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NAM? CAI CACH VA H6I NHAPVai tro cua quan ly nha nu'o'c doi vd'i hoat dong xuat khau !ao dong
TH.S. NGUYEN THI HUYEN"
Thuc hien chu Iruang "Ddy mgnh xudl khdu lao ddng (XKLD); xdy dung vd ihuc hien ddng bg, chat che ca che, chinh sdch ve ddo Igo ngudn lao ddng, dua lao ddng ra nuac ngodi, bdo ve quyen lgi vd Idng uy lin cita nguai lao dgng Viet Nam a nuac ngodi" trong Chien luge phdt trien kinh le xd hdi 2001 - 2010 cita Ddng, nhitng ndm qua. XKLD dugc xem Id mgt hogt dgng kinh le xd hgi quan trgng gdp phdn phdt Irien ngudn nhdn luc, gidi quyel viec ldm, tgo thu nhdp vd ndng cao lay nghe cho nguai lao dgng, Idng ngudn thu ngogi le cho ddt nuac vd ldng cudmg quan he hgp tdc
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qudc le giua nuac ta vai cdc nuac. Di ddi vai viec xdy dung, cung cd vd ma rgng thi truang XKLD, viec tdng cuang qudn ly nhd nuac (QLNN) ddi vai hogt dgng ndy cd y nghia hit sire quan trgng.
1. Vai tro ciia XKLD trong nen kinh te Viet Nam
LL Nhirng dong gop tich circ cua XKLD ddi v&i sir phdt trien kinh te - xa hpi
Mdt la, XKLD tgo dieu kien tan dung ngudn nhdn lite, gidm thdt nghiep, tdng thu nhdp qudc gia (Gross Nadonal Income - GNI): XKLD md ra CO hpi su dyng sd lao dpng that nghiep vdo viec sdn xudt ra hdng hda vd djch vy tai nudc khdc, mang Iai thu nhdp cho ngudi lao dpng.
*Tru-6'ng Dai hoc Sa pham Nghe thuat Trung uong
Dong thdi, XKLD cGng gdp phdn gia tang thu nhap qudc gia, vi thu nhdp qudc gia Id tdng cua thu nhap qudc npi vd thu nhap yeu td thudn, ma thu nhap yeu td thudn lai chinh Id khodn chenh lech giira thu nhdp chuyen ve nudc vd thu nhdp ciia ngudi nudc ngodi chuyen ra khdi nude dd.
Nhd dd, gdp phdn ldm tang GNI/ngudi, mpt cdu thdnh quan trgng trong HDI. Theo thdng ke ciia Ngdn hdng The gidi, nam 2006, todn the gidi cd hon 190 trieu ngudi lao dpng ra nudc ngodi ldm viec, lugng tien chuyen ve nudc dat 297,1 ty USD, ehilm 0,7% GDP todn cdu. Trong dd, ngudi Viet Nam d nudc ngodi giri tien ve nudc
NhOng vin di KINH T ^ VA C H I N H TR! TH^ GIOI So 9(185) 201T 61
bdng con dudng chinh thirc la 4,8 ly USD luong duong vdi 7,9% GDP; Trung Qucic la 23,319 ly USD tuong duong vcVi 0,9% (il)P; Philippines Id 15,250 ty USD, lucmg dircTug 13% GDP; An Dp la 25,456 ly USD, tucmg duang 2,8% GDP
Hai Id, .XKLD gdp phdn lain tdng ehi lieu cua ho giu dinh. tdng del kiem vd ldng ddu lu lit nhdn trong ddi hgn. XKLD mang lai cho ngudi lao dpng. hp gia dinh khoan thu nhap cao hem khi hg ldm \ ice trong nudc. Nhir cd ihu nhap rdng cao, ngudi lao dpng gui khoan lien do vc gia dinh lam khodn tiet kiem vd kcl qua la lam tang ngudn tai chinh cho dau lu. Theo Dilip Ratha va Sankcl Mohapalra, khodn lien ngudi lao dpng d nudc ngodi giri vc nircrc cao ban hai ldn khodn \\cn trg chinh thirc (ODA) cho cdc nudc dang phdt Irien. Sd lieu khao sal cho thdy, ngudi Viet Nam di ldm d nudc ngodi cd thu nhdp rdng cao ban lam viec trong nudc khodng 3 ldn. Theo udc tinh cua Ngdn hdng Nhd nudc vd Bp Lao dpng, Thuong binh vd Xd hpi Viet Nam, ndm 2007, chi rieng lao dpng Viet Nam d nudc ngodi chuyen \e nudc khodng 1,8 ty USD.
Ba Id, XKLD thite ddy chi lieu ciia chinh phu cho viec ndng cao chdt lugng ngudn nhdn luc.
De cd the ra nudc ngodi lam vice, ngudi lao dpng phdi cd ky ndng nghe nghiep vd trinh dp ngoai ngir nhdt djnh theo yeu cdu cua chu su dyng lao dpng. Tuy nhien, khdng phai tdt cd mgi ngudi lao dpng mudn ra nudc ngodi ldm viec deu cd the dat dugc cdc yeu cau cua nha tuyen dyng. Vi vdy, chinh phu phdi ddu tu vl co sd vdt chdt, dpi ngu gidng vien vd cdc dilu kien khdc ddm bdo cho viec ddo tao vd ddo tao lai ngudi lao dpng. Dilu ndy se gdp phan lam ldng GDP cd trong ngdn ban vd ddi han.
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Bdn Id, XKLD thuc day chuyen dich ca cdu kinh le theo huang hien dgi trong ddi hgn. Ddi vdi cdc nudc dang phdt triln, qud trinh cdng nghiep hda dan tdi thu hdi dat ndng nghiep dh xay dyng cdc khu cdng nghiep tdt yiu ldm cho mpt sd lugng nhat djnh lao dpng ndng nghiep
mat vice ldm. Dudi tdc dpng cua eanh tranh, cdc nhd dau tu cd xu hudng lya chgn phuang dn dau lu sd dung nhieu vdn. Ca hai khuynh hudng dd dan den vipc, tren mpt dan vj dien tich ddt ndng nghiep thu hdi, sd lao dpng dugc sir dung sc giam di dang kc. Day Id quy ludt tdt yeu ciia qua trinh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda.
Trong ngdn ban, XKLD se Id mpt trong cac con dudng vira giai quyel viec ldm cho sd lao ddng that nghipp, vira tao dieu kien cho doanh nghiep dau tu theo chieu sdu, ndng cao sue eanh tranh trong hgi nhdp kinh te qudc te. Trong dai ban, trinh dp ngudi lao dpng di ldm viec d nudc ngoai dugc nang cao nhd dugc ddo tao vd ddo tao lai trong ihiri gian ldm viec d nudc ngodi. Chinh nguiri lao dpng di lam viec d nudc ngoai se la dpng lyc cua qud trinh chuyen djch co cdu kinh te vi ddy la nguon lao dpng cd chdt lugng cao, dap img nhu cdu cua nhd ddu tu theo chieu sau.
Ndm Id, XKLD gdp phdn tnrc tiep ndng cao chdt lugng ngudn nhdn luc. Ddc diem cua lao ddng Id sdng tao. Ngudi lao dpng vdi vdn kien thirc, hgc vdn \ a ngoai ngir co bdn, neu dugc lam viec trong mdi trutmg cdng nghiep hien dai, ky thudt vd cdng nghe tien tien. thi trinh dp tay nghe vd ky ndng nghe nghiep se ngdy cdng dugc nang cao. Dudi uic dpng cua ky thudt. qud trinh lao dpng, ddng thc7i cung chinh Id qud trinh ngudi lao dpng ty ddo tao. Sau mpt thod gian ldm viec d nircVc ngodi, trinh dp ta\ nghe, y thirc ky luat, phong each ldm \ ice hien dai \a trinh do ngoai ngu duoc nang cao vugt bde.
Thyc ic cho thdy. mpt sd lugng lan lao dpng la ndng ddn, sau khi di Idm viec d nudc ngoai
\e nudc. hg trd thdnh ngudi cong nhdn hien dai. Da sd ngudi lao dpng di ldm viec tai Lien Xd, Ddng Au trudc ddy vd Nhdt Ban, Han Qudc, Dai Loan... sau ndy dang la nhiing ngudi lao dpng cd trinh dp cao trong cde cdng ty. doanh nghiep.
Sdu Id, XKLD gdp phdn dua nhanh cdc tien bd ky thudt, cdng nghe mai vdo sdn xudt, thiic
62 -NhOng vin di KINH it Mk CHJNH TR! TH^ GIOI So 9(185) 2011
Nguyin Thj Huyfen Vai trd cua quan ly nhd nudc...
day nhanh cdng nghiep hda, hien dgi hda Iheo nguyen ly "31" (Imintadon bdi chuac.
Initiative cdi lien, - Innovation sdng tgo).
Trong qud trinh Idm viec, ngudi lao dpng tryc tiep sir dyng ky thudt vd cdng nghe hien dai de sdn xudt ra hang hda vd djch vy. Theo quy ludt nhan thuc, ngudi lao dpng tir bat chude dl ldm theo, sau dd Id cdi tien vd cudi cimg Id sdng tao.
Kinh nghiem Nhdt Bdn, Han Quoc, An Dp, Ixraen cho thdy. nliihig ngudi lao dpng di ldm viec d nudc ngodi. sau khi \e nudc, hg mang nhiing tri thirc dd tich liiy dugc dp dyng vdo qud trinh sdn xudt kinh doanh cua hg. Chinh lyc lugng lao dpng nay da gdp phdn thuc ddy nhanh qud trinh dua cdng nghe mdi \ ao sdn xuat, kinh doanh vd qudn Iy. Dieu ndy gdp phdn thiic ddy tdng yudng kinh te theo bucyng sir dyng khoa hgc vd cdng nghe tien tien.
Bdy Id, XKLD gdp phdn ddy mgnh ddu tu vd ma rgng thi truang hdng hda, dich vu ra thi trudmg the giai. Khi Id thdnh vien cua Td chire Thuang mai the gidi (WTO), doanh nghiep cdc nudc thdnh vien cd co hpi to ldn trong viec ddu tu, xuat khdu hdng hda vd djch vy sang cdc nudc thdnh vien. Theo dd, viec di chuyen lao dpng theo cdc quy djnh cua WTO dugc thyc hien de ddng. Ty do di chuyen lao dpng giira cdc nudc thdnh vien Id dieu kien quan trgng giiip cdc nhd ddu tu lya chgn phuong dn sir dyng lao dpng tdi uu cho boat dpng sdn xudt kinh doanh. Mat khdc, ngudi lao dpng ra Idm viec d nudc ngodi cung gdp phdn qudng bd hdng hda vd djch vu cua nudc do vdi ngudi tieu diing cua nudc sd tai.
L2. Nhimg mat trdi, tieu circ cua XKLD doi v&i sir phdt trien kinh te - xd hpi
XKLD cd tdc dyng thuc ddy tang trudng vd phdt triln kinh tl nhu da trinh bdy. Tuy nhien, neu xem xet tde dpng cua nd theo timg nhdm ddi tugng, ehung ta de ddng nhdn thdy mpt sd mat trdi, tdc dpng tieu eye cua boat dpng ndy.
Dd Id:
Mgi la, nguai da lap gia dinh di ldm viec a nudc ngodi khdng ihuc hien dugc thien chite chdm sdc gia dlnh, he qud xd hgi Id ldn. Theo truyen thdng phuang Ddng, ngudi phu nir cd thien chirc cyc ky quan trgng Id ldm vg, ldm me vd chdm sdc gia dinh. Phdn ldn phy nil di ldm viec d nudc ngodi d dp tudi tir 20 45, ddy Id quang thdi gian phy nir cd nhu cdu cao dp thyc hien thien chuc cua minh; mat khac, gia dinh, chdng, con ciing cdn sy chdm sdc, nudi day con cdi cua ngudi phy nir. Thyc te cho thdy, phdn ldn cdc gia dinh cd ngudi vg ldm viec d nudc ngodi, con cdi hg thudng bieu hien thieu byt tinh mau tir, ngudi chdng cua hg cd nhimg bieu hien khdng can bdng trang thdi tdm sinh ly.
Khdng it gia dinh khi vg di ldm viec d nudc ngodi, ngudi chdng d nhd di ngoai tinh hodc tieu dimg xa xi khodn tien ciia vg giri ve, hodc sa vdo cdc te nan xa hpi khdc.
Nhu vdy, ngudi phy nir di ldm viec d nudc ngodi Id mpt sy ddnh ddi giira thu nhdp vdi thien chuc ngudi vg, ngudi me trong quang thdi gian md bdn thdn vd gia dinh hg cd nhu cdu cao nhdt ve thien chiire dd.
Theo truyen thdng phuang Ddng, ngudi ddn dng Id try ept cua gia dinh. Cdc cdng viec ndng nhgc, phy dudng cha me vd nudi day con cdi thudng do ngudi ddn dng ddm nhdn. Nhung ngudi ddn dng Viet Nam di ldm viec d nudc ngodi da ddnh ddi nghia vy "mpt tieng cha, bdng ba tiing me" trong nudi day con edi vdi viec kilm tien. Thyc te cho thdy, mpt sd gia dinh ndng thdn Viet Nam nhihig ndm qua thieu vdng vai trd cua ngudi ddn dng trong chdm lo cho vg eon vd cha me gid yeu. Hdu qud Id khdng it gia dinh, eon edi bj rdi loan tdm ly, quan he vg chdng thieu ben chat, Viee thye hien chir "hieu" ddi vdi cha me khong trgn ven. Dieu ndy gay tdn thuang tinh thdn lau ddi cho bdn thdn ngudi lao dpng.
Hai Id, nguai lao dgng di ldm viec o nuac ngodi deJ)i tdn thuang ve tinh thdn do bi phdn biet ddi xii. Cdc qudc gia tren the giai deu cd
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he thdng ludt nhdp cu, ludt lao dpng theo hudng bdo hp quyen h;i cua cdng dan ciia minh. Do dd, ngirdi lao dgng nude ngoai khdng dugc hudng cac quyC'n lgi nhu cdng dan nudc scY tai. Tinh trang nay ldm cho nguiri lao dpng tir li, sdng khep kin. dc ga> stress. Ban thdn ngudi lao dgng. do trinh dp ngoai ngir ban che. nen hieu bicl vd chap hdnh phap luat nudc sd tai gdp nhieu khd khan. I Ig de vi pham phdp ludt nudc sd tai va ciing khdng biet \an dyng ludl phap nudc sd tai dc ly bdo vc quyen va Igi ich hgp phdp cua minh.
Ba Id. nguai lao dgng di ldm vice a nuirc ngodi mat mat, khd hda nhdp vai ddi sdng xd hgi nuac sa lgi do khdc biel ve vdn hda, dgo dire vd tdn gido, mat khdc, tdi hda nhdp khi ve nuirc chdm vd thuirng cd xu huimg liUp tuc lim viec nuac ngodi. Ddi sdng linh than cua mdi ngudi gdn chat vdi truyen thdng vdn hda. dao dire va tin nguang cua mdi qudc gia, ddn tpc. Trong thdi dai ngdy nay. sy khdc biet ve vdn hda, dao dire, tdn gido tao nen cdc xung dpt cua tirng cd nhdn ngudi lao dpng vdi ddi sdng tinh than cua xd hpi nudc sd tai. Ngudi lao dpng ldm viec d nudc ngodi nhieu nam, khi ve nudc thudng gap khd khdn trong hda nhdp vdi ddi sdng kinh tl xa hpi trong nudc do thdng tin khdng thudng xuyen vd ddy dii. Mpt bp phdn lao dpng vl nudc sau thdi gian ngdn cd xu hudng muon tro Iai Idm viee d nuac ngodi.
Bdn la, nuac XKLD dirng truac nguy co-
"chdy mdu chdt xdm" Lao dpng tir cdc nudc dang phdt trien den cdc nudc phdt triln Idm viec vdi thu nhdp cao, dieu kien ldm vipc tdt, cimg vdi cdc chinh sdeh thu hut vd dai ngp lao dpng chat lugng cao cua nudc tilp nhdn, sd lao dpng ndy cd xu hudng a lai ldm viec ldu ddi hodc nhdp qudc tjch cua nudc sd tai. Dilu ndy gay ra tinh trang "chdy mdu chdt xdm" tir cdc nuoc dang phdt trien, trong khi chi phi ddo tao cua hg chua dugc hodn nguyen.
2. Quan ly nhd nu'6'c ve hoat dpng XKLD 2.1. Khdi ni^m vd vai trd qudn ly nhd nir&c viXKLD
Qudn ly nha nudc (QLNN) vl XKLD Id viec nha nucVc xdc djnh myc tieu vd tdc dpng cd tl chuc len cdc quan be vd boat dpng XKLD nhdm khai thae vd su dyng cd hieu qud nhdt cac nguon lyc trong vd ngodi nudc, cdc co hpi co Ibc cd dc dal cdc myc tieu phdt trien kinh te - x2 hpi cua dal nude da ddt ra, Irong dieu kien toan Ciiu hda vd hpi nhap kinh le qudc te.
Nhd nudc qudn ly XKLD trudc het Id xac djnh myc lieu thdng qua chien luge XKLD;
bdng phdp ludt vd cdc chinh sdch kinh te; thdng qua quy hoach, ke hoach, chucmg trinh vd dy an XKLD. Nhd nudc su dyng linh boat cdc phuang phdp nhu: hdnh chinh, kinh te. gido due trong boat dpng QLNN ve XKLD nhdm dat dugc cac myc tieu cua XKLD ndi rieng vd phdt trien kinh te xd hpi ndi chung.
Thyc te cho thdy. vice tdng cudng vai trd cua nhd nude ddi vdi boat dpng XKLD Id mpt doi hdi khdch quan bdi nhung ly do sau:
i) Nhd nudc phdi thyc hien N ai trd qudn ly tdng the nen kinh tc ddt nudc, trong dd cd kinh te ddi ngoai ndi chung vd boat dpng XKLD ndi rieng. Kinh le ddi ngoai gdn liln vdi hoat dpng ngoai giao ciia nhd nude. Chinh sdch ngoai giao vd chinh sdeh kinh tl ddi ngoai hgp thdnh ehinh sdch ddi ngoai ciia quoc gia, neu kinh te doi ngoai khong dugc qudn Iy tdt se dnh huang xau tdi chinh sdch ddi ngoai.
ii) Chi cd nhd nuac men ed du tu each phap Iy de ky cdc hiep djnh, cdc thda thuan song phuong vd da phuang lien quan tryc tiep den XKLD. Ddng thai, nha nuoe phdi thye hien cac hiep djnh, thda thudn da ky v(3i cdc qudc gia thdng qua viec qudn Iy boat dpng XKLD.
iii) Chi cd nhd nuac moi cd dii cdng cu thyc hien qudn Iy vT mo boat dpng kinh tl ddi ngoai
64 -NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHJNH TRj TH^ GIOI S6 9(185) 2011
Nguyin Thi Huyin Vai trd cua quan ly nhd nudc.
ndi ehung, XKLD ndi rieng. Trong XKLD cd nhimg mat tich eye vd nhirng mdt tieu cyc, chi cd nhd nudc mdi tan dyng dugc mat tich cyc vd ban che dugc tieu cyc.
Vai trd ciia nhd nudc ddi vdi boat dpng XKLD dugc the hien qua cdc chirc ndng sau day:
Mgt Id, tren ca sd md rpng vd nang cao hieu qud XKLD, nhd nudc gdp phan quan trgng dl phdt trien mdi quan he hgp tdc, hiru nghj giira cdc nudc trong khu vyc vd tren pham vi todn the gidi, theo hudng tham gia ngdy cang manh me vdo phdn cdng lao dpng qudc te.
Hai Id, thdng qua viec phdt trien boat dpng XKLD, tao them nliieu cdng an viec Idm, ndng cao tay nghe vd thu nhap cho ngudi lao dpng, ddng thdi mang Iai ngudn tliu nlidp ngoai te ddng ke cho ngdn sdch nhd nudc.
Nhu va>, td chuc boat ddng XKLD vdi nhieu hinh thuc tren co sd ket hgp lgi ich ddt nudc vdi lgi ich ngudi lao dpng dugc ddt trong chien luge phdt trien kinh te xa hpi cua qudc gia. Nhieu qudc gia coi XKLD khdng chi Id gidi phdp quan trgng nhdm gidi quyet viec lam, tdng ngudn thu nhdp cho cd nhdn vd ddt nudc, ma nd cdn Id chien luge de phdt trien ngudn lao dpng ddp ung nhimg yeu cdu, ddi hdi cua thdi ky loan cdu hda kinh te.
2,2. Ddi tuang qudn ly nhd nu&c vi XKLD Ddi tugng cua QLNN vl XKLD Id todn bp cdc ehil tbl: nhd nudc, ngudi lao dpng, doanh nghiep vd to chirc boat dpng XKLD ciing vdi cdc quan he giira cdc chu tbl dd. Nhd nudc vira Id ehil thi qudn ly dong thdi cung Id ddi tugng qudn ly khi thyc hien cdc chuc ndng, nhiem vy cua minh thdng qua cdc co quan nhd nudc nhu:
CO quan QLNN v l lao dpng, vl xudt nhdp cdnh, vl tu phdp, vl tdi chinh, tiln te, co quan ngoai giao d nuoe ngodi... theo quy djnh cua phdp luat.
Doanh nghiep XKLD Id td chire duge phdp luat cho phep hoat dpng xuat- khdu nhdm cung
irng djch vy tim viec lam ngodi nudc cho ngirdi lao dpng. Doanh nghiep XKLD bao gdm hai loai chu yeu, dd Id: cdc doanh nghiep chuyen boat dpng djch vy viec ldm ngodi nude va doanh nghiep boat dpng thuang mai djch vu ngodi nudc. Mdi loai hinh doanh nghiep va td chuc cd chuc ndng khdc nhau vd phuang thirc boat dpng XKLD khdc nhau. Ben canh dd, cdc td chuc hoat dpng XKLD, cdc don vj sy nghiep do nha nudc thdnh lap dl thyc hien boat dpng XKLD, khdng nhdm myc dich lgi nhudn cung Id ddi tugng qudn ly.
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2.3. Nhirng nhiem vu qudn ly nhd nu&c doi v&i hogt dpng XKLD
Nhd nudc thyc hien vai trd cua minh ddi vdi XKLD thdng qua vai trd sd him, djnh hudng, td chuc vd qudn ly boat dpng XKLD. De tac dpng tdi boat dpng XKLD, nhd nudc phai thyc hien nhilu nhiem vy khdc nhau, qua nhung nhiem vy ndy, vai trd cua nhd nudc ddi vdi boat dpng XKLD dugc bilu hien rd net. Cd the thdy dugc • vai trd ciia nhd nudc ddi vdi boat dpng XKLD qua nhirng nhiem vy sau ddy:
Thit nhdt, nhd nuac thdng qua hogt dgng ddi ngogi de tim kiem vd ma rgng thi truang XKLD
Day Id nhiem vy the hien rd net nhdt vai trd cua nhd nudc ddi vdi boat dpng XKLD. Cdng viec ndy Id cua nhd nudc vd ehi cd the Id nhd nudc mdi cd du dieu kien thyc hien. Vdn de quan trgng hdng ddu cua boat dpng XKLD Id viec xdy dyng vd phdt trien thj trudng. De xay dyng vd phdt trien thj trudng XKLD, phdi tdng cudng tim kiem, md rpng thj trudng lao dpng d nudc ngodi, nghien cuu thj trudng lao dpng qudc tl de ddo tao chuan bj nhdn lye cho xuat khdu; ddng thdi nhd nudc eho phep cde to ehue kinh tl, cd nhan dugc tham gia XKLD dudi sy qudn ly thdng nhdt cua nhd nudc. Nhd nude khuyin khich doanh nghiep, td chuc, cd nhdn tim kiem vd md rpng thj trudng lao dpng nhdm tao viec lam d nudc ngodi cho ngudi lao dpng theo quy djnh cua phdp ludt, phu hgp vdi ludt
NhOng vin di KINH it Mk CHINH TR! TH^ GIOI So 9(185) 201T 65
phdp qudc le va ludt phdp cua nude tiep nhan lao dpng. Nhd nudc cd chinh sach uu dai cho cdc td chirc, cd nhan mir dugc thi trudng mdi, thj trudng cd Ihu nhap cao, thj trircrng liep nhan nhieu lao dpng. Thdng qua quan he ddi ngoai, nha nudc md rpng quan he ngoai giao \(Vi cac nudc tren tinh than hiiu nghi, hgp uic theo nguyC-n Uic cimg cd lgi de tao thuan lgi cho \icc lim kiem viec lam cho ngudi lao dpng a nuac ngoai.
Nhd nude ddu tu vc tdi chinh \a nhan lyc cho cac bp phan. cac ban qudn ly lao dgng tai cac CO quan dai dien ngoai giao cV cac nircVc dc qudn ly, hd trg vd bdo ve lao dpng xual khau;
gidi quyet kjp thdi cac van de phat sinh lien quan den ngudi lao dpng a nudc ngoai; ticMi hdnh thu thdp thdng lin, nghicMi cuu thi trudng, hd trg doanh nghiep tim kiem ddi tdc, tham djnh cdc hgp ddng, phdt trien thi Irudng XKLD;
tham muu cho nhd nudc trong \ ice ky ket cdc hiep djnh, thda thudn hgp tac lao dpng d cdc ITnh vyc cd khd ndng cung irng lao ddng vdi chinh phu nudc sd tai, md dudng cho cdc doanh nghiep XKLD ky ket vd thyc hien cdc hgp ddng cung irng lao dpng vdi chu sir dyng lao dpng d cdc nudc ndy.
Nhd nudc cung cap thdng tin ddy du cho cdc doanh nghiep nghien ciru nhu cdu cua thj trudng sue lao dpng qudc le, ndm virng quy lual van dpng, phdt trien cua nd, Iren ca so dd lap kc hoach dua ngudi lao dpng vd chuyen gia di lam viec d nudc ngodi. Ngodi ra, vice nha nude nghien ciru, ddnh gid, dy bdo thj trudng XKLD cdn giiip cdc doanh nghiep tim hieu duc;c khd ndng cua ddi tdc, tinh trang boat dpng cua cac ehil su dyng lao dpng nhdm ban chi nhirng riii ro, tieu cyc phdt sinh tir phia ngudi su dyng lao dpng, bao ve ngudi lao dpng xual khdu vd gdp phdn nang cao hieu qud boat dpng XKLD. Ben canh viec cung cap thdng tin eho cdc doanh nghiep, nhd nudc cdn cung cdp thdng lin djnh hudng cho todn xa hpi bilt dugc nhu cau cua thj trudng khu vyc vd the gidi dang vd se cdn loai lao dpng ndo, sd lugng, chat lugng lao dpng
xuat khdu ra sao; nhirng loai lao dpng chat xam ndo can va cd the xudt nhdp khdu... Tir do, giiip cdc doanh nghipp, cdc to chuc tham gia XKLD va nguiri lao dpng cd nhu cdu xudt khdu sire lao dpng cua minh biet dugc de chu dpng tham gia vdo thj trudng lao dpng qudc te.
Thit hai, nhd nuac han hdnh chit Iruang, chinh sdch. ludt phdp de dinh huang hd tro hogl ddng xudl khdu lao dgng.
Chien luge phat trien Id van de cyc ky quan trgng, dd Id sy dinh hucVng cho cd mpt giai doan phat Iricn cua mpt ddt nudc, mpt ngdnh, mpt ITnh vyc. Dd la sy tdng ket thyc tien, nit ra bai hgc, ndng len Ihdnh ly luan vd dy bdo tuong lai phdt trien. Tren co sa nhdn thirc vd van dung cac quy ludl khdch quan, cdn cir vdo cdc muc lieu kinh te ddi ngoai \d cdc djch vy cd thu ngoai ic, nhd nudc djnh hucyng phdt trien ITnh vyc XKLD. Thyc hien chuc ndng djnh hudng XKLD cua nhd nudc la xdc dinh cd can cu khoa hgc nhirng muc tieu. lap ke hoach vd lya chgn cdc bien phdp chu \ eu de thyc hien cdc mue tieu dd. Nha nudc cdng thyc hien tdt chirc ndng djnh hudng cang trdnh dugc rui ro cho ede doanh nghiep vd ngudi lao dgng xudt khau.
Nhd nude ban hdnh chu truong. ehinh sdch, ludt phdp dc djnh hirdng. hd trg boat dpng XKLD la mpt ddi hdi khdch quan. bdi cac doanh nghiep. cac td chuc lam djch vy XKLD tii\ ty chii kinh doanh nhung chua the nam dugc tinh hinh, xu bircjng van dpng cua thj trudng lao dpng trong vd ngodi nudc, de gay thua Id, that bai \'a do va, gdy thiet hai eho cdc doanh nghiep vd ngudi lao dpng xudt khdu. Vdi vai trd Id ngudi cdm ldi, nhd nudc se gidi quyet cdc mdi quan he: giira phdt trien thi trudng vdi ndng cao chat lugng ngudn lao dpng xuat khau;
giira XKLD lao dpng phd thong vdi lao dpng chuyen gia; giua im tien XKLD d nhiing nganh, vimg trgng diem vai viec phdn bd dong deu cac viing khdc nhau trong cd nudc... Tir nhung chu truang, chinh sdch do, nhd nuac cdc cap va cac doanh nghiep XKLD cdn cu vdo chuong trinh,
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Nguyin Thj Huyln Vai trd cua quan ly nhd nudc.
myc tieu, xay dyng cdc kl hoach XKLD ddi ban cung nhu ngdn ban cho tirng loai thj trudng.
Ngodi ra, nhd nudc cdn ban hdnh cdc chinh sdch ve dau tu tao ngudn, ve hd trg tdi chinh cho boat dpng XKLD, vl ddu tu md rpng thj trudng, ve hd trg ddo tao vd tin dyng cho ngudi lao dpng tham gia XKLD, vl bdo hiem xa hpi. vl khuyen khich chuyen tien ve nudc, ve thu but vd sir dyng kha ndng lao dpng \ a lai chinh cua lao dpng xudl klidu thu dugc tir nude ngodi...
mdi cd sy thdng nhdt vd cd tinh ddng bp.
Nhd nudc bdo hp qiiNcn. lgi ich hgp phdp ciia ngirdi lao dpng ldm viec d nudc ngodi vd ciia doanh nghiep, to chirc XKLD thdng qua he thdng ludt phdp Iheo phuong c'ham ket hgp hai hda lgi ich cua ngudi lao ddng \a'\ lgi ich ciia cdc td chirc mdi gidi \ a lgi ich cua nhd nudc.
Cd the ndi \iec nhd nudc ban hdnh chu trucrng, chinh sdch, luat phdp de djnh hudng, hd trg hoat dpng XKLD chinh Id tao co sd phdp ly dieu tiet cdc quan he chu yeu ve viec ldm, hgc nghe. hgp ddng lao dpng, tien luong, bdo hiem vd cdc dieu kien lao dpng khdc giup cho cdc doanh nghiep vd ngudi lao dpng tan dyng dugc nhiing mat tich cyc vd ban che nhiing mat tieu cyc trong qud trinh thyc hien XKLD.
Thif ba, nhd nuac tgo dieu kien cho cdc doanh nghiep, cdc Id chuc XKLD vd nguai ldo dgng di XKLD.
Nhd nudc tao dilu kien thudn lgi de cdng dan cd du dieu kien theo quy djnh cua phdp ludt, phii hgp vdi phdp luat vd yeu edu cua nudc tilp nhdn dugc di ldm viec d nudc ngodi. Day khdng chi la myc tieu trudc mdt, tao ra ngudn lao dpng ddi ddo, cd chat lugng phyc vy cho XKLD md vl ldu dai, hinh thdnh dugc mpt lyc lugng lao dpng du dilu kien ddp iing yeu cdu phdt triln kinh tl - xa hpi trong thdi ky hpi nhdp sdu vdo nin kinh tl thi gidi. D I ddp ung yeu cdu ngdy cdng cao ye chat lugng lao dpng xiidt khdu, nhd nudc tang cudng dau tu tir ngan sdch nhd nudc, tir Quy qudc gia vl viec ldm, Quy hd trg XKLD, vdn vien trg vd vdn tir cdc chuong
Irinh, dy an ve phdt trien viec ldm khac cho viec md rpng vd ndng cao ehdl lugng cac co sd ddo tao, day nghe. Nhdn td quyel djnh chat lugng cua cdc CO sd ddo tao, day nghe la dpi ngii cdn bp cd du Irinh do chuyen mdn, ndm viing chu truang chinh sdch cua nhd nudc trong ITnh vyc XKLD, am bilu luat phdp vd thdng le qudc le, ldm huyet vdi nghe nghiep, ddm bdo cung cap cho ngudi lao dpng nhirng tri thirc can thiel ldm hdnh trang de lam lot cdng viec d nudc ngodi.
Ben canh dd, viec dau tu ndng cap, trang bj cdc phuong lien ky thuat, thiel bj phyc vy viec dao lao, day nghe cho ngudi lao dpng phu hgp vdi nhu cau phat trien kinh te, khoa hgc cdng nghe trong nudc va qudc te, phii hgp vdi nhu cdu sir dung lao dpng nudc ngodi cua cac nudc nhdp khdu lao dpng la dieu kien cdn thiet de ndng cao chdt lugng ngudn lao dpng xudt khdu.
Thii tu, nhd nuac gidi quyet cdc vdn de phdt sinh dnh huang den hogt dgng cita cdc doanh nghiep, cdc td chite XKLD vd nguai lao dgng.
Vdi tu each la mpt chu the tham gia vdo hoat dpng XKLD, ITnh vyc lien quan den lgi ich qudc gia, quyen lgi cua cdc td chuc, ddanh nghiep, ngudi lao dpng vd quan he hgp tdc qudc te, trong nhiing, trudng hgp cdn thiet, nhd nudc phdi tryc tiep gidi quyet cdc vdn de md bdn thdn cac td chuc, doanh nghiep vd ngudi lao dpng khdng the ddm duong dugc do nhieu nguyen nhdn khdc nhau d ed trong nudc ldn ngodi nudc, cd trudc, trong vd sau khi ngudi lao dpng bet hgp ddng ve nudc. Nguyen tdc gidi quyet cdc vdn de phdt sinh Id tren co sd hgp ddng, cdc ben thuong lugng, ty ddn xep, thdng qua hda gidi Id chinh. Trong nhiing trudng hgp ddc biet cdn den sy hgp tdc vd tucmg trg tu phdp, co quan dai dien d nude ngodi phdi hgp vdi co quan chirc ndng cua nudc sd tai thyc hien cdc bien phdp ddu tranh ngdn chdn, xir ly kjp thdi.
Thii ndm, nhd nuac phdi hgp chat che cdc cdp, cdc ngdnh lit Irung uang den dia phuang trgng viec td chuc, chi dgo vd qudn ly cdc hogt dgng XKLD.
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Nhipm vy ndy hudng tdi muc tieu tript dh khai thae nhihig thi manh cdn tilm an d cdc cap, cdc ngdnh, dong thdi han che cdc dnh hudng tieu cyc de phdt sinh cua ho^t dpng XKLD. D I dat dugc nhiing mye tieu dd, nhd nudc phoi hgp hdnh dpng qudn ly giiia cdc co quan cd thdm quyen qudn ly boat dpng XKLD, sao cho boat dpng cua cdc co quan chuyen qudn khdng mdu thuan nhau, chdng eheo hodc 15 nhjp, ddc bipt Id trong chi dao cdc doanh nghipp XKLD cd Bp Lao dpng, Thuang binh vd Xa hpi Id co quan chuyen qudn, Bp Ngoai giao, Bp Tdi chinh, Bp Cdng an, Bp Y te, Bp K I hoach vd Ddu tu, Bp Cdng thuang, Bp Vdn hda, Bp Thdng tin vd Truyin thdng, Bp Tu phdp vd Uy ban nhdn ddn cdc cap thyc hipn qudn ly nhd nude ddi vdi boat dpng XKLD.
Theo chirc ndng cua minh, cdc cdp, cdc ngdnh, trien khai cdc boat dpng lien quan den XKLD theo Ludt ngudi lao dpng Vipt Nam di ldm viec d nudc ngodi theo hgp ddng cua Qudc hpi khda XI, ky hgp thir 10 sd 72/2006/QH XI ngdy 29 thdng 11 ndm 2006. Theo Ludt ndy, Chinh phu thdng nhdt qudn ly nhd nudc ve dua ngudi lao dpng di ldm viec d nudc ngodi; Bp Lao dpng, Thuang binh vd Xa hpi chju trdch nhiem trudc Chinh phu thyc hien qudn ly nhd nuoe boat dpng XKLD; cdc bp, co quan ngang bp trong pham vi nhiem vy, quyen ban eua minh cd trdch nhiem phdi hgp vdi Bp Lao dpng, Thuang binh vd Xd hpi thyc hien QLNN ve XKLD theo ITnh vyc dugc phdn cdng; Uy ban nhdn ddn ede edp ed trdch nhiem thye hipn qudn Iy nhd nudc ve XKLD tren dja ban theo quy djnh ciia Chinh phu; co quan dai dipn ngoai giao, lanh sy qudn ciia Viet Nam d nude ngodi cd trdch nhiem phdi hgp vai cde bg, ngdnh, cdc co quan ed lien quan trong vipc qudn ly ngudi lao dpng di ldm vipc d nude ngodi vd thyc hien cdc nhiem vy khdc.
2.4. Cdc cong cu qudn ly nhd nir&c doi v&i hoai dpng xuat khau lao dgng
De thye hien chuc ndng cua nhd nudc trong ITnh vyc XKLD, nhd nuac sir dyng cdc Cong cy chu yeu sau day:
i) ('dc cdng cu dfnh huang
Nhdm ndy bao gom cde eong cy nhu chien luge, ke hoaeh, chfnh sdch vl XKLD duge nhd nude xdy dyng vd to chiirc thyc hien. Dl thyc hipn nhipm vy djnh hudng, nhd nudc phdi sur dyng cdc nguon lyc boat dpng ciia minh nhu:
ngdn sdch, cdc ngu6n lyc... vd thong qua he thong cong cy nhu: tin dyng, ngdn hdng, tai chinh, thue, tdi trg vd uu ddi boat dpng XKLD theo nhirng myc tieu nhdt djnh. Ngodi ra, dl boat dpng XKLD phdt trien dung hudng, dung phdp ludt nude ta vd nudc nhdp khdu lao dpng, nhd nudc xdy dyng, ban hdnh vd td chiirc thyc hipn, tuyen truyin, phd bien cdc vdn ban quy pham phdp ludt vl XKLD.
ii) Cdc cong cu dieu det
Dieu tiet chinh Id vipc nhd nudc dp ddt nhirng quy che cua minh nhdm hudng dan, han che, thay ddi hdnh vi kinh te eua ede chu the tham gia XKLD cho phii hcrp vdd the ehe eua thi trudng lao dpng trong, ngoai nuoe va nhung myc tieu md nhd nuac vach ra. Sy dieu tiet nay duge tien hdnh dudd nhimg hinh thuc nhu:
bucDng dan, kiem sodt, uon ndn bdng ed cdng cu kinh te vd phdp ludt, tue Id bdng ed nhung uu ddi vd trimg phat.
iii) Cdc cdng cu dieu hdnh
Nhdm ndy bao gdm cdc cdng eu mang tinh ky thudt, nghiep vy ehuyen mon: hop tdc vdi cdc nudc vd cdc to chuc quoc te trong ITnh vyc XKLD; ddm phdn, ky ket ede hiep dinh, thda thuan ve XKLD; to chuc, hudng dan cong tac qudn ly nguai lao dpng lam viec d nuac ngoai;
cap, thu hoi giay phep, dinh ehi hoat dpng XKLD; qudn ly viec ddng ky vd hudng dan to chuc thye hipn ede loai hgp dong. Nhdm nay bao gom ede cong cy to chiic boat dpng xiic tiln phdt triln thj trudng lao dpng trong va ngodi nuac; quy djnh npi dung chuang trinh, tdi lieu gido dye djnh bucmg cho ngudi lao dpng di ldm viee d nude ngodi; ddo tao, boi duong nghiep vu cho dpi ngii cdn bp hoat dpng trong ITnh vyc XKLD.
68 -NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHJNH TRj IHt GIOI S6 9(185) 2011
Nguyin Thi Huyln Vai trd cua quan ly nhd nudc.
iv) Cdc cdng cu khdc, gdm cdc cdng cy kiem tra, thanh tra nhdm gidi quylt tranh chdp, khilu nai, td cdo trong cdc boat dpng XKLD vd xu ly cdc vi pham phdp ludt vl XKLD.
Tdm lai, xudt khdu lao dpng la mpt hinh Ihirc hoat dpng ddc thu cua kinh te ddi ngoai. Nhieu nudc tren the gidi xem day la mpt ITnh vyc kinh te xd hpi quan trgng trong chien luge pbdl trien ddt nuac nhdm khai thdc tdi da ngudn lyc con ngudi nhdn td quyet djnh tdng trudng kinh te vd phdt trien xd bpi. De md rpng, ndng cao hieu qud boat dpng XKLD, khdng the thieu dugc sy qudn ly cua nhd nudc. Bdi, vdi tu cdch Id ehil the ddng vai trd quyet djnh hoat dpng XKLD, sy tdc dpng cua nhd nudc khdng chi cd tdc dyng to ldn trong viec tao ra cdc dieu kien hd trg cdc chu the tham gia md cdn thiic day viec hinh thdnh vd phdt trien thj trudng d nudc ngodi. Tuy nhien, van de md mgi qudc gia da vd dang quan tdm Id qudn ly cua nha nudc phdi nhu the ndo vd tdc dpng den boat dpng XKLD
bdng phuang thuc ndo de cd hieu qua nhat.
Thyc tien boat dpng XKLD tren the gidi da chirng minh rang, nhd nudc hoan todn chi phdi bode mudn md rpng vd ndng cao hieu qud boat dpng ndy md khdng can den vai trd cua nhd nudc deu Id sai lam. Phdt trien boat dpng XKLD can phdi cd mpt nhd nudc manh, cd hieu lyc va hieu qud.
Ndm nhipm vy chinh cua qudn ly nhd nudc ddi vdi ho^l dpng XKLD gdm: Thit nhdl, nhd nudc thdng qua boat ddng ddi ngoai de lim kilm vd md rpng thj trudng XKLD; Thu hai, nhd nudc ban hanh chu truang, chinh sdch, ludt phdp dl djnh hudng ho trg boat dpng xudt khdu lao dpng; Thu ba, nhd nudc tao dieu kien cho cdc doanh nghiep, cdc td chuc XKLD vd ngudi lao dpng di XKLD; Thir lu, nhd nudc gidi quyet cdc vdn de phdt sinh dnh hudng den boat dpng cua cdc doanh nghiep, cdc td chirc XKLD vd ngudi lao dpng: Thir ndm, nhd nudc phdi hgp chat che cdc cap, cdc ngdnh tir trung uong din dja phuang trong viec td chuc, chi dao vd qudn ly cdc hoat dpng XKLD. Thyc tien hoat dpng XKLD tren tbl gidi vd d nudc ta da chung minh rdng, nhd nudc ddng vai trd ddn ddt, chi phdi hoat dpng XKLD, ddc biet la trong giai doan ddu cua qud trinh phdt trien vd hpi nhap4
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Ban Chi dao Dilu tra lao dpng viec ldm Trung uong (2004): Bdo cdo kit qud diiu tra lao dgng - viec ldm, ngdy 01/7/2004, Hd Npi.
2. Bp Lao dpng, Thuang binh vd Xd hpi, Bp Tdi chinh (2003): Thdng tu sd I07/2003/TTLT-BLXH-BTC ngdy 07/11/2003 ciia Bg Lao dgng, Thuang binh vd Xd hgi, Bg Tdi chinh huang ddn thuc hien chi dg tdi chinh ddi vai nguai lao dgng vd doanh nghiep dua ngudi lag dgng vd doanh nghiep dua nguai lao dgng
Viet Nam di ldm viec cd thai hgn a nuac ngodi Iheo quy dinh tgi Nghi dinh sd 8I/2003/ND - CP ngdy 17/7/2003 cua Chinh phu Quy dinh chi dit vd huang ddn thi hdnh bg lugl lao dgng vi nguai lao dgng Viet Nam ldm viec a nuac ngodi, Hd Npi.
NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA C H I N H TR! TH^ GIOI S6 9(185) 2011- 69
3. Cyc Quan ly lao dgng ngoai nircVc Bp Lao dgng, Thuang binh vd Xd hpi (2004):
Vdn bdn vd ldi lieu ve xuat khdu lao dgng, NXB. LaO dpng Xd hpi, Hd Npi.
4. Cyc Quan ly lao dpng ngodi nucVc Bp Lao dgng, Thuang binh vd Xa hpi (2005):
Vdn han vd ldi li('u ve xudl khdu lao dgng, NXB. Lao dpng vd Xa hpi, Hd Npi, thdng 1.
5. Cyc Quan ly lao dgng ngoai nucVc Bg Lao dgng, Ihucmg binh vd Xd hpi (2005):
Thdng bdo ve linh hinh hogl dgng xudl khdu lao dgng 2004 vd phuang huang nhiem vu 2005. Ha Ngi.
6. Cyc Quan ly lao ddng ngoai nudc Bg Lao dgng, Thuang binh vd Xd hpi (2009):
Bdo cdo ve tinh hinh hogl ddng xudl khdu lao dgng tir ndm 19H6 - 2008, Hd Npi.
7. Chinh phu (1999): Nghi dinh ,vd' 152 1999/ND CP ngdy 20 V 1999 ciia Chinh phii quy dinh ve vice nguai lao dgng vd chuyen gia Vi^t Nam di ldm vi^c cd thai hgn a nuac ngodi, 1 la Ngi.
8. Chinh phu (2003): Nghi dinh so 81/2003 ND-CP ngdy 17/''2003 cua Chinh phit quy dinh chi let vd huimg ddn thi hdnh bg Ludl Lao dgng \'t' nguai lao dgng Viet Nam ldm vice a nuirc ngodi. Hd Npi.
9. Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam (1977): Bdo cdo chinh tri cua Ban chdp hdnh Trung uang Ddng lgi Dgi hdi dgi bieu lodn qudc ldn thit IV NXB. Sy that, Hd Npi.
10. Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam (1982): Vdn kien Dgi hgi dgi bieu todn qudc ldn thir V tap 1, NXB. Sy that, Hd Npi.
11. Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam (1982): Vdn kien Dgi hdi dgi bieu todn qudc ldn thir VI, NXB. Sy that, Hd Npi.
12. Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam (1991): Vdn kien Dgi hgi dgi bieu todn qudc ldn thir VII.
NXB. Sy that, Hd Npi.
13. Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam (1997): I 'an kien Dgi hgi dgi hieu todn qudc ldn thif VIIL NXB. Chinh trj qudc gia, Hd Npi.
14. Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam (1998): Chi thj sd 41 CT- TW ngdy 22' 9 2998 cua Bg Chinh Iri ve day mgnh xudl khdu lao dgng vd chuyen gia. Ha Npi.
15. Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam (2001): \'dn kien Dgi hgi dgi bieu todn qudc ldn thit LX, NXB. Chinh tri qudc gia, Hd Npi.
16. Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam (2006): Vdn kien Dgi hgi dgi hieu todn qudc ldn thu X, NXB. Chinh trj quoc gia, Hd Npi.
17. Pham Cdng Bdy (2003): Tim hiiu phdp lugt kinh ti vi xudt khdu lao dgng, NXB.
Chinh trj Qudc gia, Hd Npi.
70 -NhOng vin di KINH it Mk CHJNH TR! IHt GIOI So 9(185) 2011
