S6 4 (234>-2015 N G 6 N N G f & Bin S 6 N G 49 NGON NGtT HOC VA VIBT NGC HQC| ^ 9 - " < r J
VAI D^C DIEM N G f AM T H 6 NGC LY SON, QUANG NGAI
SOME PHONETIC FEATURES IN DIALECT OF LY SON DISTRICT, QUANG NGAI PROVINCE
TRAN THI TH15Y AN
(ThS-NCS; DH KHXH & NV, DHQG TP HCM)
Abstract: In the paper, the author bases on the evidences collected tiirough the fieldwork to describe the phonetic system of Ly Son, to compare with Vietnamese national language. Since Ly Son is an island district of Quang Ngai province in Central Vietnam where people spare many phonetic significant differences compared to overall Vietnamese language, Ly Son regional accent is selected to be the researching object of this paper.
K ^ words: dialect; phonetic feature.
1. Mdd^u
Ly San Id huyfn ddo duy nhdt ciia tinh Qudng Ngdi, ndm chlch vl hudng Ddng Bdc tmh, cdch dit liln 15 hdi li vd Id noi cd vi tri quan trpng vl kinh tl - xd hfi, an ninh qudc phdng. Tlio ngft L^ San ndm trong ddy thd ngft Nam - Ngdi vd thupc phuong ngft Nam (Hodng Thi Chdu, 1989) ndn mang nHlu dgc dilm ciia phuang ngft ndy. Dd trudc tidn Id sy vdng m$t cua dm df m d da sl cdc vdn; nhftng bidn doi sau sdc cua hf thdng am cHitii, dgc bift Id cdc trudng hpp am chlnh /a/ vd /d/; cdp dm culi [-n; -t], [-J1 ; -c] ciia tilng Vift todn ddn dl bi lupc bd trong tho ngft ndy vd chuyin thdnh [-r);- k] tuong ftng; hf tiiong thanh difu cH cdn lgi ndm ttianh (thanh hdi va ngd dd nhgp ldm mft)... Bdng nhftng chftng eft thu thgp dupc qua nhftng 1 ^ diln dd, tilp xuc tryc tilp vdi ngudi dia phucmg tgi ddo Ly Son, phan tfch ngft lifu thu am (d 32 cpng tac vidn cd nam vd nft, dp tuoi tft 18 din 55) thdng qua phiin mem phan tich ngft dm Praat, chiing tdi di din nhftng kit l u ^ budc dau ve d$c dilm ngft am thl ngft L;^ San thl Hfn d cdc dan vi Id dm dau, phan vJin (nguydn am va dm culi) vd thanh difu.
2. Vdi d^c dilm hf thong ngft am tho ngfr L^ Son
2.1. Am ddtt
So vdi hf thong am dau cua tidng Viet todn d^n, am ddu ttong thd ngft Ly Scm cd sy bidn ddi cd vl sd lupng lan chdt lupng. Trong thd ngft ndy, so am vi lam am dau cH cdn 20 am vi, it hon hai don vj so vdi hf thdng am ddu dupc phan anh ddy dft tten chft qudc ngft.
Dieu ndy lam tdng so tft ddng dm ttong thl ngft Ly Scm.
Tuy nHen, hf thdng dm ddu thd ngft Ly San lgi dupc bu ddp bdi cdc ban nguydn am md ddu dm tidt Cting vdi thanh didu, day la ddu Hf u de nhgn bilt khdng cH cua thl ngft ndy md cdn cfta mft so thd ngft cd dgc diem tucmg ty khdc (phdn ldn Id cdc thd ngft thupc phucmg ngft Nam).
Hf thong phy dm ddu ttong thd ngft Li Son cdn lai 20 am vi, gdm: Ih, m, p'', w, t"*, t, d, n, s, 1, j , t. ?., c, p, k, I), X , y, h/. Cd till trinh bay hf thong nay bdng bang sau:
Bang 1: H^ thdng am ^u U-ong tho ngit LySan
50 NG6N NGtr & Bdi S6NG S64(234)-2015
—Dinhvi Phuong thdc
Tic
Xat 6n
B§thoi Khdng bgt hoi
Vd thanh Hftu thanh Vang (mui) 6n Vd thanh
Hihi thanh Vang
Mdi p' b m
w
Diu ludi Bgt t*
T D N S L J
Qu?t f
2L M?t ludi C
n
Gdc ludi K
D X y (w)
Thanh hau
H
Trong hg thong niy, ding chu y li s\i the hi$n khic bigt so vdi im diu trong tilng Vi$t toin din ciia cic don vj am diu Ifl, /s/ vi sgr xuit hign ciia im m|t ludi, ng?c ^/. Am diu Ifl trong tilng Vi$t toin din dugc midu ti li m0t am xit mdi iing. Tuy nhidn, trong thd ngtt Li Son, im Ifl dugrc phit im cd chdt khic bi^t, nghe nhu mgt im "tic bit hcri"(p'') (Nguyen Tii Cin). Kilu phit im niy cung tin t?i d mgt sl thl ngft Hul vi Quing Nam.
Vi d(i: [p''ai''-3](phii), [pHaK^] (phudc), [p''3a^] (phin) [p''3ip3t] (phoi phdi).
Phvi im lil trong tho ngft I4 Son khdng dugc phit im vdi tu cich li mgt im qujt ludi nhu trong tilng Vi$t toin din nfta mi di bi biln dli thinh im xit vd thanh, bgt diu ludi li/s/. Vi dy: [smj' stai)'] (sung sudng), [sEi)''"
'saij^] (sdn sdng), [siei)'] (sieng)... Nlu nhu trong tieng Hi Ngi ciing nhu mdt sl thl ngft thudc phuong ngft Bic, ba im vi cd tidu chl dinh vi qujt luai //?, f, ^/ biln doi dong lo?t vdi nhau, tiic li bg ba niy tiong phat im cua cic dia phuong kl trdn khdng dugc fluic hi$n dgng tic cong ludi nen din chuyin thinh cic im vi plm im khdng quit ludi tuong dng Ii /c, s, z/. Vi du: pon' cyu'] (con trdu) ->
[kDn' cyu']; [fin' pk*] (sdn sdc) -> [sin' sDk']; [ZLom' 23"] (rdm rd) -> [zom' za']...
thi trong tho ngft Ly San, chi cd /?/ li phii im it ben vilng nhit, nd biln dli thinh Isl tiong
khi cic phy am III vi IT/ van cdn gift dugc dgng tic cong ludi vi dli lap vdi Id vi /j/.
S\i xuit hi$n ciia /j/ li ket qui cda biln dli lau ddi tiong ldng tilng Vigt, tft thdi Alexande de Rhodes den khi tilng Vigt thdng nliit tren chinh ti nhu h i ^ nay. Tii thl Id XVII, nhiing phu im xit - hftu thanh ngjc hda msinh Bj, Dj, Zj (Alexande de Rhodes) din cd su biln doi.
Trong phucmg ngft Bic, cac ylu to ngac hoa dan mat di vi hinh thinh cic phu im x^
tuong ftng li v, z, Z. Sau dd, Z ciing biln dli thinh z (Hoing Th} Chiu, 1989). Cdn trong phuang ngft Nam, tinh hinh cd thay dli. CSc ylu to ng?c hda khdng nhftng khdng bi mit &
mi cdn lin it ci nhiing ylu to dilng trudc n6.
Kit qui cua qui tnnh biln doi liu dai niy U su xuit hi$n phu im 1)1 d ci ba trudng hgp kS tren. Hi$n tugng niy chi cd thl giii thich Mi su tiep xuc ciia tilng Vigt vdi cic ngdn ngii khio d nhftng viing dia li khie nhau din din nhftng biln doi khdng cimg hudng nhu v^}
Trong thl ngft Ly Son, /j/ khdng chi thay tM' cho /v/ mi cdn dim duang ci vai trd cua phu im diu ludi - xit, hftu thanh IT/. Trong phit am tu nhiei^ nhftng ngudi ndi thl ngft Ly Son diu thay thl /z/ mi chft Quic ngft thl hijn li' rf vi gi bdi phu im/j/d tat ei cic am tilt do 4 vi gi md dia Hg qui li mgt loat cac tft dlnii im khic nghia ra ddi mi vi^c Idiu biet ching phii phu thugc vio ngft hulng ndi ning Of thl. Vi du: Ua'ti'kC] (da thjt) " [jaidii)^' (gia dmh); mm^] (di dugng) ~ [kai^J^
(cai gi). 1
S6 4 (234>-2015 NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG 51 Hifn nay, trong nhd trudng cimg nhu cdc
phuong tifn thdng tin dgi chung, d vd gi cung dupc c6 gdng phat am phdn bift nhung dd dupc cho Id cdch ndi khdng ty nhien vd phdn ndo the Hfn tinh "difu" (chft dung cioa Tran Tri Ddi) cua ngudi sft dynp tho n ^ dang xet.
C ^ ph^ luu ^ rdng, neu da sd cdc till ngft hx)ng phuang ngft Nam cd Nl vd /z/ dupc thay thl dilu ddn bdi y]/ d tat cd cdc trudng hpp tH trong th6 ngft Ly Son, tinh Hnh cd sy khdc bift Trong kH phy am ITJ dupc phdt am thdnh r^l is hAu hit cdc am tilt tH Nl cH dupc thay till bdi ^/ d mft so trudng hpp cy the chua khdi quat thdnh quy lugt Chdi^ hgn: [vyng ve] —> [jyng jl]; [vung (nudc)] —> [jting (nudc)]; [vidn] —> [jidn]; [v^] —> [jlp]...
Quan sdt bieu Hfn cua hf thong am ddu ttong thl ngft L^ San, chftng tdi cdn nhiin thay mpt Hfn tupng kha thu vj khac. Dd la sy xuat Hfn cua am vj /w-/ gift vj tri md diiu dm tilt (cd thl gpi Id phy dm tilp can (approximant consonant)). Am vi nay cd ddy dft tinh chit cua mpt phy am xdt mdi mdi tuang ftng vdi cdc phy am tdc, luoi sau vd thanh hiu trong phucmg ngft Bdc kH kit hpp vdi dm df m /-U-/. Trong thl ngft dang x^t /w- / xuat Hfn d vj tri am dau kH cdc phy dm mgc vd hAu b} tdc d$ng bdi am dfm di sau nd. Dd Id trudng hpp cua phy dm D&l (trudng hpp chft qu6c ngft gH Id "q"), /g/ vd /h/. Vi dy: [wdf ] (que^), [wak6] (qugt), [wa^] (qug), [wieq*"^], (quyin): [wai'] (ngogi); [wa'] (hoa), [we^
(hu4), [wag^] (hodng),...
Dilu ndy cH cd thl giai tiiich bdng sy phdt huy chftc ndng cfta dm dfm. Trong thd ngft L;^
San, dm dfm hodn todn vdng bdng (d$c di€m noi b§t cua phuong ngft Nam). Tuy nHen, rieng vdi trudng hpp dm dfm /-u-/ dftng sau /k/, /g/ vd /h/ dd xdy ra Hfn tupng "ding hda ngupc- (Hoang Thi Ch^u. 1989). 6 day, am dfm tdc dfng trd lgi nhftng phy am mgc vd
phy dm hau dftng trudc nd, dan din ket qud la ldm xuat Hfn mft phy dm mdi Id /w-/ duy cH cd trong phuang ngft Nam. Du trudc am dfm Id nhftng phy am cd tinh chat khac nhau nhu thl nao, dft la dm mgc Iiay hdu, tdc hay xdt hftu thanh hay vd thanh deu khdng dl lgi mpt ddu vlt khu bift ndo, tit cd diu bien thdnh Ivf'l. Tuy nHdn, chinh td tieng Viet khdng phdn dnh sy tdn tgi cua phu am ndy, nd cH xuit Hfn trong hodn canh phdt dm cua ngudi ndi tho ngft Ly Scm ndi ridng va ngudi sft dyng phuang ngft Nam ndi chung.
M§c dft vgy, trong tho ngft L;^ San, Hen tupng ke trdn xdy ra khdng ddng bp gifta ba phy dm. Nlu nhu trong cdc thd ngft khdc cua phuong ngft Nam, d§c bift id vung Tdy Nam bO. sy tdc dfng cua am dfm l-u-l Idn ba phu am /k/, /ij/ vd /h/ Id diu khdp vd cimg la dau Hf u ddc trung dl nhgn bidt gipng "rmen Tay"
tH trong thd ngft dang xet, tinh Hnh cd chftt biln ddi khdc di. Theo quan sdt cfta ngudi ngHen cftu, dm dfm /-u-/ d day gay dnh hudng nHeu nhat ddn phy dm xdt thanh hdu /h/ dftng trudc nd. Tat cd cac dm tiet dgng nay ddu md diu bang /w-/. Cac phu am cdn lai (/k/
- vdi trudng hpp gH ttong chinh ta la "q"- va /g/) khdng ro rf t bdng.
Dilu tra ngdn ngft hpc dien dd vdi hon 30 cf ng tdc vidn cd bdng cdch ndi ty nHen vd dpc ngft lifu dupc chudn bi sdn tH hdu nhu tit cd phy dm ddu /h/ deu chuyen thanh /w/ kH di Sau nd la am dfm. Vi dy ttong cac am tiet:
[wa^] (hoa), [wieq^] (huyin), [waq^] (hodng), [wa''"'war)^ (hda hogn), [wai)^ wai'*''^] (hoang hodi)...
2.2. Nguyen &m
Thl dm Ly San cd 13 nguyen dm dan (itiiieu hon mpt dm so vdi tieng Viet phd thdng) dupc sdp xep theo ttgt tu nhit dinh dya theo cdch cau am va dp nang ciia ludi (cua nguyen am ldm dm chinh). Cu thl:
52 NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG S6 4 (234)-2015
13 nguydn im niy chia thinh ba ddng:
trudc, giita vi sau (trdn mdi), phin bigt vdi nhau ve dd ning ciia ludi, tft trdn xuIng d$
ning giim din. Cu thl li cic nguydn im ddng trudc vi ddng sau cd xu hudng nhich 1^ gin nguydn im ddng giiia (trung hda); d$ cing cua ludi vi mdi trong liic ciu im cung giim han so vdi phit fim trong tilng Vi^t toin din.
Trong khi hiu hit cic nguydn im dugrc phit im gin nhu thing nhat vdi tilng Vigt toin din thi im chinh /-a-/ cd ciu am siu hon vi dg md rdng nhit so vdi cic nguydn fim khic.
Van 0 cd hoi khic. Ngoai vin [o] dugrc phit fim tu nhien thi thl ngft Ly Son cdn hinh thinh m$t vin [o] khic tft cich phit im cua nhftng tft cd van ao trong chft quic ngft mi ra. Dd li trudng hgp khi ngudi d diy phit im cic tft "cio cio", "ho lao", "khuydn bio", "io"... dui?c nghe ra nhu "cl cl", "ho Id", "khuydn bo", "6"...
Nhiing am thip cdn Iju dugc chft quic ngft ghi li e, a, a. Trong do nguydn im o phit im binh thudng, v&i e ludi hoi thip hom, mi|ng md rgng hon. Ridng a cd su khac bift. Am a trong gigng Ly Scm khi phit im vdi cau fim siu, do dd im trim han binh thudng, khic xa so vdi im md [a] ciia tilng Vigt toin dan vi khic ci so vdi [a] ciia tilng Quing Ngii. Chinh nhiing dilu niy lim cho [a] khi dugrc ngudi Ly Son phit am nghe nhu cd ci yeu to trdn mdi. Vay nen khi nghe ngudi Ly Som ndi ba, dd. Id... s6 thinh nhu boa, doa, Ida...
Ngoii ra, d diy cdn thiy xuit hi$n mgt vin don thap, chuyin sic \?(3\ li tradng hgp d$c bi|t trong thl im Ly Som. Van niy dugc hinh thinh tft cich phit im dia phuang ciia
vin nura md dugrc chft quoc ngft ghi li oi, 14 mdt vin xuit phit hai nang d ludi vi trim hin d kit vin. Dd li im ta nghe dugc khi ngudi Ly Son phit im cic tft nhu tdi, coi, ngdi... Trudng hgp niy cdn xuit hign trong h? thong van cii gigng ndi vimg Tri Ki^
(xin xem thdm Nguyin Quang Hing, "H{
thing vin cii trong gigng ndi vimg Tri Kidu", Tsp chi Ngdn ngft sl 5, 2004). Diiu niy gdp phin chiing td su thing nhit giQa cic tho ngft' nhd thugc nhdm thd ngft Nam • Ngai di de c$p d tren.
2.3. Am cuoi
Cic im vi im cudi trong thl ngft L^ Scm thl hi^n nhiing d ^ dilm ding chii f sau:
Trudng hgp bdn nguyen dm cudi: hai bin nguydn im cudi /-u/ vi / - ! / vin dim bio chftc ning kit thuc im tilt trong thl ngft LJ Son, Tuy nhidn d mgt sl trudng hgp phit fim cu the, cic im culi khdng cdn dugc nghe thiy nfta. Ching ban nhu_ /-u/ khi kit hgp vdi "a", t l hgrp "ao" sS biln thinh "d" trong khi ndi; vin /-iai-/ sd thinh /-!/ trong tit c4 cie bli cinh rai nd xuat hi$n.
Trudng hgp phy dm cudi: hai phu am culi /-p/ vi /-m/ tic dgng tdi nguyen fim dftng trade nd, lim cho nguyen am ddi bi dan hda (tftc li chuyen thinh mdt nguyen im don cimg ddng, cimg tinh chit ngft fim vdi nd) nhu tradng hgp cua cic vin pep], [tap] biln dang thanh [ip] vi [tp] tuong ling; cic vin [iem], [uom], [lem] bi giinj lugc thinh cic vin tuang ung la [im] va [tm]; hojc lim nguyen am bdt di tinh trdn mdi vin cd nhu tradng hgp cfta cic van [up], [dp] hay [op]. Phu am culi l-al vi /-t/
rihit lo?t thinh /-ij/ va /-k/ tuong ftng (tri tradng hgrp khi chung xuit hign trong bli cinh diing trade hai nguydn am ddng trade' cd dg md hgp vi trung binh li /i/ vi lei). •
Dli vdi tradng hgp am culi, so vdi tilng''' Vi$t toin dan va mdt sd phuong ngu Bic vi phuong ngft Trung, su khic bigt khdng chi
S64(234)-201S NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG 53 lugc nhin nh$n d binh dign ngft im mi cdn
lien quan din cac giii phip fim vi hgc vl nd.
ning Vigt toin din cftng mgt sl phucmg ngft, thl ngtt khic thudng dft sl lugmg am :uli nhu giii phip mi chinh t i tilng Vigt
>u$n nay di ghi nh$n. Cdn thl ngft Ly Son ndi ridng cftng nhu phuang ngft Nam ndi chung phii nhin nh$n su ving m$t ciing vigc biln dli cfta mgt sl im vi im culi trong h$
thing nhu tren chftng tdi di din.
2.4. Thank di$tt
Thl ngft Ly San cd hg thing 5 thanh (thanh hdi vi thanh ngi di nh$p lim mgt vi l?m ggi li thanh hdi - ngi). H$ thing thanh di^u niy tucmg tu h^ thing nim 5 ciia phuang ngft Nam. Trong dd, su dli l$p vl im vuc li ding kl. Dd cao cfta gigng nam vi nft do d ngudi tradng thinh ndi thl ngft Li Son cu thl li;
Thanh ngang: Dli vdi gigng nam, bit dau khoing tft 142 Hz va kit thuc khoing 121 Hz; dli vdi gigng nft, bit diu khoing tft 218 Hz vi kit thuc khoing 191 Hz.
Thanh huyln: Dli vdi gigng nam, bit diu khoing tft 134 Hz vi kit thuc.khoing 103 Hz; dli vdi gigng nft, xuat phit d khoing 210 Hz vi kit thuc khoing 158 Hz.
Thanh hdi - ngi: (i gigng nam, bit dau khoing 132 Hz vi kit thdc vio khoing 150 Hz; dli vdi gipng nft, bit dau d khoing 200 Hz vi kit thuc d khoing 238 Hz.
Thanh sic: (3 gigng nam xuat phit d dg cao vio khoing 132 Hz vi kit thuc d dg cao khoing 161 Hz; dli vdi gigng nft, cic thdng sl lin lugt li 207 Hz vi 275 Hz.
Thanh njng: d gigng nam, bit diu vdi dg
;ao khoing 133 Hz vi kit thuc d dd cao khoing 101 Hz; gigng ntt thudng bit dau khoing 204 Hz vi kit thuc vio khoing 132 Hz.
Cic thanh ngang, hdi - ngi vi sic thugc im vuc cao. Hai thanh huyln vi n$ng thu$c
im vuc thip. Trong dd thanh ngang vi thanh huyln cd dudng ndt di chuyin tuang dli bing phing, thanh hdi - ngi di chuyin tao net gip khiic phin inh tinh "giy" cua thanh dieu logi niy, thanh sic vi thanh nSng cd dudng di chuyin thing, di ldn vdi thanh sic vi di xudng vdi thanh n$ng.
3. Ketlu^n
Tim hilu d ^ dilm ngu im thd ngft Ly Scm khdng ngoii muc dich xic dinh nhiing diem tuong ding vi d] bigt, die trung ngft fim rieng va chung cda doi tugng niy so vdi tilng Viet toin Han Tft dd giftp chdng ta cd thl xic dinh cic ding ngft to, chiim ddng ngft cd lgi cho vigc nghidn cftu lich sft tilng Viet, xay dung bin dl phuang ngft phuc vu cho cac hojt dgng nghien cftu phuong ngtt vd sau. Dong thdi, xic dinh diing cic viing phuong ngft, nhdm thl ngft cua tilng Vigt cung gdp phin giai quylt nhftng nhigm vu xi hgi da dat ra cho chuyen nginh hgp niy. Hon nfta, vin de niy cung gdp phin khoi ggi ra hudng nghien cftu hilu ich cho nhftng cdng trinh sau phit triln han.
T A I L i f u THAM KHAO 1. Nguyen Tii Can (1995), Gido trinh ljch sit ngii dm tiing Viit (so thio), Nxb Giao dgc. Hi Ngi.
2. Hoing Thi Chiu (1989), PAi«mg«g£f hgc tiing Vi$t, Nxb Khoa hgc xi hdi. Hi Ngi.
3. Tiin Tri Ddi (2011), Gido trinh lich su tiing Vift, NXB Giio due Vigt Nam.
4. Nguyen Quang Hing (2004), Hi thdng vdn cdi trong gigng noi viing Trd Kifu, Tap chi Ngdn ngft sl 5.
5. Nguyin Quang Hing Nguyen Phuong Trang (2003), Tong quan vi hf thdng vdn cdi tiing Vift, Tgp chi Ngdn ngft sl 2.
6. Doin Thi$n Thuit (2007), Ngii dm tiing Vift, Nxb DHQG Hi Ngi.