156 I T R I J U . , w '.^X:'. '.——WTLT'l""' ' " ^ N Q I
NGHIEN CLTU SD DUNG DAY BIEN DOI HOA HOC NHAM PHAT TRIEN NANG Lire GIAI QUYET VAN DE
VA SANG TAO CHO HOC SINH TRUNG HOC PHO THONG
Pham Van Hoan', Hoang Dinh Xuau^
^ Tru&ng Dgi hpc Thii do Hd Npi
^ S& Gido due vd Ddo tgo Hd Npi
Tom tat: Phdt triin ndng luc noi chung, ndng luc gidi quyet vdn de vd sdng tgo noi rieng dang la xu hu&ng trong gido due pho thong ciia Viet Nam. Dgc biet trong hod hoc hiru ca. do dng v&i mot cong thuc phdn lie co thi co rdt nhiiu chdt hiru ca khac nhau (cdc chdt dong phdn) vd trong cimg diiu kiin phdn img co the sinh ra nhieu sdn phdm khde nhau thi viic phdn tich lica chpn cong thicc cdu tgo thich hpp cho chdt trong sa do bien doi hod hoc Id vdn di rdt thii vi, doi hoi ngu&i hpc phdi co kiin thiec ca bdn. chdc chan.
Bdi viit trinh bdy mpt so vdn di ve su dung day bien doi hod hpc trong viec phdt triin ndng luc gidi quyet vdn de vd sdng igo cho hpc sinh trung hpc phd thong.
Tir khoa: Day bien doi hoa hpc, ndng luc gidi quyet vdn de. hpc sinh trung hpc pho thong
Nhan bai ngay 06.7.2019; giri phan bien, chinh sua va duyet dang ngay 8.8.2019 Lien he tac gia: Pham Van Hoan; Emaih [email protected]
1. D A T V A N D E
Nang lye la "kha nang, dieu kien chii quan hoac t y rdiidn sin cd d l thue hidn mgt boat dgng nao do" nhu nang lyc tu duy, nang lyc tai chinh hoac la "phim chit tam sinh ly va trinh do chuyen raon tao cho eon ngudi kha nang hoan thanh mdt loai boat dgng nao dd vdi chit lugng cao" nhu nang lyc chuyen mdn, nang lyc lanh dao [10]. Theo Tie diin ndng luc eua Dai hgc Harvard thi nang lyc, theo thuat ngti chung nhit, la "nhthig thir" ma mgt ngudi phai chting minh cd hieu qua ttong vide lam, vai ttd, chti'c nang, cdng vide, hoac nhiem vu [8]. Theo Tie diin Oxford, v i n d l la "mdt ddi Wgng khd hoac ddi hdi phai giai quyit va cd gi dd khd dd hieu hoac tidp can nd" [9].
Giai quydt v i n dk va sang tao la mgt loai nang lyc dac biet [1], Ngoai vide thao gd dugc nhiing vudng m i c v l nhan tinic va hanh dgng (gidi quyet vdn di) nd cdn doi hdi each thiic giai quyit v i n dk do theo mgt each khdng theo mgt thdng Id hay quy tie da duge dinh sin. Mudn vay, ngudi giai quyit v i n dd phai cd nhiing kdt ndi linh boat, dac bidt giQa k i l n
-,^. 3 3 / 2 0 1 9 II 157 thiic va thuc tl de cd nhiing each giai quydt khac bidt (sdng tgo). Cac tae gia [7] da dl ra 3 budc dl giai quyet bai toan thyc tiln. Tuy nhien, chung tdi cho ring cd till gdp lai thanh 2 budc: Xac dinh van de; Phan tich, danh gia va lua chgn giai phap.
Trong radi con ngudi, qua thdi gian deu an chiic nhiing nang luc nhit dinh. Tuy nhidn, dl phat ttiln dugc mdt each cd he thdng, cin cd qua yinh ren luyen. Bai t^p Hda hpc hieu ca, ttong nhieu tinh hudng, cd thd la mdt cdng cu hiiu hidu.
2. NQI DUNG 2.1. Day biln ddi hoa hgc
Vide ehuyen chat nay thanh chit khac cd thi thyc hien qua 1 hoac nhidu phan ung hda hgc. Dd bieu dien qua ttinh nay, ngudi ta dimg day bien ddi hda hge. Thdng thudng, day bidn doi hda hgc gdm nhidu phan iing hda hge lien tiep tir chit diu din chit san phim mong muon. Tiiy theo dung y ciia ngudi ra dd ma cd the ed eac day biln dii hoa hgc tudng minh hoac khdng tudng minh. Viec sir dung day bidn ddi hoa hgc khdng nhiing co tac dung cimg cd kien tbiic, ren luydn ki nang ma cdn ed tac dung rit tdt ttong viec phat ttiln tir duy hoa hgc ndu xay dyng dugc cac day chuydn hoa thich hgp [2, tt.3].
Day bidn doi hoa hgc dugc ggi la tudng minh khi cho cac chit ttong so dd va yeu ciu bo sung dieu kidn phan ung hoac cho mgt sd chat va didu kidn phan ting. Day biln ddi hoa hgc dugc ggi la khdng tudng minh khi hau het cac chat ttong so dd va dieu kidn phan iing chua dugc eho san. Yeu cau chung cua dang bai tap nay la hgc sinh phai bd sung nhiing thong tin cdn tiiidu ttong sa do bien ddi (didu kien phan img, chat phan iing hoac chat tao thanh...) vdi moi bien ddi hoa hoc dugc bilu didn bang mdt mdi tdn thudng la icng vdi mdt phan ling boa hgc (khdng ki trudng hpp chuyen vi).
2.2. Ren luyen cho hoc sinh kha nang giai quyet van de va sang tao thong qua viec thufc hien day bidn ddi hoa hoc
2.2.L Thong qua viec hodn thdnh day chuyen hod tiring minh
Cac chat ttong day chuyin hoa ddu dugc cho ro rang vd cdng thicc cau tao hoae dieu kidn chuydn hoa cae chit. D I lam dugc bai tap dang nay, chi can bd sung didu kidn phan img (cd thi cd nhiiu cdch chuyin hod) hoac cdng thiic cau tao cua chat. Nhiing day bien doi nay thi cac hge sinh cd hgc lyc ttung binh ddu cd thi lam dugc, vi chu yeu ydu cau cua bai tdp la tmh chit hoa hgc cua cac chit.
Thidu 1. Cho day chuyin hoa sau:
C,H50H - ^ i ^ CH5CHO - ^ ^ > CH5COOH ^ ^ - > CH5COOC2H5 Hay bo sung cac didu kien phan u-ng (1), (2), (3).
158 II TRI _^::7v:;:irrr:-- ^—J;;A2^^gl.
Xdc dinh vdn di: Tim dieu kidn thich hgp cho biln ddi hda hgc.
Khi dd (1) CO the la CuO, t°C hoac nudc brora (Br2+ H2O) hoac H2O2;
Tuong tu, (2) eo thd la nudc brom (Br2 + H2O) hoac H2O2.
Phdn tich, ddnh gid vd lua chpn gidi phdp:
Chgn (1) la CuO, t°C thi tiiye t l bon vi cd thd dd dang thu dugc san p h i m CH3CHO.
Chgn (2) la H2O2, vi viec sir dung H2O2 thuan lgi hem cho viec thu dugc san pham hiru co.
Ddi vdi (3) thi chi cd didu kidn duy nhat: C2H5OH/H2SO4 dac, ndng la phu hgp.
Thi du 2. Cho day chuyen hoa sau:
Benzen CeUe (A) ^"-'^ > (B) ^'-"^^-"-" > (D) '''''' > (E) ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ (M).
Hay vilt cdng thiic can tao cua cac chat A, B, D, E, M.
Xdc dinh vdn de: Can xac dinh dugc A se phan iing vdi brom yong dieu kidn tten tao san pham gi, tir dd xac dinh dugc cac chat tidp theo.
Phdn tich, ddnh gid vd lua chpn gidi phdp: Trong didu kidn ed Fe, brom se cd phan img till 01 nguyen tir H ciia vdng benzen bang 01 nguyen tir Br tao ra CgHjBr (B); Cac phan ling tiep theo la: thd Br/ttong mdi trudng kiem tao ra D, CeHsONa; tir do tao ra E, C6H5OH va M, 2,4,6-(02N)3C6H20H.
Luu y: Cd thi hpc sinh se mdc sai ldm khi cho D la CsH^OH (the nguyen tu Br bang nhdm OH), tie do se khdng xdc dinh diing dupe cdc chdt tiep theo.
Thi du 3. Cho day chuyen hoa sau:
C2HjOH ^ ' ° ^ > A ^'^^-''"' >B c,H50un2S04,."c ^ j j Hay viet cdng tbiic can tao cua cac chat A, B, D.
Xdc dinh vdn de: Vdi loai bai tap nay, hgc sinh chi can thudc tinh chit eua eac chit dl cd t h i bd sung didu kien phan ting va CTCT ciia san pham khi da bidt didu kien phan img.
Phdn tich. ddnh gid vd lua chpn gidi phdp: Trong dieu kien nhit dinh, A cd t b i la anken, andehit hoac ete C2H5OC2H5 n l u chgn X la H2SO4 dac. Vi A tac dung dugc vdi brom ttong nudc ndn nd cd the la anken hoac andehit.
Vi B cd phan iing este hda vdi ancol ndn nd la axit. Vay A phai la andehit; nhu vay, X la mgt tac nhan oxi hda ancol trong didu kien dun ndng, do do ed t h i chgn X la CuO. Khi dd, cong thiic ciu tao cua cac chit A, B, D lan lugt la: CH3CHO, CH3COOH va CH3COOC2H5.
Tuy nhidn, ciing vdi ngi dung ttdn nhung chi can thay ddi mdt chut, vide giai bai tap se ddi hdi ngudi hgc phai cd phan tich, lap luan sau hon.
fKi^ BHi KHQA HUci - aU 3 3 / z a i 3 ||15g
Thi du 4. Hoan thanh day chuyin hoa sau:
CsHsO (X) '^'°'^ > A °'-'"-" >B g"-'"H-n:so.i.,Or ^ p Xdc (?/nft vdn de: Van de can xac dinh dau tien la cong thuc cau tao cua X.
Phdn tich, ddnh gid vd lua chon gidi phdp: Tucmg ttr thi du 3, co thg thty X phai la ancol no, dcm chile, mach ha, vi no co the bi oxi hoa boi X; vi A co CTPT CaHjO tac dung duoc voi nuoc brom va B co thS phan itag voi ancol chung to A phai la andehit va B la axit. Vay X la ancol bac I: CH3CH2CH2OH. Tir do ta co: A CH3CH2CHO; B CH3CH2COOH va D CH3CH2COOCH2CH3.
Thi du 5. Xac dinh cong thiic cSu tao eiia cac chit A, B, D, E, G, F trong so d6 sau:
J i P t B i j r f C , , j K N „ IfcR.
CHpaKH=CH,^i-»(CMtA) • ( C M i B ) - ^ - ^ (CMD) ) «-(ChaF)
'life
vHzQIf' > (CMiG)-
Xdc dinh vdn d&: 6 day ehi can biet khi tac dung brom a 40*^0 thu dugc san phim chinh nao, tir do xac dinh dugc cac chat con lai dira vao tinh chit hoa hpc cua cac chit tuong ung.
Phdn lich, ddnh gid vd lua chon gidi phdp: Trucmg hgp nay doi hoi ngucri lam phai co Iden thtic chac chiin ve tfnh chat cua eac chat thi moi lam diing dugc. Cu the:
• Phan ung tao ra chat A: Khi buta-l,3-dien tac dung vol brom o nhiet do cao (40'^C) thi tao ra san pham cpng (1,4) Br-CH2CH=CHCH2-Br; B la san pham eiia phiin ling the nguyen tu -Br blng nhom -CN: NC-CH2CH=CHCH2-CN.
• Chat B cpng hidro trong dieu kien tren ehi xay ra qua trinh cpng vao lien ket doi C=C tao ra chit D: NC-CH2CH2CH2CH2-CN; chit D trong diSu kien do tao ra diamin G:
H2N-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2-NH2; thuy phan D tao ra diaxit G; F la san phim eua phan ling trimg ngung giira diaxit vgi diamin.
Ttr do, xac dinh duge cong thiic c l u tao cua cac chit lan lugt la E (H2NCH2-[CH2]4- CH2NH2), F (HOOC-[CH2]4-COOH) va G (-(-HN-[CH2]6-NH-OC-[CH2]4-CO-)-„.
2.2.2. Thong qua viec hoan thanh ddy chuyin hod khong tucmg minh
Cic chat trong day chuyen hoa khong/chua tuong minh b l u hSt deu dugc cho o dang chua ro CTPT hoae CTCT hoae cho dilu kien phan ling nhung khong cho cu t h i ve eac chat trong so do.
Doi vol eac chit hiru eg, vi hien tugng dSng phan va su da dang san pham trong phan ling huu CO t i y thupc dilu kien phan iing, do do viec xac dinh cac chit trong day chuyen hoa khong tuong minh noi chung kho suy luan hon doi voi cac chat vo co. Ngoai ra, viec
m_L
TRLTcJi^^ „ ™ . . . . _ _ ^ • - > i g i chgn dieu kien phan ling can dugc ehii y tinh thue tl cua moi qua trinh. Vi vay, dl lam loai bai tap nay doi hoi hpc smh phai nim vung ban chit tinh chit cua cac chit, co kha nang phan tich, suy luan va kien thiic thuc tiln vl san xuit, dilu chi cac chit.Kien thuc li thuyet: Hpc sinh can nho mot so nhan xet sau ve su bien doi phan tii cac chat hiru co dugc gigi thieu ttong chuang trinh Hoa hpc phi thong:
H o p c h a t d a u
C , H , 0
C , H , 0
C , H , 0
C,HpC
C , H , 0
C , H , 0 2
CfiHgR
B i e n d o i t h a n h
C , H , 0 ,
C , H ^ , 0
Q . H . , X
CjrHi^l
Cj;Hy_2
C^^nHy.2tt02
C7H6O2
Su- b i e n doi
T a n g them 1 nguyen tir oxi G i a m 2 nguyen t u hidro Phan ling the O H b i n g X
Phan ling tach H X
Phan ling tach H3O T a n g t h e m mgt sfl l i n CH2 - G i a m m g t so nguyen Ui H v a CO the C; tang 2 nguyen tur 0 . - O x i h o a m a c h n h a n h cua v o n g benzen.
N h a n xet
R C H O - > R C O O H
- C H 2 0 H - ^ - C H = 0 ; - C H O H - > C = 0 .
C h u n g td d o ia ancol
C h i m g to d o la dan xuat halogen m a c h hd, X lien k i t vdi nguyen t u C n o
Chiing to d o la ancol
Phan irng este hoa ciia axit v d i ancol no dcm chirc
N e u cd nliieu m a c h nhanh d v o n g benzen thi so n g u y e n tii 0 tang len = 2 lan sfl m a c h nhanh bi oxi hoa.
B i e u k i e n p h a n l i n g Br2/H20; H2O2;
0 2 / A g ; . . .
H2S04,t''C;
H X ;
H O / R O H ;
H2S04,t''C;
C,H2n+iOH/H2S04,t°C;
KMnOM, t°C;
HNO3, t°C;
Phucmg phdp suy ludn: Moi chat ttong so do phai thoa man dong thoi dieu kien tgo ra no vd diiu kien no bi biin doi thdnh chdt khde. IVIoi chuyin hoa co thi co nhilu dilu kien khac nhau. Cap dilu iden duy nhat thoa man dong thai 2 dieu kien tten.
Thi du 6. Cho day chuyen hoa sau:
C3H« (^)->C3H6Br2 (5)^-C3Hg02 (£1)~>C3H402 {E)-^C^ih,Oi (m-^C^ntO^iX) ^ C6H10O4 (Tj. Hay bl sung dilu kien cila phan ling va vilt cong thiic clu tao eiia cae chit A, B, D,...Y.
" T A P S F S T K n O ^ T S - s p e - S B 3 3 / 2 0 1 3 11 161
Xdc dinh vdn dk: Ttr A ^ B la phan iing cgng; B ^ D : phan ling t h i Br blng OH;
D->E: oxi hoa diancol thanh hgp chat co 2 nhom C = 0 ; E->M: phan ling oxi hoa 2 nhom - CH=0 thanh 2 nhom - C O O H ; M->X: este hoa 1 nhom - C O O H vol ancol CH3OH.
Phdn tich, ddnh gid vd lua chon gidi phdp: Biit dau tir chit A co CTPT tuong irng thupc loai anken (CH3CH=CH2) hoac monoxicloankan. N l u A la anken CH3CH=CH2 thi B phai la CH3CHBrCH2Br, va do do D (C3HSO2) co CTCT CH3CH(OH)CH20H va M phai la CH3COCOOH (C3H4O3), khong phu hgp vol d i u bai (M: C3H4O4). Vay A la xiclopropan. Khi do cac chat B, D, E, M, X, Y lln lugt la:
B: BrCHjCHjCHzBr; D:HOCH2CH2CH20H; E: 0=CHCH2CH=0;
M: HOOCCH2COOH; X: HOOCCH2CGOC2H5; Y: C2H5OOCCH2COOCH3.
Khi do, day chuyen hoa dugc hoan chinh nhu sau:
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HOCH2CH2CH2OHCH3OOCCH2COOC2H5 '^W^HjSO'HOOCCH2COOC2H5 i-5 ?_*HOOCCH2C00H Thi du 7. Cho so do bien hoa sau:
CgHiiBr ». CjHioBrj • CgHjoO •C8H6O4 >- CgHiOj
A \ , B y < D E M CgHio ^ C , , H i 2 0
X Y
Vilt cong thiic c l u tao cua cac chit A, B, D,.. ttong so d l biln hoa tten, bilt D khong lam mat mau dung dich brom.
Xdc dinh vdn di: Be giai dugc bai tap nay, cin nhan xet mpt s6 v i n de sau: Loai phan ling hoa hpc nao xay ra a mSi b i l n d i i ? Sil dung dieu kien phan ling nao cho hgp li nhat.
Phan tich, ddnh gid vd lua chon gidi phdp:
• Chit A CO da khong no bang 4, nen co t h i eo cac lien kit doi C=C mach h a hoac vong.
• Tir C9HioBr2 khi tac dung vol NaOH thanh C9H10O: n l u theo phan ung thuy phan din xuit halogen thong thuong thi 2 nguyen tii Br bj thay blng 2 nhom OH; khi do san phim phai la C9H12O2. Theo d i u bai, chiing to 2 nguyen tir Br 6 cimg mpt vi tri C no, do do 2 nhom OH da loai nuac de tao ra nhom C = 0 .
^I62_L
T R L T C . N Q I• Tir CsHiiBr tac dimg vol NaOH thanh CgHio: chiing to day la phan ling tach HBr va nhu vay nguyen tu Br phai cr mach cacbon no; phan tii C9H10 co 1 lien ket C=C cua anken;
tir do thay C9H12O c6 chiic ancol.
• Tir C9H10O tao thanh C8H6O4: la phan iing oxi hoa giam mach cacbon. Dieu nay xay ra khi do la d i n xuit cua benzen co 2 nhom thi, ttong do eo 1 nhom hi oxi hoa giam mach cacbon. Vay chat A la d i n xuat ciia benzen.
• E C8H6O4 la diaxit co t h i bi loai 1 phan Ui H2O thanh CSH4O3 chiing to E co 2 nhom COOH Of vi tri canh nhau ttong vong benzen.
Tir do CO the lap dugc so do bien doi:
Br / Q \ — C H C H 3 Br^A"
A CH3 KOlisJtsGH
Br -CCH3
• m
HjO/OJr KJvfa04/H2S04^ '
QiO
CH3 ^ COOH
-CH=CH2 X ~CH3
OH i CHCH,
y CH3
Q
Thi du 8. Cho so do chuyen hoa sau:
C2H4 ^ Al -> A2 -> A3 ^ A 4 ^ As -> A6-> A7-> Ag -> C2CI6.
B i l t ring: Ci day chi xay ra phan ling cpng clo theo ti le moi 1: 1 va phan ling tach 1 phan tir HCl; A3 la hidrocacbon c6 ti k h i i so vai hidro blng 13; Cac chit Ai, A2, A4, A5, Ad, A7, As la cac chit hiru co chiia clo; As co k h i i lugng moi phan tit 168 g/mol va c l u tnie phan tit doi xiing. Vilt cong thuc c l u tao cac chit tir Ai den Ag va hoan thien so d l chuyen hoa tten.
Xdc dinh vdn di: Vi cac chit Ai den As phan tir chi co 2 nguyen tu cacbon nen chiing chi CO nhom nguyen hi nay hoac nhom nguyen tu khac khong chiia cacbon (Br, OH,...).
Phdn tich, ddnh gid vd lua chon gidi phdp: Vi A3 co M = 2. 13 = 26 (g/mol) nen A3 phai la CH s CH. Cac chit tit Ai d i n As phan tir diu co 2 nguyen Ui cacbon.
Vi phan tu As ciing chi co 2 nguyen tu cacbon, co can tnic phan tu d i i xiing vol k h i i lugng moi la 168 g/mol, do do As eo cong thuc la CHCI2 - CHCI2. Suy ra cong thiic ciia cac chit con lai la: A, la CH2CI-CH2CI; A2 la CH2 = CHCI; A , la CHCI = CHCI; A« la CCI2 = CHCI; A , la CCI3 - CHCI2; As la CCI2 = CCI2.
Tit do ta CO so d l chuyen hoa:
z..:.- „ , : ^ 3 3 / 2 m a [ 163
CH, = C H , - ^ ^ ^ C H , a - C H , a - ^ ^ ^ ^ C H 3 = C H Q — ^ ^ 2 _ ^ C H ^ CH .a,(in.oi) ^ C H Q = C H Q ^"^ > C H Q , - C H Q , — S Q - > C Q , ^ C H Q
—^^^003-CHQ,—sgUca^^cQ, ""- >ca3-CQJ
2.2.3. Thirc nghiem supham
• Muc dich thirc nghiem
- Ren luyen cho hgc sinh mgt phuong phap phan tich, lira chgn each giai quydt v i n dd khi giai quydt nhiem vu trong bien ddi hda hgc.
- Tao cho hgc sinh mdt thai do tu tin, khdng sg sai, sSn sang dd xu4t y tudng (cd thd rkt khac la) dd giai quydt van dd gap phai.
• Dia ban thuc nghiem
Viec cho hgc sinh lam cac bai tap su dung day bidn ddi hda hgc theo each nhu tren dugc h-idn khai d trudng THPT Yen Ddng 2 (huyen Ydn Dilng, tinh BSc Giang) va trudng THPT Nguydn Trai (huyen Thudng Tin, thanh phd Ha Ndi).
• Ngi dung thuc nghiem
- Hudng dan hgc sinh giai quyet van dd: Sau cac bai hgc, cho hgc sinh lam eac bai tap nhu tren. Hudng dan hgc sinh each thao cac nut that kien thdc, ggi y nhiing each giai quyet phii hgp.
- Danh gia muc do phat tridn nang luc GQVD cua hgc sinh: Cho hgc sinh lam nhimg bai tap tuong tu theo nhdm hgc tap. Hgc sinh da rdt hdng thu trao ddi, ban bac theo nhdm, manh dan dd xuat cac phuong an giai quydt van dd.
- Danh gia su phat trien nang luc GQVD&ST cua bgc sinh: Qua bai kidm tta ngan 5 - 15 phut) vdi nhimg cau hdi cd vdn dd, hgc sinh da dat dugfc kdt qua rat kha quan so vdi hgc sinh cae ldp khdng dugc hudng dan chi tiet each giai quyet van de.
Ve dinh tinh: Hge sinh rkt hao hung, t u tin de xuat y tudng, trong dd cd nhimg y tudng r^t phi thire td.
Vd dinh lugng: Danh gia qua vide cham bai kiem tra ngan.
Bai kiem tra ngSn (05 phiit)
i. Trong phong thi nghiem, hgc sinh dugc khuydn cao: Khi pha loang axit sunfuric dac, khong dugc rot nudc vao axit sunfiiric dac, ma phai rot tir tu axit suniuric dac vao nudc vao khuay deu.
Hay giai thich.
2. Vd miia dong, khong nen ddt bdp than tfl ong dk sudi dm, nhat la trong nha dong kin cua. Giai thich tai sao.
164
T R L f n L . _ . N D I Bai Idem tra ngSn (15 phut)1. Canxi hidroxh la chat rSn tan trong nudc. Khi quet nudc voi (huydn phii canxi hidroxit) len tudng, sau thdi gian ngin, Idp vfli bam tren mdng lai khflng hi nudc hoa tan. Tai sao vay?
2. Tai sao khu vuc xung quanh nha may san xudt phan dam Ha BSc, hda chit Due Giang thky cay coi bi vang la, giam diieu rat nhieu vd thuy sinh (ca it, khong co rong reu,...) ?
3. Khi dun nong ancol etyUc vdi axh sunfuric d I40''C dd didu chd ete etylic C2H5OC2H5 neu dan hon hgp khi va hoi tir binh phan dng vao dung dich nudc brom lai thay dung dich brom bi nhat mau, mac dCi ete etylic khong phan li'ng vdi nudc brom ?
Kdt qua bai kiem tra duge thd hidn ttdn bang dudi day:
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8
9
TISu chf diSnh gi4 NLGQVB cuaHS
Phat Men, nhan biSt THCVD trong Day bien doi hoa hgc Phat bieu van de can giai quyet trong Day bien doi hoa hgc Thu thap thong tin lien quan den van de can giai quyet trong So do bien doi
Phan tich va danh gia thong tin lien quan den van de can giai quyet trong Day bien doi hoa hoc De xuat, lira chon giai phap de GQVD trong Day biln dii hoa hoc
Lap kl hoach GQVD Thirc hien ke hoach GQVD Giam sat toan bo qua trinh thuc Men GQVD
Dieu chinh va danh gia giai phap da thuc hien ve tinh sang tao
Stem trung binh
Di6m trung binh Gido vien
TN 2,5
2,7
2,6
2,6
2,5
2,7 2,6 2.5
2,7 2,6
ddnli gid BC 1,7
2,1
1,8
1,6
1,7 2,2 1,9 2,1
2,0 1,9
HS lu ddnli gid TN
2,6
2,8
2,7
2,5
2,6
2,6 2,7 2,8
2,7 2,7
BC 2,2
2,4
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,3 2,6 2,5
2,1 2 3
3 3 / 2 a i g II 165
3. KET LUAN
Nhu vay, ndu xay dung dugc day bien ddi hoa hgc hgp li, cd sir hudng ddn logic, khoa hoc se dkn dan phat tridn cho hgc sinh nang luc giai quyet vdn dd va sang tao. Didu nay se giiip cho hgc sinh tu tin dd xuat nhihag giai phap, hung thii hgc tap bd mdn.
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O
1. Bg Giao due va Dao tao (2018), Chuong trinh gido ducphS thong - Chucmg trinh ling thi - 2018.
2. Cao Thi Thang (2010), "Mgt sfl bien phap phat tridn nang luc giai quydt vdn dd trong day hgc Hoa hgc d trudng pho thong", - Tgp chi Khoa hpc Gido due, Vidn IChoa hgc Giao due Viet Nam, so 53, tr 32-35.
3. Nguyln Thi Phuong Thuy, Nguyen Thi Suru, Via Quoc Trung (2015), "Phat tridn nang lire giai quydt vdn de cho hgc sinh tinh Dien Bidn thflng qua day hgc du an phdn hidrocacbon, Hoa hoc Idp 11 tmng hgc phfl thong", - Tgp chi Khoa hpc, Trudng Dai hgc Su pham Ha Ngi, so 60 (2), tr9l-10l.
4. Luu Thi Luong Yen (2016), "Su dung bai tap dinh hudng phat tridn nang luc ttong day hgc phan Dan xuat hidrocacbon ldp 11 nhim phat ttidn nang lyc giai quydt vdn dd cho hgc sinh", - Tgp chi Khoa hpc, Tmdng Dai hgc Supham Ha Ngi, tap 61, s6 6A, tt.105-115.
5. Trang Quang Vinh, Nguyen Thi Sihi (2016), "Xay dung va sir dung bai tap phan hoa chuong Hidrocacbon khong no Hoa hgc 11 nham phat ttidn nang luc giai quydt vdn dd cho hgc sinh", - Tgp chi Khoa hpc, Tmdng D^i hgc Supham HaNgi, tap 61, so 6A, tt.25-35.
6. Nguydn Due Dung, Hoang Dinh Xuan, Ha Thi Thoan (2016), "Su dung mgt sfl dang bai tap Hda hgc hiru co ttong day hgc de phat tridn nang lire giai quydt van dd cho hgc sinh Trung hgc phfl thflng", - Jap cAiiiC/joa/!<JC, Trudng Dai hgc Supham Ha Ngi, tap 61, so 6 A, tr.l 46- 150.
7. Pham Van Hoan, Hoang Thi Minh Nggc, Hoang Dinh Xuan (2018), "Phat ttidn cho hoc sinh nang luc giai quydt van thong qua quy ttinh giai quydt van de ttong day hgc Hda hgc", - Tap chi Khoa hpc, Trudng Dai hgc Thu do Ha Ngi, s6 25,2018, tt. 128 -13 5.
8. Harvard University, Competency Dictionary,
9. http://campusservices.harvard.edu/system/files/documents/1865/harvard_competency_diction ary__complete.pdf.
10. The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 1995.
11. Koang?he(chuh\in)(200^), Ticdiin Tiing Viet, -Nxb Da Nlng.
166 II T R U C . , _ • N D I
USING SERIES OF CHEMICAL CHANGES TO DEVELOP CAPACITY OF PROBLEM RESOLUTION AND CREATIVE
FOR THE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Abstract: Problem solving and creativity are a special kind of competence. In addition to removing problems of awareness and action (problem solving) it also requires a way to solve the problem in a way that does not follow a predetermined practice or rule. To do this, the problem solver must have flexible connections, especially between knowledge and practice lo have different solutions (creative). Using a series of chemical transformations can develop the problem solving and creative abilities for high school students.
Keywords: Series of chemical transformations, capacity of problem resolution, high school students