- ^ • : i BM Thanh Xuan, Di/Ong Thi Oanh
Van dung Thuyet da trf tue
trong hoc tap va giao due ngUoli Idn
ji Thanh Xuan', Difdng Thj Oanh^
' Email: [email protected] 2 Email [email protected] Vien Khoa hpc Giao due Viet Nam So 04 Tnnh Hoai Diic, Dong Oa, Ha Moi, Viet Nam
TOM TAT: Thuyet da tn tue ra ddi da di vio thuc tien ddi song giio due eua nhieu nudc. Nhieu nha trudng hien nay dang dung thuyit da tn tue lam khung hanh dgng hoae tU tudng chi dao cho cic boat dgng giao due cua minh. Ngudi day da cd nhdng hieu biet va van dung thuyit nay vio cdng viec cua minh, gdp phan lim thay doi quan diim va phUOng phip day hgc theo hddng tich cue. Mil dang tri tue se cd cac phddng phip day hge phu hgp. Ngddi day trong Idp hgc da trf tue can biit each van dung sing tao va phii hdp linh hoat cic phUdng phip vdi nhau. Khdng chl doi vdi tre em, viec van dung Thuyit da tn tu$ vio hgc tap ngudi ldn cung vd eung quan trgng. NgUdi ldn cd nhdng die diem rieng trong cich hgc, diiu kien hgc tap, nen van dung Thuyit da tn tue mgt cich phu hap se gdp phan khae phuc nhdng trd ngai vi phit huy dugc cic Uu diem trong hoc tip va giao due ngUdi ldn.
T D KHOA: fla iri tue; hoc tap va giao due ngi/tti ldn; phtldng phap day hpc.
• * Nhan bai 16/9/2019 "• Nhan ket qua phan bien va chinti sila 25/10/2019 •^ Duyet dang 25/11/2019.
1 . Dat van d e
Tbuyet da tri tue do Howard Gardner khcri xuong da ton tai gan bon muoi nam. Hien nay, hpc thuyet nay da buac vao dcri song thyc tien va dugc ung dung kha rpng rai trong iihieu linh vuc, dac biet la giao due (GD). Thuyet da tri tue khong con xa la trong day hpc o nha truong pho thong cung nhu doi voi cac giao vien, can bp quan li nha truong, C5 Viet Natn, thuyet nay con dugc biet den voi nhimg ten goi khae nhu: Thuyet da tri tue, da nang Iuc, H thuyet tri khon nhieu thanh phan, thuyet tri thong minh da chieu/da dien.., Mpt so trucmg hpc ciia Viet Nam da va dang iing dung li thuyet nay trong cac hoat dgng cua minh, tu GD mam non den dai hpc, tir day hpc cac mon khoa hpc tu nhien den cac mon xa hpi va da dat dugc nhmig thanh cong nhat dinh [!].
Dac biet, trong b6i canh doi moi GD noi chung, doi mai phuang phap day hpc (PPDH) noi tieng o nuac ta hien nay, Thuyet da tri tue tiep tuc dugc nghien cuu, van dung nhieu han vao cac hoat dgng day hgc da dang tir bac Mam non den pho thong va sau pho thong. GD va hpc tap (HT) ciia ngucri Ion ciing la mgt linh vuc ma Thuyet da tri tue co the chiing minh tinh hthi ich cua minh khi ting dung vao viec thay doi PPDH doi vai hgc vien nguoi lan hay cai tien each danh gia ket qua HT ciia hg. Vai nhiing dac thii rieng ciia llnh vuc nay va nhmig dac trung trong viec hpc ciia nguoi Ion, viec tiep can, van dung Thuyet da tri tue thirc sir quan trpng va can thiet.
2. Ndi d u n g n g h i e n CLTU 2.1. Gidi thieu khii quat ve Thuyet fla tri tue
Tu khi ra doi nam 1983 cho d^n nay, Thuygt da tri tue Clia nha tam li hgc Mi Howard Gardner da duac nghien ('I'm iji, I'mo Hiine van r^c hoat done voi rap do khac nhau cr
nhieu nuac tren the giai. Mgt so quoc gia va to chiic quoc te da img dung Thuyet da tri tue vao viec hoach dinh chinh sach (nhu Australia, Canada, Trung Quoc,...) [2]. Thuyet nay con la doi tugng nghien ciiu hpc thuat trong cac truong dai hpc tren the gioi, phat huy tac dung O'ong dai song van hoa quan chiing a nhieu nuoc (Vi du, a Trung Quoc, Hgi GD da tri tue van dpng quang ba Thuyet da tri tue thong qua hgi thao, bai bao, truyen thanh, truyen hinh,... Dan Mach da xay dung "cong vien da chii de", bao tang tuang tac da tri tue;...). Dac biet, Thuyet da tri tue dugc iing dung rgng rai trong linh vuc GD va doi vai nhung liia tuoi khac nhau, Thuyet nay da dugc tich hpp vao cac sang kien GD quy mo quoc gia tai nhieu nudc va tac dpng tich cue den hieu qua GD cung nhu toi chat lugng giang day ciia dgi ngii giao vien va cac truong/lop da iing dung no vao hoat dgng ciia minh.
Quan diem truyen thong thuang cho rang, tri me con nguoi chii yeu bao gom nang luc ngon ngii va nang luc toan hgc (logic), ti'ong khi Thuyet da tri tue cho rang: 'Thong minh ia kha nang giai quyet cac van de hoae dua ra nhiing san pham mai co gia tri trong mot hay nliieu nen van hoa khac nhau" [3], Nghien ciiu ban dau cua Gardner dua ra bay dang til thong minh, gom Thong minh ve ngon ngu, thong minh toan hgc, thong minh am nhae, tliong minh the chat, thong minh hgi hpa khong gian, thong minh ngi tam, thong minh ve giao tiep xa hpi, Nhihig nam sau do, ong bo sung them hai dang tri thong minh niia: tri thong mmh huong v^
thien nhien (naturalist) - nguai co kha nang HT thong qua he thong sap xep, phan loai, yeu thich thien nhien, cac hoat dpng ngoai troi va tri thong minh vk sir ton tai (hoae tri thong minh hien smh - existential) - nguai co kha nang HT thong qua viec thay biic tranh tong the, thong qua nhirng
So23thang11/2019 n
NGHIEN CQU Li LUAN
can hoi nhu "Tai sao chiing ta t6n tai a day?", "Vai tro ciia toi trong th6 giai nay la gi''", "Vai tro cua toi trong gia dinh, nha truong va cgng d6ng la gi?,,,
Trong cuon sach "Da tri tue trong lop hgc", Armshong (2011) phan chia nang luc con nguoi theo 8 loai tri tue khac nhau, m6i loai co nhii'ng dac di6m rieng, tuong iing voi kha nang, tmh each cua tirng ca nhan trong xa hgi,
2.1,1. Tom tat ve 8 dang tri tue
Theo Thuygt da tri tue, m6i nguoi diu co du 8 dang tri tue va o cac mirc do khac nhau. Cac dang tri tue trong m6i ngudi d6u CO nhimg bieu hien r4t da dang va phong phii, dupe mo ta mgt each ngan ggn nhu sau [2]:
(1) Tri tui ngdn ngu: La kha nang su dung co hieu qua cac til' ngir, hoae bang loi noi hoae Mng chii vi6t. Vi du:
Thich dge sach, tro chai chii, ke chuyen, vilt lach t6t; phat am chuan, von tu phong phii, noi chuyen loi cu6n, co thg thuyet phuc nguoi khac bang loi, ..
(2) Tri tue logic - todn hgc: La kha nang su dung c6 hieu qua cac con so va li luan ve logic, trat tu mot each thong thao: Tinh nham nhanh, thich thii lam viec va vui choi voi cac con so; Thich toan, cac tro choi doi hoi dpng nao, tu duy logic; Thich thu ra cac bo cue, quy luat va trinh tu cac do vat, thich lam thi nghiem, quan tam den cac van de khoa hpc tu nhien,..,
(3) Tri tue khdng gian. La kha nang tiep cSn mpt each chinh xae the gioi khong gian qua thi giac: Nhay cam ve mau sac, duang net, hinh dang va tuong quan giua ehung;
Biet va thich ve; Dgc ban do, bieu do, sa do va tranh anh de dang hon tir ngii,..,
(4) Tri tui hinh thi - dgng ndng- La su thanh thao va kheo leo trong viec sii dung toan bp co the de the hien cac y tuong, cam xiic va hoat dgng nao do: thich choi va choi tot the thao, lam thu cong tot; Kho ngoi yen mgt cho trong thcri gian dai; Thich cac tro choi soi dgng, thao g5 roi lap ghep cac do vat;...
(5) Tri tue dm nhgc. La kha nang cam nhan, phan biet, bign d6i va the hien cac hinh thicc am nhae: Nhay cam vai nhip digu, am s^c, am tan cua mpt ban nhae; Nhcr dugc giai dieu cac bai hat; Thich hat va hat hay, biet choi nhae cu, Thich go nhip hay hat khe mot minh khi lam viec, hgc hanh; ,.,
(6) Tri tue giao tiep- La kha nang cam nhan va phan biet giira cac tam trang, y do, dgng ca va cam nghT ciia ngudi khac;Thich tham gia cac hoat dgng tap thg, thoai mai, tu tin giiia dam dong, biet chia se, quan tam dgn ngudi khac va cflng dugc ngudi khac chia se, khuyen bao;....
(7) Tri tue ngi tdm: La kha nang liien biet ban than va hanh dpng mot each thich hgp tren co sd tu hieu minh; Biet ro uu digm, han che cua minh; Y thiic day du va dimg ve tam trang, dpng ca, tinh khi, udc mo ciia ban than, Kha nang tu kigm chg, tu kigm soat, long tu trgng;
(8) Tri tui tu nhiin hoc. La kha nang nhan dang, phan loai cac loai sinh vat; Hieu biet ve cac hien tugng thign nhien; thich da ngoai, eham sdc con vat; Thich dm hieu vk
thien nhien; Tham gia tich cue cac dg an ve thien nhien va bao vg raoi trudng;....
Dil la tre em hay ngudi Idn, ai cung dgu bpc Ip nbung bilu hien khac nhau cua cac dang tri tug hgn d mot miic dO nhdt dinh. Neu dupc phat hien, dgng vign, khuyen khich, ho trp kip thdi, ddng thdi cd co hpi va dugc tao cac dieu kieii thuan lgi thi mdi ngudi dgucd thg phat trien ca 8 da.ng tri tug dgn mpt mirc do cao nhdt co the. Cac dang tri tue luon Urang tac vai nhau, khong cd loai tri tue nao ton tai mgt each dan le trong mm con ngudi. Vi vay, d-ong HT va GD ddi vdi tat ca mpi ngirdi (bao gdm ca fre em va ngudi ldn), c k cd mdi tnidng va cac digu kien dg phat hign, ton trpng, bdi duang va phat trign cac dang tri tue.
2.1,2. Y nghia ciia viec ap dung Thuyet fia tri tue trong hoc tap va giang day no! chung
Thuygt da tri tue ra ddi da dupc cac nha GD nghien ciru va ap dnng mpt each khoa hgc, sang tao vao nhieu lmh vuc va hoat ddng cua nha trudng, tir chign luge xay dung va trien khai muc tigu, chuang trinh GD; Xay dung mdi trudng/canh quan tnrdng hgc, ldp hpc, cong tac quan li ldp hpc; Danh gia ket qua dau ra, cho den nhan thuc va hanh dpng Clia moi giao vign [2]. Dac biet, mdt trong nhirng dong gop Idn nhat ma Thuyet da tri tue mang lai la su tac dpng den viec ddi moi PPDH cua giao vign, doi mdi each nhin nhan nang luc ngudi hoc, bao gom ca vice soan giao an theo li Thuyet da tri tug de phii hgp va khuyen khich tu duy eua mpi ngudi hpc
Thuyet da tri tue da ggi md ra rat nhigu PPDH tieh euc.
Co nhung phuong phap da dupc giao vien cd bnh nghiem su dimg tir lau, hoae giao vien da sii dung mgt each nglu nhign, nhung chua hieu ro ban chSt cua phuong phap chinh la su van diing Thuyet da tri tug, Trong nhirng trudng hgp khac, Thuygt da tri tug da tao co sd, dinh hudng cho giao vien thuc hign ddi mdi PPDH bang nhigu each khac nhau.
Khong the phii nhan hoan toan vai trd cua cac PPDH truyen thong. Cac phuong phap nay cung gop phSn phat trien d ngudi hpc mot sd dang tri lug nhat dinh (nhu tri tue ngon ngii, logic-toan ligc), Tuy nhien, nhigu giao vien da lam dung cac PPDH mang tinh "mpt chigu" trong mgt thdi gian dai, tren ldp chi cd giao vign noi cho hoc sinli nghe theo kieu "menh lenh" hoae "ddc thoai". Phln ldn thdi gian tren ldp, ngudi hgc thu ddng nghe, dpe, vigt va ghi nhd may mdc, tra ldi, dap iing cac cau hdi, cac bai tap da ap dat sin trong sach giao khoa hay tai lieu tham khao.
Ngudi day khi da higu ro ban chit ciia Thuygt da tri tug hp se la ngudi tu giae va tich cue ddi mdi cac PPDH theo hudng khai pha tigm nang ciia ngudi hpe, gdp phan "thtic tinh" cac dang tri tue tigm an ciia ngudi hgc. M6i dang tri me se cd cac PPDH phii hgp va dac trung, Vi du: Cac PPDH phli hgp vdl dang tri tue ngon ngu gdm cd kg chuygn, done nao, viet nhat ki,..., hoae ddi vdi dang tri tue khong gia rh CO eae phuong phap: ve tranh, lap ma bang mau sdc b "
hiong bang dd thi, so dd tu duy...; cac phuons nhL phan phat huy dang tn me giao tiep nhu thao luein nhd 12 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
Bill Thanh XuSn, DUdng Thi Oanh
lam viec theo cap ddi,... Hilu bilt vg cac dang hi tue khac nhau cdn giiip cho giao vien thay d6i each nhin nhan, danh gia ve kha nang, phong each HT da dang eua ngudi hpc, tranh su ap djt nhung each hgc, each day khdng phii hgp vdi dac digm ca nhan, khd phat huy tiem nang ciia ngudi hpc.
Tuy nhien, khdng cd phuang phap nao la hieu qua nhu nhau ddi vdi tat ca ngudi hge, bdi mdi con ngudi deu cd nhung thien hudng, sd trudng va cd nhirng ban che khac nhau theo 8 dang tri tue. Noi each khac, khdng cd phuang phap nao la van nang hay duy nhat dg "thiic tinh" day du ca 8 dang tri tue. Vi vay, ngudi day can ap dung linh hoat nhieu PPDH khac nhau va phai bigt each lira chgn phii hgp, phdi hgp nhuan nhuyen cac phuong phap, cd nhu vay mdi khoi day, phat huy tdi da cae dang tri tug d ngudi hpc.
Cac PPDH ap dung Thuyet da tri mg cd thg dugc su dung trong ca mdi trudng HT chinh quy va khong chinh quy, vdi bat cii bac hgc va doi tugng ngudi hgc nao, bao gdm ngudi ldn. De vige ap dung nay thuc su dat dugc hieu qua, ngoai viec can cd higu biet ve PPDH tich eirc, vl eae dang tri me, ngudi day cdn can phai hieu ro dac digm ngudi hpc ciia minh de viec sir dung phuong phap dat duac kgt qua mong mudn.
2.2. Ap dung Thuyet da tri tue trong hpc tap va giao due cua ngifcii Ifin
2.2.1. f)ac diem hpc tap cua ngiydi Icin
Ket qua nghien ciiu va thuc tien cho thay, HT va GD ngudi Idn khdng hoan toan khac biet so vdi HT va GD tre em. Tuy nhien, do su khac nhau ve do tuoi, tam sinh li, vdn song, nhu cau, dpng co HT,,,, nen viec hpc cua ngudi ldn CO nhiing dae diem ngng: Ngudi ldn hau het la nhirng ngudi cd tinh dpc lap va long nr trgng. Hg chii dgng trong cugc sdng, san xuat va ca trong HT. HT cua ngudi ldn ciing la mpt loai hinh cdng viec dac biet ma d do, ho mudn dugc ddi xu ton trgng va binh dang. Neu bi ra lenh, ep budc, ap dat thi hg se thd o, thu dgng, dg hr ai, tham chi cam thay bi xuc pham. Khong khi HT ton trgng, hgp tac, tin tudng, ho trp, cdi md, thoai mai va vui ve thi ngudi ldn se HT vdi tinh than trach nhigm va tit giac cao, Ngudi Idn cd von sdng va kinh nghiem phong phii ve nhieu mat eiia ddi song. Day la nguon kien thiic thuc te da dang ho trg tieh cue cho qua trinh HT cua ngudi Idn. Hon niia, kinh nghiem la co sd de hp khang dinh minh. HT ciia ngudi ldn khdng thu dgng, Iudn chiu anh hudng manh me cua kinh nghiem sdng va nhimg hieu biet da cd trudc do [4]. Vi vay, trong day hge, ngudi ldn can khai thae va phat huy vdn kinh nghiem, hieu biet ciia hg, dong thai thg hien su tdn trpng ngudi ldn.
Ngudi ldn hgc do ddi hdi cua cdng viec, cua cac vai trd x3 hgi mdi ma hp dam nhan. Tiiy timg thdi ki, vai trd xa hpi cua ngudi ldn cd su khac nhau va thay ddi. Moi vai tro can ahihig nang lue khac nhau. Do vay, nhu can HT cua ngudi Idn rat da dang va thay ddi lien tuc. Khi dap ung dugc nhu cku HT Clia minh, ngudi ldn se HT mdt each tu nguyen, tu giac.
Nmiai idn CO muc diich hoc nhiinH si thilt thirc, ckn cho
chinh hg, van dung dugc ngay. HT ciia ngu'di Idn cd muc dich ro rang, hgc cho hom nay, hpc de giai quylt nhirng van de hien tai hp dang gap phai trong thuc te cugc sdng va cong viec cua minh. Ngudi ldn tiep can viec hgc theo phuang eham "can gi hoc nay", "hoc de biet, de lam ngay"
Tuy nhien, viec HT cua ngudi Idn ciing gap khdng it khd khan, han chg. Dd la, kinh nghiem ca nhan thudng lam eho ngudi tdn cd tinh bao thu nhat dinh, dan den viec ho khdng san sang tiep thu, tim lugu eai mdi. Tuoi tac, tam - sinh li, digu kien, hoan canh sdng... cung khign hp dg mang tarn trang tu ti, khd tap trung, hoae Ididng cd nhieu thdi gian cho viec hpc. Ben canh do, PPDI:! ngudi ldn ve co ban van lac hau, eham doi mdi. Day hpc ngudi ldn d cdng dong chii ygu edn nang ve thuygt trinh mot chieu, chi tap trung vao truyen thu kien thiic, ddi khi mang tinh chat ap dat. PPDH ngudi ldn van chiu anh hudng cua each day hpc ddi vdi tre em, chua chu trgng su khac biet ve dac diem HT giira ngudi ldn va tre em.
Nghien cim ciia hpc gia ndi tieng ve GD ngudi ldn va phuong phap su pham cho ngudi Idn (andragogy) [6] da chi ra rang, nhihig rao can ddi vdi viee hoc ciia ngudi Idn se dugc khae phue va hg se hpc tdt hon khi dugc trao nhieu hem quyen tu chii va su tham gia trong HT: "Ngudi ldn thudng cam thay it su cam ket, it gan bd neu nhu mgt quyet dinh hay hoat dgng nao do ho cho rang dang dugc ap dat lgn hg ma hg khong cd hoae ed rat it co hpi dg thay doi" [6], Do vay, dg khuyen khich, thue day ngudi ldn HT thi mdt trong nhirng each thirc hieu qua la phai lam sao de ho dugc tham gia mdt each chu ddng, tich cue vao chfnh qua trinh HT va GD, de hg lam chu va theo ddi dirge viec hgc eiia minh.
Chinh vi vay, doi mdi phuang phap trong day hgc ngudi ldn la can thiet de lam cho viec hpc cua hp thuc su dat dugc ket qua mong dgi. Mdt trong nhung each tigp can cd the giiip cho PPDH ddi vdi ngudi ldn trd nen sinh dpng, hap dan va mang tinh tham gia cao hon chinh la van dung Thuyet da tri tue vao HT va GD ciia ngudi Idn,
2.2.2. Van dung Thuyet Sa Iri tue uao hoc lap va giao due cua ngi/cfi I6n
Vdi tinh chat dac thu cua minh, Thuyet da tri tue cd thg dupe ap dung mgt each hieu qua trong HT va GD ngudi ldn, dac biet la trong vigc ddi mdi cac phuong phap, hinh thire to chue day hpc nham tao himg thu, khai thae tdi da kinh nghiem, vdn sdng va loi cudn ngudi ldn vao cac hoat ddng HT.
Caeh hpc theo Thuygt da tri tue rat hieu qua ddi vdi ngudi ldn bdi vi each hoc nay cd the giiip hg van dung dupc vdn hilu bigt va kinh nghiem da dang cua minh. Vdn hieu biet, kinh nghiem la tu lieu thuc te giup cho qua trinh nhan thiic cua ngirdi ldn nhanh hon, dg dang hon, giup hg tu tin trong HT,
Tuy nhien, khdng phai ngudi ldn nao eung biet each khai thae va van dung kinh nghiem ciia minh. Khi ngudi day sii dung PPDH theo nhirng ggi y tir Thuylt da tri tue, tao dieu So23thang11/2019 13
NGHIEN CQULf LUAN
kien dg hge vien ngudi ldn thg hien dugc nhirng suy nghT, kinh nghiem HT trudc day ciia mmh, liic dd hg mdi giiip ngudi ldn tu tin han va dg dang tigp nhan eae thong tin mdi.
Viec HT cua ngudi ldn cd nhilu kho khan, trd ngai. Vay lara thi nao dl loi cudn, gay himg thu HT eho ngudi ldn?
Ngoai npi dung, chuong trinh dap img dugc nhu ciu da dang ciia hg, cae ngudn lire dugc dam bao.,, thi PPDH tich cue theo Thuyet da tri tue cd thi ddng gdp vai trd quan trgng giup eho viee hgc cua ngudi ldn cd higu qua cao. Bdi vi, HT Clia ngudi ldn se thue su hieu qua han khi ho khdng phai ngoi^ mpt chd trong mdt thdi gian dai, chi nghe ngudi day thuygt trinh va khdng cd co hdi thi hien minh Hg HT mdt each hi nguyen, ehu dpng han khi ban than duge tu kham pha; thdng qua thuc hanh, giai quylt vkn dl, cae tinh hudng tiiuc tlln, trao ddi, thao luan,... Hpc vign ngudi ldn se quan tam nhieu hon den ndi dung HT khi hg duoc van dung nhiing kinh nghigm, higu bilt vdn cd, dugc phat huy nang khigu, tri tue cua mmh, ddng thdi hg cung himg thii hon khi cd co hdi kham pha, phat triln cac dang tri tue cdn d dang tilm nang ciia ban than. Vi du sau day se minh hpa cho mpt trong nhiing each van dung Thuylt da tri tue trong viec thiie day HT ciia ngudi ldn.
2.2.3, Vidu minh hoa
Trong mgt ldp hpc ciia ngudi ldn tai trung tam HT cgng ddng, hge vien dugc gidi thieu ve ehuyen dl "O nhilm ngudn nudc". Chuyen de nay cd eae muc tieu nhu sau [7]:
- Phan tich dugc tam quan trgng eua nudc ddi vdi cupc sdng;
- Neu thue trang, nguyen nhan, hau qua ciia d nhiem nudc;
- Trinh bay cac bien phap ngan ngira gay d nhiem nude va sir dung tiet kiem nudc;
- Xae dinh vai trd, trach nhiem cua ngudi dan doi vdi viee bao ve ngudn nude.
De dat duge cac muc tieu tren ciia chuyen de, Hudng dan vien (HDV) da td chtic viec hpc cd sir van dung Thuyet da tri tue nhu sau:
(1) Chia ldp thanh nhieu nhdm nhd (hoat dpng nhdm la PPDH phii hgp cho vigc phat trign loai tri tug giao tiep).
Chia nhdm cd the tiiy theo !na chgn ciia hoc vien (ngudi hgc thay minh ed nang khigu/sd ffudng ve ITnh vuc nao, hg se chgn nliiem vu phii hgp vdi kha nang cua rainh) hoae chia theo ngau nhien (mdi nhdm dgu cd cae dang tri tue khae nhau de ngudi hgc cd co hpi hpc hoi tir ngudi khae).
(2) Giao nliigm vu cu the cho radi nhdm nhu sau:
Nhdm !: Viet ragt doan van ngan phan tich vai trd ciia nude ddi vdi cuoc sdng (sir dung tri tue ngdn ngu);
Nhdm 2: Giai bai toan nhd vg tinh sd lugng hoa chat ean khi phai xu li ngudn nudc bi d nhiem tai cpng ddng (sir dung tri me logic - toan);
Nhdm 3: Ve so do hinh cay the hien nguygn nhan, hau qua eua tinh trang d nhiem ngudn nudc. Dimg mau sac de minh hpa thgm (Vi du: Man nau/mau den eua re cay de chi cae nguygn nhan; mau vang eiia la lia the hien cac hau qua
1^ TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO OUC VIET NAM
tieu cue vdi con ngudi) (sii dung tri tue khdng gian);
Nhdm 4: Hat bai hat vilt vg chii dl nudc, hoae phd nhae/
sang tac mdt bai hat lien quan din nudc (tri me am nhae);
Nhdm 5: Sira vai thg hien mdt tmh hudng ngin ve chii dl "Thuc trang d nhiem ngudn nudc tai dia phuong va bien phap giai quylt" (tri tue hinh the, ngdn ngU,...);
Nhdm 6: M6i ca nhan trong nhdm suy ngam, nhd lai ban than mmh da cd nhimg hanh dgng/viec lam cu thi nao gdp phkn ngan ngira tinh trang d nhilm ngudn nudc va sir dung tilt kiem ngudn nudc tai gia dinh, noi lam viee (sii dung M tue npi tam). (NIU sd ngudi hpe it, cd the chia 3, 4 nhdm),
Nhu vay, thdng qua qua trinh lam viec nhdm, mdi ngudi hoc ed c0 hpi phat huy kha nang, sd trudng nhat dinh cua minh (phat huy tm dilm eua dang tri tue ndi troi minh ed) dl giai quylt nhiem vii ciia nhdra, ddng thdi hgc hdi tir thanh vign trong nhdra. Tiiy thudc vao raoi bai hgc va nhdm hpc vien, khdng nhSt thilt phai cimg liic sir dung cac phuang phap de phat huy dii ea 8 dang tri hie, ma can Iua chgn each thiic phii hpp nhat vdi chii de HT va kgt hgp cac phuong phap vdi nhau. Hon niia, viec chia cac nhdm dac tnmg cho radi dang tri tue nhung khong cd nghia nhdm dd chi phat huy dugc duy nhat mdt loai tri mg.
Thong qua tuong tac trong nhom, ngoai dang tri tug ndi trpi duge su dung, cac dang tri tue khac cung cd eo hdi dl bdc Id va phat huy. Vi du: Trong thao luan nhdm (phat huy tri mg giao tilp, ddng thdi qua trinli lam vigc nhom ciing tiie hien dang tri tue ngdn ngu, ngi tam); Trong nhdm sdm vai (su dung tri tue hinh thi - diing bilu cam khuon mat, tay ehan,... de diln ta npi dung cSn trmh bay, song vin can diing tri me ngdn ngu: dl cac cau thoai cd siic thuygt phuc ngudi nghe),.,, Nhu vay, hieu qua HT se tang len khi ngudi day vira biet each van dung Thuylt da tri hie trong cac PPDH ddng thdi Iinh loat phdi hgp cac phuong phap vdi nhau, tiiy thudc vao dac dilm ldp hpc, ngudi hgc, ygu
3. Ket luan
Thue tiln cho thdy, Thuylt da tri hig cd y nghTa quan trpng trong day hgc va GD ndi chung, dac biet trong HT ngudi ldn. Hpc vign ngudi ldn sg himg thu, HT cd hieu qua han trong mdi trudng HT co sir ap dung Thuylt da tri hie bdi mdl trudng va cac PPDH dd tao cho ho su chu ddng tu do va kich thich Ur duy ciing nhu phat huy vdn sdng "trai nghigm ciia hpe vien ngudi ldn. Trong moi trudng HTnhu vay, ngudi ldn se cd dieu kien, co hpi thi hien nhirng kha nang neng cd, phat huy va kham pha, bli dudng nhirne dang tri me cdn tigm an cua ban than, gop phSn khSc ohuc nhirng trd ngai trong HT cua hp. Ddng thdi, dg van duna Thuyet da tri me vao day hgc va GD ngudi ldn dd" 1 "
ngudi day phai cd hilu bilt co ban vl thuylt nay bi^'t d"^
minh vao vi tri ngudi hgc dl van dung li Thuylt da 'fri ^'
mgt each cd hieu qua, phii hgp nli4t. ^ V?n dyng Thuylt da tri tue trong HT va GD ngudi '
la v4n de hiiu ich va li thii, song cdn it dugc qua^' -^
nghign cim. Thuylt da tri tue khdng nhung c6 thi d^*"'
. ' n ? w B ^ . ^^^f^^ DUI MidiiMAusn, u u u n g i n i u a n n
van dung trong vigc ddi mdi PPDH n g u d i Idn m a cdn img dung dugc d l fac ddng den viec ddi m d i nhieu yeu td lign quan khae n h u xay dung mdi trudng ldp hge, quan 11 ldp hpc, danh gia dau vao, dau r a . . . Thuyet da tri tue neu dugc ap dung toan dien trong day hgc va G D ngudi ldn se
d d n g gdp hull ich cho viec thiic day hieu qua ciia viec hpc, giai phong ngudn nang l u g n g tigm an trong mdi hpc vien n g u d i lan de giup hp phat huy toi da kha nang, sd trudng cua minh trong HT, cap nhat kign thirc mdi phuc vu eho cdng viec va eudc sdng.
Tai iif u tham khao
[1] Hoang Thi Thu Thuy, (2015), U'ng dmg thuyit da Tri tue [5]
Irong viec gidng day tieng Trung tgi khoa Dong Phuong, Tnrdng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hpi Nhan van Thanh phd [6]
H6 Chi Minh.
[2] Armstrong T, (20\\),Da tri tui trong l&p hgc (Le Quang Long dich), NXB Giao due Viet Nam.
[3] Howard Gardner, (2012), Li thuyit tri khon nhiiu thdnh phdn, dich gia: Pham Toan, Pham Anh Tuan hieu dinh, [7]
NXB Tn thirc.
[4] Belzer, A, (11/2004), it's not like normal school" - the [8]
role of prior learning context in adult learning. Adult Education Quarterly, Vol.55, No 1.
Bp Giao due va Dao tao, (2013), Chuong trinh bdi du&ng ve phwong phdp gidng dgy cho ngu&i l&n, HaNoi.
Kiiowles, M. S,, Holton, E., & Swanson, R. A, (2005), An andragogical process model for learning, In The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development, pp. 115-138, Amsterdam, Boston: Elsevien
Bp Giao due va Dao tao, (2010), Chuong trinh Gido due bdo vi mdi tru&ng.
Bemd Meier - Nguyen Van Cudng, (2014), Li ludn dgy hgc hiin dgi, co .s& dot moi muc tieu, npi dung vd phuong phdp dgy hgc, NXB Dai hoc Su phEim, Ha Npi
APPLYING MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE THEORY IN ADULT LEARNING AND EDUCATION
Bui Thanh X u a n \ Duong Thi Oanh^
' Email [email protected] ' Email [email protected] Tlie Vietram Nationai Institute of Edjcational Sciences 4 Tmh Hoai Die, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vieftiam
ABSTRACT: The theory of multiple intelligence has been applied in education gf several countries. A number of schools have been using multiple intelligence as an underpinning framework or principles for theu activities.
Teachers have been acquiring knowledge and applying this theory in their teaching practice, contributing to the change towards active teaching methods. Each type of intelligence will fit with certain teaching methods.
Teachers in multiple intelligence classrooms need to creatively apply and combine the different teaching methods. The application of multiple intelligence is important not only to children, but also to adult learning.
Adult learners have specific characteristics in learning styles, learning conditions, thus a relevant application of multiple intelligence in adult learning will help overcome obstacles as well as enhance strengths in adult education and learning.
KEYWORDS: Multiple intelligence; adult learning and education; teaching methodologies.
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