KH&CN NUOC NGOAI
VAC XIN COVID 19 - Cuoc Chay flua cua cac cong nghe mdii
Cong ty TNHH MTV vac xin va sinh pham s
TS Do Tuan flat 1 (VABIOTECH), Bo Y le
Djch viem dudng ho hap cap tinh do chung m6i cua vi rut corona • SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) da dUdc To ChCfc Y te the gi6i (WHO) tuyen bd la mot dai djch tren toan cau. Cac quoc gia tren the gi6i dang no life chay dua de phat trien cac vac xin phong benh. Cac cong nghe til trUdc den nay dUdc sU dung trong phat trien va san xuat cac vac xin thUdng mai la chUa du de dap u'ng trong thdi gian sdm nhat the gidi cd dUdc vac xin phdng Covid-19. Do vay, cac cdng nghe mdi cho phep phat trien cung nhU nang quy md san xuat vac xin trong thdi gian ngan nhat ddng vai trd rat quan trong. Trong dd, cong nghe vac xin vector vi rut, vac xin sijf dung axft nucleic (DNA va RNA) dUdc cho la nhu'ng giai phap mdi de vUdt qua thach thufc, sdm dUa vac xin Covid-19 ra sijf dung dai tra de phdng chong dich benh.
Thach Uiub trong phat trien V^G xin iKtig phd vdi Oai dich
Djch Covid-19 bung phat d Trung Qudc td thang 12/2019, sau do lan truyen ra nhieu quoc gia va vung lanh tho tren the gidi. Ngay 11/3/2020, WHO chfnh thdc cong bo Covid-19 la dai dich toan cau. Cac nha khoa hoc tren the gidi da va dang tap trung tim ra cac giai phap hieu qua de khong che, chan doan, dieu tri va dd phdng dich benh. Vac xm dddc xem la mot trong cac giai phap trpng yeu trong phong ngda dich Covid-19 [1 ]. Trong Ijch si!f, vi rut corona da gay nen nhieu dich benh nguy hiem nhd hoi chdng viem dddng hd hap cap tinh (SARS) xuat hien tai Trung Quoc nam 2002. Chung vi rut corona SARS-CoV gay djch benh nay lam 8,000 ngddi n h i i m benh va hdn 770 ca td vong tai 26 quoc gia tren the gidi. Diem dac biet la djch benh da dddc khong che hieu qua va khdng tai xuat hien. Cung vdi dd, viec phat trien vac xin phdng SARS-CoV da ddng lai ngay sau khi het d!ch. Nam 2012, chijng vi rut corona mdi da xuat hien tai Saudi Arabia gay hoi chilfng ho hap Trung Ddng (MERS). Giong vdi SARS-CoV, vi rijt cd nguon goc td ddi va co Ihe da lay truyen sang cho ngddi qua lac da nuoi. Theo WHO, da cd 2.143 trudng hdp nhiem benh va 750 ca tif vong xay ra tai 27 quoc gia td nam 2012 [1]. Nhieu hoat dgng nghien edu hien dang dddc tien hanh de phat then vac xin ngda MERS-CoV [2]. Tuy nhien, den hien tai chda co vac xm corona nao dddc cap phep idu hanh. Dieu nay se gay khd khan cho cac nha nghien edu vac xin Covid-19 khi phai Ida chpn cong nghe phu hdp nhat de phat trien vac xin phong dai djch hien nay.
Cac vac xin thdng thddng dddc phat trien va thddng mai hoa nhd vac xin song giam doc ldc hay vac xin bat hoat da dat dddc nhdng thanh ti/u dang ke nhd lam giam
ganh nang benh tat vdi cac benh truyen nhidm trong qua khd, nhd da thanh toan dddc benh dau mua va khong che cac benh bai liet, uon van, bach hau va sdi. Tuy nhien, cac cdng nghe da dddc thiet lap nay dddng nhu khdng phu hdp, tham chi la khdng kha thi trong trddng hdp bung phat dich benh mdi nhd Covid-19. Cdng nghe de che tao ra cac vac xin dng phd vdi dai dich se can phai vddt qua cac thach thdc sau:
Thif nhat, thich dng ngay dddc vdi mot tac nhan gay benh chda dddc bi^t ro rang. Dieu nay khac han vdi cac cdng nghe truyen thong trddc day deu can phdi phan lap dddc tac nhan gay benh, sau dd mdi cd the phat trien dddc vac xin.
ThU hai, trong thdi gian ngan nhat co dddc vac xin hieu qua de dap ijng phdng chong dich. Hien nay, doi vdi cac vac xin truyen thong can ft nhat 10 nam td giai doan tien lam sang tren dpng vat den khi dddc cap phep si^ dung tren ngudi.
Thi^ba, can chi phi Idn cho phat trien va san xuat vac xm 500 trieu USD la so tien can dau td de phat then va san xuat mot dd tuyen vac xm mdi Sd tien nay chUa bao gom 50-700 trieu USD nUa de xay ddng nha xddng va mua sam trang thiet bi cho san xu^t. Ben canh do, se cdn mpt Joat cac chi phf khdng the bo qua de duy tri cac tieu chuan cua san pham trong qua trinh san xuat vac xin.
Thiftu, san Iddng san xuat khdng dap dng du nhu cau phong dich tren toan cau. Dieu nay khdng chi Xciy ra doi vdi cac vac xin phdng djch benh mdi, ngay ca vdi cac vac xin phdng cac tac nhan da dddc biet den nhu vi rut cum, san lddng san xuat cung khd dap dng dddc khi dich benh tien den dinh djch.
64 ISNGNGHEVietN. lain
So 5 nam 2020KH&CN nU6c ngoai I
Han che cua cac cdng nghe vk xin iruyen thnng
Neu nhin ngddc lai cac cdng nghe vac xin Iruyen thong, rat kho co the thay tinh kha thi cua cac cong nghe nay khi dai djch xay ra. Cac vac xm truyen thdng cd han che do kha nang san xuat. Cac vac xin nay deu can nuoi cay va nhan Ien toan the mpt tac nhan gay benh de che tao ra vac xin nen viec san xuat se bj can trd bdi cac yeu to nhd khd hoac khong the nudi cay ddpc vi sinh vat trong dieu kien in vitro hay ddi hoi phai cd mdc dp an toan sinh hpc cao va can cac phdng thi nghiem chuyen biet de nuoi cay (P3 hoac P4). Dot vdi vac xm song giam dpc ldc, dd cdn la kha nang hoi ddc do dot bien ngupc, xuat hien cac dot bien bo sung hoac tai to hdp vdi cac chiJng hoang dai luu hanh va co nguy cd gay benh d ngUdi cd he mien dich yeu Vdi vac xin bat hoat, dd la viec lam sao cd dupc Idpng khang nguyen dac hieu du Idn de tao ddpc dap dng mien dich phdng benh. Cac that bai do dot bien cac vung khang nguyen be mat dac hieu cija tac nhan gay benh hoac nguy cd khong bat hoat vi rut hoan toan cung la nhdng van de can quan tam khi phat then vac xin vi rut bat hoat. Theo doi cac di/ tuyen vac xin corona td SARS- CoV cho den MERS-CoV va gan day la Covid-19 cho thay so lddng cac vac xin sd dung cac cong nghe nay da giam di mdt each dang ke. Chl con mpt vai nha phat trien va san xuat vac xm tiep tue dng dung edng nghe nay cho vacx!nCovid-19[2-4].
Cac vac xin thanh phan nhd vac xin tieu ddn vj (subunit) va peptid mdi gan day da the hien nhOng vUpt trdi eija viec ap dung smh hpc phan td trong phat trien vae xin. Dae biet la viec tao ra cac khang nguyen dang tieu the giong vi rut - VLP (Virus Like Particle) da cho ra ddi rat nhieu vac xm thddng mai mdi, ed hieu qua trong thdi gian qua nhu vac xin cum, vac xin ngda ung thd co td cung (HPV).
Nhieu vac xm dU tuyen cho Covid-19 hien nay cung da sii dung edng nghe nay, dd la cac vac xin tieu ddn vj protein tiay peptid sd dung vung khang nguyen gai (Spike - S) de tao thanh eae VLP, trimer hay tai td hdp kham [5]. Tuy nhien, giong cac cong nghe eo dien, eae vac xin dang nay cd quy thnh san xuat phUe tap, can cac bddc nhan nuoi cac gia the bieu hien protein va dac biet la eae bdde tinh che cung nhd tao cac cau true protein mong muon. Hdn nOa, do ehi la cac cau true protein tai to hpp nen cac vSc xin nay tao ra dap dng mien dich te bao kem va can cd them cac ky thuat hay chat bo trd de tang cudng tfnh sinh mi§n djch va tiet kiem khang nguyen. Hien cd nhieu chat bo trp da dupc nghien edu vdi vac xin MERS-CoV tiep tuc dddc sd dung de phat trien vdc xin Covid-19 nhd nhom, MF59, Martrix-M1, hat nano... Dac biet, nhdm nghien edu tai Dai hpe Queensland (Ue) da si^ dung ky thuat "kfp phan ti!( - molecular clamp" de tang tfnh dap dng mign djch cija cac protein tai to hdp cua vi rut SARS-CoV-2
[6], Tuy CO nhieu Uu viet ve tfnh an toan va sinh mi§n djch cung nhu da mmh chdng dUde ve hieu qua bao ve vdi nhieu vac xin thudng mat, nhUng cdng nghe vac xin tieu ddn vj va peptid dudng nhd la chua du de ap dung ngay trong trUdng hdp dich benh khan cap. Cac dang vae xin nay co the chi phu hdp khi dich benh da giam xuong, co them thdi gian de phat trien va san xuat v5c xin. Vac xin luc dd se trd thanh mdt dang sCf dung thddng xuyen giong vdi vac xm cum mua de de phdng djch benh quay trd lai hoac khi tac nhan gay benh da trd nen thong thddng d cong dong.
Hndng tiep can mail trong phat trien vk xin Could-19 Cac hddng tiep can cac cong nghe mdi va da nang, cho hieu suat san xuat cao, khong phij thupc vao viec nuoi cay toan the tac nhan gay benh hien dang ddpc cac nha phat trien vac xin tap trung va chay dua de sdm cd dddc vac xin Covid-19 phdng dai djch. Cac cong nghe do la vac xm vector vi rut va cac vac xm a xft nucleic (DNA, RNA).
Vac xin vector vi rut
Vector V) rut la he thong mang mpt hoac nhieu khang nguyen ddpc ma hoa thdng qua mpt vi rut khong lien quan, da dddc bien doi de tao ra mdt cong nghe da nang hPn rat nhieu cac cdng nghe vac xin da dddc biet trddc day Cong nghe nay cd the sO dung vector song (nhan Ien ddpc nhung thudng da giam doe ldc) hoac vector khdng nhan Ien dddc Vector vac xin dddc che tao de ma hoa vung khang nguyen mong muon nhd khang nguyen gai (Spike - S) cija vi rut SARS-CoV-2 sau khi vector nay vao te bao chu. Khi tiem chung, khang nguyen se dddc bieu hien tddng tac vdi vat chij de tao ra dap dng mien dich phdng tac nhan dich mong muon.
Mot loat cac vi rut khac nhau dddc su dung de tao ra vac xin vector vi rut, dac diet la cac vi rut dai dich hay cac vi rut nguy hiem nhd cum, Ebola, MERS-CoV Cac vi rut thddng dddc su dung la adeno cac typ huyet thanh Ad5, Ad26, sdi, viem da day phdnp nddc (Vesicular Stomatitis Virus- VSV), vac xin bien doi Ankara (Modified Vaccinia Ankara - MVA), adeno tinh tinh (Chimpanzee adenovirus - ChAdOxl). Trong so nay, vector VSV la mot gia the da dUPc su dung de san xuat thanh cong vac xin dai dich Ebola [5-7]. Mpt loai gia the vector vi rut khac la baculo hien cung dang dddc quan tam va hda hen se co cac ke't qua dng dung tot do da cd cac san pham thddng mai cua vac xin protein tai to hdp cung nhU cae du tuyen vac xin SARS-CoV hay MERS-CoV su dung vector nay [8],
Mdt so vac xin COVID-19 dd tuyen sd dyng cong nghe vector vi rut hien da va dang ddpc phat trien cd the ke den nhd sau [2]:
12020 & N G NGHE Viet nam
65I KH&CN nifdc ngoai
Vacxindi/tuyen Nha phat trien Giai doan phat triln
Cong nghe sil diJngchovacxin corona va cac tac nhan khac Vector vi rut k/iong nhSn Ien
Vl rut MVA ma hoa 8eoVax/BravoVax (Tmng Quoc) Vi rijl adeno Ad26
(flon doc hoac kei hcJp v3i MVA)
Vl riJt adeno AdS
Dai hoc Oxford (Anh) CanSino Biological Inc., Vien Cong nghe smh hoc B^c Kmh (Trung Quoc)
lam sang
Tien lam sang
Lassa, Ebola, Marburg, HIV
Ebola, HIV, Hdp b;
hotiap
Vector VI rut co nhan Ien
cau triJc DNA toi thieu khong chda cae khung plasmid vi khuan nhd cac DNA tieu vdng ban tong hdp hay dddc tdng hdp toan bp da dddc phat trien.
Vac xin DNA tiem vao cd the Iheo dudng trong da hoac tiem bap. Vac xin nay se phai vddt qua hai Idp mang (te bao chat va nhan), sau do phien ma thanh mRNA, quay trd lai te bao chat va bat dau qua trinh djch ma (hinh 1).
Viee djch ma se tao ra cac khang nguyen dae hieu, td dd kfch thfch he thdng midn dich cua ed the. Cho du vae xin DNA cd nhieu then vpng nhd ed tfnh an toan, kha nang dung nap va ti'nh sinh mi§n djch tot, nhdng vac xin nay chua cho thay hieu qua nhd mong muon trong mot sd Xhii nghiem lam sang da dUpc tien hanh [9]. Do vay, muon lam tang hieu quit cua vae xin DNA tren ngddi, can tien hanh them cac giai phap hd trd vdi mue dfch dua vac xin vao sau trong nhan te bao bang each sd dung them eac thiet bi dien di [9].
Vien Pasteur I (Phap), Zydiis
Cadila (An Do) .ung./a Tonix Pha,ma (My)/
" Southern Research (Anh)
Tien lam sang
Sot lay song Nile, Chikungunya, Ebola, Lassa, Zika
Vac xin axit nucleic
Vac xm axit nucleic - DNA: tiem phdng eac vac xin DNA la sd bat chudc hien tUdng nhiem tu nhien hoac gay m i l n djch vdi vi sinh vat song. Sau khi vao trong te bao va bieu hien, eac khang nguyen dddc ma hoa td cae DNA se kfch thich tao ra dap dng mien djch djch the va midn dich qua trung gian te bao. Them vao do, cac vac xin DNA ddde san xuat an toan va tiet kiem thdi gian, khong lam nhan ien cac tac nhan gay benh cd nguy ed eao va giam thieu nguy ed lay nhi§m cheo cac vat lieu gay nhiem song. Dang chu y, doi vdi cac benh truyen nhidm mdi noi va tai noi nhu Covid-19, rao can Idn dd la ed dupc mot each nhanh nhat vac xin de phdng benh. Vac xin DNA da rut ngan thdi gian td khi bat dau bung phat dich benh den khi cd ddde vae xin mong muon.
Vac xin DNA dddc tao ra bang each cai dat bp khung gen ma hoa khang nguyen mong muon vao plasmid cua vi khuan. Khung plasmid nay se dupc nhan Ien vdi hieu suat cao trong qua thnh phat trien cua vi khuan. Tuy nhien, do sU cd mat eua cae chuoi gen khdng chUe nang tren plasmid nhU vung gen khang khang sinh se gay mat an toan cho ngUdi sii dyng nen vdng gen nay ed the ddpc thay the hoac loai bo ci cac vac xin DNA the he mdi. Cac
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Hinh 1 . Co che cua cac vac xin ADN va ARN.
Mpt so vac xin Covid-19 diJ tuyen sd diing edng nghe DNA hien da va dang ddde phat then nhd sau [2]:
Vac xm dir Nha phat Qiai doan Cpng ngh? siJdMng cho tuy^n irie^n phat triln *'f. ^'" l o ™ " ^ va cSc tac
'^ nhan khac DNA plasmid
kbm thiet bl Inovio (My) L a ^ ^ f "9 ^^^^^' ^iP^I^' "'V, HPV, (3ignt|[ P**^^ 2il<a, viem gan B
Takis/
nMfl Applied DNA .,... ,.
™ » SCIOTCS/ Tien lam sang Evvivax [My)
DNA plasmid fCBe)""' " ' " " ' ™ ^="9
66 IftiSeNGHEViet Nai
So 5 nam 2020KH&CN nUdc ngoai \
Vac xin axit nucleic - RNA: RNA la ehat mang trung gian thong tin di truyen dddc sCf dijng nhd mpt ban sao de san xuat ra protein ci doi tupng dddc tiem vae xin. Cd hai loai vac xin RNA la RNA khdng nhan ban (Non-replieating mRNA - mRNA) va RNA td khuyech dai (Self-amplifying m R N A - s a R N A ) .
De cd dddc tac diing nhd mot vac xin, RNA di vao te bao ehat va bieu hien protein tai day (hinh 1). Trong bdde nay, bao tddng hoac mang lipid npi bao la rao c^n ma vac xin RNA phai vddt qua de tao ddde hieu qua gay mien djch. Do vay, chien lupc thudng dupc sii dung de tang mUe dp bieu hien va tfnh sinh mien djch cija vac xin RNA la bo sung cae thanh phan phUc hpp de bao bpc RNA giup vddt qua cac rao can nay cua te bao. Mot trong nhijng phdc hdp cho hieu qua cao nhat la hat nano lipid hoac polymer. Cac phUe hpp nay lam tang kha nang xam nhap cua RNA vao te bao va cai thien hoat dpng sao ma trong te bao chat. Hien tieu the nano lipid (LNP) dUpc xem la phdc hdp tiem nang va thddng ddpc sQ diing de phat trien cac vac xin RNA [7].
Dudng tiem bap thddng dddc si!r dung de tiem phdng vac xin RNA d ngudi. Sau khi tiem vac xin RNA, cac te bao xung quanh vj trf tiem bieu hien manh protein khang nguyen, td do kich thfch he thong mien djch X\J thSn cOa cd the. Ket qua nay se tao ra eae dap dng midn djch ton Idu va keo dai doi vdi khang nguyen dfch ci eac doi tddng ddpc tiem vac xin RNA [7, 10].
Mpt so vac xin Covid-19 dd tuyen sd dijng edng nghe RNA hien da va dang ddpc phat trien cd the ke den nhu sau [2]:
Cong ngh^ sil Giai doan dung cho vac xin phat trien corona va cac
tac nhan khac Vac xin dl/
tuyen Nha phat trien LNP - bao bpc h6n hop mRNA ma hoa VLP/
RBD mRNA LNP • bao b(?o mRNA
Dai hoc Fudan/Dai hpc JiaoTong ThUOng Hai/ Tien RNACure Biopharma iam sang (Trung Qu6c)
CDC Trung Qudc/Dai hpc Tien Tongii/Stermina lam sang Moderna/NIAID (My)
Arclurus (Myj/Duke- NUS (Singapore)
Lam sang ^ ^ . g , ^ , , i ^ pha 1 '
^'^" , Nhieu dU tuyen lam sang
Chi chu: RBD; vung ga'n tiiu tlie (Recceptor Binding Domain}.
Dai djch Covid-19 hien ia moi de dpa ldn doi vdi sdc khoe edng dong, viec phat then cae cdng nghe san xuat vac xin mdi se giup eon ngddi vdpt qua nhOng thach thdc cija dai djch. Cae cong nghe nhd vac xin vector vi rut hay SLf dung axft nucleie da dap dng ddpc dieu kien tien quyet
la cung cap eae giai phap toi Uu thong qua cac cong nghe da nang va cho phep san xuat ra vae xin trong thdi gian nhanh nhat. Mdi cdng nghe vac xin cd nhdng du, nhddc diem neng lien quan den dap dng mi§n djch, kha nang san xuat va tinh an toan vdi ngddi sLf dung (b^ng 1) [7].
Bang 1 . Tom tat dac tinh cua cac cong nghe vac xin mdi.
Vac xin Vac xin V3c xin vector vi riit DNA RNA Cong nghe da nang + + + Tao dap ling mien dich dich the va
tebao * " * • • ' • Vac xm CO the dUdc tong hpp hoan
toan * * vac xm CO cau true toi thieu nhat de
lao ra khang nguyen dich * ~ '*' Co kha nang dng dung cho cac vSc ,
xm khac nhau """' "'" * Tinh an loan cua vgc xm +/- +/- + Tinh smh mien djch da dUOc mmh . chiing qua thCf nghiem lam sang
Vac xin vector vi rut cho dap dng midn djch manh d6i vdi khang nguyen dfch dddc bieu hien. Dac biet, nghi§n edu thi!f nghiem lam sang eung nhd eac nghien edu sau cap phep doi vdi mpt vac xm vector vi rut dau tien ddde cap phep sd dung tren the gidi - vac xin Ebola (VSV- ZEBOV) da eho thay kha nang bao ve cija ioai vac xin nay tren ngddi. Tuy nhien, viec khang nguyen ddpc g5n tren mot gia the khdng lien quan cung tao nen nhdng khd khan nhat djnh trong viec san xuat. Them vao do, sd hien dien cua cac dfch den midn dich khac vdi khang nguyen dfeh eung ed the dan tdi cae ket qua khong mong muon do viee ton tai cae mien dich sSn cd doi vdi chfnh vector vi rut nhu khi sd dung vi rut adeno - vector AdS, Dong thdi, khdng the sO dung eung mdt loai vector eho nhieu vae xin khac nhau. St/ co mat cua vector vi rut giam ddc luc eung la moi lo ngai ve tfnh an toan do nguy cd cija cac bien CO khong mong muon va viec nhan ien cua cac vi riit ton Idu da dddc thay d mot lddng nho cac doi tddng trong thif nghiem lam sang vac xin Ebola. Hien cac dng vien vac xin Covid-19 si} dung cong nghe vector vi riJt dang dddc phat trien va hau het da hoac dang chuan bj tien hanh cae thd nghiem tren dpng vat, trong do mpt vac xin si!f dtjng vector vi rtJt adeno AdS cija Trung Quoc da dddc phe duyet thi!r nghiem lam sang giai doan 1, Thanh cdng trong viec cap phep mot vac xin dai dich nhd vac xin Ebola se la tien de tot de cac vac xin Covid-19 st> dung cong nghe nay sdm co ddpc cae ket qua kha quan [2, 7].
S6-5 nam 2020 gbNGNGHfViet 1^3111
IKH&CNnUdc ngoai
Vac xin DNA co nhu'ng du viet hdn do qua trinh san xuat tUPng doi ddn gian va co the dddc tong hpp hoan toan. Neu SLf cd mat cua cac vung gen khong chUc nang eua DNA vector la moi quan tam khi xem xet tfnh an toan cija vac xm vector vi rut thi cong nghe vac xin DNA da giam thieu ddpc cau true ed trong vSc xin, chi tap trung vao vung gen ma hda khang nguyen dfeh. ThiJ" nghiem lam sang giai doan 1 cua vac xin MERS-CoV da chdng minh tfnh an toan eua vac xin khi sd dtjng cho ngudi.
Tuy nhien, kha nang ton luu keo dai va viee tfch hpp vao he gen cua ngudi eung nhd phai phij thupe vao thief bj dien di la nhdng diem bat ldi chfnh cija cdng nghe nay.
Vac xin Covid-19 - INO-4800 cija Inovio (My) da ddpc dua ra thd nghiem lam sang hda hen se co dddc eae mmh chdng ro rang ve hieu qua cua cdng nghe nay khi si^dijng tren ngUdi [2, 7].
Giong vdi vac xin DNA, cong nghe vac xin RNA ddn gian va co kha nang tong hpp toan bp frong qua frinh san xuat. Dieu nay eho phep san xuat nhieu loai vac xin khac nhau tren cung mpt quy trinh san xuat va nha xUdng da dUdc thief lap. Khong tfch hdp vao he gen va khong ton Idu trong te bao la cac Uu diem cua vac xin nay ve phddng dien tfnh an toan. Tuy nhien, day la cdng nghe rat mdi nen eon it cac minh chdng ve tac dung cua vac xin 6 ngUdi so vdi vac xin vector vi rut va vac xm DNA. Viec eho phep ehUa tdng cd frong tien le cung mpt liJc cd the tien hanh dong thdi ca Xhii nghiem tren dpng vat va thd nghiem lam sang tren ngudi dot vdi vae xin RNA phong Covid-19 - mRNA-1273 cua Cong ty Moderna va Vien benh Dj ung va Truyen nhiSm quoc gia (My) se la cd hot de chung ta thay dddc hieu qua cua vac xin RNA khi sii dijng tren ngddi [2, 7].
Thayloiihgt
Tai Viet Nam, viec tiep can vdi eac cong nghe vac xin siJ' dung axit nucleic cdn nhieu han che do chua co ddde cac cong nghe san xuat nen fang ve tdng hpp gen, tinh che axit nucleic cung nhU cac ky thuat de pha che nham dam bao tfnh on djnh cua san pham eung nhd cac giai phap dda cac vae xin vao cd the mpt each hieu qua. Do vay, viec sD dung cac cong nghe nhd protein tai to hdp hay eao hPn nOa la cong nghe vac xin vector vi rut can ddpc tap trung nghien cUu de phat trien vac xin Covid-19. CQng nghe mdi si!f dyng vector vi rut nen sdm dupc tiep can do co nhieu dac tfnh phu hdp vdi cac quy trinh va kmh nghiem san xuat hien cd cua cae nha san xuat vac xin frong nUde nhd nudi eay te bao hay tinh che vi rut.
Trong tUdng lai, loai ngddi chac chan se phai doi mat vdi nhieu djch benh nguy hiem khac, cae ket qua eo dUdc trong ddt phdng chong djch Covid-19 nay, vdi c6 gang cija cac nha phat trien va san xuat vac xm mong muon sdm nhat cd ddpc vac xin vi rut corona thddng mai se la bai hpc kmh nghiem gia trj de chung ta hieu ddpc ve tddng tac giOa vac xin va he thong mien djch eua con ngddi, tU dd se dda ra dddc cac giai phap hieu qua hPn de khong che cac djch benh nguy hiem khac e£
TAI LIEU THAM KHAD
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