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1. Nhan thuc thuat ngir v l hien tuffng ton giao moi
Su xuat hien nhiing hien tugng ton giao trong the gidi hien nay dang la de tai ban luan rdng khap Irong gidi nghien cuu ton giao va quan ly xa hdi. GS. Francoise Champion (Trung tam nghien cuu GSRL Sorbone, Pari) gpi hien tugng tdn giao tren la nhom ton gido thieu so, nhom ton gido ben le. nhom hon tgp chung, nhom bdt tudn phuc.
Sd dl CO ten ggi nhu vay ia do dd la nhihig manh rdi ciia tdn giao da bi phan ra, khong cdn the hien ngi dung ton giao, it ra la thu ton giao da dugc dinh nghTa theo each cd dien cua chau Au'.
Nghien ciiu hien tugng tdn giao mdi hien nay cdn chii y tdi mgi khuynh hudng d cac nudc phuang Tay, do la nghien ciiu ton giao mdi thdng qua hien tugng giao phai (Sect) vdi nghTa ca ban la nhihig bien the tir mgt ton giao gde, lach ra v l mat Id ehiic Giao hpi, cd sy khde biet it nhieu ve mat giao
' Xem. Nhom ton giao thiiu so. nhom ton gido ben le.
Trudng h<?p aia cdc phong trao ton gido m&i, in trong KJ y^u Hpi thao Nghien ctiu ton giio Phip va Vi§l Nam (7-8 thing 7 nSm 1999, Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi.
2007, tr. 105-106.
T S . Vu Van Hau
Vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh Khu vuc I NCS. Nguyin Le Thach Hoc vien Khoa hgc Xa hoi ly, phuang thirc tu tri, nhung ndi chung van gift can goc ve than hgc, giao ly ton giao goc. Tat nhien, dung trudc hien tugng nay, mdi gde dp tiep can co nhiing quan niem khac nhau: Quan niem cua cac nha quan ly xa hgi, quan niem ciia cac nha nghien ciiu va quan niem lir Nha thd''.
Nghien ciru ve hien tugng nay dang chu y la quan niem ciia Balagushkin E.G. trong bai viet Cdc ton gido m&i vai tinh cdeh Id hien tuang vdn hoa - xd hoi vd he iu luang.
Qng da khang dinli rang, neu diing thuat ngii cac phong trao tdn giao mdi thay the cho hien tugng ton giao mdi thi se la khdng day du. Bdi vi, khai niem phong trao ton giao mdi chi lien quan tdi viec xual hien cac ldn giao phi hinh thiic, nghTa la khdng cd td chuc chat che va khdng cd cac the che tdn giao dugc hinh thanh. Vi vay, khai niem phong trao tdn giao mdi, ve thyc chat, loai trir cac quy che da dang dac trung cho cac hien lugng ton giao mdi dac biet: cac giao phai, long phai, ddng tu, hgi, cac tu vi?n... Toan bd nhimg khac biet ve hinh thai hpc dd dugc
* Xem them: Nguyen Quoc Tuan, (V hi^n tu^mg tun gido mdi (phdn dau), Tpp chl Nghien cim T6n giio so 12/2011, tr. 9-22.
NGHIEN cau CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°10 11571.2013
bao ham bdi khai niem: "Cdc ton gido mai md xet tix quan diem do Id day du vd tuang thich han " - Tiic la can nhan dien hien tugng ton giao mdi nay Ihdng qua lat cat cua hinh thai hpc. Tac gia ban them, tinh tir mdi ve mat ngii nghTa hpc mang tinh chat nude ddi.
Bdi, dac trung ciia hien tugng Ion giao mdi dac biel can dugc xem xet trudc het la nam d cac dac diem hinh thai hgc cua chiing chii khong phai d tinh chat thdi dai cua chiing.
Hon niia, ban than thuat ngii nay khdng cho biel phai hieu "dieu mdi la" ciia ton giao do theo nghTa nao, theo quan diem thdi gian xuat hien cua chiing hay theo quan diem ciia dac diem ciia chiing. Va dieu nay ducmg nhien can giai thich hien tugng tdn giao mdi theo nghTa hinh thai hda .
Tich hgp sy nghien cim tren, theo chiing toi, hien tugng tdn giao mdi khdng chi dan thuan ia tdn giao mdi so vdi tdn giao truyen thong ma la hien tugng tdn giao mdi gan vdi tien trinh phat trien cua lich sir nhan Ioai - quan diem lien hoa luan'', gan vdi khdng gian xa hpi mdi ma cac hgc gia phuang Tay ggi la Hodn cdnh hgu hien dgi. Trudc khi di vao nhan dien dac diem cua hien tugng ton giao mdi can thiet nhan thiic khdng gian xa hdi mdi tren hoan canh mdi - Hodn cdnh hgu hien dgi. Vay hau hien dai la gi? Theo quan dilm Jean - Francois Lyotard (1924 - 1998),
" Xem Balagushkin E G, trong bai viet Cdc ton gido mat vai linh cdeh Id hien tirang vdn hoa - xa hgi vd Ap tu tu&ng. trong Ton giao va deri s6ng hien dai, t.3, tr.
126-127.
^ Xem: Robert N Bellah' Su tien hoa aia ton gido, trong Nh&ng van de nhan hpc ve ton giao, Nxb Da Nang, ir. 275-307.
hau hien dai khdng phai la su phii dinh tinh hien dai ma la sy tiep tyc tinh hien dai d trinh do khac, mgt each thirc khac. Khi noi vl tSm thuc hau hien dai - mgt trong 3 thanh td cau tnic hoan eanh hau hien dai, Lyotard khang dinh: "Trong bdi canh dd, tam thiic hau hien dai la mdt nd luc mdi nham thiic tinh trudc nhihig nguy ca earn dd de tiep tuc suy tudng va kien tao nhiing hinh thiic mdi, phil hgp han, de "cim van" va bao ve gia tri dich thyc cua hien dai: Su tu do va sy khai phdng ca nhan". Khdng phai ngau nhien ma tam thiic nay ra ddi trong nira sau cua the ky XX, mdt the ky ngan, nhung phai chiing kien day nhirng cyc doan, nhat la d chau Au. Vi the, Lyotard nhieu Ian nhan manh: "Hgu hien dgi khong phdi Id su cdeh ly cua hien dgi [...J md Id mot quan he khde v&i hien dgi"^ Tir tam thiic hau hien dai, Lyotard khai quat md hinh tam thirc hau hien dai tren nen tang triet hgc mdi - gpi la md hinh phan tu gdm 3 mat: i/ Kinh nghiem va thira nhan tinh cd the cau tao dugc hien thuc; ii/ Kinh nghiem va thira nhan nhimg di biet khdng the khac phuc trong the gidi con ngudi va xa hgi; iii/ Nd lyc thir nghiem nhiing sy ciu tao nen hien thuc va nhiing di biet ben trong nhiing hien thuc cu the cua chiing ta^.
Tir khung canh dd, phdng chilu nghien cuu linh hinh tdn giao hien nay ed the nhan thirc: Cae hien tugng tdn giao d giai doan nay cd sy md rdng cua ly tinh; Sy thi tuc hda vdi miie do manh va nhanh hem; Con
DSn theo Jean - Frangois Lyotard: Hodn cdnh h^u hi?n dai. Nxb Tri thuc. Ha Npi, 2007, tr. 14 - 15.
* Sdd, tr. 22.
<T/e dtu fut&ng. eua hien ii^^ng^ ton gido...
ngudi cd khuynh hudng tim lai tdn giao, nhung khdng nhat thilt la tdn giao cd truyin ma nhiing tdn giao mang tinh thi tuc. Khung canh ehung nay tao ra nhiing hien tugng tdn giao ed cau tnic eac quan he trong npi bg cua td chiic khdng chi quan he chilu dgc, tiic la lir Iren ban xudng ma dugc bd sung bSng quan he chieu ngang thdng qua cac mang ludi. Ca nhan tham gia nhiJng mang ludi xS hgi ton giao thdng qua mang xa hgi faeebook, intemet de giao Iiep vdi nhau, dl lim kiem nhiing gl minh thich hoac phii hgp.
2. Xu hu-dng vSn dong, phat trien cua hien tugng t6n giao m^ d cac ntrdc chau Au hi^n nay
Viec nhdn thirc xu hudng phat trien ciia hien tugng tdn giao mdi can dugc giai thich tren ca sd khdng gian xa hgi mdi. Trong sy phat trien xa hgi hien nay, khdng gian xa hdi can phai hieu la khdng gian tdn tai hiru hinh hoac vo hinh. Khdng gian hiiu hinh la mdi trudng hoan canh de cho tdn giao mdi sinh trudng va tdn lai. Khdng gian vd hinh d day mdi chi la mdi trudng du ludn do y thiic binh ding, khoan dung dem lai'^. Vdi cdn eii ciia bdi cdnh thdi dai va thuc tiln van hanh cua hien tugng ldn giao mdi hiSn nay lam du doan xu hudng ciia hien tugng tdn gido mdi tren thi gidi nhu sau:
* Xem them Tr^n NghTa Phuong, "Van di ton gido mdi trong cong trinh nghien ciru cita cdc nhd khoa hpc Trung Qudc" trong Nghien cuu ton gido. tin ngu&ng ch^ng dudng 20 ndm (1991- 2011), Nxb.
KHXH. Ha N^i, 2011, tr. 593-594.
Thu nhdt, hien tirang ton gido m&i ngdy cdng phdt trien, ddp ung khd ndng thoa mdn cua cdi toi.
Vdi bdn chat tdn giao la sy tha hda cac quan he ngudi, tao nen chirc nang bii dip hu do - nhu cau tat yeu cua cudc sdng con ngudi. Ngoai su bii dap nhu vay, tren binh dien tdng the ve ehiic nang, tdn giao cdn la sy ehiing nghiem ca the, la kinh nghiem vugt ra khdi pham vi nam bat cua ly linh tham chi d trang thai sieu ly linh va ban nguyen cua ly tinh. Tir thyc te nay da budc edc nhd xa hpi hgc tdn giao d chdu Au phdi xet lai loan bd ly thuyet ciia minh ve qua trinh the tuc hda va Idi tien doan ve tdn gido hap hdi. Dieu ndy cung cd the chia se vdi nhan dinh, Nhd thd dang trd Ihanh sa mac, nhung quin chiing khdng mat niem tin ton giao. Hg di tim cdi khac, dap irng han ude vpng thudng xuyen ciia con ngudi. Cac xa hpi hien dai dudng nhu "da di ra khoi tdn giao", trong dd tdt cd mpi ITnh vyc thudc hdnh dpng ciia eon ngudi deu chiem dugc dgc lap, ty chu ddi vdi nhung nguyen lac, luat le do tdn giao cd truyeft vach ra. Nhung dieu dd khdng cd nghla la cae ca nhan da thanh loan xong nhu cau tim y nghTa, hoan loan than nhien, dung dung trudc cai sdng, cdi chet ma la ly giai nd theo chieu canh khac.
Chinh d trong hoan canh mat niem tin noi ton giao cd truyen, chinh vi di tim cdi khac de tra ldi cho can hdi ve y nghTa, chinh vi tien bd vat chat vd khoa hgc ky thuat edng tao them khodng trdng trong tam linh, chinh vi con ngudi trong thdi dai mdi mudn tim
10 NGHIEN CCru CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°10 (157).2013
lien he trong chieu ngang hom la chieu dge, ehinh vi the ky XX da chiing kien sy tan va ciia bao nhieu niem tin y thiic he, con ngudi mdi thieu thdn sy binh tTnh cua tam hdn giiia bao nhieu xao dgng xa hgi, van hda, chinh tri, tdn giao, ky thudt.
Do qua trinh the tuc hda da tao thuan lgi cho qua trinh cd nhan hda phat trien nhu mpl xu the, nhihig niem tin va hanh vi tdn gido ngay cang dugc coi la cdng viee ed nhan.
Bdn than moi ca nhan ciing bat dau ly gidi ly thuyet cua mdt tdn giao, hinh dung ve mpt dang ldi cao theo each rieng ciia minh.
Xu the cd nhan hda bat ngudn tir su nang cao vai tro cua ca nhdn frong mpt nhdm. Tim kiem nhimg gia tri ca nhan trong quan he vdi cai thieng lieng chinh la de khang djnh hinh anh mgt con ngudi tnrdc the gidi. Con ngudi cd quyen lya chpn rdng rai hon va viec tim den vdi cdc nhdm tdn giao mdi the hien cai quyen ay. Mdi ngudi ty hinh dung, tu xay dyng cho minh rieng mdt hinh anh ve Dang ldi cao, ve con dudng giai thoat. Nhung cung chinh vi tinh ca nhdn nay ma lam cho phan ldn cac hien tugng ton giao, cac nhdm, phai ton giao mdi cd dac diem ldng Ieo, de bi pha vd. Tinh cdng ddng chi dugc duy tri dudi gde dp dam bao cho tinh ca nhan hinh thanh va phat trien. Mdt cd nhdn frong nhdm, ben canh viec phai theo mdt sd nguyen tac do ngudi diing dau hoac tap the nhdm dat ra, van danh cho minh quyen lya chgn trong viec theo hay khdng theo nhdm ay niia. Sy Idng Ieo nay chii yeu tdn tai d nhiing nhdm tucmg ddi Ianh, nhii la
d phuang Ddng, nhung vdn cd mdt so it hien tugng kha cue doan, khdng cho phep mgt thanh vien dl dang ra di. Nhdm Satan lay ba con sd 666 lam bieu tugng khdng bao gid cho phep mdt ai do rdi khdi nhdm, neu nhu ngudi do khdng chiu udng mgt loai thudc cd tinh chat lam suy gidm tri nhd^.
Thir hai, hien tuang ton gido mai ngdy cdng mang tinh the tuc gdn v&i dai song hien thirc.
The tuc hda Id xu the ndi trdi nhdt trong ton giao hien nay, the hien dam net trong cac hien tugng tdn giao mdi, frai dai fren mpi binh dien, cudn hiit tat ca di theo. Tdn giao hdm nay dang xieh lai gan vdi ddi thudng, bien ddi de thich nghi. Day khdng phai la mdt qua trinh cd tinh ed lap vd khu vyc, ma ed linh loan cau vd lien ket.
Khai niem the tuc hda ludn duge cac nha xa hdi hgc va tdn gido hpc rat quan tam.
Tde gid Nguyen Xuan NghTa frong bai Ton gido vd qud trinh the tuc hoa cho rang, khai niem nay "lan dau tien dugc su dyng trong hda ude Westphalie dS chi viec chuyin giao cac tdi san ciia Gido hgi eho cac thS lye Iran tyc", de chi qua trinh thu hep vai frd xa hpi cua tdn gido. "Khdi niem the tuc hoa bdt ddu duac dung cung vai chien tranh ton gido, chi lanh thd hoge tdi sdn thodt khoi 5y khdng che cua quyen lire Gido hgi. Trong phdp quy cua Gido hoi La Ma, thudt ngir ndy ddn du^c
Xem them: Vo Minh Tuan, Btmc ddu nghien cuu hi^n tu(mg ton gido mdi, LuSn van thac st Triet hpc, Dai hpc Qu6c gia Ha Npi, 2001.
^e dtu hi^Sttg. eua hiin iutelng. Ion gido... 11
diing de chi viec nhirng nguai co gido chuc hodntuc "
The tuc hda trong tdn gido la mdt qud trinh cd tinh xu hudng, nham thoat khdi nhiing rang bupc cua the che ton giao de tim ve vdi ty do, vdi cugc sdng. Tdn giao dugc coi la mdt cdng viec ca nhan, nit lui dan khdi ddi sdng kinh te - xa hgi su can thiep cua minh. No la ket qua cua sy phal trien kinh te, ciia nin van minh cdng nghiep hien dai va mpl xa hpi dan chu. Viec xda bd ap hire ciia the gidi thdn thanh de nang len con ngudi la bieu hien cua mgt thdi ky mdi day nang ddng vd ly y thue.
Tinh the tuc cdn dugc the hien d chiic nang tdn gido. D6i vdi hien tugng Ion giao mdi hien nay deu cd dac tinh gidi ciiu mdt van de nao dd cua tran the: chiia benh the xac va tinh thin, ddi quyen binh dang trong phdi Iriln xa hdi, md rdng quyen ty do ca nhdn, thu hiit sd lugng tin dd ldn... Cac tdn gido mdi cdn nhan manh cdng dong lien ket chat che thong qua phuang lien truyin thong hign dai: tap chi, video, website de md rgng anh hudng tdi xa hdi, trd thanh luc lugng xa hpi hiing hau. Ddng thdi, cdc hien tugng ton giao mdi cd Id chiic linh ddng, phii hgp vdi mgi kich cd dap irng yeu cau eiia cudc sdng Ihyc tai.
Hien nay d chau Au dang diln ra qua trinh nit khdi cde td chirc tdn giao truyen thing ciia cac tin dd. Mgt sd hgc gid phuang Tdy cho ring, din nam 2025, ti le tin dd d cac nudc phucmg Tdy trong tdng sd tin do Kito sg gidm xudng cdn khdng diy 1/4. Vi?e
gia nhap cae td ehue tdn gido mdi edng the hien ro tinh hinh nay nhu la bang chirng sinh ddng nhdt ciia sy Iy khai.
Nhiing hdnh vi tdn giao truyen thdng nhu le hgi nia lgi, di nha thd, deu dan dan bi lo dang. Khi nghien ciiu trSn nhiing sd rira tgi bat dau tir nam 1955, Y.Lambert thay rang, cd dau hieu tri hoan viec lam le Baptem - mpt le nia tpi rdt quan frpng de dugc len Thien Dang. Cha me ciia diia tre dupc sinh ra it cd long lin va cd tinh dpc lap han Nha thd. Nam 1971 dira be dugc sinh ra mgt thang sau mdi lam le, den nam 1982 thi su tri hoan dd da keo dai mgt nam. Theo Y.Lambert, trong mpt cupc dieu tra xa hgi hpc nam 1981 va 1991 tai 9 nudc chau Au, trudc cau hdi: Chiia la quan trpng ddi vdi tdi, gidm tir 75% xudng 30%, va tdn giao chi chiem 20% trong mdi quan tam cua con ngudi.
Cung lai Phap, cudi nhiing nam 80 sd tin dl Kito giao den nha thd chi chiem 10%
sd tin dd va thanh nien (18-25 tudi) cang it hem, chi chiem 4%. Neu nhu trudc kia Nha thd dua vao quyen luc quan chu de gay anh hudng tdn gido, thi tai Phdp hien nay, ke lir sau cupc Cach mang 1789, Nha thd vd Nha nudc hoan toan lach biel va vi the su dpc quyen ciia Nha thd giam xudng.
Trong khi dd, dien ra mdt xu hudng phuang Tay tim den vdi cac tdn gido truyen thdng phucmg Ddng, nhung khdng thudn tiiy dudi gde dp ldn giao ma chii yeu Id mgt triet ly sdng. Xdy ra vdi viec du nhdp triet ly Yoga, Phdt, frong do cd Thien. Con sd cdc
12 NGHIEN CCU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°10 (157).2013
trung tam vd cdng ddng Phat giao d Due da ndng tir 40 (1975) len 200 (1991). Tai Ao va Italy eon sd nay tang tir 1 (1960) len 25 (1992). Ha Lan cd khoang 40 nhdm, Thuy ST cd 80 nhdm vao thdi diem nay. Cudi nhirng nam 1980 Phap cd 130 Irung tam Thiin hgc vd 500 nhdm Soka Gakkai. Tai Anh, sd nhdm Phat giao tic 74 (1979) len 213 (1991).
Thu ba, hogt dong cua cdc hien tuang ton gido m&i v&i nhung hinh thuc nho, da dgng vd mang tinh sieu thi hoa.
Cd the thay, hoat dpng cua tdn giao truyen thdng thudng cd Giao hgi, giao phan cd dinh, cd le bai, quy pham vd trinh lu ed dinh, cd nhdn vien chiic sac cd dinh, co diic lin ton giao nghiem ngat, con hien nay, trong y thiic tdn gido ciia ton gido mdi, nhiing tinh trang nay deu da cd thay ddi, trong dd khien ngudi la chii y nhat la thai do ly tan ddi vdi tin ngudng ton giao ciia tdn giao mdi. Dai da sd deu dang d trang thai la liing giiia tdn giao va phi ton giao. Tdn giao ddi vdi hp thudng khdng phai Id mdt loai tin ngudng tdn giao nghiem chinh, ma la mgt loai dong thuan xa hdi, la mdt loai nhu cau tinh thdn.
Theo dieu tra d thap ky 90 the ky XX tai Nga, mac du tuyet dai da sd ngudi frong dien dieu tra deu thira nhan Thugng De, nhung thai dp ton giao cua hg rat tinh te, Irong dd da sd lai cho rang, bdn than hp khdng phai la ngudi vd than cimg khdng phai la lin dd tdn giao; CO qua mia sd ngudi tu xep minh vdo loai dao ddng khdng dn dinh. Dieu nay lam nay sinh mgt hien tugng het siic ky qudc la ngudi khdng phai tin do tdn giao lai thira
Tihan Thugng De. Hau nhu mpi ngudi deu co tinh cdm tdt ddi vdi tdn gido, ngay nhu so ngudi vd than khdng tin vdo Thugng De, ciing cd qua nira cho rang Chinh Thdng giao cd nhilu dilm tdt, Giao hdi giai dap van dl dao diic cho mpi ngudi, Nhd thd cd the thoa man nhu edu tinh thdn eua con ngudi, ton gido ndi chung van cdn cd ich cho con ngudi. Ddng thdi, mdt sd quan niem tdn giao cua ngudi ta bi phai md, vi du chi cd 1/3 so ngudi cho rang Thugng De Id tdn tai ca nhan, cdn da sd thi cho rang Thugng De la siic manh ciia cudc sdng, va cdn khdng den mdt nira sd ngudi thi ddng y vdi cau noi cudc sdng vi cd sy tdn tai cua Thugng De nen mdi cd y nghTa. Trong sd tin dd truyen thdng, nhiing ngudi tin cd kiep sau va phuc sinh chi chiem khdng den 1/3. Sau khi cac qudc gia xa hdi chu nghia Ddng Au giai the, d dd da timg xuat hien nhiing can sdt Ion gido, nhung, nhiing con sdt tdn gido nay khdng quay frd ve tdn gido truyen thdng, ma thyc ra la mgt loai tim tdi tinh than that lac ciia con ngudi. Hg thudng bieu hiSn thanh thai dp tdn giao ed tinh ly ldn, phi chinh thdng, nhiing quan niem tdn giao nghiem tiic vdn cd eiia tdn giao truyen thdng da phat sinh su thay ddi ve ea cau.
Ddng thdi, phong trdo hien dai hda xa hdi da eao biet xa hdi ddng nhdt truyen thdng, do ddng ngudi liru ddng, nhan khiu do thi hda eao do, m^c dii mgi ngudi deu sdng trong cimg mgt thanh phd, mac dii qua mang intemet cd thi lien he vdi toan thi gidi, nhung mdi quan he tryc tilp giua ngudi
^e dtu ht/^ttg. euu hien tifdng. ton gido... 13
vdi ngudi da trd nen lanh nhat, hp van cdm thay cd dgc Ie Ioi, frong cdi biln ngudi menh mdng ay, hdnh vi ca nhdn da khdng cdn thu hiit sy chii y cua mgi ngudi niia. Xa hgi van hda dong chat vdn ddng nhat cao dp da bien thdnh xa hgi lay di chat va da nguyen van hda ldm chinh. Nhiing ngudi cd trdi nghiem gidng nhau, sd thich gidng nhau, nghe nghiep gidng nhau, mdi trudng van hda gidng nhau thi tu hgp lai vdi nhau, hinh thanh nen mpt nhdm nhd tuang ddi ddc lap.
Hem niia, ngdy cang ed nhieu ngudi, dac biet la thanh nien cdm thay cudc sdng khdng cd y nghia, mit phuang hudng, dieu nay da dua nhilu ngudi den vdi tdn giao, ddng thdi nd Cling dat CO sd xd hdi eho da dang hda cdc loai hinh hoat dpng nhd ciia tdn giao. Kraft - mdt hpc gia ngudi Diic, trong mdt bai viet cd nhan de Ton gido thanh nien - the gi&i quan vd thdi dg sdng cua ho da nhan dinh: Trong pham vi thi gidi, nhung ngudi ra siic thong qua doan thi Ion gido chdng lai xa hdi de ru bd cdi xa hdi vd hy vpng, vd y nghia thi cd hang chuc van den hang tram van. Bdi vay, da dang hda loai hinh nhd ciia ton giao la hien dgi hda ddi sdng dd thi va kit qud ty ddnh mit minh lin nfta ciia con ngudi, la sy lua chpn tit nhien da nguyen hda xa hdi va da dang hda sinh tdn, ddng thdi, ciing la mpt loai giai tda ddi vdi cudc sdng vd y nghTa.
Thugng Dl da ehit, cudc sdng khdng edn y nghTa gi niia, eon ngudi ciing se chet, va cd rit it ngudi cdn ben long nghe ngudi khac bdy td dau khd, bdi vi frong ddi sdng xa hgi hien dai hda, con ngudi vdi con ngudi bi chia cdeh xa nhau ra khdng phai vi thin
thdrih ma la vi vat chat, dieu ndy thiic day eon ngudi sang tao than thanh mdi, di den vdi tdn giao mdi, lam cho tdn gido hinh thanh dac diem da dang hda cdc loai hinh hoat ddng vdi quy md nhd.
3. Ket luan
Trong ngjiien cuu khoa hpc xa hdi luan giai cho rd van de da khd, thong nhat ten ggi lai cang khd hon. Dieu nay hoan toan diing vdi nghien ciru hien tugng tdn gido mdi hien nay. Tuy nhien, theo gde dp tiep can tien hoa luan va phuang phap logic - lich sir, mdi hien tugng tdn gido ludn gan vdi hoan canh xa hdi nhit dinh. Va cho diing chan de cac hien tugng tdn gido mdi ndy sinh va phat trien tren the gidi hien nay Id xa hoi hgu hien dgi vdi budc tien khoa hgc - cdng nghe nhu vu bao, vdi ky nguyen gidi phdng con ngudi va ty do ea nhan... Nhiing dieu nay tat yeu thilt lap hinh thdi tdn giao mdi. Nhan thirc ndy ciing diing quan diem K. Marx: nha nudc ay, xa hdi ay san sinh ra ton giao ay.
Hay gin day Alvil Toffler - nha luang lai hgc ngudi My thi ky XX, ciing cd nhan dinh, sy xudt hien hang loat cdc tdn giao, cac giao phdi mdi la ket qua ciia sy chuyen bien van minh ldn nhat, danh dau cdc nudc phuang Tay budc vao thdi ky hau cdng nghiep cua su phat trien xa hgi. Tinh chat xa hdi hau hien dai se chi phdi hinh thai, niem lin, cau true, xu hudng. Bdi vi, ndi gi thi ndi, tdn giao vin la sdn pham ciia con ngudi vdi dilu kien kinh tl - xa hdi, trinh dp tu duy ciia mdt xa hdi eu the. Vdi tiep can nhu vay, ban ehil ton giao chang qua la su tha hda cac
14 NGHIEN CCru CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°10 (157).2013
quan he ngudi trong fran the mang tinh sieu tran the nhim tao nen chirc nang bu dap hu do - nhu cau tat yeu ciia cugc sdng con ngudi. Ngoai su bii dap nhu vay, tren binh dien khac ve chirc nang, tdn gido cdn la sy chiing nghiem ca the, la kinh nghiem vugt ra khdi pham vi nam bat cua ly tinh, tham chi d trang thai sieu Iy tinh va ban nguyen ciia Iy tinh. Tat cd quan niem do dat ca sd nen tdng cho viec nghien cim xu hudng van ddng eiia hien tugng tdn giao mdi da trinh bay d tren.
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KHXH, Ha Ngi, 2003.
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11. Ddi Than Kinh, Khuynh hu&ng cd nhdn hoa cua ton gido tin nguong, Nghien ciiu Tdn giao, sd 3/2006, tr. 11 - 14.
12. Jean - Francois Lyotard, Hodn cdnh Hgu hien dgi (Ngan Xuyen dich), Nxb. Tri Ihiic, Ha Ndi, 2007.
13. Carl Gustav Jung, Thdm do tiim thirc, Nxb. Tri thirc. Ha Ndi, 2007.
14. Nguyen Qude Tuan, Vi hien tucmg ton gido m&i, Nghien cim Tdn giao, so 12/2011, tr. 9 - 2 1 ; sd 1/2012, fr. 11- 19.
15. Dd Quang Hung, Moi quan he giira tin nguong vd hien tuong ton - Mdy vdn di ly thuyet vd thuc tien, Nghien eim Tdn giao, so 3/201 l , t r . 3 - 1 5 .
16. Vien Nghien ciiu Tdn giao, Nghien cuu Ton gido, tin nguong chgng duong 20 ndm (1991 - 2011), Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 2011.
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