1 AN TOAN GIAO THONG - GIAO T H 6 N G D 6 THI
Mot so' giai phap
GOP PHAN 8A0 MM AN TOAN HANG HAI
CHO TAU, THUYEN KHI HOA T 90NG TRiN BIEN
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an de an toan, an ninh hang hai da va dang la mdi quan tam ehung khdng chi ddi vdi nudc ta ma cdn cua ea cdng ddng qud'c t i ; dac biet, eae qudc gia ed bien va the manh ve bien. Ljch sd nganh Hang hai the gidi da tUng cd nhdng tai nan tham khde gay thiet hai nghiem trpng v i ngudi va tai s i n nhU:Tau ehd khach sang trpng Titanic cua Anh bj d i m d bac Dai Tay DUPng (14-15/4/1912) lam 1.503 ngUdi c h i t . Tau tuan dUPng cua Phap Provence d i m tai Dja Trung Hai (26/2/1916) lam 3.100 ngUdi mat tich. Tau Dona Paz dam vao tau ehd dau Victor tai eo Tablas, Philippines (20/12/1987) lam 4.314 ngUdi thiet mang.
Ngay 26/9/2002, chiec tau chd qua sd ngUdi theo quy dinh eua Senegal da bj lat ngoai khoi Gambia lam 1.860 ngudi chit,., Theo Hdi nghi tdng ke't cdng tac phdng chd'ng lut bao va tim kiem cdu nan nam 2008,
trien khai nhiem vu nam 2009 (19/03/2009), BCD phdng chd'ng lut bao TW, UBQG TKCN vdi 63 dia phuong trong ca nUdcd Viet Nam, thdi gian g i n day eae vu mat an toan hang hai khdng ngdng
gia tang, Tinh rieng nam 2008 xay ra 913 vu/7.393 ngUdi/1.282 phUdng tien lam c h i t 434 ngUdi, mat tich 182 ngudi, ehim va mat tich 345 phuong tien. Gay thiet hai nghiem trpng ve ngudi, tai s i n eua nha nude va nhan dan, tao nen tam ly lo lang, b i t an eho eae td chUe, ca nhan, nhat la edng ddng dan eU sdng ven bien, hoat ddng lam an tren bien. Cae
dd'i tac thUdng mai dudng bien. _._
Vdi qua trinh md cda, hdi nhap kinh te
qudc te cac hoat ddng thuong mai, djch vu hang hai, tham dd, khai thac thuy hai s i n , hoat ddng qudc phdng, an ninh,,, tren bien ngay eang gia tang ca ve sd lupng va tan xuat trong nhOng nam gan day. Hdn nOa, dieu kien thdi tie't trong khu vUc va d nude ta ed nhOng bien ddng rat phdc tap, khdng theo quy luat va khd du bao la nhOng yeu td cO ban lam gia tang dang ke eae vu tai nan, rui ro dudng bien, dudng khdng, sU ed tran dau.
Theo sd lUdng thd'ng ke chUa day du, nude ta ed khoang 100.000 tau ea hoat ddng tren eae vung bien, hau he't deu thieu thie't bj an toan hang hai (he thdng
B U I S Y HUY
Hoc vien Chi'nh tri - Bd Qud'c Phdng
thdng tin, phao eUu sinh.,,) (Theo Hoc vien Hai quan, tim kie'm cdu nan tren bien, Tr3) . Cac dpi tau van tai bien cua Viet Nam, ngoai mdt sd mdi dupe ddng hoac mua, cdn lai deu ed dp tudi tU 15-20 nam, tham chi 30- 40 nam: than vd yeu, may mdc eu„. kinh phi duy tu, bao dudng han hep, viec sCfa chOa bd sung trang bj khdng ddng bd. Hien tai chi ed khoang vai tram chiec chay dupe tuyen qud'c te. Song hPn 10 nam qua, sd lupng tau Viet Nam khdng du tieu ehuan kiem tra PSC (Kiem tra nha nude cang bien) va bj lUu glQ d nude ngoai ludn nam trong top 10 eua the gidi. Chi cd nam 2007 Viet Nam tam ra khdi top 10 vdi 28 tau bj lUu giO, chiem vj tri sd 13 toan the gidi. De'n nam 2008, eon sd nay lai tang len va Viet Nam lai trd ve top 10, tham ehi ehi mdi 3 thang dau nam 2009 da ed 16 tau bj luu giO ma nguyen nhan chinh la dpi tau eua chung ta khdng bao dam an toan, an ninh hang hai,
Vung bien cua Viet Nam rdng ldn, luu lUPng tau thuyen hoat ddng nhieu, vide kiem soat gap nhieu khd khan. Mat khac, chung ta ehua cd cac thie't bj canh canh bao thien tai
dang tin cay, he thdng truyen thdng, thdng tin
lien lac edn nhieu han che, ehua dupe dau tu hien dai hda.
Luat hang hai, quy djnh ve an toan, an ninh hang hai hien hanh ed nhiiu bat cap va dang d giai doan tdng budc hoan thien, cae che tai ehua du manh, lUe lupng kiem soat mdng, cd
- cau to ehUe chua thdng nhat, qua trinh phdi hpp thieu nhjp nhang, cdn cd bleu hien chdng cheo ve tham quyen, bd sdt, budng ldng sU quan ly gida eae eo quan chdc nang.
Trinh dp chuyen mdn nghiep vu eua dpi ngu thuyen vien yeu, y thUe, thai dp, trach nhiem chap hanh luat va eae quy djnh ve an toan hang hai chua eao.
Thdi gian tdi qua trinh hdi nhap cua nudc ta ngay cang sau, rdng, hoat ddng lam an, budn ban vdi cae nude trong khu vUe va the gidi ngay eang gia tang;
dae biet, viec thue hien chien lupc bien Viet Nam ngay eang di vao chieu sau. Tinh hinh thdi tiit, khi hau, thuy van trude sU tac ddng eua khi hau toan eau se trd nen h i t sUe phdc tap, dien bien khd ludng,., De tang i rdng
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Thuyen thiing pfiad bj lat up trd thanh phao cUu sinh cho ngu dan bam vao
DOANH NGHIEP & HOI NHAP
Tap ehl GTVT 10/2009
hdn nua cdng tac bao dam an toan, an ninh hang hai, giam nhe thien tai tren bien, e i n tap trung vao nhdng van de cP ban sau:
Thiy nha't, tang cudng giao due nang cao nhan thiyc, y thtJc trach nhiem va trinh do nghiep vu cho thuyen vien.
ThUc tien cho thay, mac du ehung ta cd han mdt he thd'ng luat phap, cac quy djnh, quy pham phap luat cung nhu cae van ban hudng dan thUe hien, nhung de luat thUe sU di vao cudc sdng, d i i u chinh hanh vi eua con ngudi va xa hdi dang la v i n de ban khan, tran trd eua eae nha quan ly, nghien eUu va giao due. Ben canh sU ldng l i o , budng nhe quan ly va thue thi phap luat eung nhU cac yeu td tieu cue khae, thi van de y thdc, trach nhiem cua mdt bd phan cdng dan thudc dd'i tupng dieu chinh cua luat giO vj tri quan trpng.
Trong Unh vUe hang hai va giao thdng tren bien thi y thUe, trach nhiem lai eang quan trpng hPn bdi vi mdt khi xay ra tai nan, rui ro, thiet hai v i ngudi va tai san la rat ldn, hau qua de lai la rat nang ne khdng chi cho gia dinh, td chUe ma edn eho ea xa hdi. Vi vay, ehung ta can quan tam dau tU va md rdng cae hinh thUe, ndi dung, phUdng phap giao due de khdng ngdng nang cao nhan thUe, y thUe, trach nhiem, trinh dd mpi mat eho cac tap the, ea nhan tham gia eae hoat ddng tren bien, n i m chac va hieu b i i t sau sac v i luat Hang hai cua Viet Nam, luat Hang hai qud'c t i , eae quy djnh ve an toan, an ninh hang hai tU dd cd thai dp, hanh vi Ung xd dung la van de cd y nghTa quye't djnh nham giam thieu den mdc tdi da cac vu mat an toan hang hai, hien nay.
ThCl hai, day manh hoat dgng nghien ctHu, tong ket thud tiin, tie'p thu kinh nghiem cua cac nudc tien tie'n, khdng ngdng bd sung, cCing cd va hoan thien he thdng luat Hang hai, luat an toan hang hai. Xay dUng cac che' tai dtj manh bao dam stJ nghiem minh cua luat phap.
Hon 20 mUPi nam qua. Dang, Nha nUde va nhan dan ta thUe hien dudng ldi ddi mdi dat nude, md cda hdi nhap kinh te qudc te, phat trien nen kinh te thj trudng djnh hudng xa hdi ehu nghTa. Day la budc di h i t sUe mdi me, ehua ed trong tien le. Do dd ddi hdi ehung ta vda lam, vda tdng k i t kinh nghiem, bd sung ly luan, k i t hpp hpc hdi kinh nghiem eua cac nude anh em, ban be qud'c t i , tUng bude dUa nen kinh t i dat nude phat trien. Luat phap la mdt hinh thai y thUe xa hdi, phan anh tdn tai xa hdi trong nhijfng giai doan ljch si!f nhit djnh. Giai doan ljch sd cua ehung ta la thuc hien nen kinh te thj trudng, djnh hudng XHCN cac hoat ddng kinh te d i i n ra vdi nhieu trinh dp, quy md va hinh thUe khae nhau, tUPng Ung vdi moi loai hinh la mdt ITnh vUe dieu chinh cua phap luat, Cae hoat ddng tren bien la bleu hien eua cac mdi quan he kinh te eua mdt qudc gia, nhat la chung ta dang sdng trong the ky 21 "The ky cda Dai DUdng". He thdng luat Hang hai, cae quy dinh ve an toan, an ninh hang hai cua chung ta tuy ed su ke thUa, phat trien va dua tren luat phap qudc te, song trong dieu kien hien nay edn tdn tai qua nhieu khe hd, chua phan anh day du su da dang cua xa hdi va nen kinh te cung nhu yeu eau hdi nhap kinh te qud'c t i . Ben canh dd, hien cd nhieu eo quan lam nhiem vu duy tri trat tu, an toan hang hai nhung tren thuc te ehua phat huy dupc vai trd va sdc manh. Vide chdng cheo ve chUe nang, budng Idng quan ly edn
kha phd bien la nhOng nguyen nhan tac ddng den cae hanh vi vi pham luat Hang hai, an toan, an ninh hang hai. De bao dam eho he thdng luat Hang hai phat huy hieu lUc tren thUe te, phan anh va dieu chinh day du, loan dien cae hoat ddng tren bien de luat Hang hai Viet Nam dap Ung yeu eau thUe tien cua dat nude va theo kjp eae nudc phat trien chung ta can tiep tue nghien cUu, tdng k i t kinh nghiem, bd sung, hoan thien luat la mdt yeu eau bUe thiit va t i t yeu khach quan.
Song song vdi qua trinh dd can phai ed he thdng e h i tai du manh, xd ly nghiem minh eae hanh vi vi pham luat, ngan chan tU gd'c eae nguyen nhan gay mat an toan tren bien, duy tri trat tu, an toan giao thdng dUdng bien.
Thu ba, quan tam phat trien he thdng canh bao thien tai. Dau tU, nang cap cac thiet bi truyen thdng, thdng tin lien lac, thuc hien cac giai phap hd trd tai chinh ve mat Nha nUdc.
Tinh hinh khi hau, thdi t i i t tie'p tue dien bien phUe tap, nude ta la mdt trong nhdng nUde nam trong khu vUe chju anh hudng eua su bien ddi khi hau toan cau, viec bao dam an toan hang hai, giam nhe thien tai cho tau, thuyin hoat ddng tren bien se la mdt thach thue khdng nhd. Cae tham hpa tren bien dau long g i n day cho thay nguyen nhan chinh la do chung ta edn qua y i u trong ITnh vUe eanh bao thien tai. Trong khi dd, he thdng truyen thdng, thdng tin lien lac lac hau, edng xuat t h i p khdng the phu sdng tdi cac vung bien xa, noi ed nhieu phUPng tien tau, thuyen eua ta dang hoat ddng. Vide dau tU, mua sam cac trang thie't bj eanh bao thien tai, hien dai hda cae phuong tien truyen thdng, thdng tin lien lac la mdt trong nhdng giai phap hOu hieu nham bao dam an toan hang hai, giam nhe thien tai trong giai doan hien nay. Hon nda, vung bien va ven bien Viet Nam nam an ngO cae t u y i n hang hai va hang khdng huyet maeh eua qud'c te, hoat ddng, quan he thUPng mai gida nUde ta vdi eae nude tren the gidi thdi gian tdi se gia tang. Van de tang cudng kha nang canh bao thien tai, thdng tin truyen thdng se lam eho ban be qud'c te, ddi tae lam an vdi chung ta yen tam hdn khi hoat ddng trong vung bien Viet Nam, Dieu dd eho phep ehung ta md rdng hon nOa eae mdi quan he qud'c te trong nhieu ITnh vUc,
Ddng thdi, Nha nude eung can ed nhdng chinh sach kich eau, hd trp ve mat tai chinh de ehu tau va ngU dan ed dieu kien mua sam, sda chOa, hien dai hda tau, thuyen, tang cudng kha nang hoat ddng tren bien. Thdi gian qua, Nha nude da cd nhieu chinh sach hd trp ddng bao ngU dan giup hp khae phuc nhOng khd khan do thien tai dem lai. Cac cd quan chUe nang can tie'p tue nghien eUu, de xuat nhOng giai phap hOu hieu hdn de viec hd trp cua Nha nude thUe sU trd thanh ddn bay cho nen kinh te, van tai bien phat trien manh va ben vUng gdp phan xda ddi, giam ngheo.
Cae giai phap tren chUa the giai quye't triet de van de an toan, an ninh hang hai, giam nhe thien tai. Song nd se gdp phan dang ke nham giai quye't nhOng van de tdn tai ma thuc tien dat ra. Vi vay, can quan tam nghien cUu va thUe hien mdt each ddng bd, triet de, khdng ngUng nang cao hieu qua va kha nang hoat ddng tren bien eua cae phuong tien tau, thuyen; giam thieu de'n mUc thap nhat nhOng thiet hai khdng dang cd ve tinh mang va tai san eua Nha nUde va nhan dan •