hoat ddng thi ehat luong sin pham thap, gil thanh cao, kmh doanh bj thua 16.
e. Tmh trgng ddu tuddn trdi, cdng nghe Igc hau
Tinh trang dan trli dau tU blng ngudn
( I N T R O D U C T I O N A N D E X C H A N G E ) TRAO BOI, GIOI THlfiU CHUYEN NQANH |
vdn ngan sleh nhi nade efla ele bd, nganh va cac tinh, thanh phd dang la mdt van de bfle xue trong linh vyc dau tu, gly lang phi, that tholt eye ldn, lam gilm hilu qui dau ta. Vdi dilu kiln ngan saeh eo hep ma nhu clu phit trien Idn, thi ein t i n dung tflng ddng vdn thi tinh trgng lang phi khi diu tu dan trli duac the hien tren blo chi hang ngay nhu, edng trinh thfly loi cau Sen (Nghe An) xay xong hoat ddng duy nhit mdt tin khi chay thfl [17], trong khi mdt eon dUdng dang xiy dang dd nhang phai tam ddng vi hit kinh phi dan din hieu qui sfl dyng gan nhu blng khdng,. . Chilu ngay 21/02/2017 eho y kiln v l danh mue dy In vl mfle bo tri vdn cu the eho tdng du an trong ke hoach diu tu cdng trung han, giai doan 2016 - 2020, nhilu y kien tai philn hop Uy ban Thudng vu Qude hpi deu cho ring, tinh trang diu tu dan trai, lang phi dfl da duoc nhic tdi nhieu lln, song van chUa the khic phuc.
Chu tjch Qudc hdi d l diem ra 500 cdng trinh ehuyen tilp cflng vai tram cdng trinh du kiln holn thanh, trong dd ed nhieu d u i n qua nhd, !era phai xdly ddt diem, khdng de day dUa, din den khdng ed tiln d l lam nhflng cfing trinh trpng dilm [19].
Theo so lieu dieu tra thi may mdc thiet bj cfla ta lac hau so vdi the gidi tfl 19 - 20 nam, binh quan lac hiu 2 -3 t h i hi, hon 55% trlnh dd thu cdng, 41% trinh do CO khi va ehua day 4% trinh do tU ddng hda [6]. Du an Nha may xi mang Ble Kan do sd dyng cdng nghe lae hau, sin phim chit iuong kem nen eang llm clng thua Id. Chi sau vai nam hoat dfing, dy In da ngdng hoat ddng, toln bg diy ehuyin sin xuat duoe ban nha bin sit vun [18].
Tinh trang dau tU dan trli, eong ngh§ lae hau llm gilm hieu qui sfldung efla ddng vdn dan din lang phi, thit thoat rit Idn trong do lang phf la ehfl ylu.
Nhdng ngi dung phin anh lang phi, thit tholt ve chu truang dau ta nlu ra d tren the hien d giai doan trUde khi khdi cdng xay dung (cdng tic quy hoaeh, edng tic chuin bi dau tu), Trong thye te, Ilng phi, that thoat. do chu truong diu tu la rat Idn, song ehaa dagc dinh gil mdt cich diy ddva nghilm tflc
d. Ldng phi, thdt thodt trong din bu gidi phdng mat bdng
Mdt trong nhflng ndi dung cfla cdng tic ehuan bj xiy dyng la chuan bj mat bang
xay dyng ma trong tam la cdng tic den bfl, gili phdng mit bang de xiy dyng Cfing tie din bfl gili phdng mat bang trong nhieu nam qua ludn gay ach tac lam eham tiln do xiy dyng, xay ra nhilu tilu cyc lang phi von Nha nadc v l cic hiln taong tham nhflng.
Mdt trong nhflng hiln taong hiy lang phi, thit tholt trong giai phdng mat bang II hiln taong chu dau tu khai khdng khoi lugng de an chia tien din bfl. Trong hai ngay 26-27/06/2014, Tda In nhan dan tinh Binh Phude da md phien xet xd so tham vy an "Lam dung chflc quyln, ehllm doat tai sin" xay ra tai dy In bdi thadng gili phdng mat bang va tai dinh ca da In thfly lpi PhUdc Hda. Mdt nhdm can bg cua ehfl dau tuda khai khdng khdi luong den bfl, gay thilt hai cho nha nUde 2,1 ty ddng [11].
Cae vin bin phap ly v l din bd giai phdng mat blng hien nay eon nhilu bat cap, khd ap dung, de gly thic mac khilu kien. Khung gia din bu d eae dia phuong con chua sat vdi tinh hinh thye t l dan din ngudi din khfing chiu thyc hien din bu, di ddi. Viec keo dli thdi gian den bfl lam cho khdi edng cdng trinh cham, keo dai thdi gian thac hien KlNHTtXAYDUNG|3I
da In, lam cho dau ta kim hilu qui, gay lang phi that tholt von v l t l i san cfla nha nadc. Mdt vidu: diu nam 2013, Ban quin ly dU In PMU 85 cda Bd Giao thdng Van t l i bi nha thau Nhit Bin ddi phat hap dong 200 tl dong do ehim bin giao mat bang thi edng, ly do ehaa gili phdng mat blng xong khien nha thau ling phi miy mdc nhin lyc thilt bi, phit sinh ehi phi, ..[12]
2.2 J. Ldng phi, that thodt trong khdu thUe hien ddu tu
a. Ldng phi, thdt thodt do thiet ke S6 lieu dau vao cd vai trd eye kj quan trpng trong dim blo chat lUOng hd so thilt ke. Hien nay, do han chl v l vdn, tien dfi triln khai gip nen edng tie khlo sit, dilu tra khdng duge thuc hiln mdt each diy du, dan din hd so thiet ke mdt sd dy In phli khao sat, bd sung trong qua trinh tnen khai xiy dytig, phai xfl ly ele vin d l phat smh, thay the, chat lapng hd so thiet ke cdn nhilu bat cap do ehaa nghien cflu mdt cich thau dao, kit hop gifla dilu kiln ty nhien, xa hfli, dia hinh, dia chat thdy van khu vyc CIc phuong m kit cau lya chgn kiln nghi cdn chua tdi Uu v l mat kmh te. VI du DAXD tru sd Vien KSND huyen Nhi Be - TP Hd Chi Mmh dau tu vuot 3 056m2, khdng sd dyng; Dy an nha van hol Lao ddng cdng doln Thanh Hoa thiet ke tadng rao blng kit elu nan sit khdng hap ly nen thi edng xong phli phi dd lam lai gly lang phi 0,2431^ ddng [9].
Hd so thilt ke khdng theo dung quy pham, quy ehuan v l ky thult eua Nhi nadc thoat ly vdi tinh hinh thUe t l v l dia chat, dja hinh, khi hau, dilu kien va dac diem v l tli nguyen, nguon nhan lyc vl dac diem nguyen lilu, vat ty thiet bi diu vao. quy mfi, khi nang tilu thu san pham, diu ra se dan din nhdng lang phf, thit thoat trong qui trinh thi cdng va sfl dyng edng trinh xay dyng
Cd t h i ndi, lang phi d khau trien khai thilt ke dien ra theo 2 khuynh hudng.
32lKINHTexAY0UNG
- Mdt II thilt ke vapt qua ylu clu so vdi tilu chuan va quy qhuin, sCf dung nhilu vlt lieu dit tien;
- Hai la thiet ke khdng dam blo dung quy chuan, tieu chuin hole phan ldn dya vao kit qui khao sat so sii hole ed nhilu sai sdt.
b. Ldng phi, thdt thodt trong lap vd qudn If Tong mdc ddu tU, di/todn L|p va quin \'j/ tdng mdc dau tu, dy toln la khau khong chl gay ra ling phf, that tholt ve vdn dau tu ma edn gly ra so hd dan din tham nhung. Cy the:
- Khdi laong daa vao tfnh toan ehaa chinh xac khdng phfl hpp vdi ndi dung ho so thiet ke, tinh toan khdi lagng sai quy pham, quy ehuan.
- Ap dyng sai dinh mdc dOn gil, nang gia vlt ta thilt bl cao hon thyc t l . Diln hinh la dy an mua U ndi M83 dapc san xuat td nam 1965 (da bi dang kilm Nga ngflng cap phep tfl nam 2006) gil 9 trieu USD nhang thue chat la ddng sat vun, khdng cd khi nang sd dung dygc gay thiet hai cho Nha nude 370 trieu ddng ehaa keden thiet hai do dy In bi phi san, khdng thae hien duoe [15].
D l tang cadng tinh chinh xlc cfla vile l|p tdng mdc diu ta, dy toln, cae don vi tuvln can ed mdt he thdng dinh mdc day du vl chinh xac. Tuy nhien, v l van d l ban hanh va ap dyng d nade ta edn rit nhilu bat cap, la mdt trong cic nguyen nhin gay lang phi, thit thoat d khau nay.
d khau lap tong mdc dau tu, nha nadc ehaa ed dinh mdc dy toln tdng hap. 0 khau lap du toln, tuy nhi nudc da ban hanh dmh mflc dy toln xiy dyng cdng trinh nhang theo mgt sd chuyin gia dinh mdc nay edn chua day dfl, thieu ehinh xac gly ling phi, that tholt trong xay dung
c. Ldng phi, thdt thodt trong khdu thiet ki, thdm djnh thiit ki, du todn Theo quy djnh hi|n hanh thi chi phi thiet kl, ehi phf tham tra thiet kl, tham tra dy
toln duoe tfnh theo ty- le % eda chi phf xay dtmg. Do v|y m l cic dan vi thiet kl, don v| thim tra thilt ke, thim tra dy toan ft chu y din vi&c nghiln cdu thilt ke hyp 1^ de gilm bdt chi phi khdng cin thilt Hg cd xu hudng ting quy md vl h i sd an toln cao hon mdc binh thadng d l tang chi phf thiet ke, chl phf tham tra nham hadng Id.
d. Ldng phi, thdt thodt trong lUa chgn nhd thau
Hinh thfl'c dau thau II hinh thde tien bd trong chon thlu xay dyng nhung trong thyc t l da va dang dien ra nhieu tieu cyc CIc nha thau eanh tranh khdng lanh manh de loai trd nhau hole hen kit vdi nhau trong lap hd so dy thlu de mfit dan v\ thing thau sau do In chia ngam vdi nhau. Viee de Ipt tai lieu dau thau thadng xuyen xiy ra, vi pham nghiem trpng quy dinh Lult Dau thau.
Tinh trang mdc ngoac, ehay thau gifla nha thau vdi ehfl diu ta, hdi ddng xlt duyet hd so dy thlu dien ra pho biln.
Sau khi trflng thlu, cae nha thau thudng lgi dung so hd hoac thdng ddng vdi ehfl diu tade dieu ehinh thilt kl, chflng loai vlt ta day gil edng trinh lln cao. Chang ban nha Da In dau tu Xay dyng nha may sda chffa t l u bien phia Nam, Chu dau'tu la Vinalines d l td chdc diu thau theo hinh thde ehio hang canh tranh gdi thlu U noi khi chua cd quyet djnh phi duyet kit qui dau thau. Td dd, Chfl diu ta v l Nhi thlu mdc ngoac day gia gdi thau len eao, gay ling phi, that thoat nghiem trong [15].
Nhflng hien tuong tieu cue trong dau thau la nguyin nhin din den lang phi, that tholt trong xiy dyng.
e. Ldng phi, thdt thodt trong khdu thi eong xdy dUng cdng trinh Thiet k l cong trlnh bao gid cung cd he sd an toan cao, vdi sy ddng y cfla gilm sat thi cdng, don vi thi cfing se gilm vat lieu vdi hy vpng chat lUPng cdng trlnh dim blo. Mat khac, don vi thi edng cd
(INTRODUCTION AND EXCHANGE) TRAO BOI, GI6I TlOtU GHUV^ NGANH |
the thay doi chflng I09I vlt li&u vdi gia r l hon nhung van thanh toln theo chflng loai gil eao, tang khdi luong thi cdng cao ban thyc t l , rdt rudt edng trlnh. Vdi each lam nay, nlu khdng bi phat hien ngay khi thi cdng thi sau khi thi cdng se rat khd phit hien. So tiln chenh lieh se duoe ele bin chia nhau, ehit luong cong trinh sl khdng dim blo nha thilt kl, gay ling phi, that tholt va ed the gay hSu qui nghilm trong, edng trlnh Ifln, ndt, sap.
VI dy nha: Du In Tmng tim chda benh- giao due- lao ddng xa hdi eo sd 11 tren diln tfch 80.000 m2 tai to IA, phudng Dflc Xuan, TP. Bac Kan. CIc co quan ehfle nlng khi kiem tra da phit hien ehfl dau tuva dan vi thi cdng da e§u kit vdi nhau, nghilm thu khong khdi luong l^n tdi 6 ty ddng, UBND tInh Ble Kan da ra quyet dinh xfl phat Sd LDTB&XH (ehfl dau tu), Tdng Cdng ty sdng Hdng (nha thlu thi cdng) va Cdng ty Cd phan vl thiet ke xiy dyng TTC vi hinh vi to chdc nghilm thu khdng khdi luong gdi thau, llm sai lech kit qui gilm sat trong qua trinh to ehfle gilm sit thi cfing [16].
f. Ldng phi, thdt thodt trong thanh todn vdn ddu tu
Do dac diem cua sin pham xay dung vl sin xuat xiy dyng cd quy md Idn, thdi gian xay dung dai nen phli thanh toan tung phin theo giai doan thi cdng cdng trinh khi cd khdi luang thyc hiln dupe nghiem thu.
Vdn dau tu chl daoc thanh toan khi khdi luong thye hifin da hoan thanh, dfl dilu kiln thanh toln. Do dd, lang phi, that thoa't d giai doan niy ed liln quan chat che vdi cdng tic nghiem thu khdi lupng hoan thinh. Tinh trang nghilm thu khdng dflng khoi lugng thyc t l thi cdng, khfing dflng chl do, dOn gia thac t l , chdng loai vat tu, nghiem thu tren giay td d l llm tang gil tn cdng trinh, tholt ly thuc te gay lang phi, that tholt, Nguyen nhan hien tuong nay lien quan den tilu cyc trong dau thau va thi cdng, tu van gilm sat khdng lam trdn trich nhilm hoac cd sa mdc ndi gida chu dau
ta, nhi thau va tU van giam sat. VI dy tai dy I n ETXD nha may Cdng nghiep tau thuy Dung Quat, tfnh thanh toan chi phi lai dinh mdc ddi vdi hinh thfl'c ty thye hiln, thfla VAT, Ip dan gia khfing phu hop, nghilm thu sai tang khoi lacflig ... Tong gil tri sai tang 274.930 USD va 68446.356,810d6ng[7].
g. Ldng phi, thdt thodt trong quyet todn vdn ddu tu
Cdng tic quylt toan vdn diu tUxly dyng holn thanh la khiu cudi cung trong diy chuyin quin ly vdn diu ta. Nhieu dy an sau khi llm blo cao quylt toln, tham tra blo d o quylt toan trade khi phe duylt quylt toan da phit hien mdt sd thanh khoan sai dinh mdc dcjn gil, khdng phd hpp vdi ehi dfi Nhi nadc quy djnh.
Thyc t l , edng tae quyet toln vdn diu tu dy In holn thanh d mot sd noi con chua nghiem, lam ehim. Dilu dd khdng nhirng Inh hUdng true tilp din cdng tic quin ly chl phf trong xay dyng ma edn Inh hudng din edng tie quan ly vdn va vile bao toan vdn khi du an dUa vio ho?t ddng, Vf du cdng trinh hoan thanh nam 2010, tdng vdn dau tula 100 t;^ nhung din thdi dilm nim 2012 mdi quyet toan xong thi phli cd he sd quy doi, danh gia lai tai san tfl nam 2010 ve nim 2012. Vly, ed t h i thiy ring lang phi, thit tholt xiy ra d hiu hit cae khau, giai doan cfla dy In diu ta xay dung cdng trinh, tfl khi ed chfl truang dau tu den khi quylt toln vdn dau tu xay dung hoanthanh.
2.3. Mot sd nguyen nhan khac 2.3.1. CO ehe qudn If vd gidm sdt hogt dpng cua chd dau tu
Vdn dau tu phit trien ha tang ky thult, dau tu xay dung da sd II vdn do Nha nudc dl vay, Nha nudc blo lanh ma ed Nhu vay, ehfl dau tu dich thue la nha nudc Cae ehfl dau tu sfl dyng ngudn vdn nay hien nay ehi la ngudi daoc giao quin ly va sddung vdn. fvidt so chfl dau t a v l cic doanh nghilp Nha nadc daoc trao quyen
diu ta nhieu loai dy In vdi ele die I n ve tiln vdn, khai thic khoang sin, dit dai,.
Nhu vly, chu diu ta hiln nay dang duac quyen quan \f, sd dyng mpt iUOng tiln rat ldn nhang khdng phai cfla minh trong khi lult phip quy dinh ddi vdi viee giam sit, xd phat boat ddng cfla cac chu diu tu chua nghilm Tfl dd, dUn din vile ehfl dau tu llm vile khdng het trach nhilm, thdng dong vdi ele ben de rflt rucit cfing trinh, tham d, tham nhung gay lang phf, thit tholt.
2.3.2. He thong djnh miKe, tieu chuan ehUa day du, con nhieu thieu sdt He thdng dmh mdc tilu ehuan ehaa day dfl, thieu ddng bp dan din thilu co sd cho vile thilt lap cae chflng cfl', phan tich, dinh gil, xlc dinh, du tru chi phi eho cac cdng vile d giai doan ehuan bi du In, thue hien va khai thie dy an Vi dy viec thieu dinh mdc dy toln tdng hpp lam eho viec xle dmh tdng mdc dau tu gap khd khin.
Nhflmg dmh mdc tieu ehuan da cd thi cdn nhilu thieu sdt ehaa theo kip vdi toe dfi phat trien efla nganh, Trong nhdng nam gan day, nganh Xay dyng d Viet Nam lien tue ap dyng cdng nghe mdi, vlt lifiu mdi, may mdc thilt bi hien dai trong xiy dang nhim nlng cao nang suit xiy dyng, chat luong eong trinh xiy dyng Tuy nhien khi Ip dung cdng nghe mdi, vlt li|u mdi, miy mdc hien dai mdi se gap khdng It khd khan trong quin ly do cac cdng trinh xay dyng hien nay dang ap dyng dinh mdc cu tfln eo sd van Ip dung edng ngh^, may mdc thi cdng lae hau dan den nang suit lao dfing thap, day gia tri edng trinh lln cao
Mat khac trong qua trinh thi edng do anh hadng nhilu ylu td khaeh quan nhu: dia hinh, mat bang, thdi tilt., nen to chdc thi cdng khi phflc tap; nhieu edng tie xay dung hien van chua cd trong dinh mflc hoac mdt sd cdng tac cd trong dmh mfle nhang lai khfing phd hpp vdi dieu kien thi cdng thyc te, do dd khd van dung tham chi khfing Ip
KINHTE XAV DUNG 1 3 3
dung duoc Vlic bd sung, sfla ddi dmh mdc ehua kjp thdi; trong khi eae chinh sleh eda nhi nade v l quin ly diu tu xiy dyng thi lien tyc thay doi, nhilu cdng tie xay dyng khong cd trong dinh mfle nen qua trinh thue hien d y l n gap nhilu khd khin.
Vly, vile he thdng dmh mflc tieu ehuan chua diy du, khdng theo kjp sU phat tnen cua nganh dan din viee lap, du trfl chi phf thilu ehfnh xac viee quan 1^ chi phf gap khd khan, Chfl dau tu thilu cic can cd phap ly trong vile tham dmh phe duyet du an, du toln cfing trinh. Day la nguyin nhin gly lang phf, that thoat Idn trong dau tuxly dyng.
2.3.3. Hgn ehi ve ndng \Uc qudn ly, ndng lUc ehuyen mdn
Ngudn lUc con ngudi cdn nhieu han che ve nlng lUc quan ly, ve nang luc chuyen mdn; hanh vi vu Ipi niy sinh nghilm trong d nhieu cap, nhilu khau vl rinh trang chip phip khfing nghiem.
Cd the thay, Ilng phf la hau qua cfla ddt nit, han chl v l nang lyc, tinh thin trich nhiem kem, cdn that thoat la hau qua cfla t l tham nhung va su chip phap khfing nghiem
34|KINHTf>:AVDUNG
Tfl nhflng phan tieh trin, tie gia kien nghi mdt sd gili phip nhim ban ehe, ngan ngda lang phi. that thoat trong diu tu xiy dung.
3. MOT Sd KliN NGHI DE HAN CHE, NGAN NGVA TiNH TRANG LANG PHI, THAT THOAT TRONG D A U TUXAY DUNG
3.1. Hoan thien the che kinh te trong dau tiT xay dyng
Thi chl thudng bao gdm eae quy dmh eda Nhi nUdc ele quy tie dng xd trong xl hgi duoc Nha nudc cdng nhan, cung vdi bd miy thye hien, phuang phip van hanh, thu tuc tien hanh edng viec cua bd miy dd.
Can ra soat, chinh sfla, bd sung ban hanh the che, eo che quan ly ddng bfi, chat ehe, dfl ngan ehan va phat hien mgi hanh vi tilu cyc tham nhung trong thi hinh cfing vu
Trade day, cic van bin cfla Nha nude chi chu trong ehdng lang phi, thit tholt tfl phia cac nha thau thi cdng ma ehua ehfl y din viec chdng lang phf, that tholt tfl cac nha thau tu van, td phia chfl dau tu.
Khic vdi cic cdng trinh diu tutfl ngudn vdn Nha nadc, cic cdng trlnh xiy dung dupe dau tu td ngudn von tu nhin, vdn nude ngoai thudng ed hilu qui cao hon, ling phi, thit tholt hau nha khdng ed. Nguyen nhin nhu d l phin tfeh d tren, 11 do ele t h i chl phip luat ehua gin dugc trich nhilm cua chfl dau tu vdi ngudn vdn nhi nudc duoc giao sfl dyng nhU cac chfl dau tU tU nhan va nade ngoai. Do vly, can cd the che de nlng cao trich nhilm eua chfl dau tu khi dapc giao quin ly va sd dyng vdn Nhi nadc
Can tang eudng khuyin khich xa hfii hda cac ngudn vdn diu ta theo hadng thu hut nhieu hon vdn cda ele thinh phin kmh te ngoli nha nadc tham gia diu tu vao ele cfing trlnh cau, cdng, dudng xa, trudng hgc benh vien,...
Nhd dd, mgt mat cd the gin trach nhilm cua ehd diu tU vio cdng trinh, mat khae cd the giam sue ep lln vdn ngin sach nhi nadc
3.2. Hoan thi^n va tao lap them cac tieu chuan, djnh mdc lam phi/Ong tien tfnh toan va danh gia thyc hi^n trong hoat dong DTXD
Can ban hinh nhdng tai lilu ehi dan va
CINTRODUCnON AND EXCHANGE)nUIO B aCHinSSHBANHl
he thong o c d i i tieu, tieu chuan, cac djnh mdc kinh te ky thult cdn thieu hoac chua sat thyc, thieu tinh kha thi. CJ Tmng Quoc va nhieu nude khac hp ban hanh hang nghin chi tieu cho nhijrng san pham trung gian, cho nhdng hang muc cdng trinh co tinh pho bien lam co sd cho viec xay dung han mdc dau tu va dp dai thdi gian cho tdng hang muc, lam can cd tin cay de an djnh tdng mdc dau tu va ^ n g tien do thi cong cho cac dy an. Mac du, viec nay ton nhieu chi phi va ddi hoi chuyen mdn rat cao cua ngucfi lam cong tac dinh mdc Tuy nhien, tien
bac V3 COTig sdc bo ra la chfnh dang.
Can khan traong thay ddi he thong djnh mdc tieu chuan de phii hop vdi nhu cau phit trien.
33. Nang cao nang Ii/c q u i n iy, nang lire c h u y ^ mdn cua nhdng did the tham gia hoat dpng dau b/xay ddng Oiinh phu da ban hanh Nghj djnh 59/2016/NEH:P ngay 18/06/2015 v l quan Iy dy an dau ta xay dung trong dd cd ban hinh cac quy djnh ve ehdng chi nghilp vu cua cac to chdc ca nhan trong hoat dpng dau tir xay dyng. Van de, can
CO CO die de cd the thyc hien nghiem tuc nhdng quy djnh nay. Td do, se khong cd chuyen cac ca nhan td didc Widng du dieu kien nang lyc vin daoc nhan nhi^g cong trinh \dt\.
Them do, can tang cudng cong tac dao tao, boi dadng nang lyc nghe nghilp c^o cin bp quan ly phii hop vdi sy phat trien kinh te. Quan ly phai la khoa hoc mang tfnh chuyin mdn hda cao, quan ly dy an phai la mpt nghe nghiep mang tinh chu>^n n g h i ^ . Npi dung quan ly mi ro can duoc chii trpng hon nua trong quan l y d y l n *
[1] Quoc hpi, Uidt Phong chdng tham nhung so 55/2005/ doi vdi viee chong that thoat, Idng phi vd tiiu cue trong QH11 ngay 29/11/2005. ddu tUxdydUng cobdn.
[2]QuSehdi, LudtThUchdnh tiitldim, chong idng phi so 44/2013/QH13 ngdy 26/11/2013.
[3] Chinh phu, Nghj djnh 32/201S/ND-CP ngdy 25/03/2015 ve qudn ly chi phi dau tUxdy dung.
14] Chinh phu, Nghj djnh 59/2016/ND-CP ngdy 18/06/2015 ve qudn ly dUdn dau tuxdy dung.
[5] Ho Chi Minh - Todn tap, Nxb. Chinh trj qudc gia. Ndm 2009,tdp6,tr.488-490.
16] Be tdi nghiin cdu khoa hge (2004): 'Bdnh gid mdc dp Idng phi thdt thodt trong cdc dU dn ddu tUxdy dUng vd nhdng gidi phdp ngdn ngUa,kbdcphuc";MdsdTC37-04, Bp Xdy dung, Hd Npi.
[7] Chdnh thanh tra Bp Xdy dimg, Quyet dinh sd 274/
QE}-TTr ngay 12/10/2015 kit lugn thanh tra vi cdng tdc qudn ly ddu tif xdy dUng tgi DU dn dau tUxdy dUng nhd mdy Cdng nghiip tdu thuy Dung Qudt (giai dogn 1. giai dogn 2) do Cdng ty TNHH mpt thdnh viin Cdng nghiip Tdu thuy Dung Qudt Idm chu ddu tU.
[8] UBND TP. Ho Chi Minh, Quyit dinh sd5187/QD-UBND ngdy 03/10/2016 ve Phi duyit danh muc cosdpbdi di ddi do khdng phu hap quy hogeh xdy dung dd thi trin dja bdn Thdnh phoHd Chi Minh dgt 1 ndm 2016.
[9] Hodng Vdn U/Ong - LATS (2012): Hogt dpng kiim todn
[10] http5-J/www.gso.gov.vn/.
[11] http://www.doisongphapluat.com/phap-luat/an- ninh-hinh-su/lap-ho-so-giai-phong-mat-bang-khong- chiem-doat-tien-ty-a38486.htmL
[12] https-J/shs.com.vn/News/2013125/787551/cham- giao-mat-bang-bi-doi-200-ti-dong.aspx.
[13] www.sav.gov.vn.
114] http://www.baomoi.com/phat-hien-nhieu-sai' pham-tai-du-an-dau-tU'Xay-dung-nha-may-eong- nghiep-tau-thuy-dung-quat/e/20271747.epL [15] http-y/dantrixontvn^dnh-doanh/ky-tum-noi-sat-vun- aKHluorig-ehi-dung-that-ma-nhu-dua-1382275627JiQn.
[16] http-J/wwwjiakioankeLvn/tm-tuc/tkng-dtBi/bac-kan- nhieu-eong-trinh-tien-ty-bo-hoang-lang-phi-122066.
[17] http-y/vnblueJnfo/cong-trinh-thuy-loi-tien-ty-xay- xong-bo-hoang-tho-ngay-pha-huyJitmi
[18] http-J/wwwJ>aobackan.wg.vn/ehannel/1121/201606/
he-Iuy-du-an-nha-may-3dmang-bae-kan-2438734/.
n9]httpy/wvm.tienphong.vnAa-hoi/xu-ly-dut-diem-tinh- tr^mg-dau-tu-dan-trahkem-hieu-qua-l 123326.tpo.