I PHAT TRIEN BEN vCfNG KINH TE BIEN
^' Danh gia tac dong moi t r u i n g cua thuy dien:
Van de con nhieu nan giai
D TS. Le Thanh Y
Vien Phdt triin Ndng thdn &Cdng dong (IDRC)
HAU QUA XA LU THUY DIEN VOI SLTC TAN PHA KHUNG KHIEP VUNG HA DU TAO I M H C N G BLTC XUC, BUOC CHINH PHIJ VA CAC CO QUAN CHU'C NANG PHAI LOAI BO 6 THUY DIEN BAG THANG VA 418 D L T A N THUY DIEN NHO TRONG NHU'NG QUY HOACH VA DE AN DU'CfC PHE DUYET TU" N H O M G QUAN NGAI CUA TOAN XA HOI, LAM RO MOT s 6 VAN DE N 6 I COM, TIM G I A I PHAP KHAC PHUC HAN CHE CHINH SACH VA CO CHE QUAN LY KHAI THAC SU' DUNG TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN LA VIEC LAM CAN THIET DE THl/C HIEN MUC TIEU PHAT TRIEN KINH TE XA HOI CUA QUOC GIA.
Khai thac phat trien thuy dien v a i nhCrng tac dpng kinh te xa hoi
Thuy di^n da dupc xay dyng d nudc ta tir thdi thyc dan Phap cai tri. Khang ehieh chdhg Phap thang lpi, chinh phu Viet nam Dan chii Cpng hda da dieu tra khao sat va xay dyng mpt so'nha may thiiy dipn tren nhiing ddng sdng Idn (Thac Ba, Hoa Binh,..).
Tir sau ngay dat nudc thong nha't (1975) deh cud'i thap nien 2010, nhieu quy hoach thuy dipn dupc cdng bdva viec xay dung da md rdng d nhieu dia phuang. Thiiy dien da dupc khang dinh trong quy hoach dipn lyc tir tong so do 1 (1981-1985) den tong so dd 7 (2011-2020).
Dap ling nhu cau dien gia tang trong thdi ky cdng nghiep hoa, thiiy dipn da tao tien de quan trpng cho phat trieh kinh te'-xa hpi, dam bao an ninh nang lupng, duy tri nhip dp tang trudng va nang cao hieu qua hpi nhgp kinh te'. Tuy nhien, do viec phat trieh qua nhanh cimg vdi
TS. Le Th^nh Y
viec bd qua nhieu thdng Ie da gay he luy khd ludng, tac ddng ba't Ipi de'n dat, rimg, moi trudng sinh thai va ddi sd'ng xa hpi.
Theo bp Cdng Thuang, tir nam 2006 deh 2012, ca nudc phai chuyeh ddi tren 50.000 ha da't ndng nghiep, da't rimg, dat khac de Iam thiiy dipn; ngoai ra, tren 2 van ha bao gom ca rimg dau ngudn va rimg nguyen sinh da bi xoa so. Ma't rimg ding vdi thay doi ddng chay ty nhien lam giam dang ke Iuong phii sa va tai nguyen tiiiiy sinh d phia ha luu. Anh hudng tieu cyc deh
mdi trudng va he sinh thai, gay xao trpn ddi sd'ng cpng dong, tao nhirng ganh nang cho ngudi dan trong nhieu khu vyc tai dinh or (TDC). Theo Bp Ndng nghiep va Phat trieh Ndng thdn, chi tinh 21 dy an thuy dien ciia 12 tinh, da cd 75.000 hd di ddi noi d, phai ganh chiu tac dpng ba't lpi ca ve sinh ke' va ddi sd'ng. Kel qua giam sat cua Qud'c h^i da chi ra, tren 30% so' thiiy dipn nhd chua dupc kiem dinh an toan, 2/3 thie'u phuong an bao v§ va hon 55% dap ngan nuoc khdng c6 phuong an phdng chong lut bao.
Nhieu sy cd thuy di?n d cac tinh Tay Nguyen va mien Trung gay nhiing than hoa ve phia hg Imi da da'y len mdi quan nggi sau sac va sy cdng phan ciia toan xa hpi-
Mgc dil Chinh phii td thai dp Cling ran trong vgn hanh cac cong trinh thiiy dien; song tir nguy co tiem ah cd the tiie xay ra, rat can cd sy phan tich nghiem tiic de xac djnh dung miic nguy ca tiem ail, tim giai phap phdng ngira va khac phyc kjp thdi sy c6 v|n
PHAT TRIEN B I N VONG KINH TE BIEN I
hanh va oia nhieu dy an dang trong qua trinh xay dyng.
Tac dong moi tru*ang va nguy c a tiem an cua ca che quan iy hien hanh
Trong tie'n trinh phat trien kinh te' xa hpi, sau quye't dinh chiCTi lupc (bao gom ca chinh sach, quy hoach, chuong trinh va ke hogch) la giai dogn xay dyng va thyc hipn dy an phat trieh. Thich iing vdi boat ddng BVMT, danh gia tac dpng mdi trutmg c h i ^ lupc (DMC) phai hoan thanh trudc khi cd quyei dinh ehieh lupc. Theo thdng Ip, DTM dupc xac dinh la khau trung gian giiia DMC va kiem tra tac dOng mdi trudng (KTMT).
Ve ban chat, day la vipc phan tich, dy bao tac dpng mdi trudng de dua ra bign phap bao ve khi trieh khai thyc hien dy an cy the.
DTM la vifc Iam bat bupc dd'i vdi mpi dy an, phai dupc phan tich va hinh thanh tir giai dogn dau, ngay khi cd y tudng lunh thanh dy an dau tu.
Theo cac nha phan tich, trong chu trlnh xay dyng dy an phat trieh, DTM dupc thyc hipn ngay khi nghien ciiu hinh thanh dy an; bao gom DTM so bp de cd can cii xay dyng dy an tien kha thi va DTM chi tie't de Igp dy an kha thi. 6 Vipt Nam, DTM dupc dua vao hp thdhg lugt phap tir nam 1.993, nhimg khac vdi thong Ip nd dupc d^t d giai doan sau thie't ke^ khi ca'p phep xay dyng cdng trinh.
Lugt BVMT 2005 va cac Nghi dinh, Thdng tu hudng dan thi hanh da cd nhiing quy dyih ve DTM, song nhin chung, chua d^p ting dypc yeu cau ciia cdng cy dy b^o vd hd trp quan ly mdi
trudng. Chinh phu chua dinh rd thdi diem lap bao cao DTM, mdi ah dinh thdi diem tham dinh.
Nghi dinh 29 ban hanh thang 4 nam 2011 cd bo sung ve viec lap, tham dinh va phe duyet dy an;
nhimg qua trlnh DTM van tie'n hanh sau khi quy hogch va thda thuan dia diem da dupc thyc hipn. Vdi each lam nay, DTM roi vao tinh trgng "gpt chan cho viea giay" khi dy an da duoc cac nha hogch djnh chinh sach quyet dinh thdng qua quy hogch va chuang triinh phat trien ciia nganh va cac dia phuang (Pan&Nature 2013).
Theo quy dinh oia Nghi dinh 29/2011, Bp Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng td chiic thahn dinh bao cao DTM ddi vdi nhiing du an nhgy cam ti^m MI nhieu nii ro;
cac bp nganh va UBND ca'p tinh tham dinh dy an thupc tham quyen phe duypt va quan Iy ciia minh. Quy dinh nay dan de'n cac bp, nganh va chinh quyen dia phuang ty tham dinh dy an do chinh minh phe duyet. Tinh trang
"viea dd bdng vUa thoi coi" cang trd nen pho bieh hon khi cac dy an da dupc dua vao chu truong quy hogch phat trieh va cac to chiic tham muu khd cd the khdng dong tinh (Pan&Nature 2013).
Trong hogt dpng BVMT, tham vah cpng dong dupc luat hda h:ong bp lugt BVMT 2005. Quy trinh tham vah dinh rd chii dau tu phai giii van ban xin y kieh UBND ca'p xa, dgi dipn cdng dong nai chiu tac dpng tryc tiep ciia dy an, to chiic ddi thoai giiia chu dau tu vdi dgi dipn cpng dong va y kie'n tham van phai npp kem theo bao cao DTM de thahi d\nh. Tuy nhien, Nghi dinh I^i chua xac dinh ai la ngudi dai dien; trong nhieu trudng hpp.
tieng ndi ciia nguoi mang danh dai dipn da khdng phan anh duac nguydn vpng ngudi dan, dac biet la nhdm ngudi yeu the' va tryc tie'p ganh chiu nii ro.
Chinh vl dieu nay, ngudi dan noi chiu tac dpng cua nhieu dy an khdng dii thdng tin va hieu bie't de cd the phong ngira, giam sat hoac phd'i hgrp giai quyet khi xay ra sy cd'mdi trudng, dan deh nhieu hgu qua rat dang tie'c.
Tir thyc te' thyc thi luat BVMT cd the tha'y, nhgn thiic ve DTM chua diing va thie'u day dii ve ban chat nen nhiing bao cao danh gia va tham dinh DTM khdng sat thuc. Do chua chua xac dinh rd vai trd va vi tri, thie'u nhiing chu&i myc can thie't nen vipc thyc hipn DTM thuong mang tinh hinh thiic, thieu hieu qua; gay Iang phi, ton kem cho nen kinh te nhung khdng mang lgi Ipi ich thie't thyc cho cu dan noi ganh chiu tac dpng bat loi ve mdi trudng [2].
Cd nhieu nguyen nhan ban che^ song nhin tdng the hogt dpng DTM dang cdn phan tan, chua tie'n hanh theo hudng tong hpp. DTM tdng hpp la viec xem xet danh gia nhieu dy an khac nhau cimg thyc hipn tren mpt dia ban. Thdi gian qua, DTM thudng thyc hipn vdi timg dy an rieng le; chua Iam rd dupc biic tranh tong hpp va tac dpng ciia vimg lanh tho nen vipc bd' tri dy an dau tu chua tuang thich vdi kha nang cMu tai dan tdi sy co d nhiem, suy thoai mdi trudng va khd cd can cii de quye't dinh chii truang va chinh sach phat trieh tuong lai. Tir tac dpng tiem ah ve mdi trudng do td chiic ra quye't dinh chua hieu day dii hoge xem nhp DTM trong khai thac, sir
I PHAT TRIEN BEN VONG KINH TE BIEN
dung tai nguyen; du luan xa hdi va cdng luan dac biet quan tam deh quyen va Ipi ich cua ngudi dan trudc anh hudng nghiem trpng de'n sinh ke'va ddi sdhg d nhiing vimg da trieh khai thyc hipn (Nguydn Khic Kinh 2013).
Quyen con ngu'ai va tham van trong danh gia tac dpng moi tru'd'ng
Tren nguyen tac con ngudi la chu the; tie'p can quyen con ngudi dupc coi la phuang phap lugn nghien oiu nhan thiic va hanh ddng, dd la tieu chi khdi dau de hinh thanh muc tieu cua mpi qua trinh chinh sach va cac chuang trinh phat trieh. Theo nhieu chinh khach, trao quyen cho ngudi dan dupc ddi hdi cdng ly la mpt quyen, chii khdng phai la sy ban on; tdn trpng quyen con ngudi (QCN) se tao co so dgo due cho ca cpng dong (Kofi Annan). QCN coi ca nhan va cac nhdm xa hpi la chu the thy hudng; hg duoc quyen tham gia xay dyng, thyc thi va giam sat chinh sach, phap lugt; cdn nha nudc la chu the nghia vu, co trach nhipm phai dap iing thyc hipn cac QCN.
Trong QCN, quyen mdi trudng la mdt quyen co ban; dd la ke't qua tdng hpp nhiing quyen hien cd, nd bao gdm ca quyen thyc chat (QTC) va quyen thu bic (QTT). QTT la quyen thiic day dnh minh bach, su tham gia va trach nhiem giai trinh de hinh thanh nen tang oia quan tri mdi trudng. Khung phap luat va chinh sach qud'c gia ve Hep can quyen trong BVMT nhan mgnh, mpi ngudi cd quyen dupc sd'ng trong mdi trudng trong Ianh va cd nghia vu BVMT
Thai gian qua, d nudc ta ngoai nhiing tac ddng gay hiem hpa ciia nhieu cdng trinh thuy dien, khai thac khoang san, hoat ddng cdng nghiep vdi nhiing vi phgm phap luat mdi tnrong nghiem trpng da gay ton hgi dd'i vdi ddng dao ngudi dan. So Heu tong hpp tir nam 2010 deh thang 8/2013 cho thay, trong so'25.000 vu vi phgm mdi trudng; khai thac khoang san, lam san va ddng vat hoang da chiem 24%; rac thai va quan ly chat thai dpc hai tren 5%. Vdi 70% doanh nghiep thupc cac khu cong nghiep chua co hp thd'ng xir ly cha't thai, 60% lupng nudc thai da xa thang vao mdi trudng [3].
Ciing vdi d nhiem mdi trudng dd thi va d cac khu cdng nghiep; hogt dpng khai thac, che' bieh khoang san tran lan da trd thanh tac nhan gay d nhiem mdi trudng ca ve cha't thai nguy hgi;
d nhiem khdng khi, ngud'n nudc;
pha vd chu ky thuy van; Iam mat da dgng sinh hpc; tan pha rimg;
sa mgc hda, gay ngheo kiet nhieu vimg da't hoac pha hoai canh quan thien nhien, di tich lich sii, van hda. Nhieu chuyen gia cho rang, vdi da khai thac hien nay, khoang san d nudc ta se trd nen khan hiem;cac md se cgn kiet trong vdng tir 40 de'n 60 nam [4].
Cho deh nay, cdng khai hda thdng tin,mdt chi so' danh gia trinh dp phat trieh xa hdi chua dupc quan tam diing miic nen tac dpng tiham vah D'TM cdn nhieu gidi ban. Tir nhan thiic hgn che'oia cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach deh thie'u kha nang tiep can cua ngudi dan; vai trd ngirdi dan trong DTM chua dupc tdn trpng, hp khdng dupc cung ca'p thdng tin, khdng dupc tham gia thao lugn, hdi y kieh trudc khi trien
khai thyc hien dy an tac dpng tn^
tie'p den mdi trudng song va sinh ke'ciia minh. Day chinh la nguyen nhan khioi vi phgm BVMT ngay mpt gia tang va ngudi dan khong phat huy dupc quy&i mdi trudng trong giam sat, ngan ngira cac boat dpng vi pham.
Tieng noi tip cac to chiJC xa hoi dan SIP
Trudc nhiing hiem hpa moi trudng va nhiing nguy co tiem an cd the xay ra, thang 11 nam 2013 nhieu td' chiic xa hpi dan sy da cd kie'n nghi ISn Quo'c hpi nudc Cpng hoa Xa h^i Chu nghia Viet Nam, nham bay td md'i quan ngai va de xua't nhirng vah de can dupc quan tam ve quy hoach va quan ly cac du an khai thac sir dung tai nguyen thien nhien.
Trong bd'i canh quan ly dif an thiiy dien nhd va vira con long Ieo, nhieu cong trinh chua dupc kiem dinh an toan, sd'ddng chira cd phuong an bao ve va phong bao lyt, nhieu sy cd' vd dap, rait dap xay ra khie'n cdng luan va nhieu to chiic xa hpi da bay to si;
Io lang. Mgng ludi sdng ngoi Viet Nam, Trung tam phat trien Tai nguyen nudc, Trung tam Quan ly tdng hpp tai nguyen va Trung tam con ngudi&thien nhien da cd nhiing kieh nghi hudng vao boat dpng quy hogch, to chiic khai thac va quan Iy nhiing di;
an thuy dien dang van hanh va se dupc xay dyng [5].
Nham dam bao an toan ho dap, an toan cho viing ha lini;
kie'n nghj de nghi Chinh phii that chgt hon niia cdng tac quan Iy va thyc hipn quy hogch ke ch nhiing cong trinh dy an dang van hanh. Theo do, phii khan truong va nghiem tiic danh gii
PHAT TRIEN B I N VONG KINH TE BIEN I
Igi toan dipn quy trinh vgn hanh cua cac cdng trinh dan le ciing nhu cac cong trinh thuy dipn bgc thang.
Tir nhiing hiem hpa khdn ludng dia vipc tich nudc hd chiia, kieh nghi nhah mgnh phai dinh rd trach nhipm ciia chii dau tu, ca quan chii quan va chinh quyen cac cap trong qua trlnh van hanh, quan ly va giam sat vgn hanh cac nha may thuy dien, dgc bipt dd'i vdi vipc tich va xa nudc nham myc dich lpi nhuan oia nha dau tu.
Ddi vdi nhiem vy quy hogch, kieh nghi goi ra tap trung denghi Chinh phii chi dgo cac co quan chiic nang phd'i hpp ra soat, loai bd nhirng dy an khdng dam bao an toan. Hudng vao dam bao an ninh mdi trudng va an toan cho cpng dong dan cu d khu vyc ha luu, cic CO quan chiic nang va nha't la Chinh phu c&i quan tam, cd giii phap quye't lipt de dinh chi cac dy an dupc cap phep nhung chua Iam ro va cd giai phap khac phpc nguy co tiem ah, dac biet ddi vdi nhiing dy an d mien Trung va Tay Nguyen.
Ngoai ra ciing can xem xet, dinh chi vipc xay dyng cac dy an quy hoach chua cd DTM, chua danh gia day dii an toan dgp va chi phi mdi trudng xa hpi.
Hang logt sy cd' gan day cho tha'y, tuang quan giiia Ipi ich kinh te oia nha dau tu va chi phi dam bao mdi trudng, an sinh xa hpi can dupc nghien ciiu de lim rd cii gia phai tra trong sy dinh dd'i. Kie'n nghj dua ra ding da tgp trung vao thyc hien dinh gii nhiing thiet hgi lien quan deh khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien.
Theo dd, thipt hgi tir sy co' xay ra can dupc tinh toan va lupng
hda cu the nham tgo co sd cho yeu cau boi thudng va dam bao quyen Ipi, sinh kecho cdng dong dan cu noi ganh chiu hau qua.
Vah de mang tam chie'n lupc lau dai la danh gia mdi trudng chie'n lupc (DMC) cac luu vyc sdng. Khac phuc nhiing ban che"
ciia cdng tie quy hogch nhiing nam trudc day, Nghi dinh so 29/2011/ND-CP da quy dinh DMC ddi vdi quy hoach thuy dipn qud'c gia, song chua dinh rd tieu chi cu the cho cac luu vyc lien tinh, lien vimg. Kie'n nghi de nghi Chinh phu can tru tien thyc hien DMC cho cac kehoach phat trien thuy dien trong timg luu vuc sdng de xem xet toan dien nhung van de cd lien quan ca ve mdi trudng, xa bpi.
Thay lai ket luan DTM Iam co sd cho nhiing quye't djnh la npi dung quan trpng cua qua trinh hogch dinh chinh sich va phe duyet cac dy an dau tu phit trieh; hiem hoa mdi trudng cimg vdi thien tai biing phat gan day da canh tinh cic nha quan Iy va toan xa hpi;
bupc chiing ta phai nhin Igi chang duong khai thic tai nguyen thien nhien phan tan va qua nhanh d cic dia phuang de cd nhirng dieu chinh can thiet.
Cii gii phii tra trong sy danh dd'i giiia Ipi ich cua nha dau tu vdi chi phi mdi trudng va dam bio an sinh xa hdi khdng nhd song chua dupc Iuong dinh, Thyc te' khai thic sii dung tai nguyen cho tha'y, trong xay dyng va vgn hanh cac cdng trinh, nudc ta chua tuan thii nhiem quy dinh qudc te; nhan thiic chua diing ve vai tro vj tri DTM; Ipi ich ngudi dan trong vimg dy an bi xem
nhe ca ve QTC va QTT; tham van cpng ddng mang tinh hinh thiic va nhiing gi trong phit trieh cdn nang ve y chi chii quan cua gidi lanh dao va Ipi ich ciia nha dau tu.
Nhiing vah de nit ra trong cdng tic quan ly va khac phyc hau qua thien tai cd the'la bai hpc chung cho nhieu nganh khai thac sii dyng tai nguyen thien nhien.
Hy vpng gidi quan Iy va cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach cd nhiing tham khao de cd nhiing quye't sach chung cho ca qud'c gia./. •
Le Thanh Y Mob 091339322, Email Hianhy41isyahoo.coin.vn;
Dia chi I9b/66S Uc Long Quan, Nhil Tait,
Tiii lieu tham khao
1. Pan&Nature (2013). Bat cq.p chinh sach va thuc tien cda DTM a Vie(
Nam Bdn tm Chinh sach Tdi nguyen- M6t trudng- Phdt trien ben vOng, so 10 nam 2013
2. Nguyin KhSc Kmh (2013). Nhieng bSi cap trong thuc hien DTM a Viet Nam, huang khac phuc. Hoi thdo tSp huan Khai thdc cong cif danh gia tdc dgng moi trudng. Vinh Yen, thdng 11/2013.
3. Nguyen Diic Thiiy (2013). Tiep can quyen con ngudi, quyen thong tin BVMT lie phdp ludt deh thuc tiin. Hgi thdo Khai thdc cdng cu DTM phuc vu dieu tra vd phdn bien chinh sdeh. Vinh Yen, 1/11/2013.
4. Hoang Van True (2012). Ton tgi vd hgn chi trong qudn ly, khai thdc vd kinh doanh tai nguyen khodng sdn a Viet Nam. Hd Ngi ngay 15/11/2012.
5. VRN,CEVAREC. PANNATURE (2013). Bdn kiin nghi vequy hogch va quan ly cac die an thiiy diin. Hd Noi, thdng 11/2013.
