Van hoa va vai tro cua van hoa doi voi to chuc
Phan Thi Thanh Hoa Dal hoc Kinh t^Ou^cdM
Ngdy nay, trong ndn kinh te' thi trudng, doanh nghidp mudn phat trien san xuat, kinh doanh, md rdng thi trudng, nang tdm thuong hidu, khdng cdn each nao khde la phai chii trpng tdi van hda td ehtic. Trong bai vi^t nay, tac gia da tdng hpp 1^ mdt sd khai niem co ban v^ van hda td chiic, dua ra mdt sd md hinh do luong van hoa td ehiic tidu bidu, qua dd nhan manh vai trd ciia van hoa ddi vdi sy phat trien ben vting ciia doanh nghidp.
I.Datvanfle
van hoa td chuc la mdt pham trtl dang ddn nhdn dupe sy quan tam eiia cdc nhd quan ly va nghidn ciiu.
COng vdi su phdt trien cua kinh te - xd hdi, van hod td chiic cting dupe nhin nhdn dudi nhidu gdc dd khac nhau.van hod td chiic Id linh hdn, la tai san hdt siic quan trgng ciia cdc doanh nghidp.Vi the, vide hi^u diing diing ban chdt ctia van hod, ttr dd xdy dyng dupe van hoa td ehde mdt each bai bdn, khoa hpc Id vide hdt siic quan trpng.
2. Khai niem va vai trd cua van hoa dd'i vai td' chirc
2.1. Mdt sd khai nidm co ban ve van hda td chuc Khdi niem van hoa td chiic dupe eac nha nghien eiiu va cac nha quan ly dac biet quan tam vao nhirng nam 70 eOa thd kj/ XX, gdn vdi sy thanh cdng mdt each thdn ky eua eac cdng ty Nhat Ban. Khai niem van hoa td chuc ed thd dupe hieu dudi nhieu gdc do khac nhau. Theo Elliott Jaques (1952), "van hoa td chirc dupe bieu la thdi quen, each nghi tmy^n thdng va each 1dm vide trong td ehiic dupe chia sd bdi tdt cd cdc thdnh vidn trong td chirc". Theo Adrew Pettigrew (1979), "van hda td chuc Id he thdng nhung f nghia chung dupe chdp nhdn rdng rai bdi nhung ngudi lao ddng trong thdi gian nhdt dinh". Robbin (2003) lai cho rdng: "Vdn hda td cbtrc la mdt bd thdng y nghia chung dupe gin giti bdi eac thdnh vien ciia td chiic, qua dd ed thd phan biet td chiic nay vdi td chire khde". Cdn Schwatz vd Davis (1981) dinh nghia: "Van hod la mpt hinh thuc ctia cdc hn ngudng vd tham vong cOa cdc thdnh vidn trong mdt td chiic. Nhung tin ngudng vd tham vpng ndy tao nen mdt quy tdc chung anh hudng manh me ddn vide hinh thanh eac hanh vi ca nhan va nhdm ngudi trong td chiic". Theo Kapferer (2000),
"van hod" la nguyen tac ca bdn di^u khidn thuong hieu. Kbia canh "van hod" thude ndi bd cdng ty, nd tich hpp thuong hieu trong td chirc va rat can thidt eho viec phan biet thuong hieu (Kapferer, 1986, 2008).
Deshpande vd Webster (1989) xac djnh van hoa td chiic nhu Id "md hinh chia se gid tri vd nidm tin, gidp cac cd nhdn hi^u dupe chuc nang td chiic va do dd cung cdp eho hp cae tieu chuan vd hdnh vi trong td chirc". Mdt trong nhting dinh nghia dupe dOng phd bidn nhdt khi nghidn ciru vd van boa td ebiic la ctia E.Schein (2004): 'Van hoa td chuc Id mdt tap hop cOa nhting nguyen tdc co ban duac cdng nhan la dilng md mdt tdp thd ctmg chia se, rihdng nguydn tdc dy dupe vdn dyng de giai quyet nhiing van dd ndy sinh trong td chuc khi cdn phdi thich nghi vdi nbiing bidn ddi bdn ngoai cting nhu dd tao ra sy gdn kdt va hdi nhdp trong ndi bd td chuc ay. Dd Id nhtrng nguyen tdc da td ra ed tiieu qua tdt, du de mgi ngudi cdng nhan gia tri eiia nd, va do vdy, cdn dupe tmyen dat, hudn luydn cho nhirng nhdn vien mdi, de hp nhdn thiie, suy nghi vd hanh ddng phu hpp vdi nhting nguydn tdc dy khi gidi quydt edng viec."
Nhu vdy, ed thd hieu, van hod td chuc nhu Id mdt md hinh chia sd cae gia tri, nidm tin, chudn myc, hdnh vi ciia mpi thdnh vien trong td chire; tao thdnh ndt dac thii rieng eiia td chiic. Nhting he thdng gia tri, chudn myc nay se giup mdi ngudi xac dinh dupe hanh vi nap Id tdt, phu hpp vdi td ehiic, vd hanh vi ndp Id xdu, khdng dupe chap nhdn. Dac biet, khi phai ddi mat vdi nhting van dd khd khan, nd sd giiip cac thanh vien ra cac quyet dinh phil hop vdi myc tieu, sii menh ciia td chirc.
2.2. Mot so md hinh tieu bidu ve vdn hoa td chuc Trdn the gidi, cd hai md hinh danh gia van boa doanh nghiep dupe sii dung phd bidn nhat Id md hinh OCAl (Organisational Culture Assessment Instmment)
19
NGHIEN C l / U
RESEARCH
cua Quinn vd md hinh DOCS (Denison Organisational Culture Survey) cua Denison Consulting
i) Mo hinh OCAl
Md hinh nay phan tich van hoa dya tren hai khi'a canh la tinh linh ho^t (Linh hoat/ tu do hay kiem soat/
6 dinh) va xu hudng (hudng ndi hay hudng ngoai) ciia td chiic.
vdi khach hang va thi tmdng)
hien) Nhiem vy (:f thuc vd dinh hudng va ky vpng thi^c
M)nhoi duar da IDAII; bing cinf cuOCAl
Mo hinh Denison sau do dupe phat trien vdi myc tieu danh gia van boa doanh nghiep hien tai dya hen 4 phuang dien chinh (trong mdi dac didm cd 3 each thue bieu hi^n) vd su dung 2 chi^u:
- Hudng ndi so vdi Hudng ngoai - Linh hoat so vdi On dinh
Cd the thay rd uu didm ctia md hinh Denison so vdi cdc md hinh van hod khac nhu sau:
8atm l i So iaah mo hinh Dtplsnn MO HiNH DENISON "
KI^M S O A T
S T i n a|a)i - kUm mat - VEig cbic Ngudn. Fralbiger. Barbara. Olson, Valair. 1007
M6 hinh Ocai ddnb gid van boa td chiic dya tren 6 tidu chi ehinh, bao gdm:
- Dac didm ndi trpi cua td chiic - Sy lanh dao ciia td chiic - Quan ly nhdn vien
- Sy gdn kdt ciia cae thdnh vien trong td chiic - Chien lupc trpng tam cua td chuc - Tieu chi thanh cdng cua td chiic
•Di;atr6nti4rihvi - Dir^c thia k£ va tf tniang kmh doanli
•Sii ' khim i ^
Dir^ hia kat doanh miu chol
• Nhanh cb6ng vi dJ th^ic h i ^ ' C6 lfa6 ip dung cho tii ca cac ciia 16 chiic
ii d p doanh i k£t q i U Winh
hinh van hna khac c A c M O EflNH VAN HOA KHAC
rationg
• niirdng d\ra trin lam 1? lio5<! dva frSntinhcicli
Timimg dugc thiS kfi mdi tnrcmg bpc thu^l - Thirang gii d^ng ngon nsit phi kinh doanh p h ^ iaqc chuy£n (tdi ibdng qua giii thich s a n ^ i cdnh kmh doanh - Thudng Idimg [5 rang vicinUSakk eif tki itn kft <:pi kinh doanh; it n i u c6 nghien ciiu tien hanh d^t cic yeu td vin hoa liSn quan den hi$u 9iiSt - Thudng ddi hdt n h i ^ thdi gian d^
Ihyc h i ^ dinh gii v4 / hoSc giii thich k£t qui trongbdi c^nh kinh doanh
Duac thiit ke d5c bift d£ thvc h i ^ cip cao nbSt ho jc tign tuyEn O^guSn: Denison. 1984)
2.3. Vai trd ciia van hoa vdi td chtrc Vai trd cua van hda ddi vdi td ehiic cd the dupe nhin nhan dudi cac gdc dp sau day:
- Van hoa td chiic giup tao ra su khac bidt, tir dd dinh hinh dac tinh, hinh anh thuong hieu ciia td chiic Xdy dung va phat trien thuong hieu ia mdt viec lam ii) Md hinh DOCS (Denison Organisational Culture eye ky quan trgng ddi vdi bat ky td chtrc nao 'Thuans
•"""^ hieu bao gdm yeu td ben ni ' Survey)
Md hinh nay dugc phat trien bdi giao su Daniel Denison, mot gido su ndi tieng d IMD.Ddu nam 1984, Tien si Denison da xudt bdn nghidn euu ve mdi quan he giiravan hda td chiic va hidu qua tai chinh. Ong da nghien ciiu sd lieu lien quan den hoat dong kinh doanh ciia 34 cdng ty, va nhan thdy, d nhung td chiic cd sy sdp xep nhan lyc hop ly, dac biet trong viec ra quyet dinh, cae chi sd ROI, ROS tang len dang ke
Liic dau, cae td ehiic cd n^n van hda manh ban chi lam tdt hon mOt chut, nhunganh hudng cua cae nen van hda manh me hon dupe tich luy. Den cudi 5 nam, hieu qua lard ret. Dya tren nhiing nghien cuu ban dau dd, Tien si Denison da phat trien md binh bidn tai dya trdn bdn dac diem sau:
- Su tham gia (eiia nhan vidn trong cae quyet dinh va nhiem vy hdng ngdy)
- Tinh nhat qudn (ciia thu tyc td chuc) - Kha nang thich ling (thay ddi td chiic de dap ling i>0
v»-,, , . 1 , . • Soai va yeu to ben trong:
IZ h i h" i ; ' ° " ' ' ' ° ^ ™ '^" S"'' '°8o, slogan, mau sac, bao b,, k,eu dang cong nghiep, nhac hieu, mui V6u td ben trong la dac llnh cot loi dnoc nguoi lieu
tagc6tht J n h * - T •" ' ' " " ^ ° ^ ' ' "Suoi tieu nnn cot lo, ben trong- (Nguyen Thi Hoai Dung 20101 c h o T h , r I"'" ' ™ 8 - P^*" '='° " - - ' Xhac w i , cho thuong h,eu lai duoc tao nen tt, chinh nhc,n„ 'fi CO the no, rang, van hoa 16 chuc li, mot y€u tftl ' trong, 4nh thuong den ^ ^ "">- ..- »-•-•. •• "1"^"
hi^u. J den dac tinh va hinh anh thu - Van hoa to chuc tao su thong nhat trong hftnv, .
; ; ; | J - ^ a c a c , h a n h v i . n ; t a o t i n h 6 n d i 4 r : ; Van hoa 16 chuc co vai tro kft noi moi thanh. •.
trong 16 chuc. Nhung gia hi, chuin muc IZ^^^
chon se g,up cac thanh vien di theo dinh humg chu^*
cila td chiic mdt each ty giac, hJ nguydn; gitip hod hpp muc tidu cd nhdn vd myc tieu eua td ehiic. Dd chinh la chdt keo gan kdt moi ngudi, vd khi td ehiic ddi mat vdi cac xung ddt, yeu td vdn hod se giiip mgi ngudi thdng nhdt va ed cdch ling xir phti hop.
- Van hoa td chtrc Id mdt yeu td quan trong thu hut nhan tdi.
Con ngudi lam vide khOng chi vi tien ma cdn vi nhifeu gid tri khac. Nhdn vidn, dac biet la nhung nhan vien gidi se chi gdn bd lau dai vdi td chiic neu d dd ho cam thay dupe su gdn kdt giua cdc thdnh vidn, cdm thay nhung ddng gdp ciia hp dupe ghi nhdn xiing dang, vd tai dd, hp dupe ty thd bidn, khdng djnh minh.
Vd van hoa se la yeu to quan trpng, giup tao nen mdi trudng lam viec dd. Chi'nh vi the, van hoa ngay cang trd thdnh mdt yeu td quan trgng giup thu hiit vd giti chan nhan tai.
- Van hda giilp doanh nghidp thuc bidn chien lupc, triet ly kinh doanh.
Mdt td chiic mudn phat tridn ben vting thi ngay tu khi bat dau thanh lap, da phai dd ra tridt ly, chien lupc kinh doanh va kien tn theo dudi nd. Van hoa chinh la ydu td quan trpng giiip td chtrc chpn Ipc, gin giir vd phdt huy cdc gid tri phti hap vdi cdc trie't ly dd.
- Vdn hod giiip td chire tao dupe nidm tin cua dd'i tdc, khdch hdng vd cdng ddng.
Khdeb hang, dd'i tdc lya chpn Idm an, hap tac vdi td chiic khdng chi bdi san phdm, djch vy cua td chuc dd, md cdn vi nhting gid tri ed't loi ctia td chuc se khidn hp tin tudng ve mdt mdi quan he bdn vting, Idu ddi.
Khi nhiing gid tri dd duac duy tn vd Ian tod, cdng dong cting se cdm nhdn dupe, vd dd Id yeu to quan trgng tao nen sy ung hd eiia cdng ddng vdi td chtrc.
Tuy nhien, ben canh dd, van hod td chuc cling ed the gdy ra mdt sd dnh hudng tieu eye nhu:
- Cdn trd sy thay ddi eiia td chuc, ddc biet vdi cdc td chtrc cd van hod manh
- Cdn trd sy da dang, nhdt Id sy da dang ve lao ddng
- Cdn trd sy hpp nhdt hay sap nhdp giua cdc td chuc
Mae dti tdc ddng ciia van hoa ddi vdi hoat ddng cua td chuc cd cd ydu td tinh eye va yeu td cdn trd, nhung rdt nhidu chtrc nang ciia nd la cd gia trl dd'i vdi td chirc cung nhu cac thanh vien trong td chuc. Vi vdy, cdc td chirc dang ngay cdng nhdn thuc dupe tdm quan trpng ciia viec xay dyng van hoa trong chidn luoc phat tridn cua minh, dd ndng cao vi the Ccinh tranh vd phdt tridn bdn vtrng.
3. Ket luan
van hoa td chtrc cd vai trd bet sire quan trpng vdi cdc doanh nghidp. Vi the, viec xdy dyng vd phdt bidn van hod phu hpp se gidp xay dyng dinh hudng, gdn ke't cdc thdnh vien, hudng mpi ngudi tdi mdt myc tidu chung, qua dd ndng eao nang lyc canh tranh cila doanh nghiep./.
Tai lieu tham khao
Denison, D.R. (1984), "Bringing Corporate Culture to the Bottom Line," Organizationeif Dynamics, 13,2, 4- 22.
Denison, D.R. (1990), Corporate Culture and Organizational Effectiveness, New York: Wiley.
Denison, D.R. (1996), "What is the Difference Between Organizahonal Culture and Organizational Climate? A Native's Point of View on a Decade of Paradigm Wars." Academy of Management, Academy of Management Review.
Denison, D.R. and Mishra, A.K., (1995), "Towards a Theory of Organizational Culture and Effectiveness,"
Organizational Science, 16, 2, 204-223.
Desphande, Rohit, Fariey; John U; Webster Jr, Frederick E. (1993), "Corporate Culture, Customer Orientation, and Innovativeness in Japanese Firms: A Quadrad Analysis", Joumal of Marketing, Vol. 57, pp.
23-37.
Fralinger, Barbara; Olson, Valerie (2007),
"Organizational Culture at the University Level: A Study Using the OCAI Instrument", Journal of College Teaching & Leaming , 4(11), pp. 85-98.
Kapferer, J.N. (1986), "Beyond positioning, retail- er's identity", Esomar Seminar Proceedings, Bmssels, Vol. 4/6, pp. 167-176.