Caa - TRAO DOI
Mot so van de ve tai djnh cu*
trong xay di/ng thuy dien trong diem tai cac tinh mien nui phfa Bae
NGUYIN PHCING QUAN*
MOt trong nhiPng yd'u td' quan trpng khi thrfc hi§n xSy drfng thuy di$n do la t^
chiic tai dinh erf cho ngrfM dSn viing long h6 bf anh h r f ^ g hdi thuy di$n. Vi$c tai dinh erf la mQt vSh d^ then chSt di dam bao si^ d'n dinh v^ doTi sd'ng kinh t@' - xa hoi, ciing nhrf an ninh qud'c phong cua vung. Tuy nhidn, qua trinh thrfc hi$n tai dinh erf dang vS'p phai hang loat nhChfig vS'n d i phi^c t^p nay sinh lidn quan d^n: dS't dai, vi^c lam, mdi t r r f n g sinh ho^t c$ng d6ng... Bai vid't nh^n dinh v l nhvtng han c h ^ va nguydn nhSn ciia cac h^n chd'tuT cdng tac td' chrfc tai dinh erf trong xSy diAig thuy di^n tai cac tinh m i l n niii phia B i c , tuf do d l xu^t quan di^m va giai phap kh^c phuc.
NHCTNG BAT CAP TU" VIEC TO CHLfC TAI D^NH CU" TRi^NG XAY D l / N p THUY DIEN TAI CAC TINH MIEN NUI PHIA BAC
Theo Quyd't dinh sd' 2012/QD-TTg, ngdy 24/10/2016 cua Thu tffdng Chinh phu phd duydt Danh muc nha mdy didn ldn, cd f nghia ddc biet quan trpng ve kinh td' - xa hOi, qud'c phdng, an ninh, cd 6 thuy didn ldn bao g^m: thuy didn Sdn La, thuy di^n Hda Binh, thuy didn Lai Chdu, thdy didn laly, thuy didn Tri An, thuy didn Tuyen Quang; day Id nhttng nhd mdy thiay didn trpng didm c6 t i m quan trpng dac bidt, anh hffdng ldn tdi kinh td', xa hdi, eung nhtf an mnh qud'c phdng cua viing.
Viec xay di^g cac thuy didn khdng trdnh khoi ndy sinh nhiftig vin de bat cdp can giai quyet. Bdi vid't di vdo
HiNH 1: T* L| GIAO DAT CHO HQ TAI DINH Cd SO V(3l QOY HOACH Dan vi: %
Lai Chau Son La Tuyen Quang Mgij6n: T6ng h>;]p ti^so l<eu di^u tra khao sat cua De tai
CTDT.47 !8/16-20.2016-2019
phdn tich boat ddng tdi dinh ctf d 3 dff dn thiiy didn trpng diem tai cac dnh mien niii phia Bae nffdc ta (Lai Chau, Sdn La, Tuydn Quang), de lam ro nhftig vd'n d^
dang t6n tai trong qud trinh ndy.
V ^ di thidu d^t canh tac cho ngffdi ddn tai dinh cff
Qua khdo sdt cho th^y [2], didn tieh thu hoi dd^t ndng nghidp chid'm 60%, da't phi ndng nghiep (dat d) chiein 40%.
Cdng tdc giao dat cho cac hO tdi dinh cff da hodn thdnh d hiu h^t cdc tinh. Tuy nhien, tinh trang thieu quy ddt d^ b6i thffdng va cap dat sdn xuat cho cdc hp tdi dinh cff Id t6n tai ldn nhat, thupc ve vd^n d^ gdy btfc xdc d h i u het cac khu vffc tdi dinh cff do xdy dffng thuy didn.
Hau hit cdc dff dn d l u khdng giao dia dait sdn xuat cho cdc hd tdi dinh eff theo chinh sdch quy dinh vd vide bii thffdng bang dd't doi dat thffdng it hdn so vdi didn tich ngffdi dan cd tai ndi d cu. Ty Id giao dd't binh qudn dat 63,3% (Hinh 1), trong do didn tfch dat d binh quan mdi hd tff 300-400m^, d^t ndng nghidp da giao binh qudn mdi hp Id 9.000m-,
6 mot sd ndi, d^t vffdn lien k l dtfdc giao den bii cho hp ddn qud nho khdng dd d^ lr6ng cay, chan nudi gia sdc va khdng ed da't d dff phdng. Cd bi?t taii mpt s6 dff an, ngffdi dan tdi dinh cff chu^ dffdc giao dd dat sdn xua't so vdi ban mffc quy dinh.
' (jy ban DSn toe
54
Thidu dd't sdn xud't cung Id nguvdn nhdn S ^ "*^^f" ^^ ^ ' ^'"*^ ^^ ^"^y ve khu vffc long ho sinh song, phd vd quy hoach tdi dinh cff. Bin thdi dilm hidn tai (nam 2019), theo tie'n dp, hiu hd't cde ttidy didn ldn da hodn thanh cdng tac tdi dinh cff, nhrfng do thdi gian thrfc hidn b6i thrfdng gidi phdng mat bing kdo dai, ndn nhieu dff dn thdy didn trien khai bi chdm hdn nhidu so vdi quy dinh (ffong Wii dd, da cd nhilu chinh sach, quy dinh thay ddi) din d^n vide dp dung chinh sdch den bu khdng ding nhd't, ggy bffe xue trong nhdn ddn.
yS'n d l giai quyd't vi$c lam va phat tridn sinh kd' cua ngrfdi ddn sau tai dinh erf
Vdi muc tieu giup ngffdi ddn phat trien sdn xud't d l dam bdo ddi sdng, cac dia phffdng da thtfc hidn nhilu ehinh sach, giai phdp ho trd t | p trung phdt trien cde cdy trdng, vdt nudi Id Idi thd'cua titag vung. Ben canh dd, cone tdc t l chffc ddo tao nghe cung dtfdc triln khai. M^c du vdy, hieu qua cda cac gidi phdp, chinh sdch vdn cdn nhilu han chl.
Thu nhdp eda hp tdi dinh cff thdp hdn so vdi nhdm hd doi chihig tai td't ca cde tinh (Hinh 2). So sdnh gitta cdc hd cd cUng dieu kidn sd'ng ban dlu tffdng dffdng, nhiftig sau khi tdi dinh cff, cdc hd tdi dinh cff lai cd thu nhdp thd'p hdn (binh qudn 15,7 tridu ding/hd) so vdi rihfflig hp nhdm dii chutig (17,5 tridu d6ng/hp/nam).
Hoat ddng tring trpt cda cdc hd tdi dinh cff 5 cdc tinh di^u tra chd yd'u la mia, ngd, lua, cao su, tidu, dilu, che... Tuy nhien, do quy md san xud't mdi hd qua nhd, ndn thu nhdp tff tilng trpt cda hO tai dinh cff chi dat 20,1 tridu dong/nam thd'p hdn so vdi hp dd'i chffng (binh qudn 25,9 tridu ding/nam). Trong dd, thih cd thu nhltp tff tring trot cao nhd't la Sdn La (hd tai dinh ctf 37,7 tridu ding/hd/nam, hd dii chffng 48 tripu dong/hd/ndin), do cd nhd mdy mia dffdng, vdi dau ra on dinh.
Ngodi ra, thu nhdp tff boat ddng sinh k l khde (chan nudi, ldm nghidp, lam thud...) cda hd tdi dinh cff eung tha'p hdn so vdi ho dd'i chffng, cu thi: Nguon thu tff chdn nudi cda hd tdi dinh eff dat 4,3 tridu dong/hd/nam thd'p hdn hd ddi chffng dat 5,4 trieii ding/hd/nam; Nguln thu nhdp ti lam nghidp cda hd tdi dinh cff do bj ma't rffng klii thu hoi dd't vd dien tieh dffdc cd'p lai rd't it, chd yd'u nhdn khoan bao vd, ndn ehi dat 2,6 trieu dIng/hd/
nam, thd'p hdn fad d l i chffng dat 3,5 dieu dlng/hd/ndm; Nguln thu nhdp tff ldm
HlNH 2: THG NHAP BINH QUAN COA HQ TAJ DjNH Ctf vA H O D6I CHCTNG
Dan vi: Tri$u dSng/ngUi^ ru 20.9 21.2
:: HO tai djnh cu
\ HO d6i chi>ng
San La TuySn Quang
HINH 3: THO N H ^ P BINH Q U A N Tff TRONG TRpT c d A CAC H Q / N A M
Dan vi: Tri$u
\ H$ tai dinh cu :•: Hg 36] chirng
HINH 4: TY LE cAC HQ TAI DINH Cff Dtr0C H 6 TR0 P H A T TRIEN SAN XUAT
Dan vj: % H6 tr? chuydn dSi ngti6 nghi$p,
23.7
Nguon: Tong hdp tit sd lifu dieu tra khao sat cua De tai CTDT.47.18/16-20,2018-2019 thue (phi ndng nghidp) cua hp tai dinh etf dat 30,3 tridu dong/hd/nam, thd'p hdn hO dd'i chffng dat 34,3 trieu dong/hd/nam.
Cd t h i thd'y, dnh trang thi^u vide lam, thu nhdp bap bdnh; cdc cdy tring hidn tai khdng hieu qua; chan nudi chffa phdt triln; cdc h i trd gilng vdt nudi cho hp tdi dinh ctf khdng hidu qud dang Id nhffng tin tai phi bien d vung cd thdy didn thudc ede tinh miln ndi phia Bae sau tdi dinh cff. Trong khi dd, cdng tdc ddo tao vd chuyen dli nghi nghidp khdng hidu qua; sdn phim ndng sdn vSn chi "tff eung, trf ca'p"; cde md hinh ho trd lidn kd't bao tieu sdn ph^m, cdng trinh ha ting phuc vu
55
CClCI - T R A O DOI
HiNH 5 : S O S A N H T A N S Q A T TO CHCfC C A C LE HQI T R U Y I N THONG C 3 A HQ T A I DINH Cff V A HQ DOI C H C T N G
Dan vi: %
HlNH 6 : TY L | D A N H G l A T O T V E D j C H Vl} H J ^ T A N G G l d A HAI N H O M D 6 I T d ^ N G
Tmong Trwn Y te H? (hong He Ibing m IhSng hpc di^n giBO thSng ch(t,tb]
tnrimg
^aolhutmg
N g u o n : T d n g h<?p lit s o lieu d i ^ u tra k h a o s a t c u a D l tai C T D T . 4 7 . 1 8 / 1 6 - 2 0 . 2 0 1 8 - 2 0 i 9
ddi sd'ng hdng ngdy vffa it, vffa khdng dem lai hidu qud (Hinh 4).
Vdi'n d l phong tyc, t^p quan va van hoa cua ngrfoN ddn sau tai dinh cff
Cdc dnh miln ndi phia Bdc Id khu vffc cff trd chd y^u cda ding bao dan tdc thieu so', khi tid'n hanh xdy dffng thdy didn ding bdo ddn tdc thilu s i b d t budc phai tdi dinh etf d khu vffc mdi. Dieu nay ddn tdi nhieu hoat dOng vSn hda truyin thd'ng cda cdc ddn tde dang bi mai mpt din. K^t qud khdo sdt eung eho thdy, ty Id cac hO ddn tdc thilu sd' tai vung tai dinh cff cd tan suat to chffc cac le hpi truyen thong thd'p hdn so vdi vdi hp doi chffng khdng di ddi (Hinh 5).
Ngodi ra, theo ddnh gid eda cdc dia phffdng, trong ede quy hoach, kd' hoach thtfc hidn thu hoi dat va tdi dinh eff eung khdng cd chinh sach hd trd cho vide duy tri cac boat ddng van hda, truyin thd'ng khi cac hp chuyen tdi cdc khu d mdi. Vd'n d l ndy dnh htfdng khdng he nho tdi cudc sd'ng eua ede cdng ding dan tpc thieu s l ndi ridng vd stf In dinh eda khu vffc tdi dinh cff tai cdc tinh miln ndi phia Bae ndi ehung.
Vd'n d l h i trif kd't cdfu h? t4ng ddi sd'ng cua ngrfdi ddn sau tai djnh erf
Cdng tde quy hoach, thid't ke ede khu tdi dinh cff cda nhidu dtf dn thtfc hidn chffa tot, dan tdi nhilu cdng tnnh nhd d vd cdng trinh cdng cdng sau khi dffa vao sff dung khdng phia hdp vdi nhu eau sff dung, chffa ddp ffng dtfde nguypn vpng cua ngtfdi ddn. Cdc cdng trinh dieh vu cdng khde (nhff: nhd ve sinh, nffdc sach, didn) chtfa dffdc lap d5t hoSe xud'ng cap nghiem trpng (doi
vdi cde cdn^ trinh dffdng giao thdng, nffde sinh bogt) sau mdt thdi gian ngdn sff dung. NhiJng hidn tffdng nay, xay ra tai nhieu khu tai dinh cff thdy didn d cdc tinh phia Bae.
Ket qud ddnh gia hidn trang ve dich vu ha tang cdng edng dang dffdc thu hffdng giffa hai ddi tffdng hd tai dinh cff vd ho dd'i chdSg eung cho thdy, cd sff khde bidt v l ehd't Iffdng cdng trinh dffdc thu hffdng. Ty Id ddnh gid td't v l cdc dieh vu ha ting cdng cdng cda hp tdi djnh ctf thap hdn cde hO dd'i chd^g. Cu the: tidu chl v l trffdng hoc, hp tdi dinh cff ddnh gid tit chiem 73,7%, hd dd'i ehdtig Id 81,5%; tieu chi tram y t l , hd tai dinh cff 70,3%, dli chffng Id 74,8%; tidu chi dffdng giao thdng, hp tai dinh cff 64,4%, hp d^i chffng 70%; ngoai ra, ede dieh vu khde, nhff: djch vu trd gidp phdp IJ, thu tue hanh chinh, trd cdp xa hpi cac hp dd'i chffng cung ddnh gid d mffc tot cao hdn cde hd tdi dinh cff (Hinh 6).
v l nguon nffdc sinh boat, cdc hp tdi dinh cff vdn chd yd'u sff dung nffdc khe/
md chid'm 45%, trong khi dd cdc hd dli chffng la 32,1%. Ty Id cdc hd tdi dinh cif sff dung ntfdc gi^ng ddo ehi la 20,7%, hO dd'i chffng Id 34,3%. Dang chd y, ddi vdi ty Id sff dyng nguln nffdc mdy cdng cdng cda cdc khu tdi dinh cff Id 4%, cao hdn so vdi 3,4% cda cdc hp dd'i chffng. Tuy nhidn, con so' thdng kd cung da thi hidn khd nang tid^p edn cdc nguon nffde sinh hoat tai nhd cda cde hd tdi dinh eff cdn hain che'.
QUAN DIEM VA GIAI P H A P KHAC PHgC
Vd'n de tai dmh cff thuy didn la "mOt tang bang Idn trdn dai dffdng", ndn mdt so van d l chdng ta cd the de ddng nhdn thay khi bat dlu thffe hidn tdi dinh etf chi la phan noi eua "tang bdng", edn phan ldn cdc van de lai xudt hidn khi qud trinh tai dinh cff kit thdc. Dilu ndy, ddi hdi cdc nha qudn IJ, cae cap chinh quyln...
cin phdi c6 t i m nhin hoach dinh xa hdn d l Itfdng trffdc ede vsfn de nam trong phin chim cda "tdng bang" tdi dinh erf.
Trong nghidn cffu ndy, bdng ket qud cua qud trinh dieu tra khao sdt tai mpt sd' tinh miln ndi phia Bae cd xdy drfng thdy di$n trpng diem cua Viet Nam di dd'n nh§n dinh r^ng, mdt so va'n d l cdn chffa dffdc gidi quy^t trong thffc hidn tdi dinh cff, gIm: (i) Vd'n de thieu dat canh RA
tdc; (ii) Vd'n d l gidi quy^t vi^c ldm vd phdt tii^n sinh ki; (iii) Van d l phong tuc, tdp quan vd van hda; (iv) Van d l h5 trd cd sd ha ting ddi sd'ng.
Dd gidi quyd't cde va'n de trong thffc hidn tdi dinh ctf do xdy diAig thdy didn ffpng dilm tai cac u'nh mien ndi phia Bae, nghidn cffu dtfa ra quan diem vd d l xud't doi vdi 3 giai doan cda qud trtnh tai dinh ctf gIm: Giai doan trtfdc khi thtfc hidn tdi dinh cff; Giai doan trong qua trinh tdi dinh cff; Giai doan hdu tdi dinh cff, cu the:
(i) Ddi vdi giai doan trrfdc khi thiXc hi^n t^i djnh erf:
(1) Dilu chanh cdc quy dinh ve thdi gian ldp quy hoach, ke" hoaeh tdi dinh cff. Ndng cao chat Iffdng quy hoach, xdy dtfng k l hoach tai dinh ctf bdm sdt nhu elu thtfc t^ cda ngffdi dan dia phtfdng, tinh todn ky cac dilu kidn kinh te', vdn hda - xa hOi, mdi trffdng;
(2) Hodn thien cde chinh sach b i i thffdng theo khung gid dd't chung, cd dieu chinh theo gid thi trffdng cu the cda tffng tinh de trdnh ed stf thay doi trong thdi gian ngdn gitta cdc ddt d i n bu, boi thffdng gay thidt thdi eho cdc hd tai dinh cff;
(3) Sffa doi cdc quy dinh v l thiet kd' kd't ca'u ha ting vung tai dinh cff theo hffdng rd rdng, eu t h i hdn va cd tinh linh boat, phu hdp vdi van hda cua ede ddn tde.
(ii) Ddi vdi giai do^n trong qua trinh tai dinh erf: Sffa doi cac quy dinh hd trd chlnh sach di dan, hd trd Itfdng thtfc, h i trd tai ehinh tam thdi, h i trd da't san xud't,
Diji song v^t chSl, tinh than cua dong bao vimg tdi dinh cu Thiiy dien Lai Cl dang hjng buoc 6n djnh
hd trd t l chffc thi^t chd" van hda cdng ding... nghien cffu ky d l phu hdp vdi cdc dilu kien tai chl.
(iii) DSi vdi giai do^n h^u tai dinh erf: Can tap trung hodn thidn cdc ehinh sach ho trd, ding thdi tang ctfdng boat ddng dam bao an sinh cho hd tdi dinh cff, nhff:
(1) Hd trd tdp hudn dao tao nghi, chuyin doi nghi nghidp, hd trd phdt trien san xuat ndng nghidp (gi^ng cdy tring, vdt nudi...); boat ddng khuyen ndng ddp ffng nhu cau radi...;
(2) Hd trd hpi nhap cdng ding vung tdi dinh cff;
(3) Ndng cdp, sffa chffa v l cd sd ha tang cdng ding vd dieh vu edng;
(4) Bdo ton duy tri van hda cdng dIng.Q
TAT L I E U T H A M J a i A O _
1. Chtfdng trinh Phdt tiiln Lidn hdp quic (UNDP) (2014). Bdo cdo vi di eu, tdi dinh eu vd biin ddi khi hdu tai Viit Nam
2. Uy ban Dan tOc (2020). Nhitng vd'n de cdp bdch trong thtfc hiin tdi dinh cu d vung ddn tde thiiu sdvd miin nui nudc ta hiin nay, ma so CTDT.47.18/16-20
3. Ddng Nguydn Anh (2007). Chinh sdch di ddn tdi dinh cff cde cdng trinh thdy didn d Viet Nam tff goc do nghidn cffu xa hdi, Tgp chi Bdn sdvd Phdt triin, so 6(75)
4. D l Van Hda (2016). Chinh sdch tdi dinh etf ede dtf dn thuy dien theo dinh htfdng phdt tiien b i n vCftig, Tap chi Xa hoi hpc, s l 2 ^ ~ ^
5. Nguydn Vdn Qudn, Nguyin Thi Vdng, Trang Hidu Dung, Nguyen Tat Canh (2011). Cdng tdc tdi dinh etf dff an thdy dien Sdn La dffdi gde dd phong tue tap qudn canh tdc cda dong bdo ddn ldc vung Tdy Bae, Tap ehi Khoa hpc vd Phdt triin, si6, 985-993
6 Nea Dao (2010). Dam Development in Vietnam: The Evolution of Dam-Induced Resettlement Policy, Water Alternatives, 3, 324-340
7 Mikiyasu Nakayama and Ryo Fujikura (2013). The long-term impacts of resettlement oroOTammes resulting from dam construction projects in Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Sri Lanka and Turkey: a comparison of land-for-Iand and cash compensation schemes, Intemational Journal of Water Resources Development, 29.4-13
