^iofot DI&NDA DAN
V a n hoa, nghe t h u a t can
"vao sau t r o n g t a m ly quoc dan'
"soi duong cho quoc dan d i "
PGS.1S.NGUVfNNGgCTHItN
(Tqp chi DiSn ddn van ngh^ Viet Nam:i
T
U duy v l ChUc nang xB hoi cOa van hpc, nghe thu^t, n h i m tac dpng vao dgo dOc xa hdi, nhan c i c h con ngydi hydng tdi Chan, Thi0n, IVIy, to lau da dope d l cap tdi trong ly luan va thye t i l n phat t r i l n cOa van hpc, nghe thugt nhfln logi.TO thdi e l dgi, Arixtfltd (Hy Lgp, t h i k^ IV trudc Cflng nguyfln) trong Nghi thuit thd ca da nhan manh den tac dung thanh Ipc, tay rOa, iam trong sgeh, tjnh hda (katharsis) tam h i n con ngudi cua bi kjeh. My hpe phudng Dflng d l cap chOc nang "tiJ dge" cOa van chUdng nghe t h u l t trong mflnh d l "Van dl t i i dgo".
Nha van Idn cOa n i n van hpc xa hfli chu nghTa Nga - xfl vie't M. Gerky mflnh danh thifln chOc cap quy cda nha van la "ky so tam hon" cila xa hfli.
d ta, to t h i kjt XIV, thi hflo NguySn Trai vdi diflu ke "mUu phgt tam cflng" - danh vac long ngudi, da dya vao thyc lye quan sy Idn mgnh eOg nghTa quan k i t hdp khflo leo sO dyng Idi le nghj lufln van chuong trong thu to giao djeh vdi g i j c ngogi xflm phodng Bgc (sau nay dope
tap hdp vad Quin trung til menh tip), da t h u y l t phye thanh cflng khien chung phai bd tay lai hang nghTa quan Lam Sdn mg khflng p h l i tfl'n mui ten, hdn dgn nao de dogt thflnh tri gigc c h i l m ddng.
Dau t h i k^ XX, nha yflu nUdc chi sT Phan Bpi Chflu, tiep thu to todng cOa ngudi xUa, khing djnh rang "lip ngdn"
cung la mflt trpng 3 phuong each dang quy (cung vdi "lip cdng", "lip dUc') de cac bgc anh tai trcng thifln hg ddng gdp cho ddi. Bdi vi, trong vifle Iflp ngfln, van chuong tfl ra hOu hieu vfl song 6 eho nd lan toa di tO coi Idng, tam h i n con ngUdi d i n cdi Idng, tam hon ngudi khae: "Van chudng ttiien cd sU, Dac thit thdn tim tiT
• Djeh: "van ehudng chuyen nghln ddi, dupc mat d mpt tam ldng".
Trfln budc dudng hogt ddng cUu nUdc, Phgn Bpi Chflu da sang tae thd van bang tai nang va b l u nhiSt h u y l t sfli sue cila minh, danh thOe h i n node, kflu gpi d i n g bao quoe dfln n h i t te khflng cam ehju than phan no IS tam toi, nhye nha ma giac ngo dOng Ifln dau tranh gianh Igi dpc lap eho dSt nudo, ty dd eho than
DIEN B A N VAN NGHE VIET NAM (249) -10/2015 17
phan dan minh.
Va Ho Chi Minh - lanh ty cila giai cap vfl san va nhan dan lao dflng Viet Nam - vdi luan d i l m "Van hda p h l i soi dydng cho q u i c dan di"'^' da the hifln sflu sac tu duy duy vat biSn chOng va duy vat Ijch sO cOa my hpe Mae - Lflnin, ghi nhan tae dyng to Idn, khflng the thay the dypc cila van hda nghS thugt gdp phan dinh hudng phat t r i l n va t i l n bp xa hpi.
Lucin d i l m khai thj nay dupc nSu ISn trcng bai ndi chuyen cOa Ngudi tgi Hfli nghj van hda toan q u i c khai mge ngay 24 thgng 11 nam 1946 tgi Ha Npi.
Ngodi ehi ra dac s l e trong to duy va nghfl thugt the hien cDa van hpc nghe thuat la nd ed t h i di sau tac dpng vap tan g l c r i , efli nguln bfln trong cua con ngodi, l y la phOdng dien tam ly, to todng - tinh than, nhin each cua hp, tUc con ngUdi vdi tu each la sinh t h i tu duy. Theo NgUdi, p h l i kiln tgo xa hfli mdi bat d i u tO dpng lye efli nguon ndi eon ngudi ndi trfln, song song tren e l 2 mat: xiy vi chdng.
1. ChSng - tOc la loai bd nhOng thdi xau toi tfl, khflng t h i c h i p nhfln mai dope, nho thdi nfl lfl, to ty; ludi bifl'ng, tham nhung; iang phi, tu Ipi vfl ich kJi.
2. Xiy - tOe khflng ngUng b l i dap tinh than yflu nudc, thodng dfln, to cudng dfln tpc, quSn minh cho ly tudng cao quy dpe l$p, ty do, ehi cong vfl ty, h i t Idng vi nghTa Idn cua q u i c gia vfl sau h i t t h I u hieu nghTa vy va quyen Ipi ehinh dang cua ngudi eflng dfln luon di del vdi nhau.
Bac Ho ndi:
" P h l i lam t h i nao eho van hda vao sflu trong tam ly quoe dfln, nghTa la vSn hda p h l i sila doi dupe tham nhung, dupc ludi biing, phu hoa, xg xl. Tam ly cila ta Igi cdn muon lay dflc lap, ty do iam glc.
van hda phai lam the nao cho ai eung cd ly tuSng ty chO, doc lap, ty dd. D i n g thdi van hda p h l i lam t h i nao cho quic dSn cd tinh t h i n vl nude qufln minh, vi Ipi icIi Chung mfl quSn ldi ich riflng minh. Dfl'i vdi xa hfli, van hda p h l i lam t h i nflo eho m6l ngudi dan Viet Nam, to gia d i n trfl, c l dan flng vfl dgn bg, ai cung h i i u nhiflm vy cila minh va bilt hydng hgnh phuc eOg minh nfln dypc hydng."t^'
Cc the ndi, nhOng y k i l n tren cOa Chil tjch He Chi Minh ve nhOng phypng di^n chil yfl'u cua nhfln each cen ngUdi mdi ma van hda, van nghe gdp p h i n xfly dyng, t h i hifln t i m vdc eug vj ianh t(j thiSn tai, nhin xa trflng rflng. Ty tudng nfly cho de'n nay va mai v l sau v i n se cdn t i l p tyc phat huy gia trj djnh hudng v l hiSu q u i , chUc nang xa hfli to Idn cDa van hda, van nghe.
Rp rang, tae dflng oOa van hda, van nghS p h l i tap trung nham vap d l l topng then c h i t la con ngudi, thflm nh$p vao ddi sfl'ng ben trong eOa nd, tUc n i n tang tam ly, tinh t h i n , tu tudng cOa hp - nhOng phupng dien cd b i n cau thanh nhfln each, tu each cpn ngudi. Bdi chi khi nao dc cd nghT, tflm ed dflng, co bien c h u y i n , c d ^ | xui k h i l n theo cai that, cai tflt va e a i ^ | thi sy hanh xO eOa ngUdi dd mdi ed t h i dgt tdi dich va cd ich nhu mnng muln.
DIEN DAN VAN NGHE VlgT NAM (249) - 10/2015
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Tien trinh tO tu duy den hanh dpng, hay nhu sy duo ks't eua thanh ngO dfln gian
" 6 c nghT, mieng ndi, tay lam", da eho tha'y qua trinh bien chUng cila nhan thOc to to duy trOu topng dS'n hieu q u i trong hflnh dpng va thye t i l n nhy t h i nflc.
Tom Igi, van hda, van hpe nghfl thugt gdp p h i n quan trpng, khdng the thay t h i dope trong vifle giOp vao hofln thien nhan each cao quy ndi con ngydi, xfly dyng n i n t i n g to todng, tinh t h i n , tinh e l m cao dgp cOa xa hfli, nham duy tri xa hfli phat trien on djnh, b i n vOng. Nghj q u y l t 33 cua Ban C h i p hanh TLf. D i n g g i n day da quan triet quan d i l m mac xit, to tudng Ho Chi Minh, the hi^n sflu sac, k h i n g djnh dieu dd nhu mpt nguyen 1;^ can b i n cila dudng loi van hpc nghe thuat cOa D i n g Cflng s i n Viet Ngm.
Song, vSn d l dat rg lg t h i hifln nhOng van d l giOp vad vifle xay dung nhan each con ngudi nhu the nao b l n g cac phudng tifln bieu dat cOa cac logi hinh van hpc nghe thuat?
Cd the the hien m^t each ddn g i l n , nghep n i n v l tinh hinh tupng - tham my, theo loi ap dgt luan d l , so lupc, ndng can, nha't thdi khflng? Xin lay mpt vi du nhd to thyc tifln vfln hpc Viet Nam hien dai de eung rOt ra mflt bfli hpc.
Tieu thuyfl't thupe trflc IUu van hpe lang man Td Tim eOa Hoang Ngpe Phach luc ra ddi (1925) gay t i l n g vang, dUdc hoan nghenh r i m rfl, bdi chil d l tu tudng cua t i i u t h u y l t cap nh$t phfl phan sy rflng buflc, kim ham eOa lfl giao phong k i l n co
hil, 161 thdi doi vdi tinh yflu vfl hon nhan trong thdi dgi mdi ddi hdi dUOc ty do va sy ty quyet cDg eon ngydi. Tgc p h i m la mpt tieng ndi p h i n khang dfli vdi le thdi phong kifi'n Igc hflu, d l eao sU tien bp, sy tfln trpng q u y l n con ngydi trong hon nhan ty do, ty nguyfln, khang djnh b i n ITnh va nhan each cua nhOng con ngodi thupe t h i hfl mdi dung e l m doan tuy0t vdi cai eu, eai phan t i l n bp.
Tuy nhien, dang tiec la vai nam sau, khi saeh nay tai b i n , dpc g i l khflng edn ham mfl tac p h i m nho h i i dau, mfl thd 0 vdi tae p h i m . Ly g i l i d i l u nay, nha van Thach Lam da cht ra nguyfln nhfln thufle ve phOdng dien nghfl thugt cOg t i i u thuyfl't. 6ng x I p Td Tim thufle logi
"tae pham chi ed nhOng eai sol noi mpt thdi ma khflng co gl lfl iau ben, sau sac"
ChT chgy theo mdt tam ly hdi hdt b l ngogi eOg mpt thdi - nghfl thugt tae pham khflng vOng b i n : 6 each xay dOng nhan vat, sy the hifln tflm ly va ddi s i n g bfln trcng eOa nhan vflt ehinh, d sy khien eudng trong k h i e hpa va the hien chu d l .
Thee Thgeh Lgm, tac p h i m mucn cd gia trj iau dai p h l i dap Ong dcng thdi c l v l hai phOdng dien: to todng va nghe thuat. Tae pham, qua ehO d l dope de cap va nhan vat tgo dyng, p h l i nham vao nhOng v i n d l ed y nghTa pho quat, iau b i n doi vdi con ngudi d mpi thdi dgi, chO khflng chT nham dap Ong cai nhu e l u cila thdi the trodc mat; tae pham p h l i dien t l sau s i c ddi song ben trong cilg tam h i n , tu todng, tinh e l m nhan v l t . Ong viet:
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tac p h i m p h l i "vUpt qua cai n h i t thdi, di d i n cai sau sac eCia tam hon nhan vat", chgm den dUde "nhOng cai gi bat didt, ddi ddi" ngy d trong nhDng nhdn vat dupe tgo tac - cd nhU vdy tac p h i m mdi cd siJc hap dan (du ben, trudng tdn'^'.
Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh, trong phat b i l u vdi van nghd sT da dac biet IUu y d i n vide xay dung chinh the tae pham nghd thugt trong dd vUa dam bao ndi dung ehdn that, phong phu, vUa qugn tam d i n sU t h i hidn nghe thuat trong sang, hap d i n , cd vay tde p h i m mdi dem lai bo (ch cho cdng ehung tiep nhan. Va theo Ngudi, trdn h i t van la xay diing nhOng d i l n hinh cao dep, cd sDc thuylt phye manh me v l nhOng eon ngudi mdi vdi nhOng vide ldm mdi m l , cd y nghTa ldu dai, de ddi, khdng chT cho hdm nay ma cdn ca eho con chau ddi sau noi gUdng, hpc tap. Ngudi v i l t :
"Quan chung dang chd dpi nhUng tdc phim xijfng dang vdi thdi dai ve vang cDa chung ta, nhUng tdc pham catyng chan that nhiJfng ngudi mdi, viec mdi, chang nhu'ng lam gUdng mau cho ehung ta ngdy nay ma cdn de giao due con ehau ta ddi sau"'"*'.
Suy rdng ra, van d l xay di/ng d i l n hinh cac logi nhan vat tich cUc, con ngudi mdi x u l t hien trong eae t i n g Idp xa hdi hien ngy (cdng nhdn, ndng dan, c h i l n sT Iuc IUdng vu trgng va an ninh nhan ddn, trf thiJc, nha doanh nghidp...) nhu nhffng t i m gUPng dien hinh chinh didn d l mpi ngudi hpe tap va noi theo, ludn ludn la mpt ddi hoi cap bach doi vdi
sang tao nghd thuat de gdp vdo viec xgy dung nhan each con ngudi trong xa h6i ngay nay.
Nhffng pham chat cd ban cilia con ngi/fli Viet Nam hdm nay: yeu To quoc ning nan;
yeu nhan ddn sau sac; lao ddng sdng tgo;
giau Idng nhan ai vdi dong loai; b l o trpng tu each; sdng hda hpp vdi mpi ngudi, vdi thidn nhien; trung thUe ndi di ddi vdi lam;
c l u t i l n bd, hUdng Thidn; dung cam chong lai cai xau, cai Ae va sU tha hda... do la nhOng net dep thudc nhdn each ngudi Vi$t Nam da ft nhieu dupe t h i hidn trong cac tae pham van hpe nghd thudt cQa nhffng van nghd sT tai nang, dupc cdng chiing ndng nhidt t i l p nhdn.
Tuy nhien van cdn thieu vang nhDng tac pham tam c9, dap Ung yeu c l u ngay cang cao cua edng chung, trong dd k^i tinh nhffng gid trj tU tUdng sau sac, si/
the hidn nghe thugt eijg nhffng tai nang bde thay, la tinh hog va n i l m tu hao cOa van hpc nghd thuat Vidt Nam dUdng dgi.
Chung ta cdn p h l i kien tri chd dpi si/
phan dau va dyng cdng nghe thudt, si^
tan hien, thang hoa c^a tUng van nghe sT ddi dao ban ITnh.
(•) Tham iugn tgi hpi thao "Vdn hgc, ngh^ Ihu^t vS viec xdy dimg nhdn cdch con ngiidi Vi$f Nam" do Hpi dong b/ lugn, Phe blnh VHW TUtd chOc tgi TP, Hfl Chi IVlinh, thang 10/2015.
(1) C2) Ho Chf Minh - Ve cdng tdc vdn hoa, vdn ngf$.
(In idn tha hai). I^xb. SJ that. Hd NOi, 1977, tr.90, (3) Thach Lorn - Theo dong - Vol 9 nghi vS vdn chUcSig, Ctai ban), Nxb. Ddi Nay, Sai Gdn. 1962, tr.14-16.
(4) H 6 Chf Minh - "Bdi n6i chuydn tgi Dai hgi VQn ngh§
toon qu6c i6n ttiQ 3' (1962) / VS cdng tac vdn h6a.
vdn ngh$ (in ldn thCf hai). Nxb, SU thOt, H.,1977. tr.82,-^
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