KINH TE THE GliTI
Vai tro cua cdc nadc Idn doi vdi sir phat trien cua khoa hoc cong nghe the gidi den ndm 2020
T R A N C H I T H I E N
Jf^ hoa hgc vd cdng nghi Id mdt trgng tdm trong chinh sdch kinh ti'cda cdc nUdc Idn trong JS%- nhUng thap niin ddu thi' ky XXI. My, EU vd Nhdt Bdn vdn la nhiing ddu tdu khoa hgc-c6ng nghi quan trgng nhdt. Trung Qud'c, Hdn Qudc, An Bg cung dd ndi len nhU nhUng trung tdm Idn ciia the'gidi ve khoa hgc cdng nghe. Bdi bdo phdn tich tinh hinh phdt trien khoa hgc cdng nghe d mdt sd'nUdc Idn vd vai trb cua cdc nUdc ndy doi vdi sU phdt trien khoa hgc-cong nghe cua the gidi trong thdi gian tdi; sii canh tranh trong ddu tu cho khoa hgc cdng nghi giUa cdc trung tdm truyin thdng My, EU vd Nhdt Bdn vdi cdc nUdc mdi noi Chdu A, nhdt Id giUa My vd Trung Qud'c; vd phdn tich cdc xu hUdng phdt trien khoa hgc cdng nghi chu ye'u cua thi'gidi de'n ndm 2020.
1. Vai t r o c u a c a c niifdc I d n d e n sxi p h a t t r i e n k h o a h o c c o n g n g h e t h e gidi 1.1. Su phdt trien khoa hgc cong nghe (KHCN) tai cdc nude tdn
My ludn ed flu the' vfldt trpi vd~ KHCN va di d^u trong p h a t tri^n cdng nghe mdi. Sau khung hoang tai ehinh 2008, chi'nh saeh eua My cang flu tidn p h a t tri^n KHCN, dac biet di dau trong p h a t trien "cdng nghe xanh", coi dd la dpng Ifle ehu ye'u giup My vfldt qua khiing hoang va giup My tidp ttic bflt p h a so vdi eac nfldc khac trong p h a t trien kinh td' th$p ky tdi. T r e n g chie'n Ifldc a n n i n h qud'c gia 2010, ehinh quyen Obama da tie'p tuc tai cam kd't vai trd eiia My nhfl la ed may ehinh ctaa toan e^u t r e n con dfldng k h a m p h a khoa hpe va ddi mdi cdng nghe n h a m t a e r a dpng Ifle t a n g trfldng mdi eho nen kinh td' sau k h u n g hoang, cung n h u la giai p h a p q u a n trpng n h a m giai quyet eac t h a c h thflc toan cdu dang ndi len nhfl bid'n ddi khi hau, a n ninh n a n g Ifldng, an ninh Ifldng thilc. Ben c^nh dd. My cung dang ddng vai trd la qudc gia di ddu trdng phat trien n a n g Ifldng sach.
Ba't cha'p nhflng khd k h a n ve ngan sach trong nhflng n a m gan day, chinh quyen Obama viin flu tidn ddu tfl m a n h cho nghien eflu va trien khai eac linh vilc khoa hpc cdng ngh^. Cu thd, ngan sach d a n h cho nghidn
eflu va p h a t tridn (R&D) chidm ty Id eao trong tong san p h a m qud'c ndi (GDP) vdi 2,7% n a m 2000 va 2,8% n a m 2011, tfldng flng vdi 415,2 ty USD (2011) (bang 1). My ed mpt ltic Ifldng h u n g h a u cae n h a nghidn eflu vdi gan 10 n h a nghien eflu/1.000 ngfldi trong dp tudi lao dpng. Nhd do, sd' Ifldng bang phat minh, sang chd' dfldc dang ky t a n g len tfl 157,5 nghin cai Idn ddn trdn 224.5 nghin cai.
Sd Ifldng bang phat minh, sang che/nghin ngfldi d a n dat mflc 0,72 vad n a m 2011.
H a n g Ifldng sach dfldc coi nhfl la mdt cdng cu q u a n trpng de chS'n hflng nen kinh te' My.
Chinh phu My da thdng qua "Chinh saeh n a n g lUdng mdi" vdi trpng t a m la p h a t trien ngudn n a n g lUdng saeh, thflc hidn ehinh saeh tie't kidm n a n g Ifldng, giam bdt d nhidm moi trfldng va nghien eflu va trien khai eac ngudn n a n g Ifldng mdi. Bp N a n g Ifldng My eung pha'n da'u de'n 2020, n h u cau didn t r u n g binh giam 15%, cat giam khi t h a i n h a kinh xud'ng 20% vao n a m 2020 va 83 % vao gifla thd' ky nay. Chinh phu My dat mtic tidu de'n n a m 2025 se giam 1/3 Ifldng dau n h a p k h a u va t a n g ty Id didn tao r a tfl cae ngudn nSng Ifldng saeh (nang Ifldng h a t n h a n , khi ddt tii nhien, t h a n sach va n a n g Ifldng tai s i n h nhfl Trin Chl Thifin. PGS TS.. Trudng Dai hoc Kinh te' vJl quan tri kinh doanh, Dai hpc Thai Nguyen.
Vai trb cua cac nirdic loin ,
gid va m a t trdi) Idn tdi 80% vao n a m 2035 se ehi 150 ty USD de kich thich dau tfl vao (CE.\. 2012). Dd thfle hidn mue tieu nay. My eae ngudn nang Ifldng saeh trong 10 n a m tdi.
BANG 1: M o t s o ' c h i t i e u v e k h o a h o c v a c o n g n g h e Chl tieu
GDP (ly USD)
Dan s6 (trieu ngu&i)
Bang sang ch^ (nghin cai) Tfic d6 tang iruong binh quan bang sang cha (%) Bang sang chS/lOOO dan S6 nha nghien caul nghin iao dflng (ngirtrt)
Chi phi cho dau tu va phat tin^n C / r c j a C D P )
Nam 2000 2011 2000 2011 2000 2011 2000- 2011 2000 2011 2000 2011 200O 2011
Trung Quoc 1.192,8 7.203,8 1.246,8 1.324,4 13,1 172,1 26.42 0,01 0,13 1,0 1,6 0,9 1,8
Nhai Ban 4.731,2 5.870.4 125,7 126,5 125,9 238,3 5,97 1,00 1,88 9,9 10,4 3,0 3,3
Han Quoc 533.4 1.116.2 46,0 48,4 35.0 94,7 9,49 0,76 1,96 5,1 11,1 2.3 3.7
EU-27 8477,8 17.590,6 482,4 502,4 61,3 50,4 -1,76 0,13 0,10 5.2 7,0 1,9 2,0
M,\
9898,8 14.991,3 282,5 313,1 157,5 224.5 3,28 0,56 0,72 9,3 9,5''' 2,7 2,8 Chu y: '*' - so lieu nam 2007.
Ngudn: UNSD, 2013; OECD, 2013; WIPO, 2013.
Tfl cudi t h e ky IXX, N h a t Ban da thflc hien cai each, p h a t tri^n khoa hpc edng nghd. De'n d a u thd' ky 20, N h a t Ban da n a m t r o n g nhdm cac nflde ed nen kinh td' p h a t tridn vdi t r i n h dp p h a t trien khoa hpc eong nghd tidn tien. X h a t Ban la mdt t r o n g nhflng nfldc ed mflc dau tfl eho R&D Idn nha't. .Mac du co mflc t a n g trfldng b i n h q u a n friai dean 2000-2013 r a t t h a p (nhd hdn 2"i)/nam). chi p h i eho R&D cua N h a t Ban t a n g tfl 3% cua GDP n a m 2000, tfldng flng vdi k h o a n g 142 ty USD len 3,3% cua G D P n a m 2 0 1 1 . tfldng flng vdi 191 ty U S D (OECD, 2013). Vdi vide ehu t r p n g vad d a u tfl cho nghidn eflu va p h a t trien, so' Ifldng b a n g p h a t minh, s a n g chd' ciia N h a t B a n t a n g tfl 125,9 nghin cai len den 238,3 n g h i n cai t r o n g giai doan 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1 , tfldng flng vdi ty Id 1.S8 b a n g s a n g che/1000 d a n . T r d n g cac chinh saeh p h a t tridn hidn n a y .
KHCN dflde coi la bp p h a n q u a n trpng. Ke hoach 5 n a m 2 0 1 1 - 2015 ve K H C N cua N h a t B a n d a de cap mot each he thd'ng va t o a n dien de'n nhflng c h i n h saeh thuc day khoa hpc cdng nghd quo'c gia vdi nhflng muc tidu e h i n h s a u : (1) theo dudi t a n g trfldng ben vflng va p h a t t r i e n x a hdi e h a t Ifldng eao t r o n g tfldng lai; (2) t i e n phdng trong giai quye't eac v a n de t o a n c a u ; (3) tao ra nhflng t r i thfle mdi nha't eho thd' gidi. Trong dd, viec t h u c day h a i doi mdi e h i n h la ddi mdi x a n h va ddi mdi ddi sd'ng dfldc coi la h a i t r u cdt chid'n Ifldc ctta qud'c gia. Theo dd, C h i n h p h u N h a t B a n chu trUdng d u y tri nhflng n g a n h cdng nghd c h i n h , p h a t trien cdng nghd h a m Ifldng cacbon tha'p va cai t h i e n viec sfl d u n g hidu q u a eac nguon n a n g Ifldng. N h a t B a n d a n g n h a n h chong t r i e n k h a i cae kd' beach p h a t trien nguon n a n g Ifldng mdi t h a y the", dae biet la ngudn
64 Nghiin cuu Kmh tffsd421 - Thii^^^J^^
Vai trd cua cdc nude Idn ,
n a n g Ifldng m a t trdi h a y ky t h u a t pin n h i e n lidu... Ngoai r a , N h a t Ban se tie'p tue day m a n h n g h i e n eflu cd b a n va p h a t t r i e n ngudn n h a n Iflc khoa hpc cdng nghd, v6i mflc ddu tfl R&D kd't hdp ca k h u vflc tfl va khu vile cdng se vfldt 4% G D P vao n a m 2020, trong do ddu tfl R&D c h i n h p h u d a t 1% GDP, fldc t i n h la 25 n g h i n ty ydn N h a t (MEXT, 2012).
Lien minh C h a u Au (EU) vd'n la cai noi ve" khoa hpe cdng n g h e cua the' gidi. Vdi 27 nflde t h a n h vien, EU d a t mflc G D P la 17,6 nghin ty USD vao n a m 2 0 1 1 . Chi phi cho dau tfl va p h a t t r i e n dao ddng t r o n g k h o a n g 2% G D P cua EU (khoang 357 ty USD n a m 2011). Tuy nhien, t r o n g nhflng n a m gdn day, sd' Iflpng b a n g p h a t m i n h , s a n g chd' c6 da'u hipu giam ddn tfl mflc 0,13 eai/1000 dan n a m 2000 xud'ng 0,1 cai/1000 d a n vao nam 2 0 1 1 . Sd' Ifldng t u y e t dd'i b a n g p h a t minh, s a n g c h e ' e u n g giam xud'ng, tfl hdn 61 nghin xud'ng k h o a n g 50 n g h i n cai t r o n g giai doan 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1 . N h a m n a n g eao b o a t ddng R&D, eae n h a l a n h dao EU da d a t r a 5 mue tieu day t h a m vpng lidn q u a n d e n cac v a n de' vipc lam, doi mdi, giao due, xa hpi va nang Ifldng t r e n g chie'n Iflde EU 2020.
Trong dd, ddu tfl vao n g h i e n cflu va ddi mdi la ddng Iflc t a n g trfldng c h i n h va la mdt trong nhflng flu tien dd'i vdi sfl p h a t t r i e n trong tfldng lai eiia EU. E U nd ltic d a t mflc chi cho R&D d a t mflc 3 % eua G D P t r o n g toan khdi vao n a m 2020 (European Cdmmissidn, 2011). T r o n g thdi gian qua, EU eung da c h u y e n hfldng s a n g n e n k i n h te tri thflc vdi sfl t h a y dd'i vd" ed cd'u dich vu ciing nhfl t r i n h dp giao diie va ky n a n g eua Ifle Ifldng lao dpng. C u n g t h e e dudi muc tieu t a n g trfldng be"n vflng. EU c u n g dfla r a nhflng c h i n h sach n a n g Ifldng mdi. T r o n g
"Chie'n Iflde C h a u Au 2020", U\' b a n C h a u Au khuye'n khich cae nflde C h a u Au c h u y e n ddi s a n g n e n k i n h te b e n vflng, c a n h t r a n h . ddi mdi va edi md hdn vdi 3 flu tien ddi mdi ve cdng n g h e , k i n h te x a n h , tao viec lam va g a n k e t xa hpi. T r o n g flu tien ve k i n h td' x a n h : muc tidu la d a t dflde "ba Idn 20":
giam 20% Ifldng khi t h a i n h a kinh, giam 20% tieu t h u n a n g lUdng, va t a n g sii d u n g 20% n a n g Ifldng tai tao vao n a m 2020.
Ngoai ra, EU se p h a i t a n g Iflc Ifldng lao ddng CO t r i n h dp n h a m n g a n c h a n sfl sut giam vd" n a n g sua't, dae biet cdn t a n g thdm k h o a n g 1 trieu n h a nghien cflu t r o n g k h u vflc tfl n h a n . Cac nfldc Dflc, P h a p va Dan Mach la nhflng quo'c gia di dau t r o n g p h a t tridn nSng Ifldng sach.
Bat d a u tfl nhflng n a m 1980. T r u n g Qud'c da b a t d a u cai each va p h a t trien linh vflc KHCN b a n g vide khdi xfldng 4 chfldng t r i n h Idn, do la: nghien cflu va tridn k h a i nhflng cdng nghd t h e n chd't (1982); tia s a n g (1986); nghidn eflu va p h a t tridn edng nghd cao (1986) va ngpn dude (1988). Chinh vide n h a n r a gia tri cua khoa hpe, edng nghd va giao diie nhfl cd m a y chid'n Iflde dd'i vdi tid'n t r i n h p h a t t r i e n kinh td da m a n g ddn nhflng t h a n h tflu v6 cung t e Idn eho T r u n g Qud'c t r o n g nhflng t h a p ky q u a . Chi phi eho R&D t a n g tfl 0,9% cua G D P n a m 2000 len den 1,8% ctia G D P n a m 2011, gdn bang mflc cua EU. Sd b a n g p h a t minh, sang ehe'/lOOO d a n d a t mflc 0,13, cao hdn so vdi khd'i EU. Kd't qua ctia vide ddu tfl k i n h phi va ngudn ltic vao n g h i e n cflu khoa hpc cong nghd da m a n g lai cho T r u n g Qud'c nhflng kdt q u a q u a n trpng. So' Iflpng b a n g p h a t m i n h s a n g chd' t a n g tfl mflc khiem ton 13 nghin cai len de'n 172 nghin eai trong giai doan 2000-2013, tfldng flng vdi mflc t a n g trfldng b i n h q u a n h a n g n a m 26,4% (bang 1). Mae du da vfldn Idn trd t h a n h mdt t r o n g nhflng t r u n g t a m khoa hpe edng n g h e Idn eua thd' gidi, T r u n g Qud'c vdn khdng ngflng nd Iflc ddu tfl m a n h vao linh vflc n a y vdi nhflng k h e a n t i e n k h d n g Id va ke' hoaeh p h a t trien t r e n g dai h a n . Khdng chi ndm b a t va s a n g tao nhflng edng nghd t h e n chdt dd n a n g cao sflc canh t r a n h ciia d o a n h n g h i e p t r o n g nfldc. T r u n g Qudc cdn ehu t r p n g ddn nhflng nghidn cflu mdi n h d m chdng lai nhflng t h a c h thflc ve t a i nguyen va mdi trfldng t r o n g tfldng lai, dac biet la t r o n g linh vflc cong nghd x a n h . T r u n g Qud'c
Nghiin cuu Kmh tffsd 421 • Thing 6/2013 6 5
Vai trd cua cac nuoic Idn ,
xac dinh "xanh" se trd t h a n h nguon Ifle t a n g trfldng t r o n g tfldng lai va ty p h a n eac san p h a m eung nhfl nhfl dich vu x a n h t r d n g G D P cung se duy tri d mflc cac t r e n the' gidi. Vdi d i n h hfldng nhfl t r e n , t r o n g kd' hoach p h a t t r i e n k h o a hpc cdng n g h e t r u n g va dai h a n (2006 - 2020), T r u n g Qude da k e u gpi t a n g ddu tfl R&D vao 7 linh vflc flu tien bao gom; bao ve mdi trfldng va sfl d u n g n a n g Ifldng hidu qua; n a n g Ifldng mdi; edng nghd t h d n g tin thd' h e mdi; cdng n g h e s i n h hpe; san xua't cao ca'p; phfldng tidn n a n g Ifldng saeh va vat lieu cdng nghd cac. Ben canh do, T r u n g Qude se day m a n h quyen sd hflu t r i t u e ; tao mdi trfldng t h u S n ldi cho cae boat dpng ddi mdi khoa hpc edng nghd;
t h u h u t n h a n tai; cai thidn vide q u a n ly va hdp tae trdng cac linh viJc dci mdi k h o a hpe cdng nghe; dat muc tieu t a n g ddu tfl cho R&D Idn tdi 2,2% GDP trong giai doan 2011 - 2015, va 2,5% cho dd'n n a m 2020 (Worldbank, 2012). De trd t h a n h mpt n e n k i n h te' tri thfle, de'n n a m 2030, T r u n g Qudc ky vpng se n a n g sd ngfldi td't nghidp eao ddng/dai hpc len tdi 200 trieu ngfldi (Worldbank. 2012).
Tfldng tfl nhfl T r u n g Qud'c, H a n Qude la mdt t r o n g nhflng n e n kinh td C h a u A da dat dfldc nhflng t h a n h cdng Idn trong vide p h a t trien khoa hpc cdng nghe t h d n g q u a nhflng k h o a n d a u tfl Idn va lidn tuc vao R&D eung nhfl n a n g eao cha't Ifldng ngudn n h a n \\Sc. Chi phi cho R&D t a n g ra't n h a n h t r o n g giai dean 2000-2011 tfl 2,3% Idn 3,7%
eua GDP. So' Ifldng n h a nghien eflu t a n g hdn ga'p 2 Idn. Kd't qua la so' Ifldng b a n g p h a t minh. s a n g ehe t a n g len n h a n h , tfl 35 nghin ehid'c Idn 95 nghin ehid'e. Chinh p h u H a n Qude d a t muc tieu n a n g cao hieu q u a va t a n g quy md d a u tfl R&D len mflc 5%
G D P vao n a m 2020 (European Commission, 2011). Trong bdi c a n h mdi trfldng k i n h d o a n h ngay cang rdng md va ed che' c a n h t r a n h mdi, Han Qud'c da lfla chpn va t a n g cfldng hd trd vao nhflng linh vflc vdi t i e m n a n g Idn. "Ddng Iflc t a n g trfldng mdi; T a m nhin va chien Ifldc" dflde C h i n h p h u H a n
Qudc cdng bo vao t h a n g 1-2009 da ndu r a 17 dpng lUe t a n g trfldng mdi se gdp p h a n t h u c day k i n h te' eua qud'c gia n a y trong thdi gian tdi, bao gom: 6 l i n h vflc cdng nghe x a n h nhfl edng nghd nSng Ifldng t a i sinh mdi, edng nghd xfl ly nfldc t h a i ; 5 n g a n h co gia t r i gia t a n g cao nhfl y t e , giao due va 6 l i n h vflc cdng n g h e eae nhfl cdng nghe t h d n g tin, truye"n t h d n g , rd-bd't t h d n g minh, edng n g h e thfle p h a m . ..(MKE, 2011).
Nhfl vay. cac nflde Idn deu d a ra't chu t r p n g dd'n h e a t ddng khoa hpe cdng nghe, coi day la n e n t a n g d l t a o ddng Ifle mdi cho t a n g trfldng k i n h te'. Nhflng nflde nay ehi mdt Ifldng k i n h phi 16n chd R&D, ddng thdi n a n g cao cha't Ifldng n g u d n n h a n Ifle trong l i n h vflc n g h i e n cflu. Cac nflde n a y cd cac c h i n h sach p h a t t r i e n ro r a n g ve k h o a hpc va cdng n g h e t r e n g t r u n g va dai b a n . Khdng chi ddi mdi nhflng cdng n g h e then chot m a cae nfldc Idn d a n g ddu tfl m a n h me vao eae Iinh vflc edng nghd x a n h , coi day la hfldng di e h i n h t r e n g tfldng Iai n h a m tad r a ddng liic mdi eho t a n g trfldng k i n h t e sau k h u n g h o a n g , dd'i phd nhflng t h a c h thfle mdi ve bid'n doi k h i h d u , a n n i n h n a n g Ifldng, va an n i n h Ifldng thfle t o a n cdu.
1.2. Canh tranh My - Trung ve phdt trien khoa hgc eong nghe
Tfl n a y de'n n a m 2020, thd' gidi se chflng kie'n cudc chay d u a quyd't liet ve KHCN gifla eac nflde Idn cu nhfl My, N h a t Ban, E U va cac nudc mdi ndi nhfl T r u n g Qud'c, H a n Qude, An Dp dae bidt la gifla My va T r u n g Qud'c.
Lieu My cd tiep t u c duy tri dflde vi tri h a n g ddu ve K H C N t r e n thd' gidi dd'n n a m 2020? Theo "Bao cao sflc c a n h t r a n h toan c a n 2008-2009" do Didn d a n K i n h t e the' gidi cdng bd', hien n a y My vdn dflng ddu n e n k i n h te cd sflc c a n h t r a n h nha't toan cdu. My vdn chie'm vi t r i ddn ddu the' gidi ve" sd Ifldng b a i bao khoa hpe (chid'm 35%
tong so' bai bao k h o a hpe t o a n cau), ve sd b a n g p h a t m i n h s a n g ehe. My vdn co so b a n g p h a t m i n h s a n g ehe' Idn hdn n h i e u so
6 6 Nghiin aiu Kmh lffs6421 • ThA^i^'^J^^
Vai trd cua cdc niroic lain ..
vdi T r u n g Quoc. Vd" phfldng didn giao due, ddu tfl b i n h q u a n t r d n ddu ngfldi t r d n g giao due cao d d n g cua My ga'p 2 lan cac qude gia cdng n g h i e p boa khac, dai hpc xdp h a n g top 20 ddu va top 40 d a u t o a n cdu - My deu chiem 75%, dai hpe xdp h a n g t o p 100 ddu - My chie'm 58%. Ve phfldng dien n h a n t a i , Hoa Ky ed can bd nghidn eflu b a n g 37% cac qud'c gia OECD, My cd k h a n a n g t h u h u t nhflng ngfldi gidi nha't va t h d n g m i n h nha't dd'n tfl cac nflde k h a c t r e n the' gidi...
De'n n a m 2020, My vdn la t r u n g t a m KHCN va ddi mdi t o a n eau. Khi d6, My vdn la ndi t a p t r u n g cae trfldng dai hpe td't nha't, dpi ngu n h a n t a i Idn nha't, cae b a n g p h a t minh ed gia tri eae nha't. N g a n sach cua Chinh p h u chi che K H C N va cdng n g h e xanh giai doan 2011-2020 ra't Idn. Dxi bao cua RAND (My) ve" vien c a n h cdng n g h e toan edu vao n a m 2020 da ehi ro: My thupc vao so' 2 4 , 1 % so' nflde ed t r i n h dp k h o a hpc tien tie'n nha't, d u n a n g Ifle de t h a u tdm ta't ca 16 cdng n g h e h a n g dau, t r o n g k h i do, T r u n g Qud'c chi thudc vao so 13,8% nfldc t h a n h t h a o ve" k h o a hpc, ed dieu kien de d a t dupe 12 flng d u n g q u a n trpng.
Ve T r u n g Qud'c, nfldc n a y da b a t d a u eai each he thd'ng k h o a hpc va edng n g h e qud'c gia tfl nhflng n a m 1980. T r o n g tfldng lai, T r u n g Qud'c vdn k h d n g ngflng nd ItJe d a u tfl m a n h vao K H C N vdi nhflng k h o a n k i n h p h i kho'ng Id va ke' h o a c h p h a t t r i e n t r o n g dai h a n . T r u n g Qud'c d a n g p h a n d a u trd t h a n h nha san xua't Idn, n h a xua't k h a u edng nghd x a n h trdn thd' gidi. Ve b d n g p h a t m i n h va sang chd', t h e e dfl bao, T r u n g Quo'c: de'n n a m 2020, so' Ifldng ea'p b d n g p h a t m i n h sang ehe h a n g n a m va sd' b a i bad k h o a hpc qudc te' dfldc trich d a n cua ngfldi T r u n g qudc se dflng t r o n g td'p 5 ddu t i e n , t a n g sfl di^ng cdng nghd ndi dia len t r d n 60% va hiin chd' sfl p h u thudc h o a n t o a n vao edng nghd nfldc ngoai xud'ng dfldi 30%, tie'p t h u cac edng nghd ed't loi ve" ehe t a o va t r u y e n t h d n g . gia t a n g p h a t t r i e n edng nghd vu t r u va cdng nghe bien, pha'n da'u trd t h a n h cfldng
qudc vd" cdng nghd dfldc bdt d a u tfl viec sfl dung cdng nghe eiia nflde ngoai dflde thay ddi theo eac tidu chuan ndi dia cua Trung Qud'c (Hoang Xuan Long, 2012).
Lieu T r u n g Qud'c dd'n n a m 2020 c6 t h e vfldn Idn vi t r i h a n g d a u ve" khoa hpc-cdng n g h e t r e n the' gidi? T r u n g Qud'c d a n g pha'n da'u den 2020 trd t h a n h cfldng qud'c vd" edng n g h e x a n h cung nhfl ve bdng p h a t m i n h s a n g chd' t r e n t h e gidi. Tuy nhien, n a m 2011-2012, ve" dp md va sdn eo eua edng nghe, T r u n g Qude chi dflng thfl 77 trong sd 142 qud'c gia (Didn d a n Kinh te' the' gidi, 2012). Ve giao due, mac du so' Ifldng cac trfldng dai hpe va sd' s i n h vien td't nghidp d T r u n g Quo'c d a n g t a n g len, nhflng T r u n g Qud'c chfla eo mpt trfldng dai hpe nao dflng t r o n g top ddu cua thd' gidi nen T r u n g Qud'c ra't kho CO thd trd t h a n h t r u n g t a m t h u h u t n h a n t a i va s a n g tao nhfl My. Do vay, T r u n g Qud'c dd'n n a m 2020, chfla t h e la qud'c gia d a n d a u the' gidi ve" khoa hpc-cdng nghd
1.3. Hdp tdc cua cdc qudc gia nhdm phdt trien khoa hgc - cong nghe Sfl p h a t t r i e n eua khoa hpc cdng nghd va n e n k i n h td t r i thfle chi p h u thudc vao nhflng nd Iflc ddn phfldng eua mdi qud'c gia la chfla dii, can sti hdp tac cua cac qud'c gia t r e n the' gidi eung nhfl nhflng td ehfle kinh td' Idn n h d m dfla thd' gidi vao quy dao p h a t t r i e n be"n vflng va t h i n h vfldng.
Vi vay, sau k h u n g h o a n g t a i c h i n h t o a n cdu n a m 2008, OECD da keu gpi cae nfldc ddu tfl m a n h hdn vao R&D va t h u c d a y dd'i mdi. Cac bao eao eiia OECD lap l u a n r d n g , k h o a hpc edng n g h e va ddi mdi se gdp p h d n q u a n t r p n g vao q u a t r i n h khdi p h u e keo dai va be"n vflng dd'i vdi t r i e n vpng t a n g trfldng t r o n g dai h a n eua eac qud'c gia. P h a t tridn khoa hpe cdng n g h e se md r a nhflng hfldng di mdi ed t h e dd'i phd dflde vdi nhflng t h a c h thflc mdi nhfl bie'n ddi k h i h a u , sflc khde con ngfldi va sfl t h a y ddi vd" n h a n k h a u hpe.
Vi vay, duy t r i vide ddu tfl t r i thfle mpt each hidu q u a la thiic sfl edn thie't dd'i vdi mdi
Nghiin aiu Kmh iff sd 421 • Thing 6/2013
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qud'c gia. Bdo cao chien Iflde ddi mdi eua cae nfldc OECD cung da de cap ehi tie't de'n cae nguyen tdc va bien p h a p h a n h ddng cho e h i n h sach ddi mdi, trong dd bao gdm nhflng bien p h a p n h a m tae dieu kidn t h u a n ldi cho sfl p h a t trien cdng nghe va viec ap dting eung nhfl truyen ba tri thflc t r o n g khdi OECD. Hidn nay, eae nfldc de"u d a n g chuyen ddi sang md hinh p h a t trien k i n h td' theo hfldng p h a t trien xanh, do dd p h a t trien edng nghd xanh trd t h a n h flu tidn chinh trong chie'n Iflde p h a t trie'n khoa hpc edng nghd eiia eac qud'c gia. Lien hdp qud'c chd bid't, t r o n g vdng 30 dd'n 40 n a m tdi, n h a n loai se phai nd Iflc chuyen giao cae edng nghp ed ban va 1.900 ty USD se la k h o a n kinh phi can thiet phai ddu tfl mdi nSm de p h a t tridn cac cdng nghd xanh. Lidn Hdp Qud'c dfla r a n h a n dinh rdng, met cudc each m a n g edng nghe la cdn thie't hien nay bdi k h a n a n g cua Trai dat dang ddn khdng t h e dap flng dflde cdc nhu cdu ngay cang t a n g eua eon ngfldi. Thd' gidi can co siJ bid'n ddi cdng nghe Idn hdn ve" quy md va co t i n h k h a thi trong k h u n g thdi gian ngdn hdn cudc each m a n g edng nghidp ddu tien. The' gidi cung cdn cd nhid"u edng nghd mdi n h d m giai quyet ngheo ddi, ddng thdi giam Ifldng khi t h a i nhd kinh va phe t h a i va cha'm dflt t i n h t r a n g lam m a t eae ngucn tai nguyen khdng ed kha n a n g phuc hdi trdn t r a i da't.
N^jiiai ra, can phai t a n g cUdng hdp tac qud'c te va thfldng mai da phfldng eung nhfl cac ed chd' d a u t u can p h a i dUde die"u chinh d a n g kd n h d m cho phep cac nflde dang p h a t tridn tien h a n h chuydn giao cdng nghe ma khdng a n h hfldng tdi t a n g trfldng va q u a t r i n h .\da ddi giam ngheo (UNESCO, 2011).
2 . N h f l n g x u hflding cd b a n c u a k h o a h o c c o n g n g h e d e n n a m 2020 Trong thdi gian tdi, KHCN se d a t dfldc nhflng t h a n h tflu Idn d nhflng hfldng edng n g h e mui nhpn. xMpt s d x u hfldng p h a t t r i e n KHCN ehinh gdm:
I) Nhieu edng n g h e cao q u a n t r p n g se dflpc t i e p tiie day m a n h n g h i d n eflu va
flng dting. 3 xu t h e ehii ye'u d a n g d i l n r a he't sflc manh me la cdng nghe na-nd (Nano technology), eong n g h e sinh hpe va cdng n g h e t h d n g tin va truye"n thdng.
Cdng nghd n a - n d se dem lai sti t h a y ddi t r o n g can can quyen Ifle toan cdu ve" k i n h td' va q u a n sfl, eo tae ddng q u a n t r p n g tdi mdt sd' n g a n h edng nghiep nhfl dien tii. dflde phdm, n a n g Ifldng va v a n t a i . Tfl n a m 2020, eae flng d u n g eua Cdng nghd n a - n d da c6 t h e t a o r a cac robot n a - n d lam vide trong phdng t h i nghidm, ed thd' thfl n g h i e m , d a n h gia va trdc n g h i e m de dfla vao flng dung;
N g a n h Y hpe n a - n d cd t h e t h a y thd' cae loai h i n h y hpe trfldc day nhfl p h a u t h u a t , dflde t r u y e n thd'ng, thid't ke'dflde p h d m hdp ly,...
Cdng nghd s i n h hpc e u n g se p h a t t r i l n he't sflc m a n h me. Dd'n n a m 2020, 50% eac loai thud'c mdi ed t h e dfla vao n g a n h gien hpc. Cac lieu p h a p s i n h hpc ed t h i dflde da so' eac ea n h a n bi u n g thfl, hoac cd n g u y ed bi u n g thfl sfl diing. De'n k h o a n g n a m 2030, 50% protein eua n g a n h t h u y s a n t o a n edu ed t h e di tfl phfldng p h a p t h u y c a n h . Cay t r d n g bid'n ddi gien (GMO) ed k h a nSng ehd'ng chiu thud'c diet ed va s a u b e n h , chfla thdm nhie"u t h a n h p h a n bd dfldng se t h a n h phd' bie'n.
Cdng nghd t h d n g tin va t r u y e n t h d n g da dich e h u y e n tfl Ky n g u y e n d i n h hfldng vao m a y vi t i n h (1981-1994) s a n g Ky nguydn dinh hfldng vao m a n g (1994-2005); dich c h u y e n tfl Ky n g u y e n d i n h hfldng vao m a n g (1994-2005) s a n g Ky nguydn d i n h hfldng vao ndi d u n g (2005-2015). Vide thdiig n h a t eac tidu c h u a n truye"n t h d n g gifla C h a u Au, N h a t B a n va My se md r a nhflng k h a n a n g kd't hdp r d n g r a i vd tuydn t r u y d n h i n h so', didn t h o a i di ddng the' he 3G va 4G vdi may t i n h , I n t e r n e t cung nhfl cae he thd'ng t h d n g t i n di dpng se t a o r a sti dot bid'n cd t i n h b u n g no t r e n t o a n edu. (Dflc T h a n g , 2009)
ii) K H C N t h e hidn vai trd la ddng luc cua sfl p h a t t r i e n , vdi vide tie'p tue lam cho luc Ifldng san xud't t h a y dd'i t a n gd'c va dude xa hdi boa cao dp, k h i e n n e n k i n h te' the' gidi
6 8 Nghiin CUV Kmh '^ sd 421 - jl^^i;^^;^
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p h a t trien, bie'n hoa etlc ky m a n h me, ca ve chieu rpng Idn ehid"u sau, vdi td'c dp va quy md ngay c a n g Idn; dfla n h a n loai q u a dp tfl thdi dai cdng nghidp Idn thdi dai trf t u e , dflde dae trflng bdi n e n k i n h t d ' t r i thflc (hay edn dflde gpi la n e n k i n h te' m a n g h a y n e n kinh te' sd).
iii) Tie'p t u c dd'i mdi e h i n h sach p h a t trien KHCN, cac giai p h a p p h a t t r i e n KHCN c h i n h thfldng dfldc chu y la: ddi mdi he thd'ng nghidn cflu va p h a t t r i e n cua N h a nfldc; t a n g cfldng ho trd, thiie day boat ddng KHCN va dd'i mdi cua d o a n h nghiep; t a n g cfldng hdp tae va kd't nd'i m a n g Ifldi eac td chflc sang tao; dd'i mdi chinh saeh ve" p h a t trien n h a n Iiic KHCN; t a n g cfldng hdp tac qud'c td' vd" KHCN; xay dflng mot ne"n v a n hda khoa hpe cdng nghd.
iv) Chie'n Ifldc p h a t t r i e n dfldc dieu c h i n h d ca ca'p qud'c gia va d o a n h n g h i e p . Phfldng thflc p h a t trie'n eiia cdng nghd da t h a y ddi.
Sti ke't hdp cae edng n g h e lien q u a n , c h a n g h a n nhfl ed-didn tfl, d a n g didn r a . Td'c dp phat tridn edng nghd da t a n g len va vdng ddi san p h d m trd n e n n g d n hdn. Mot cdng ty ddn le k h d n g t h e du k h a n a n g tie'n h a n h nghien cflu va p h a t tridn d nhflng l i n h vUc khac n h a u vdi td'c dp n h a n h . N g a n h cong nghiep n a y p h a i cdng tac cung vdi n g a n h cdng nghiep k h a c . Sfl t h a y ddi n a y t h u c day sfl canh t r a n h va cdng tac lien n g a n h . O ca'p t e a n cau, da xua't hidn ndn k i n h te' khdng bien gidi; d ca'p n g a n h , sii c a n h t r a n h va edng tac lien n g a n h da xua't hien, cdn d ca'p cdng ty. xud't hien h o a t ddng lien ket khoa hpe - edng n g h e va k i n h d o a n h lien edng ty... Ban t h a n edng n g h e eiing t h a y ddi vdi viec cdng nghd ngay c a n g dfla vao khoa hpc n h i e u hdn, n h a t la doi vdi cdng nghe cao. Su t h a y dd'i n a y budc cac d o a n h nghiep p h a i edng tae vdi cae trfldng dai hpc va vidn n g h i e n eflu.
v) Sfl each biet ve KHCN gifla cac nfldc ngay c a n g t a n g . Theo dfl bao cua RAXD. tri thflc va n a n g Iflc cdng nghd edn n h i e u k h a e bidt gifla eae qude gia ndn t r o n g p h a m vi
toan cdu, truyd'n ba tid'n bd cong n g h e mdi chfla m a n g t i n h pho q u a t . Qua p h a n tich thflc t r a n g 29 nfldc dai dien cho cac nhdm nfldc va v u n g dia ly khac n h a u . cho t h a y 2 4 , 1 % sd nfldc co t r i n h dp khoa hpc tien tid'n, dti n a n g Iflc de t h a u torn t a t ca 16 edng n g h e h a n g dau; 13,8% t h a n h t h a o vd"
k h o a hpc, co dieu kien de dat dflde 12 flng d u n g q u a n trpng; 2 4 , 1 % dfldc xe'p vao loai d a n g p h a t trien khoa hpe, d a t t r i n h dp de tid'p n h a n 9 t r o n g 16 flng diing edng nghd;
38% so' nUde cdn lai, do lac h a u vd" khoa hoc, ehi dii t r i n h do de tie'p n h a n 5 t r o n g 16 edng n g h e h a n g d a u noi t r d n .
3 . Ke't l u a n
Khoa hpc va edng nghd la trpng t a m ctia c h i n h sach p h a t trien t r e n the' gidi, la giai p h a p q u a n t r o n g n h a m giai quye't eae t h a c h thflc toan cau dang ndi len nhfl bien ddi khi h a u , an n i n h n a n g Ifldng, an n i n h Ifldng thtic. KHCN se co nhflng bfldc tid'n n h a y vpt va nhflng dot p h a Idn, tac ddng n h i e u m a t de'n ta't ea cae qud'c gia. Cac nfldc Idn v a n ddng vai trd chinh dd'i vdi p h a t trien k h o a hpc cdng n g h e d t r e n the' gidi. My v a n la d a u tdu q u a n t r p n g nha't trong viec ddn dat, p h a t t r i e n k h o a hpc cong n g h e t r e n the' gidi. Tuy vay, the' gidi se chflng kid'n cupc chay d u a quyd't liet ve K H C N gifla cac nfldc Idn cii nhfl My, N h a t Ban, E U va cac nfldc mdi ndi nhfl T r u n g Qud'c, H a n Qude, An Dp dac biet la gifla My va T r u n g Qudc. Tfl nay de'n n a m 2020, cd thd tha'y mdt s o x u hfldng chinh eua p h a t t r i e n K H C N t r e n t h e gidi nhfl: nhie"u cdng n g h e cao q u a n t r p n g se dfldc tid'p tuc day m a n h nghien eflu va flng dung; tiep tuc ddi mdi chinh sach p h a t t r i e n KHCN, t r o n g d6 nha'n m a n h doi mdi he t h d n g nghien eflu va p h a t t r i e n cua N h a nfldc; t a n g cfldng ho trd. thiie day boat ddng K H C N t r o n g d o a n h nghiep; ddi mdi c h i n h sach ve" p h a t tridn n h a n Iflc KHCN; t a n g cfldng hdp tac qud'c te've" KHCX. vai trd cua K H C N la dpng ltic eua sti t a n g trfldng k i n h te' toan cdu; vdi sfl p h a t t r i e n cua K H C N , chien Ifldc p h a t t r i e n dfldc dieu chinh d ca
Nghiin cdu Kmh tffsd421 - Thing 6/2013 6 9
Vai trd cua cac nudc Idn ,
cd'p qud'c gia va doanh nghiep; sfl each biet ve KHCN gifla cac nfldc ngay c a n g gia tang./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bp Khoa hpc cOng nghe Tning Qu6c (2009). Bdo cdo phdt men KIK \ qudc te 2009. Nxb Khoa hoc Trung Qu6c.
2. Council of Economic Advisers - CEA (2012), Economic Reports of the President, White House.
3. European Commission (2011): Innovation union competitiveness report.
4. Inieraalional Monetary Fund- IMF (2011), Bdo cdo trien vpng kmh te the gidi, thiing 9-2011.
5. Ho&ng Xuan Long (2012), Nhitng xu hudng ca bdn dia KHCN the gidi irong 10 nam qua vd 10 nam tdi, Bao cdo cho H6i ihao khoa hoc "Tac dPng cia cac nit6c 16n dfi'n n^n kmh tft-chinh tri toiln cia", Vien Kinh l€\k chmh tri the gidi. thing 10-2012.
6. Mmistiy of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology — Japan (MEXT) (2012): The 4"' science and technology basic plan (FY 2011 -FY 2015). tmy cflp tai dia chi:
hitp://w ww.mexi.go.jp/component/english/icsFiles/afie Idfiie/2012/02/22/1316311^01.pdf.
7. Ministry of Knowledge Economy-MKE. Korea, http://www.mke.go.kr/language/eng/
policy/lpolicies_05. j sp#
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9. Diic Thing (2009). Aw hudng phdt trien khoa hpc cdng nghe trong the kv XXI, Bdo Giao thPng van tai, ngay 11/1/2009.
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snaama/selbasicFast.asp.
11. Worldbank (2012): China 2030: Building a modem, hanntNiious, and creative high - income society, truy cap tai dja chi: htlp:/Avww.w(Hidbank.org/ en^ews/20l2/02/27/china- 2030-execulive-siimmary.
12. World Economic Fonim (2008), Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009, Geveva, Switzerland 13. World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO (2012). WIPO Slatistics Database. Switzerland.
70 Nghiin COU Kmh 'ds6421^Th^^;^^J^