TAP CHl LUATHQC SO 12/2018 NGHIENCVV- TRAOBOI
PHAP LUAT A&EAN ^ TIJ D O D I CHUY& U O D O N G
VA THUC T ^ TffljC HlflN CAM K ^ C 6 A VnTT NAM
BUI TH! NGOC LAN * Tdm tdt: Trong Cong dong kinh ti ASEAN (AEC - ASEAN Economic Community), tir do di chuyin lao ddng lanh nghe Id mgt trong nhdng yeu td edt loi cua thi trudng vd ca sd sdn xudt thing nhdt ASEAN (A single market and production base). Ke tir khi trd thanh thdnh vien cua ASEAN vdo ndm 1995, Viet Nam ludn tich cue vd ehu dgng thuc thi cde cam ket vi hgp tdc kinh ti ndi chung va tu do di chuyen lao dgng ndi rieng trong khudn khd ASEAN. Di thuc thi cdc cam kit ve tu do di chuyin lao dgng, Viet Nam ludn chu trgng xdy dung vd hodn thien phdp lugt trong nudc thong qua hogt dgng ngi lugt hod cdc quy dinh lien quan. Bai viit phan tich, lam ro ca sd thirc tien, ca sd phdp li cua hogt dgng tir do di chuyen lao dong trong ASEAN, cdc cam kit vi tu do di chuyen lao ddng ciia Viet Nam trong khudn khd Hiep dinh khung ASEAN ve dich vu ndm 1994 vd Hi4p djnh ASEAN ve tu do di chuyen the nhdn ndm 2012, ddnh gid vd dua ra mgt sd kiin nghi nham ndng cao hieu qud Ihirc thi hogt dgng ndy cua Viet Nam.
Tir khod: Phdp lugt ASEAN; thuc hi^n cam ket; tudo di chuyen; lao dgng
Nhgn bdi: 27/12/2017 Hodn thdnh bien tap: 17/01/2019 Duyet ddng: 25/01/2019 THE ASEAN LAW ON FREE LABOUR MOBILITY AND THE PRACTICE OF IMPLEMENTING VIETNAM'S COMMITMENTS
Abstract: In the ASEAN Economic Community, free skilled labour mobility is a core factor of the ASEAN single market and production base. Since the time of becoming a member of the ASEAN in 1995, Vietnam has been always active in implementing economic collaboration commitments in general and those of free labour mobility in particular within the ASEAN framework To implement the free labour mobility commitments, Vietnam pays attention to developing and improving its law by domesticating the related regulations. The paper analyses to clarify the practical and legal bases of the free labour mobility within the ASEAN and the free labour mobility commitments of Vietnam within the 1994 ASEAN framework Agreement on Services and the 2012 ASEAN Argreement on Movement of Natural Persons. It then assesses Vietnam's implementation of those commitments and offers some recomendations for enhancing the implementation effectiveness in this regard.
Keywords: The ASEAN law; implementation of commitments; free mobility; labour
Received: Dec27"", 2017;Editingcompleted: Jan 17^, 2019; Acceptedforpublication: Jan 25"', 2019.
1. C o SO" t h y c tien va p h a p h' ve t y do tdt yeu cua hpi nhdp kinh t l qudc t l vd di c h u y i n lao dpng t r o n g ASEAN ASEAN - mdt thyc t h i kinh te nang dpng va
1.1. Ca sa thuc tiin dn dinh khdng t h i ndm ngoai xu hudng ndy.
Ty do di chuydn lao ddng la xu hudng Bdn cgnh do, ty do di chuyen lao ddng trong ASEAN cdn xudt phat tir nhdn td ndi tai, do
* Giang vien, Trirft-ngfiai hpc Luat Hi N9i , , , , - , i , ^
E-mmr: [email protected]„ ' " ^V * « • * ^^"^ ^^ " " * "l? ' " " "lOng gitta 11
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 12/2018 NGHIENCUV- TRAOBdl cdc qudc gia thdnh vign ASEAN. ASEAN Id
td chiic qudc te khu vyc vdi toe dp tang trudng kinh tl nhanh,''* nhung cd sy khdc biet Idn ve cau tnic vd tdng trudng kinh tg giiia cac qudc gia thdnh vien. Theo hai tdc gia Chris Manning vd Pradip Bhatnagar'^' neu ndng nghiep Id ngdnh thi manh cua cac nudc kem phat triln trong khu vyc vdi da sd lao ddng khdng cd tay nghe thi dich vy Id ngdnh chii dgo ciia nhung nudc cd ngn kinh tS phdt trien hon trong ASEAN vdi sd lugng chii ygu la lao dpng trinh dp cao vd dugc dao tao bdi ban nhu Singapore.
Tac gia Mauro Testaverde, Hary Moroz, Claire H.HoUweg & Achim Schillen*"'* cung dua ra nhgn dinh rang di chuyen lao ddng trong ASEAN Id he qud cua tdc dp tang trudng kinh te nhanh vd chenh Igch khoang cdch rdt ddng ke trong ndi bp ASEAN.
Trong khi mdt so nudc dang thieu hut lao dpng thi cac nudc khdc lgi vat vd tim kidm viec lam cho ddn sd tre vd van dang gia tang cua minh. Nhu vay, sy tdng trudng kinh te khdng ddng deu vd sy chenh lech ve trinh dp lao dpng giiia cac nudc thanh vidn da ddn tdi
(1). Thu nhSp binh qu^n tren dSu ngiriri ciia ASEAN tang tir 2.373 USD vko nam 2007 I6n t6i 4.034 USD v^o nSm 2016, https://www.aseanstats.org/wp-content/
uploads/2018/01/AEC_Chartbook_2017.pdf, truy cSp 05/9/2018.
(2). Chris Manning & Pradip Bhatnagar (2003), Di chuyen the nhdn trong khu vuc Dong Nam A. Tif nhien nhu the nao? (The movementt of natural persons in Southeast Asia: How natural?), TSp tai li|u H$i thao kinh tl, Khoa nghiSn cij-u chSu A - Thai Binh Duong.
(3). Mauro Testaverde, Hary Moroz, Claire H Hollweg
& Achim Schillen (2017), Di dan di tim kiim ca hgi vugt qua rao can dich chimin d Dong Nam A, Ngan hang th^gi6i, tr.5.
sy khan hiem lao ddng cd tay nghg thdp ho^c trung binh tgi cdc nudc phdt trign, trong khi do, cac nudc kem phat trien vd dang phat trien du thira lao ddng cd tay nghe thdp hoac trung binh thilu hyt lao ddng cd tay nghi cao. Do vgy, gidi phdp hieu qua cho thuc trang trdn chinh sdch md cira cho lao ddng dugc tu do di chuyen lao ddng trong khli.
1.2. Ca saphdp li
Higp dinh khung ASEAN vg dich vu (AFAS) nam 1995 mac du khdng true tiep quy djnh vg hogt dpng tu do di chuyin lao ddng trong ASEAN ma chi quy dinh boat dpng cdng nhdn Idn nhau ve dich vy nhung AFAS Igi ddng vai trd tgo nen tang phdp li ban dau cho hogt dpng ty do di chuygn lao dgng trong cdc giai doan hgp tac sau nay.
Theo do, khodn I Didu 5 AFAS quy djnh:
"Woi qudc gia thdnh vien cd the cdng nhgn trinh do gido due hoac kinh nghiem, cdc yeu cdu da dugc dap ung, giay chung nhgn hoge giay phep da dugc cdp tgi mdt qudc gia thdnh vien khdc, de su dung cho muc dich cdp giay phep hoac giay chimg nhdn nhd cung cdp dich vii".
Nhan dip ky niem 30 nam ngay thdnh lap Hiep hgi, tai Hgi nghi cdp cao ASEAN khdng chinh thiic Idn thii hai tai Kualar lumpur, Malaysia thdng 12/1997, ASEAN da thdng qua "Tdm nhin ASEAN ndm 2020".
Lien quan tdi myc tidu vg phdt trign ngu6n nhdn lye thdng qua each dien dgt trong vSn kien cd the thdy rdng nhdm ddi tugng lao dpng dugc uu tidn hdng ddu trong chien lupc phdt triln cua ASEAN la lao dpng cd tay nghg vd kl nang. Cy thi, van kien ghi nh^
nhu sau: ''''Tdng cuang phdt trien ngudn nhan
TAP CHi LUAT HQC S6 12/2018 NGHIENCUV- TRAOBOI lire trong tdt cd cdc linh vuc kinh te thong
qua viec gido due co chdt luang, ndng eao tay nghe, ki ndng va huan luyen". Nhu vgy, din Tdm nhin ASEAN nam 2020, ASEAN van chua chinh thiic ghi nhdn boat dpng, ty do di chuygn ddi vdi lao dpng lanh nghg nhung myc tieu chign lugc vl phdt triln ngudn nhdn lye cua ASEAN se tgp trung vao nhdm ddi tugng nay.
Y tudng vg viec thidt lap Cgng ddng ASEAN (AC - ASEAN Community) dugc ghi nhdn trong Tam nhin ASEAN nam 2020 da dugc cy thg hod trong Tuyen bd Bali II nam 2003. Theo do, AC se dugc thdnh lap bao gdm 03 try cpt: Cpng ddng an ninh ASEAN (ASC), Cdng ddng kinh tl ASEAN (AEC) va Cpng ddng van hod - xa hdi ASEAN (ASCC). Trong van kien ndy, boat ddng ty do di chuyen lao dgng dugc ghi nhan Id mdt trong rihiing ydu to chu dao ciia AEC vd ddi tugng lao dpng dugc ty do di chuygn bao gdm doanh nhdn, lao ddng cd ki nang va nhan tai.*''^
Hiln chuang ASEAN ndm 2008 dugc danh gia nhu bdn "hign phap" chung giua cdc nudc thanh vien tigp tuc ghi nhgn muc tieu hgp tac kinh tg vdi sy ty do di chuyen cua hdng hod, dich vy, vdn, ddu tu vd lao ddng Idnh nghi trong khdi. Cy the, khodn 5 Didu 1 Hiln chuong quy dinh: ''Xdy dung tndt thi trudng va ca sd sdn xuat thong nhdt vai su on dinh, thinh vuong, khd nang cgnh tranh vd lien kit kinh te cao, tgo thugn lai cho thucmg mgi vd ddu tu, bao gom su tu do di chuyen, tu do hdng hod, dieh vu vd ddng ddu tu; di
chuyen thudn lgi cua doanh nhdn, nhimg ngudi CO chimin mdn cao, nhimg nguai co ndng lire vd lire lugng lao dgng vd su di chuyen t{r do han cdc dong von ". Cd thg thdy rang, so vdi Tuyen bd Bali II nam 2003, Hidn chuang ASEAN tiep tuc khang dinh ddi tugng lao ddng dugc ty do di chuyen trong ASEAN bao gdm lao ddng Idnh nghe.
Nhdm cy the hod cdc muc tieu dugc ghi nhdn trong cdc van kien nen tang ve ty do di chuyen lao ddng lanh nghd, ASEAN da Idn lugt thdng qua Ban kd hoach tdng the xdy dyng AEC 2015 (AEC Blueprint 2015) nam 2007 vd Ban ke hogeh Tdng the xay dyng AEC 2025 (AEC Blueprint 2025) nam 2015.
Tgi Tieu muc A5 cua AEC Blueprint 2015^^*
ghi nhdn ndi dung vd chuang trinh hanh ddng cu the ve tu do di chuygn lao dpng lanh nghe, tuy nhien cac chuang trinh hanh dpng dugc de cap den tai Tieu myc A5 khdng phdi la chuang trinh, hdnh ddng chung d cdp dp khu vyc md la cdp dp qudc gia va lidn quan dgn boat ddng hdi hod hod, tieu chuan hod nham tgo thudn lgi cho sy di chuyen ciia thg nhan nhu: tgo digu kien thudn loi trong cdp thi thuc (visa), tang cudng hgp tdc giira cdc thanh vien Mang ludi cac trudng dai hgc ASEAN (AUN - ASEAN Universiti Network), phdt trign ndng luc vd tigu chudn edt loi ddi vdi viec lam va kT nang ciia ngudi ddo tgo trong nhiing ITnh vyc dich vu uu tien va cdc ITnh vyc dich vu khac...
Trong bdi canh khi AEC chinh thiic dugc hinh thdnh vdo ngdy 31/12/2015 va AEC Blueprint 2025 da dugc thdng qua trdn (4). Diim 3 Mpc B Tuyen bo Bali II. (5). Tieu muc A5 AEC Blueprint 2015.
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 12/2018 NGHIEN CUV - TRAO BOI CO sd kg thira AEC Blueprint 2015 va tiep
tyc phdt trign nhung chuang trinh, bien phap phii hgp vdi thyc tien hdi nhdp ciia ASEAN.
Doi vdi boat ddng ty do di chuyen lao ddng lanh nghg, AEC Blueprint 2025 ddnh Tieu muc A5 quy dinh vg viec tao thuan Igi cho su di chuyen cua lao dpng kT nang vd doanh nhan. Diem tiln bg trong AEC Blueprint 2025 vg ty do di chuyen lao ddng lanh nghe, do la van kien da ghi nhan cy the ve cdc khudn khd the chg cap khu vyc nhu 08 Thoa thudn thira nhdn Idn nhau (MRAs),'^' Hiep dinh tu do di chuygn thg nhdn (MNP) vd Khung tham chilu trinh dp ASEAN (AQRF).
Ben canh dd, de tao thudn Ipi hon cho qud trinh dich chuyen cua lao ddng Idnh nghe, ASEAN khuyin khich cdc quoc gia thanh vien cam ket sau vd rdng hon trong khudn khd MNP, cdi thidn MRAs hien hdnh va cd the bd sung MRAs mdi.
Viec ki ket MRAs trd thdnh bien phdp quan trpng vd chu yeu dugc ASEAN su dung de thyc hien hogt dpng ty do di chuyen lao dpng Idnh nghe. Cdng nhan lan nhau giua cdc qudc gia trong ITnh vyc dich vy la mdt trong cdc hogt ddng thuan lgi hoa thuong mai dich vu, tu dd tao dieu kien cho cac nha cung cap dich vu chuygn mdn nudc ngodi tiep can va thyc hien hogt ddng cung cap dich vu tai thi trudng cua qudc gia khac.*'' Nhan thay tdm quan trpng cua cdc
(6). 08 linh vuc bao gom: tu van kT thuat, kien true, ka toan, du lich, diSu dirong, hanh nghS y, hanh nghi nha khoa va khao sat.
(7). Truong Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi, Gido trinh Phdp lugl Cpng dong ASEAN, Nxb. Cong an nhan din. Ha Noi, 2014.
MRAs trong viec tao thudn Igi cho sy luu chuyen cua lao dpng lanh nghe trong cac ITnh vyc dich vy chuyen mdn, cdc nhd lanh dgo ASEAN da giao nhiem vy cho Uy ban dilu phdi dich vu ASEAN (CCS) khdi dpng ddm phan MRAs.
Tinh tdi thdi diem hien nay, ASEAN da ki dugc 08 MRAs bao gdm: Thoa thuan ASEAN vg cdng nhgn Ian nhau ddi vdi tu van kl thuat nam 2005; Thod thuan ASEAN ve cdng nhdn Ian nhau ddi vdi dich vu dilu duang nam 2006; Thod thudn khung ASEAN ve cdng nhdn Idn nhau ddi vdi dich vy ke todn nam 2009 (da dugc sira ddi va ki chinh thirc vdo ngdy 13/11/2014); Thoa thudn ASEAN ve cdng nhdn Idn nhau do!
vdi ITnh vyc hdnh nghe y ndm 2009; Thoa thudn ASEAN vd cdng nhdn lan nhau doi vdi ITnh vuc hdnh nghd nha khoa nam 2009;
Thod thuan ASEAN ve cdng nhdn lan nhau ddi vdi dich vy kien true ndm 2007; Thoa thu^n khung ASEAN ve cdng nhan Idn nhau doi vdi dich vu khdo sdt nam 2011 vd Thoa thudn ASEAN ve cdng nhdn Idn nhau doi vdi dich vy du lich nam 2012. Nhin chung, viec ki kit MRAs trong ASEAN nhdm hudng tdi muc tidu tao dilu kien thuan lai cho lao dpng Idnh nghi dugc ty do di chuyen trong khdi. Tuy nhien, tuy thudc vao timg ITnh vyc nganh nghe khdc nhau, ASEAN se thigt kg md hinh MRAs sao cho phii hgp vdi thyc tien cung ling dich vu tgi cdc qudc gia thdnh vien.
Nham gdp phdn hien thuc hod cdc npi dung vg tu do di chuyen dich vu vd lao dpng lanh nghd, ASEAN da thdng qua Hiep dinh ASEAN vl ty do di chuyin the nhan (MNP)
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 12/2018 NGHIENCUV- TRAOBOI nam 2012 vdi mong mudn xdy dyng mdt co
c h l hieu qua de tilp tuc thyc hien ty do hod vd tgo dieu kien thudn lgi hon cho su di chuygn ciia the nhdn thdng qua do bd dang ke cdc rdo can ddi vdi vipc di chuyin tam thdi qua bidn gidi cua cdc t h i nhan tham gia vdo thucmg mai hang hod, dich vy vd ddu tu trong ASEAN. Luu y, Hiep djnh chi dp dyng ddi vdi viec di chuygn tam thdi cua t h i nhdn thupc cdc nhdm chu t h i sau: khdch kinh doanh (Business visitor), ngudi di chuyin trong ndi bd doanh nghiep (intra-corporate transferees), ngudi cung cdp dich vu theo hgp ddng (contractual service suppliers), mpt sd trudng hgp khac theo quy dinh cy t h i trong Bieu Id trinh cam ket cy thg. Hien nay, Hiep dinh MNP chua cd higu lyc do mdt sd qudc gia thdnh vien chua hodn thanh thu tuc phg chuan.
Nhu vgy, ASEAN dang timg budc xdy dyng he thdng van kien vg tu do di chuyin lao ddng Idnh nghe trong khdi. Nhin chung cac quy dinh tai cdc van kidn dugc xay dung tren co sd cac dieu udc qudc te da phuong ve ty do di chuyen lao ddng, dac biet Id Hiep dinh chung vd thuong mai dich vu cua WTO (GATS).
2. C a m ket ve t y do dl chuyen lao dpng ciia Vi?t Nam t r o n g k h u d n kho ASEAN
Cdc cam ket vd ty do di chuyen lao dpng ASEAN dugc thyc hien thdng qua cdc cam ket ddi vdi phuong thiic cung iing dich vy hien dien thg nhdn (Phuong thiic 4- Mode 4).
Phuong thiic hien dien thg nhdn dugc hidu Id phuong thiic, theo do, the nhan cung cap dich vy cua mgt thdnh vidn di chuyen sang
lanh thd cua mdt nudc thanh vidn khdc de cung cdp dich vy.*^*' Nhin chung, miic dp cdc cam kdt cua Viet Nam ddi vdi phuang thiic hien dien the nhan trong khudn khd ASEAN cdn khidm tdn so vdi cgc phuong thiic cung ling dich vu khdc. Cu the:
- Cam ket cua Viet Nam trong khudn khd AFAS
Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 4 AFAS, cdc nudc thanh vidn se tien hdnh dam phdn v l cac bidn phdp gay dnh hudng d i n thuong mai trong timg ITnh vyc cy thi. Chinh vi vay, cdc cudc ddm phdn ve thuang mai dich vu ASEAN dugc thyc hien trong khudn khd Hdi nghi bd trudng kinh t l ASEAN. Ket qud ciia moi vdng dam phan la mdt gdi cam ket, tinh ddn nay da cd 09 gdi cam kgt dugc ki kdt, trong do ghi nhdn nhung cam ket chung vd cam ket cu the ciia moi qudc gia thdnh vidn ddi vdi cdc nganh vd phdn nganh cu the.
Ddi vdi ASEAN hien nay, boat dgng ty do di chuyen lao ddng lanh nghd khdng dugc dp dyng ddi vdi tdt ca cdc ngdnh nghi ma gidi ban trong 08 ITnh vuc da dugc cdc qudc gia thdnh vidn ki k i t MRAs. Bdi vay', ddi vdi cac cam ket ve ty do di chuyin lao ddng ciia Viet Nam trong khudn khd AFAS, bai vilt chi tap trung Idm ro nhung ITnh vyc da dugc cdc qudc gia thod thuan va nhdt tri v l ty do dich chuygn lao dgng lanh nghe.
Tir gdi cam ket thii nhdt den gdi cam kit thii ndm, Viet Nam chua cd cam kit v l mode 4 hodc chi bat ddu dua ra mdt s6 dilu (8). Cam kat gia nhSp ciia Vi?t Nam Uong linh vyc thucmg mai dich vu, http://www.trungtamwto.vn/vrto/
cam-ket-chung-ve-dich-vu-cua-viet-nam-trong-wto#, truy cap 06/9/2018.
TAP CHi LUATHQC S6 12/2018 NGHIENCOV- TRAOBdl kien CO bdn trong cam kit chung vd cam kgt
cy thg. Cu thi:
+ Ddi vdi gdi cam kdt thii nhdt (The 1^' package):
Ve cam ket chung: Ddi vdi cdc han che ve tiep cgn thi trudng, Viet Nam khdng dua ra bat ki cam kdt ndo lien quan dgn mode 4, ve cdc hgn che vg ddi xu qudc gia (NT) dp dung cac dilu kien sau ddi vdi lao ddng nudc ngodi: phdi dugc cap giay phep lao ddng, chiu thud thu nhgp dac biet va khdng dugc sd huu bat ddng san.
Ve cam ket cy the, mac du phdn nganh dich vu dieu hanh khach san qudc te (thudc ngdnh dich vu du lich) dugc dua vao bieu cam kit cu thi nhung Viet Nam khdng dua ra cam ket cy the ndo ve mode 4 ngoai trir nhihig cam ket chung.
+ Ddi vdi gdi cam kit thii 2 (The 2"'' package): Vd cam kdt chung khdng dua ra bat ki cam ket nao ve mode 4 va cam kgt cu the khdng cd nganh dich vu ndo trong 08 ITnh vyc nhu dd kd trgn dugc dua vao bieu cam kgt.
+ Ddi vdi gdi cam ket thii ba (The 3'"
package):
Vg cam kgt chung: Miic dp cam ket tuong ty nhu gdi cam kdt thii nhdt.
Vg cam ket cy the: Viet Nam da bat ddu dua vao bieu cam kgt nhiing didu kien nhdt dinh de thg nhan cd the cung iing djch vu trdn lanh thd cua Viet Nam. Cu thg, ddi vdi dich vu ke todn, vd cdc hgn che tiep can thi trudng Viet Nam da dua ra 04 didu kien sau: Cu trii hgp phap trgn ISnh thd Viet Nam; cd chiing chi ke todn cdng (chiing chi dugc cdp bdi Bg tai chinh Viet Nam hodc
chiing chi dugc cdp bdi co quan qudc gia dugc Bd tdi chinh Viet Nam cdng nhan thdng qua ki thi kidm tra miic dp higu bilt vl phap ludt Viet Nam); dugc ddng ki vao danh sdch kg todn cdng da dugc chiing nhan do Bd tai chinh qudn li va lam viec tgi cdng ti kiem todn da ddng ki tai Viet Nam. Ben cgnh dd, dich vu kign true su vd tu van kT thuat Cling dugc dua vao bieu cam kit nhung Viet Nam chua cd cam ket ndo ngoai trir cdc cam kgt chung.
+ Ddi vdi gdi cam kgt thir ndm (The 5*
package): Viet Nam khdng dua ra bdt ki cam kdt chung vd cam ket cu the nao ddi vdi mpt so ngdnh hodc phan nganh dich vu trong khudn khd AFAS.
Tir gdi cam ket thii 6 den gdi cam ket thii 8, Viet Nam da chii trpng ban ddi vdi cdc cam ket vd hign dien thg nhdn nhung cac dilu kien dua ra khd khdt khe vd digu nay cho thdy sy de ddt vg miic dp md cua thi trudng lao dpng cua Viet Nam ddi vdi lao dpng ddn tir trong khdi.
+ Ddi vdi gdi cam ket thii 6 (the 6 Ve cam ket chung: Viet Nam chua co cam kdt ndo vg cdc ban che ve tiep can thi trudng, ngogi trir cdc bidn phdp Hen quan ddn viec nhdp cdnh va luu tni tam thdi cua thg nhan. Tuy nhign, khdng phdi mpi the nhdn ddu dugc phep nhdp cdnh va luu tni tam thdi trdn lanh thd Viet Nam md chi gidi hgn 05 nhdm chu thd (ngudi di chuyen trong ngi bd doanh nghiep, nhdn su khac, ngudi chao ban dich vy, ngudi chiu trach nhigm thdnh Idp hidn dien thuang mai vd ngudi cung chap dich vy theo hgp ddng).
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 12/2018 NGHIEN CUV - TRAO DOI Vd cam ket cy thd; Ddi vdi kiln tnic su
Viet Nam khdng cd cam kit nao ngogi trCr nhihig cam ket chung. Trong khi do, ngudi nudc ngodi cung cap dich vu kT su tai Viet Nam chi dugc phep dua nhdn sy kT thuat va nhdn sy qudn li ma Vipt Nam khdng cd vdo lanh thd Viet Nam ddng thdi phai tudn thii nhihig dilu kien dugc ddt ra trong cam kit chung.
+ Ddi vdi gdi cam kit thir 7 (The 7^'' package): Ve cam kdt chung vd cam kit cu the khdng khac so vdi gdi cam kit thii 6.
+ Doi vdi gdi cam kit thii 8 (The 8'*"
package): Viet Nam da md rong ban vg pham vi cam kdt didu ndy cho thay quylt tdm cua Viet Nam tham gia vdo tidn trinh hdi nhap khu vyc, dac biet trong boi cdnh ASEAN tap tnmg hien thuc hod AEC vao nam 2015. Vg cam kdt chung: khdng cd sy khdc biet vdi gdi cam ket thii 7, tuy nhien diem dang luu y trong gdi cam ket ndy Id Viet Nam da md cira them mpt sd phdn nganh trong dich vu y te, du lich. Dieu nay la phii hgp vdi cdc quy dinh trong cac van kien cua ASEAN, dgc biet AEC Blueprmt 2015.
Tuy nhidn, miic dp md ciia cac phan nganh nay ddi vdi phuong thiic hien dien the nhan la chua cao bdi mac dii phuang thiic hien dien thi nhdn dugc dua vao bieu cam ket nhung Viet Nam lgi chua cd cam kdt cu the nao ngogi trCr cdc cam kdt chung.
Cam kit cua Viet Nam trong khudn khd MNP.'^'
(9). D6i v6i g6i cam ket thii 9 cam ket cua cac quoc gia thanh vien chi de cap din phuoTig thiic 1 (cung cap dich vy qua bien gi6i), phuang thiic 2 (tiSu dung dich vu a nudc ngoai va phucmg thiic 3 (hi?n dien the nhan) con phuang thiic 4 dugc tach ra dam phan rieng trong
Ve cam kdt chung, tuong ty nhu cam ket trong gdi cam kdt thii 8, Viet Nam chua cd cam ket, trir cdc bien phdp lien quan den nhdp canh va luu tni tam thdi cua thg nhan thugc cdc nhdm: ngudi di chuydn trong ndi bd doanh nghiep, nhdn sy khac, ngudi chao bdn dich vu, ngudi chiu trdch nhiem thdnh lap hien dien thuang mgi, nhd cung cdp dich vu theo hgp ddng. Ddi vdi cam ket cy the, dich vy du lich, dich vy tu van kT thuat, dich vy dieu dudng... chua cd cam kdt trir cam kgt chung.
3. Thyc tiln thyc hi^n cac cam ket ve ty do di chuyen lao dpng trong khudn khd ASEAN cua Vipt Nam
Tinh den nay, Viet Nam da thuc hien tuong ddi tdt nghTa vy ndi Iuat hod cac cam ket vd ty do di chuygn lao dpng Idnh nghi thdng qua vide sira ddi va ban hanh Iuat mdi. Ndi each khdc, cdc quy dinh cua phdp luat Viet Nam vd md cua thi trudng lao dpng ddi vdi lao ddng den tir cdc nudc thanh vidn ASEAN tuong thich vdi cac quy dinh trong cdc van kien lien quan ciia ASEAN vd cam ket cua Viet Nam trong cac gdi cam ket tai cdc vdng ddm phan vg thuong mgi dich vu ASEAN.
Lien quan den thyc hien 08 MRAs ve dich vu, Viet Nam da ban hdnh cdc van ban dudi Iuat vd thuc hidn MRAs vl dich vu tu van kl thuat, dich vu kien tnic, cdn MRAs trong cdc ITnh vyc khac Viet Nam van chua ban hdnh van bdn lien quan, cu the:
Hi?p djnh ASEAN ve di chuyen the nhan nSm 2012.
Vi viy, tac gia khSng trinh bay g6i cam kSt thii 9 ma chi tap trung vao goi cam ket trong khu6n kh6 MNP.
17
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 12/2018 NGHIENCUV- TRAOBdl - Ddi vdi MRAs ve djch vy tu van kT
thuat bao gdm: Quygt dinh cua Bd xdy dung sd 1I28/QD-BXD ngay 15/9/2008 vl viec thanh lap Uy ban gidm sdt cua Viet Nam dg thyc hien MRAs vg dich vu tu van kT thugt trong ASEAN; Quygt dinh ciia Bp xay dyng sd 820/QD-BXD ngdy 06/8/2009 vl viec ban hdnh quy chd danh gid ddi vdi kT su chuygn nghiep tieu chuan ASEAN; Quygt djnh cua Bd xay dyng sd 821/QD-BXD ngay 06/8/2009 ve viec ban hdnh quy chd td chiic vd boat dpng ciia Uy ban gidm sdt cua Viet Nam de thyc hien MRAs vd dich vu tu vdn kT thuat trong ASEAN; Quydt dinh cua Bd xdy dyng sd 425/QD-BXD ngdy 11/5/2012 ve vipc kien todn vd bd nhiem cdc thanh vidn Uy ban giam sat cua Vipt Nam dd thyc hipn MRAs vd dich vy tu van kT thuat.
- Ddi vdi MRAs vd djch vu kien tnic bao gdm: Quyet dinh cua Bg xay dung sd 334/QD-BXD ngay 28/3/2011 vl Quy chl td chuc vd hogt ddng cua Uy ban gidm sdt cua Viet Nam de thyc hien MRAs ve dich vu kiln tnic trong ASEAN; Quylt dinh cua Bd xdy dung sd 554/QD-BXD ngdy 14/6/2011 vd viec Ban hanh quy chg ddnh gid kiln tnic su ASEAN; Quydt dinh cua Bd xdy dyng sd 156/QD-BXD ngay 08/02/2014 vl viec kipn todn vd bd nhidm thdnh vien Uy ban gidm sat cua Viet Nam dg thyc hidn MRAs vl dich vu kien tnic trong ASEAN.
Ben canh dd, Viet Nam ciing da thuc hien nghTa vu npi luat hod cac cam ket ve ty do di chuydn lao dgng thdng qua vide ban hanh he thdng vdn bdn tir ludt den vdn ban dudi lugt bao gdm: Bp ludt lao ddng (BLLD) nam 2012,
Nghi dinh ciia Chinh phii sd 11/2016/ND-CP ngdy 03/02/2016 quy dinh chi tilt thi hanh mdt sd digu cua BLLD ve lao ddng nudc ngodi lam vide tgi Viet Nam (sau day ggi tit la Nghi dinh sd 11/2016/ ND-CP), Thdng hr s6 40/2016/TT-BLDTBXH hudng ddn thi hanh mdt sd dilu ciig Nghi dinh so 11 /2016/ND-CP, Lugt du lich nam 2017. Nhin chung, cac quy djnh cua phap luat Viet Nam ve tu do dl chuyen lao ddng phu hgp vdi cdc cam ket trong khudn khd ASEAN. Cy the:
+ Vd ddi tugng lao dgng dugc phep tilp can thi trudng lao ddng Viet Nam: cac quy dinh cua phdp Iuat hidn hdnh gidi ban ngudi nudc ngoai dugc phep lam viec tai Viet Nam phai la lao dOng cd tay nghe vd lam viec dudi cdc hinh thiic sau: Thyc hien hgp ddng lao ddng; ngudi di chuydn trong ndi bp doanh nghiep (nhd quan II, gidm doc dilu hdnh, chuyen gia) cd hidn dien thuang mai tgi Viet Nam; thuc hien cdc logi hgp ddng ve kinh te, thuang mgi, tai chinh, ngan hang, bdo hiem, khoa hpc kT thuat, van hod, the thao, giao dye, y te; nhd cung cap djch vu theo hgp ddng; ngudi chao ban djch vu.
Trong cdc vdn bdn dudi ludt quy dfnh ve viec tuyen dung vd qudn li lao ddng nudc ngodi tai Viet Nam da giai thich cy thi vl cdc nhdm lao dgng da dugc liet kg d tren nhu chuyen gia la ngudi nudc ngodi cd trinh dp chuygn mdn, kl thuat cao vl dich vu, thiet hi nghign ciiu, kT thuat hay qudn li (bao gdm kT su hodc ngudi cd trinh dp tuong duong kT su trd Idn; nghp nhdn nhGng ngdnh nghe truyen thdng) va ngudi cd nhilu kinh nghiem trong nghg nghiep, trong digu hanh
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 12/2018 NGHIENCUV- TRAOBOI sdn xudt, kinh doanh va nhiing cdng viec
quan Ii. Ngudi nudc ngodi di chuygn trong ndi bp doanh nghiep bao gdm nhd qudn Ii, giam doc didu hdnh va chuydn gia cua doanh nghiep nudc ngodi da thdnh lap hien dien thuang mai tgi Viet Nam, di chuyin tgm thdi trong ndi bd doanh nghiep sang hien dien thuang mai trdn lanh thd Viet Nam vd dd dugc doanh nghiep nudc ngoai tuyin dung trudc do it nhdt 12 thang.*'°'
Bdn cgnh do, lao ddng nudc ngoai dugc phep lam vipc tgi Viet Nam nlu ddp iing cac dieu kign chung va digu kidn cu thi sau:
- Dilu kien chung: cd ndng luc hanh vi dan sy ddy du, cd trinh dp chuyen mdn, tay nghe vd siic khoe phii hgp vdi ydu cdu cdng viec, khdng phai la ngudi pham tpi hoge bi truy ciiu trdch nhiem hinh sy theo quy dinh ciia phap luat Viet Nam vd phdp luat nudc ngodi va cd giay phep lao ddng do co quan nha nudc cd thdm quygn cua Vipt Nam cap trir cdc trudng hgp khdng phai cdp gidy phep lao ddng.'"'
- Didu kien cu the: Ld nhd qudn Ii, gidm ddc didu hanh hodc chuydn gia theo quy dinh cua phap luat hidn hdnh (ddi vdi ngudi nudc ngodi xin hdnh nghe y, dugc, tu nhdn, tryc tilp khdm, chira benh tai Viet Nam hoac lam viec trong ITnh vyc gido dye, day nghd phdi cd du dieu kidn theo quy djnh ciia phdp lugt Viet Nam vd hanh nghg y, dugc tu nhdn hodc ve gido dye, dgy nghg).
+ Vd phgm vi nganh nghd dugc tu do di chuyen lao ddng: Ddi chieu cdc van ban quy
(10). Khoan I Diau 3 Nghj djnh s6 11/2016/ND-CP.
( I I ) - K h o a n IDi^u 169 BLLD nSm 2012.
dinh vd 08 Iihh vuc md cdc qudc gia thdnh vidn ASEAN da ki kgt MRAs thdy rdng cd nhiing ngdnh nghe Viet Nam da ban hdnh cdc vdn bdn ludt nham thyc hien cac cam ket (dich vy tu van kT thuat vd kidn tnic), cd ngdnh nghe dang trong qud trinh chuan hi trudc khi thuc hien cam ket (dich vu du lich), nhung ciing cd nhihig nganh nghd Viet Nam chua cd thdng tin ve viec chuan hi thuc hien cam ket (dich vu kg toan, hanh nghg y, dieu duang, nha khoa vd khdo sdt). Lidn quan tdi viec thyc hien MRAs trong ITnh vuc hdnh nghg y, digu duong vd nha khoa, Viet Nam hidn nay chua cd thdng tin vd viec chudn bi thyc hien cam ket bdi lg xuat phat tir muc tieu cua viec ki MRAs trong 03 ngdnh nghe trdn Id khdng hudng tdi thidt lap mdt CO chd ddng ki hanh nghe chung ASEAN ma chu yeu tgp trung vdo trao ddi thdng tin, tang cudng hgp tac vd cdng nhdn lin nhau, thiic ddy dp dung thuc tien tdt nhdt vd tidu chudn vd trinh dp, tao co hdi xdy dyng nang luc vd ddo tao cho nen ca nhdn cua mdt nudc thanh vidn ASEAN mudn hdnh nghd tai mdt nudc thanh vidn ASEAN khac phai tuan thu ddy du cdc quy dinh lign quan cua phdp ludt nudc do. Vi vdy, ngudi nudc ngodi mudn cung cdp djch vy hanh nghd y, didu dudng vd nha khoa tgi Viet Nam phdi tuan thu cdc quy dinh hien hanh cua phdp ludt Viet Nam vl ba ITnh vyc trgn.
Ddi vdi dich vu khdo sdt vd dich vu kl todn, viec ki ket MRAs vd dich vy khao sat va kg toan nham hudng tdi tgo khudn khd khu vyc cho cdc nudc thanh vidn da sdn sdng tham gia ki cdc thod thugn song phuong hoac da phuang vd thira nhan lan nhau ve 19
TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 12/2018 NGHIENCUV- TRAOBdl dich vy ke toan, dich vy khdo sdt.*^^' Tinh
ddn nay, Viet Nam van chua ki thod thugn song phuong hay da phuong ve thira nhdn Idn nhau trong hai ngdnh nghe trdn cho nen khdng cd thdng tin ve viec Vipt Nam chudn hi cho vide thyc hidn cdc MRAs nay.
Trong khi dd, lien quan tdi dich vu tu van kT thudt vd dich vu kiln tnic nhu dd de cap d trdn, Viet Nam da ban hanh cdc vdn ban dudi ludt tao nln tdng phdp li cho viec thyc hipn cam ket cua minh. Cy the, vg dich vy tu vdn kl thugt, Vipt Nam da thdnh lap Uy ban giam sdt cua Viet Nam dg thyc hipn MRAs vl dich vy tu vdn ki thugt (VNMC) vdi chdc ndng giiip Bd xdy dyng (Id co quan qudn Ii nghg nghidp cua Viet Nam ddi vdi dich vu tu vdn kT thugt) td chiic triln khai va gidm sdt viec thyc hien MRAs vg dich vu tu van kT thugt trong ASEAN, nghien ciiu, de xudt vipc xay dyng va hoan thien the chg vg qudn li hdnh nghe dich vy tu vdn kT thuat tgi Viet Nam; thuc hidn cdc nhiem vu, quygn hgn khdc vl qudn li nganh nghg dich vu tu van kl thugt theo sy uy quyen cua Bd xay dung hoac cdc co quan cd tham quyen khac' ' Ve dich vu kien tnic, Bg xay dyng quyet djnh thdnh lap Uy ban giam sdt vd djch vu kign tnic (MC) Id ca quan cd thdm quygn thyc hien cac nhiem vu phdt triln, van hdnh vd duy tri Dang bg kign tnic su ASEAN tgi Vipt Nam vdi thdnh phdn bao (12). Hi|p djnh ASEAN ve di chuygn the nhan va cac Thoa thu^n thira nh$n lan nhau, http://trungtamwto.
vn/chuyen-de/8667-, truy cap 06/9/2018.
(13). Quyet djnh ciia 8$ xay d\mg s6 1128/QD-BXD ngay 15/9/2008 ve vi^c thanh ISp Uy ban giam sat ciia Viet Nam de thuc hi?n MRAs v^ dich vy tu vSn kT thuat trong ASEAN.
gdm dgi dien ciia Bd xdy dyng, dai dien ciia Hdi kiln tnic su Viet Nam, Hdi quy hoach vd phdt triln do thi Viet Nam, Trudng dai hgc kiln tnic Ha Npi, Vien kien tnic, Quy hoach do thi vd ndng thdn.'''*'
Ve ITnh vyc djch vy du lich, trudc day Ludt du lich nam 2005 la co sd phdp li ddi vdi hogt ddng du lich va qudn li vg du Hch tgi Viet Nam. Tuy nhidn, trong bdi cdnh cac qudc gia thdnh vidn ASEAN da ki MRAs ve dich vy ndm 2012 vd MNP nam 2012 nhdm gdp phdn hdi hod hod cdc quy dinh cua ASEAN vl du hch, Viet Nam ban hanh Luat du lich ndm 2017 nhdm tgo thudn lgi ban cho boat dpng cung ling dich vu trong linh vuc ndy. Cd the thay rang, cac quy dinh trong Lugt du lich dugc xdy dyng theo xu hudng ndi long cac didu kidn cung iing dich vy nhu: ve dieu kien kinh doanh dich v\i lu hanh qudc te ngu Ludt du lich nam 2005 quy dinh 05 dieu kidn (cd gidy phep kinh doanh lii hdnh qudc te do ca quan qudn Ii nhd nudc vl du lich d trung uong cdp; cd phuong an kinh doanh lii hanh; cd chuong trinh du lich cho khdch du lich qudc tl theo pham vi kinh doanh theo ludt dinh; ngudi dilu hanh boat dpng kinh doanh lii hdnh quoc te phai co thdi gian it nhdt bdn nam boat ddng trong ITnh vyc lii hdnh; cd it nhat ba hudng dan vidn dugc c4p the hudng ddn vidn du lich qudc te va cd tidn ki quy theo quy dinh ciia Chinh phu)''^' thi Ludt du lich mdi don gian hod hon 03 dilu kidn kinh doanh dich vy lii
(14). Quyet dinh cua Bo \h/ dyng so 554/QD-BXD ngay 14/6/2011 v^ viec Ban hanh quy ch^ danh gii kian trie su ASEAN.
(15). Diau 46 Luat du lich nam 2005.
20
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 12/2018 NGHIEN CUV - TRAO BOI hanh qudc td (la doanh nghigp dugc thanh
lap theo quy dinh cua phdp ludt vl doanh nghiep; ki quy kinh doanh dich vy lit hanh qudc tl tai ngdn hdng vd ngudi phu trdch kinh doanh dich vy lii hdnh phdi tdt nghipp cao dang trd Idn chuydn ngdnh vl lii hanh, trudng hgp tdt nghiep cao ddng trd len chuygn ngdnh khdc phdi cd chiing chi nghiep vy digu hanh du lich qudc tl).*'**
Ngodi viec sir dung cdc cdng cy phdp li, Viet Nam cdn tdng cudng sir dyng nhung cdng cu khdng mang tinh phap li nhdm tdng cudng hdi nhdp ve ngudn nhan lyc chat Iugng cao, ndi bat Id vide hodn thdnh xdy dyng Khung trinh do qudc gia (KTDQG) dd dugc Thii tudng Chinh phii chinh thiic phd duyet vao ngay 18/11/2016 thdng qua Quylt dinh sd I982/QD-TTg vl Phe duypt Khung yinh dp qudc gia Viet Nam.*'^* KTDQG la cdng cy de xdy dung vd phan loai trinh dp theo mdt bd tidu chi hodc theo cdc tigu chi ddnh cho cdc cap do hpc tap da dat dugc. Cdu tnic KTDQG Viet Nam nhu sau: a) Bgc trinh dp bao gdm 08 bdc (Bdc I - Chiing chi I, Bdc 2 - Chimg chi II, Bdc 3 - Chiing chi III, Bgc 4 - Trung cdp, Bdc 5 - Cao ddng, Bgc 6 - Dgi hpc, Bgc 7 - Thac sT, Bgc 8 - Tign sT);
chudn dau ra bao gdm: kien thiic li thuydt vd kiln thiic thyc td, kl nang nhgn thiic, kT ndng thyc hdnh nghd nghidp vd kT ndng giao tiep ling xii, miic dp ty chu vd trach nhipm cd
(16). Khoan 2 Dieu 31 Lu$t du lich nam 2017.
(17). Quylt dinh s6 1982/QD-TTg cua Thu tu6ng chinh phu: Pha duy|t Khung trinh dg quoc gia Vi^t Nam http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/
hethongvanban?class_id=2&_page=2&mode=detail&
documentJd=186972, truy c§p 06/9/2018.
nhdn trong vipc dp dyng kien thiic, kT ndng de thuc hien cdc nhiem vy chuydn mdn; khdi lugng hpc tap tdi thieu dugc tinh bdng sd tin chi ngudi hpc phdi tich luy; vdn bdng, chiing chi Id van bdn cdng nhdn ket qud hgc tap cua mpt CO sd gido due doi vdi mdt ca nhan sau khi kgt thiic khoa hpc, dap ling chudn ddu ra do CO sd gido dye quy dinh. Viec phg duyet KTDQG Id ddu mdc quan trpng tham chidu bdng cap cua Viet Nam vdi cac qudc gia thdnh vien ASEAN thdng qua Khung tham chilu trinh dp ASEAN (AQRF - ASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework), tir do gdp phan thiic day su dich chuyen ciia ngudn nhdn luc chdt lugng cao trong khdi.
Cho tdi thdi diem hidn nay, khdng thd phu nhdn nhung no luc ciia Viet Nam trong qua trinh thyc thi nghTa vy thdnh vien ve tu do dich chuygn* lao ddng trong khudn khd ASEAN, tuy nhidn van cdn mpt sd didm hgn che trong qud trinh thyc thi nhu sau:
ThiJc nhdt, mac du cdc quy dinh cua phdp lugt Viet Nam vg tu do dich chuyen lao dpng phu hgp vdi cdc cam ket trong khudn khd ASEAN nhung so vdi cdc ITnh vyc hpi nhdp khdc md Viet Nam song song tiln hdnh cho thdy cac quy dinh vd ty do di chuyin lao dpng cd xu hudng that chdt ddng dich chuydn lao dgng den tir cdc nudc thdnh vidn ASEAN thdng qua nhiing quy dinh khdt khe vd didu kien dugc phep Idm viec tgi Viet Nam. Theo quy dinh tai Dilu 4 Nghj dinh sd
11/2016/ND-CP, NSDLD chi dugc phep tuydn dyng lao ddng nudc ngoai khi lao dpng Viet Nam chua ddp iing dugc theo nhu cdu san xudt, kinh doanh. Cu thi, theo quy djnh tai khoan 1 Dilu 4 Nghi dinh nay,
21
TAPCHI LUAT HQC SO 12/2018 NGHIENCUV- TRAOBdl NSDLD cd trdch nhiem xde dinh nhu cau sii
dung lao ddng nudc ngoai ddi vdi timg vi tri cdng viec md NLD Viet Nam chua ddp iing dugc va bao cao gidi trinh vdi chii tich uy ban nhan ddn tinh, thdnh phd tryc thudc tnmg uong. Ben cgnh do, ngudi lao ddng phdi dap ling dugc ddy dii cac didu kien dugc phep Idm vide tgi Viet Nam theo quy dinh tai Dilu 3 Nghi dinh. Thdng tu sd 40/2016/TT-BLDTBXH quy djnh yudc it nhdt 30 ngay kl tir ngay du kiln su dyng lao ddng nudc ngodi, ngudi sir dung lao ddng gdi bao cao giai trinh vd nhu cdu sii dung NLD nudc ngoai din Bp lao ddng - thuong binli va xa hdi hodc chu tich uy ban nhdn ddn tinh.''^* Ddi vdi viec su dung lao ddng nudc ngodi cua nhd thdu, trudc khi tuydn dung ngudi lao dpng nudc ngodi, nha thau cd trach nhiem ke khai sd lugng, trinh dp, nang lyc chuyen mon, kinh nghiem cua ngudi lao ddng nudc ngodi cdn huy ddng dd thuc hien gdi thdu tai Viet Nam vd dg nghi tuygn ngudi lao dgng Viet Nam vdo cdc vi tri cdng viec dy kien tuydn NLD nudc ngodi vdi chii tich uy ban nhan ddn cap tinh noi nhd thau thyc hien gdi thau*''l Vd cap mdi giay phep lao dpng: Phdp luat Viet Nam quy dinh ve hd so de nghi cap phep lao dgng cho ngudi lao dpng nudc ngoai phai ddp iing dugc day dii cdc logi giay td nhu vdn bdn de nghi cap phep lao ddng, giay chiing nhgn siic khoe, philu li Ijch tu phdp, van ban chiing minh la nhd quan If, gidm ddc didu hanh, chuyen gia hodc lao ddng k! thugt, ban sao cd chiing thyc hd
chieu hoac gidy td tuong duong, cac giky td lidn quan khac'^°' va thdi ban cua giay phep lao ddng dugc cap khdng qud 02 nam.
Thu hai, MRAs Id cdng cu quan trpng va chii ydu de thyc hidn hogt ddng ty do di chuyen lao ddng lanh nghe trong ASEAN nhung hidn nay tien do tridn khai thuc hien cac hogt ddng lidn quan (xay dyng bo tigu chuan, khung chiing chi, thanh lap U>' ban gidm sdt qudc gia, dieu chinh chinh sdch phdp ludt lidn quan) cua Viet Nam theo cam kgt trong MRAs tuong ddi cham. Mac du Viet Nam da tham gia 08 MRAs, tuan thu ddy du vd chat che quy trinh nhu quy djnh tgi MRAs nhung ngogi trir 02 ITnh vuc kiln tnic va tu van kT thugt dugc trign khai tuong ddi nhanh,^ ' trong ITnh vyc djch vu, Viet Nam da ban hdnh Ludt du lich nam 2017, xay dung dugc Tieu chudn nghe du lich Viet Nam phign ban mdi trong khudn khd Du an Lien minh chdu Au (EU) tdi trg vd khdng co thdng tin vd tinh hinh Viet Nam thuc hien cdc MRAs cdn lgi. Thyc trang tren xudt phat td muc tigu cua viec ki ket cac MRAs trong ASEAN vg dich vu kg todn, hdnh nghi y, y td vd nha khoa nhu da dd cap d tren Id khdng nham hudng tdi xay dyng mdt co che dang ki hanh nghi chung cho ndn viec ngudi nudc ngoai mudn hanh nghd tai mdt nudc ASEAN phdi tuan thu quy dinh ludt hidn hdnh ciia qudc gia do. Ddi vdi Viet Nam, xuat phat tir dilm ddc thu cua cac ngdnh nghi tren, dac
(18). Khoan 1 Dieu 4 ThSng tu s6 40/2016/TT- BLDTBXH.
(19). Khoan 1 DiSu 5 Nghi dinh s6 11/2016/ND-CP.
(20). Dieu 10 Nghi djnh so 11/2016/ND-CP.
(21). Vu Thanh Huang, TrSn Viet Dung, "Viet Nam v6i qua trinh ty do hoa thuang mai dich vy huong t6i Cpng dSng kinh tS ASEAN", Tgp chi khoa hgc va phdt triin, ni2Q\5,tr.'\%\.
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 12/2018 NGHIENCUV- TRAOBdl bidt ddi vdi ngudi hanh nghi y, y td va nha
khoa cho ndn cac dilu kidn dat ra ciing chat che ban. Do vay, dd hdi hod vdi cdc tieu chudn chung cua khu vuc cdn phai cd Id trinh thich hgp ddi vdi Viet Nam.
Xudt phat tir nhiing dilm han chl trong qua trinh thyc hien cdc cam kit vl tu do djch chuyen lao dgng ciia Viet Nam, tdc gia xin de xuat mdt sd gidi phdp nhdm ndng cao hidu qud thyc thi boat dpng nay nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, Viet Nam cdn ndi long hon cac dieu kidn vd tidp can thi trudng ddi vdi lao ddng Idnh nghd trong khoi. Sy than trpng trong qud trinh md cira hdi nhap la dilu hit siic cdn thigt nhung vdi dgc* thii ciia thi trudng lao dgng Viet Nam Id ti le lao ddng khong cd tay nghe, tay nghd thdp ehilm ti le da sd*^^* va su thilu hyt luc lugng lao dgng cd kT nang thi ddn bay dugc sd dung dl thu hiit lao ddng cd tay nghe d trong khdi trd nen cdp thiet thdng qua nhiing quy dinh thdng thoang hon nhdm tao dieu kien cho lao dgng nudc ngodi dugc phep tidp cmi thi trudng lao ddng Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi.
Thu hai, ddy nhanh hoan thien cac quy dinh, tieu chudn can thiet trong nhiing nganh nghe ASEAN da ki MRAs thdng qua viec tang cudng xdy dyng cac bp tieu chuan phu
(22). Theo Bao cao ve xu hu6ng lao dSng va xa h^i tai Viet Nam giai doan 2012 - 2017 cua T6 chiic lao d6ng the gi6i phoi hpp vdi Vi^n-khoa hoc lao dpng va xa hpi cua BO lao dpng, thuong binh va xa hpi xuSt ban nam 2018, ti'l? lao d^ng khong c6 ki nSng tai Viat Nam nam 2017 chi^m 61.92%, https://www.ilo.
org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—asia/—ro-bangkok/—
ilo-hanoi/documents/publication/wcms_626102.pdf, truy cap 06/9/2018.
hgp, ndng cao chdt lugng dao tgo ngudn nhdn luc vd ddu tu co sd vat chdt de Viet Nam chudn bi sdn sang tdm the cho qud trinh md cira hdi nhdp khu vyc ve lao ddng trong khdi ASEAN.
Thu ba, nang cao chdt lugng ngudn nhdn luc trong nudc de co the canh tranh dugc vdi ngudn nhan luc chdt lugng cao trong khdi bang cdch thyc hien cai each gido due ddo tao, dac biet giao due bdc dai hpc. Ddi mdi chuong trinh ddo tgo gdn liln vdi yeu cdu cua xa hpi, ddp iing nhu cdu thyc tien; nang cao chat lugng dpi ngii gidng day; cai tiln ca sd vdt chdt Id nhihig ydu td tien quylt gdp phdn hipn thyc hod myc tigu trgn./.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O 1. Chris Manning & Pradip Bhatnagar (2003),
Di chuyen the nhdn trong khu vuc Bdng Nam A: Tu nhien nhu thi ndo? (The movementt of natural persons in Southeast Asia: How natural?). Tap tai lieu Hpi thao kinh tl, Khoa nghidn ciiu chdu A - Thdi Binh Duong.
2. Mauro Testaverde, Hary Moroz, Claire H.Hollweg & Achun Schillen (2017), Di ddn de tim kiem ca hdi vugt qua rdo cdn dich chuyen a Bdng Nam A, Ngdn hang the gidi.
3. VG Thanh Huong, Trdn Viet Dung, "Viet Nam vdi qua trinh ty do hod thuong mai dich vy hudng tdi Cpng ddng kinh tl ASEAN", Tgp chi khoa hgc vdphdt triin, sd 13/2015.
4. Trudng Dgi hgc Lugt Hd Npi, Gido trinh Phdp lugt Cong ddng ASEAN, Nxb. Cdng an nhdn dan, Hd Ndi, 2014.
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