TAP CHI KHOA HQC T R U I N G BAI HQC HONG BlTC - SO 46.2019
NGHE THUAT TO CHlTC NGON NGlT TRONG MOT SO SANG TAC VAN HOC NHA NHO NAM BO NU^A SAU THE KY XIX
Nguyen Ngoc Phii' TOM TAT
Vdn hgc nhd nho Nam Bd nua sau the ky XIX van dung nhiiu ngdn ngd khdc nhau de chuyen tdi nhirng ngi dung mai. Nghe thugt td chuc ngdn ngir qua cdc sdng tde bang chir Hdn thi linhti, gidu gid tri bieu edm, khai ma nhieu trudng lien tuang; trong cde sdng tde bdng chu Ndm su dung hdng logi tu binh ddn, gdn gUi vai ldi dn liing ndi hdng ngdy cua nhdn ddn... Nghi thugt td chuc ngon ngd ciia cdc nhd nho Nam Bd linh hogt, da dgng, phong phu, tap trung khdc hoa ngudi anh hiing vi nghia vdi nhirng phdm chdt ddng trdn trong, xoay quanh vdn di ca bdn con ngudi trung nghia vd su tdn vong ciia ddn tgc.
Tff khda: Nghe thudt, ngdn ngir, nhd nho Nam Bg.
I . D A T V A N D E
Van hpc nha nho Nam Bd giai doan nua sau thd ky XIX van dung nhidu thd loai chuydn tai nhidu ngi dung mdi, dac bidt tap trung khac hga ngudi anh himg ydu nudc. Cac nha nho van dung phong phii cac thd van chinh luan, cac thd tho, van xudi tu su va mot so the loai dan tde khac dd midn ta, the hien con ngudi trung nghia vdi nhiing pham chat dang tran trgng. Cac nha nho su dung linh hoat nhidu but phap khac nhau dd bay td su chan thanh sau sac ndi ldng ddi vdi nhan dan, dat nudc; xdt thuong, ngpi ca cac lanh binh bd muih vi nghTa. Dac bidt nghd thuat td chiic ngdn ngii qua cac sang tac bang chii Han va chil Nom cua cac nha nho nhSm the hidn cac ndi dung mang tinh thdi su xoay quanh van de ca ban: con ngudi trang nghia va su tdn vong cua dan tpc, cgng ddng. Su da dang vd hmh thuc van tu/van ban (van hgc dugc vidt khdng chi bang chil Han, ma cdn bang ca chu Nom) lam cho van hpc nha nho Nam Bd niia sau thd ky XIX thdm phong phu, ddc dao, cd dac sac rieng, vai trd va vi tri ridng.
2. NOl DUNG
2.1. NgSn ngfr trong cac sang tac bang chir Han
Cac sang tac bang chij Han cua cac nha nho Nam Bd ciing hdt sue phong phu, da dang.
Phan Thanh Gian vdi tap Luang Khi thi thao va Luang Khe vdn thdo, Nguydn Thdng vdi tap Ng(?a Du Sao thi tap, Nguydn Dinh Chidu vin mpt sd bai tha chtt Han; nhidu bai tha, cau ddi hiyet mdnh cua cac lanh tu nghia binh nhu Hd Huan Nghidp, Nguydn Huu Huan,... thd hidn ph§m chit, tidt thao ciia con ngudi trung nghia: Him chi nan thdn, khdng udng bd niin chiiu vgt nghi/Tuy cdng bit tuu, diic tuang nhirt td bdo qudn dn (Cd chi khdn bay, sa quan tram
Khoa Suphgm Ngit van, Trudng Dgi hoc Ddng Thdp
TAP c m KHOA HOC TRtTCWG DAI HOC HONG D ( l C - s 6 j 6 : 2 ( l l 9
nam ldi nghi chung/ Tuy cdng chua lap, cung danh mdt thac bao on vua) (Nguyen Hil'u Huan) [3; tr.291]; Nguyln Huu Huan la mpt ttong bdn ngudi dimg ddu phong trao chdng Phap "chang nghe Thien tu' chieu" tren vimg nliuong dia (gdm Truang Dinh, Nguyen Hiru Huan, Tran Tuan (Phan Tmng), Vd Duy Duong). Sau kill Nguyen Hitu Huan hy sinh, nhieu tac gia yen nudc da sang tac tho chir Han hpa van bai Hdn md gian quan. Can cix vao npi dung, cd the chia cum tho nay lam hai nhdm: mpt nhdm sang tac theo de tai dieu vinh Nguyen Hiru Huan (Tdng tuang lam xich cua Au Duong Lan, Hung su thuc dir cda tac gia khuyet danh, The tuang binh md cua Dd Hitu, Tuyet dgi cong lao, Trung luu kich liep cua tac gia hp Le, Dieu Gidi nguyen Nguyen Hihi Hudn ciia Phan Chau Trinh), mdt nhdm sang tac theo nhung de tai khac (3 bai Ttung nghia vinh va bai Vi ndng nhdt tir cua Nguyen Van Timg), diing bo van citu, hint, luu, ddu, sdu. Qua trinh ke thira cac gia tri tinh than ttong cupc ddi chien dau cua Nguyen Hiiu Huan, cac tac gia nha nho su dung bd van nay, tu dd hmh thanh cac bp van dac biet ttong thp Dudng luat chtr Han nhu mpt udc le gan lien vdi tinh than yeu nudc cda Nguyen Hihi Huan ndi rieng va ttong cpng ddng nhiing ngudi yeu nudc ndi chung. Nhan dan dung trudc nhiing tinh canh rat khd khan nhu mat miia ddi kem, nha cira bj ddt sach va phai ddi dien vdi nhiing cupc bien loan xay ra, khdng biet ttdng cay vao ai nen nhung cupc khdi nghia ciia cac nghia quan da cd vii cho phpng ttao ddu ttanh chdng Phap, cd vu cho nhirng sang tac the hien tinh than yeu nudc cua dan tpc.
Tho cha Han ciia Nguyen Thdng thi tinh tl va giau gia tti bidu cam, khoi mo dupc nhieu trudng lien todng. Ngdn ngii tho chii Han cua Nguyln Thdng dupc chpn lpc mpt each tinh vi, klidng can ki, khdng lam mjt di ve tu nhien ciia ndi dung dan tpc. Chang han buc tranh dem trang myet dep dupc det bSng ngdn tfr that ddc dao, bdng ttang tren hd ngam xuyen tdi day bl, canh hoa d tten nui vao budi chilu hit bdng xudng dudi khe: Due Idm dao thdo nhieu ho hanh/ Vdn dnh hi quang chiiu nhdn thanh/ Tdi di dg lai tdn nguyet thuang/Dd hdng hoanh dich kich khdng minh (Mudn tim cd qui dao quanh hd/ Mat nudc may hdng sang nhjp nhd/ M t thu dem thanh ttang mdi Id/ Thuyin nan khoa sdng sao vi vu) (Bgch Ho nhdn hdnh) [6; tt.151]. Bai tho cd su kit hpp giira mau sic, anh sang va tieng ddng. Mudn tim cd thom di quanh hd, bdng may pha sSc anh hd, chilu len sSc xanh that la myet. Tho cua Nguyln Thdng cd su dung mdt so diln co Trung Qudc, van dung cac thi lieu Han hpc mpt each tu nhien, thi hien hinh ttrpng con ngudi mpt each sinh dpng gpi cam. Nha tho the hien nhiing due tinh cao quy, ngu nhilu tam su nhu bai: Cdy liing Cdy ehudi, Cdy can, Cdy ngd ddng,... bay td tam hdn rung dpng trudc sir ttroi tjn dju dang va nen tho cua canh vat; sii dung cac diln cd, diln tich, lam tang them tinh chjt cd diln tap
nha va tao hieu qua tham my trong van chuong. ' He thdng dien co duoc tac gia sir dung rat thanh cdng trong mdt sd bai tho cu thi
nhu bai Phung gidn Vdn Loc Nguyin Tudn Thuc Noi ede: Yin nam Trieu bde lu h' h~ / Hdn triiu To hdi ding quy khu... Kim Ddi chiing lac ddng liin Ihdo (Phia nam"d4t'Y""
phia bic tk Trieu hpp ca d mpt phdng/ Sdng Han bl Td ciing ddn vl vuc biln rt K^' Dai, van chuong nhu tiing ve ngan ran) [1; tt.l30]. Y tho cho ring, d Kim Dai va h
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i T u nhu tteng ve ngan ran, my ngudi lam tho rat nhieu, nhung tho van cdn kem xa N '""
84
TAP CHl KHOA HQC TRUONG BAI HOC HONG BtfC - SO 46.2019
Gian. Cac danh si ngay xua dupc Nguyln Thdng nhSc din nhu Pham Thu, Trpng Tuyen, Dd Lang, Duong Hd, Uyen Bap, Han Dii, Ke Thiic, Td Ddng Pha, Trpng Trudng Thdng, Liiu Chau, Trucmg Hd Chau... diu la nhiing con ngudi tai gidi, cd nhan each dang trpng.
Nguyln Thdng sir dung cac diln tich, diln cd, thi lieu Han hpc vap ttpng sang tac dupc iky tij sil' sach Tnmg Qudc, lam tang them gia tti tu' tudng, tinh cam yen nudc ciia nha tho ttudc thdi cupc. Van hpc nha nho Nam Bd diing diln tich da kich quan xam lupc, quan lai tay sai bing viec nit ra tir su sach Tnmg Qudc hang Ipat gian thin; diln tich dupc su dung thi hien tinh than yen nudc bang gipng tho tram budn trudc van menh ciia dan tde va xdt xa, thuong cam ddi vdi sd phan con ngudi. Tho chit Han ciia Nguyln Thdng "khdng cd cai gan gudc cua Nguyen Xuan On, cai bay bdng nhieu khi rit lang man cua Nguyln Quang Bich..." [5; tr.681], nhung ndi chung giau cam xuc, gian dj, can tho dupc vilt bing chinh tam ttang thuc cua dng, y tho nghe gan gui, da diet din vd citng. Bai Ngoa benh thu hodi bay td noi niem yen men que huong mdt each sau sic: The tuang quai quan khir/ Ty Ihir Id xan binh/ Sdi mon diiu thien mgt/ Khdch hodi luy dia quynh (Da tinh tteo mii tir quan/
Tranh tieng che cudi la chi ngdi khdng hudng lpc/ Tua cita lau, ngdng ve chan trdi mit md/
Ndi nhd nhung noi que ngudi dai theo dat xa) [6; tr. 126]. Nguyen Thdng cimg la nha thp CO thii ngam vinh, thich giri tam su vao tho mpt each tu nhien, chan tinh: ndi niem lo lang ve tinh hinh dat nudc, canh khdn khd cua ngudi dan dp chien tranh; su xuc ddng manh liet ve mpt giai doan que huong Nam Ky dtrng trudc sy xam luge cua Phap. Nhin nghTa quan va nhan dan chdng Phap hy sinh, xuong tring cdn vuong vai, dng bay td ndi xdt xa trudc md ma Idp Idp chdn day, nam mp dap rdi lai Id, "xupng trang ngdn ngang nam dd". Ngdn ngir cd due, chira nhieu y tudng, vdi gipng dieu bi hiing. Bai Vdn Nguyin Cdng Duy Dinh Biin Tdn ly md diu bing 2 can, mdi cau 5 chir, nhung ndi len dupc ttpn y giac Phap hai vi hrdng quan cd tai mpt each bit ngd: Tdy phong phiiu dgi thu/ Nhdt tieh e viin mdn (Gid Tay xd cay dai thu/ Mpt dem nga lip cua vien) [6; tt.89]. Ngdn ngii trong tap tho Ngoa Du Sao thi lap cua Nguyln Thdng cd sir trau chuot, giau gia tri bieu cam va kha nang gpi md lien tudng, gdp phan tao nen the gidi nghe thuat giau gia trj tham my.
Tho cho Han cua Phan Thanh Gian ttau ehudt, sic sao, ngu nhieu y hrdng; sir dung diln tich, diln cd, nhu diln "bach van" trong Trieu Chdu dd trung vdn himg de gpi lai noi que nha [4; tr.501]; nhic din nhan vat trung nghTa thud xua d l bay td Idng trung quan - ai quic cua minh (Nhdp quan); ca ngpi cdng due ciia vua Nghieu ngay xua, thuong dan nhu con de (Chiem di Nghieu miiu) [4; tt.485]; nhic din diu vet xua cua "tram vua" dl ca ngpi dap tti dan ciia bach Vuong: Bdch vuang do cuu tich/ Thiin Idi dgc quan phong (Tram vua cdn diu cii/ Nhin thud mdt quan phong) (Xuat kinh) [4; tt.496]; Ciru be xung trirdng hoan ity hgp/ Dinh dinh bdi khdnh khdn thdm thdn (Chin be chen dang mimg phudc ldn/ San chiu le hiln td long ngay) (Cung hoa ngu che Nhdm Tudt nguyin nhdt khanh hg Gia Thg cung - cungky) [4; tt.681]. Ong mupn tich xua dl ndi su tttmg quan cua cac bac tt'ung thin: Sd di ndng uin trung/... Cd gid bdt khd ldc/ Khdng khdi luang yen cimg/Su qudn tgi tiin hiin/Lenh nhdn hodi Phiing cdng (Vi long ttung nen the/... Ngudi xua khi thit thi/ Khi tilt giir din ciing/ Thd vua cot tien hiln/ Neu danh cd Phung Cdng)
TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRUCfNG PAI HQC HONG BlfC - SQ46JQi9
(Trieu dgo vinh co) [4; tr,484]. Phiing Cdng la ngudi nudc Tridu ddi Han Van Be, quan lang Trung tradng. Luc nay Hung Nd la mdi lo bidn gidi, vua udc ao duoc tudng gioi i h u Lidm Pha, Ly Muc va sau dd hdi thi Dudng tau: "vua Han coi nhe thudng, thich trung phat, du cd dupc ngudi gidi nhu Pha, Muc cung khdng dung duac". Nghe ldi, vua Han co nhung siia ddi cai thidn duac tinh hinh [4; tr.482].
Con ngudi Nam Bp ydu nudc, iiieu nghta, trpng dao ly va ludn neu cao khi tidt cua hinh tugng anh hiing hiep nghTa. Hg da duac tiep thu tii dao ly, tu tudng nhan nghTa ciia dan tpc vdi tinh than ydu nudc thidt tha da ren luyen hp thanh nhimg con ngudi vdi nhidu pham chat tdt dep. Trong iing xir vdi mpi ngudi thi hp rat nghta hiep, con trong luc quydt chidn vdi ke thu thi rat khi phach, hien ngang. Day la mlu ngudi sinh dgng tich cue the hidn qua trinh dku tranh dd thuc hanh ly tudng tmng nghia. Nguydn Dinh Chidu khdc thuang Phan Thanh Gian trang mdt bai tha chir Han va cd su chd trach ngudi ban gia, qua vide van dung mgt sd dien tich de giai bay sir xdt thuong: Binh tiit tdn lao, sanh Phit Bgt/ Tan trung hd hdn. tu Truang Tuan (Cam cd tidt di su, nhidu phen vat va, sdng nhu Phu Bat/ Tan long tnmg, cdn gi phai han, chdt nhu Traong Tuan) [7; tr.39]. Ong cd su so sanh giira Phan Thanh Gian va hai nhan vat Phu Bat, Traong Tuan ndi tidng d Trung Hoa ngay xua. Cau tho y tai ngdn ngoai, xdt thuong Phan Thanh Gian; ldi tho nhu trach mdc, cam cd tiet di sii ma nhidu phen vat va, dem lai lgi ich cho dan cho nudc, dng se sdng nhu Phu Bat, hdt Idng trang vdi vua vdi nudc va chdt oanh liet vi long trang ay, thi cd gi phai han, dng se chdt nhu Truong TuSn (Phii Bat sdng vao ddi nha Tdng, vang menh di sii Khidt Dan, lao tam khd tii hdt long thuyet phuc djch, cudi ciing dem vd thang lgi cha dat nudc. Truang TuSn sdng vao ddi Dudng, dung cam chdng giac giu thanli, bi giac bat, danh dap tan td vSn kidn trung va tii tidt trong tay giac). Phan Thanh Gian dau cd gian lao v4t va ddi dupc dSt nhu Phii Bat, ngugc lai cdn dau hang, ky hda udc cat 6 tinli Nam Ky cho Phap, khdng kidn trang tuin tidt frong tay giac nhu Traong Tu§n ma tuan tidt vi thky xdu hd vdi nhan dan, vay ndn ong khdng thd: An ddc thung ditng^ liru nghia than dupc. Cau tha diing dien tich dd didn dat ngi dung cam hiing budn vdi tidt tau, am luat tinh nhac trang tho Dudng, thd hidn thai dp cam thdng, xdt thuang cho vi quan trang than thdi phong kidn suy tan. Nguydn Dinh Chieu cung la mdt nha nho hanh dao tidu bidu cho nha nho d viing d4t Nam Bd. Tu trong nhiing sang tac cua dng, thd hidn sir hk man ddi vdi giai cdp phang kidn. Ban than Nguydn Dinh Chidu da !4y ngdi but lam vil khi chong bpn xam luge va gian ta. Cd khi nhung con ngu'di trung nghta bj hai, phai hy sinh vi "trang quan va ai qudc", tru'dng hpp Phan Thanh Gian phai chdt di, vi' dng thdy minh cd tdi vdi dan ydi nudc khi phai thira hanh dudng loi sai \hm cua vua Tu Diic Ldi tho viet ra nhu de ndi, kd nhung mau chuydn ve lich su va van hda Trung Hoa vdi nhung tii ngir tidng Han cd sin dd phd phan hay neu guang cho ngudi ddi. Nha tho van dung cac tir- kiin nghta bit vi, qudn lu cd cung, chung tir Pdp Pdp, cu nhdn do nghia, hi cue thai lai hiru bdt hiiu, Sli dung thanh ngir tieng Han; tu nhan tich due, trong ngdi khinh tdi thi ' ldc, bgi thudng nghich thiin, cdng togi danh thdnh,... Cac didn tich, didn cd bdn h ~ "' ddi phan anh tam trang dau budn cung dugc Nguyen Dinh Chidu sir dung nhieu tao tl^^^
quen ddi vdi ngudi Nam Bd: ngica Hd chim Viet ca nggi t^m long trung nghta cda lanh b Phan Tdng luon sdng va lam theo y nguydn cua nhan dan; tidng dan cua Chiiu Qu' • -' Hd bay td thai dp mgt each kin dao trade su bac nhugc cua tridu dinh; Ngua Ti' c "^"^
T ^ P c m KHOA HOC TRlTdNG PAI HOC H 6 N G BlTC - S 6 46.2019
nhSc nhd, canh tinh mgi ngudi giii vung tinh thdn ydu nudc trade kd thii; ben H6 bin Hdn, nua Tdng nua Lieu, ngd Bde trdng Nam, nguai Nam ke Bde, cha Hd me Hdn,... Ong dich sat tung chiJ ra tidng Viet: chin tmng, chdnh ldnh, ehan ddn, sdu ddn mgt nu&e, thd Pen nudi dudi, ngdi giing xem trdi, ddn gdy nudc om, hai guam, con do,... va bien chiing thanh nhiing thanh ngQ Viet: noi nghia a nhan, hdm mat hga phudc, nudc loan ldm ngu, qudn tu vui trdi, nuac an ldm tri, phd ngu phdt rdm,... Nguydn Dinh Chieu la tac gia thudc loai nha nho hanh dao, cd ddi sdng gan gQi vdi nhan dan ndn tmdc thuc td duong thdi, dng da van dung pham tm "frung - nghia" frong sang tac, vira dd giai bay ndi long vira kdu gpi dpng vidn chdng giac ciiu nudc. Cd thd khai quat van hgc ydu nudc chdng Phap cua Nguyen Dinh Chidu la van hgc cua dao nghta. Nguydn Dinh Chieu dat chii "nghta" trong mdi quan he vdi T6 qudc, cdng ddng, vdi van mdnh nhan dan. Cac sang tac cua Nguydn Dinh Chieu da frd tiianh nhiing thanh tuu nghd thuat dac sac thd hien nhiing mat mat hy smh cua dan tgc.
2.2. Ngon ngir trong cac sang tac biing chir Nom
Do ydu cau thuc tidn sang tac van hpc, ngudi Vidt van dung chQ ddng am hay gdn am dd ghi chep tir thuan Viet rdi tiing budc hinh thanh mgt loai chil vidt ridng dugc ggi la chir Ndm, gdp phSn tao ndn mdt loai van tu mang gia tri van hoa, dung lam phuong tidn trong sang tac van hpc. Bp phan van hpc bang chu Ndm cd nhieu thanh tuu vugt trdi trong phan anh tu tudng, tinh cam, nhung bat cdng trong xa hgi phong kidn va vach tran nhiing cai xau cua vua quan phong kien, nggi ca con ngudi trung nghia, tinh th§n dau tranh cua nhan dan Nam Bd nira sau thd ky XIX.
Ngdn ngQ cac sang tac chQ Ndm phat tridn va dat ddn dinh cao vdi nhung tac pham van hpc yeu nudc chdng Phap, phan anh ddi sdng tinh than cua nhan dan vdi nhidu tac gia tidu bieu. Dac biet sang tac cua Nguydn Dinh Chieu, tu trayen Ndm (Luc Vdn Tien, Duang Tie - Hd Mdu, Ngu Tiiu y thudt vdn ddp) ddn tha didu, van td, hich ddu vidt bang chQ Ndm.
Vdn ti, hich cua dng cung sd dung hang loat tir ngQ binh dan, gan gui vdi ldi an tidng ndi hdng ngay ciia nhan dan, dugc luu tmydn theo ldi dan gian, phan anh mudn mat ddi sdng cua nhan dan Nam Bd. Ngdn ngu Ndm (tidng Viet) phan anh trang thuc cuoc chien dau bao ve vung ddt Nam Bd vdi nhung tir ngQ thd hidn phdm chdt, khi tidt cua con ngudi nhu:
trong nghia khinh tdi, sam cdn lii mdt, sdng sao thdc vdy...; tu ngu mang tinh chat phe phan: vgch Id tim sdu, treo de bdn chd, ddn gdy tai trdu,... Nguyen Dinh Chidu su dung nhung cum frr dd lam ndi bat con ngudi trang nghia nhu: nuc tiing din, ndi nhu edn, ra niii non, phau suong tuyit,... NhQng tu ngu dugc chgn lpc, sdp xep rdt ddc daa, midu ta ngudi anh hung trang nghTa mdt each chan that, tu nhidn, thd hien tinh each bdc true, nghta hiep cua ngudi Nam Bd. Chinh nhd ngdn ngu Ndm, nhan vat hidn ldn mdt each ndi bat, mang dam net chan dung, dien mao va ti'nh each cua con ngudi Nam Bd. Nhan vat Luc Van Tien dugc Nguydn Dinh Chidu mieu ta nhu mdt trang hao ban; Kidu Nguyet Nga, dng Quan cd dire tinh, phdm chdt tdt dep, tinh nghta, thiiy chung; cac nhan vat Tmong Djnh, Phan Tdng, Ky Nhan Su, nghTa dan Cdn Giudc,... hidn Idn nhu nhQng anh himg nghta hiep. Ngdn ngQ cac sang tac ciia Nguydn Dinh Chidu cu thd sinh ddng ddn timg chi tidt, vdi nhung each bidn am, sdp xdp tii va cd su Viet hda tir ngu Han Viet. Xet vd mat tir
• '; • 8 7
TAP CHi KHOA HQC T R U I N G P ^ HQC HONG PlTC - s 6 4 6 j t l l ?
vung, Nguydn Dinh Chidu van dung cac danh tu, ddng tii, tinh tir,... mdt each ddc dao, ton ldn vd dep ciia nhan vat, the hidn tinh each phdng khoang, nghta hiep ciia ngudi Nam Bd.
6ng da gdp phan phat tridn ngdn ngir tieng Viet, dua ngdn ngu gan gui vdi ngdn ngQ cua ddi song, tidp thu ldi an tidng ndi hang ngay cua nhan dan. Tmydn Ndm eua dng sii dung ngon ngu mdc mac, binh dj, chan thuc, mang dac trang thdn qud Nam Bp, nhQng each ndi quen thudc hang ngay, van dung tuc ngu, thanh ngu, thuc sir linh boat, hQu hidu.
Mdt trong nhQng loai tii' tao nen nhung Idp sdng ngdn hi xue ddng ay la tu lay, gdp phdn thd hidn tam trang nha tha trade thdi cupc va nhdt la tai hien, "lam sdng lai" hoan canh lich su, dia danh viing Nam Bp. Tii lay trong sang tac cua Nguydn Dinh Chidu khdng ehi cd y nghta bidu cam, bidu nidm, bieu vat, ma cdn the hidn rat chan thuc, sinh ddng dac trung ngdn ngQ viing Nam Bd. Cac tu lay dugc gan vdi ngi dung va gia tri bidu dat ridng, cd hidu qua cao trong bidu cam, bieu nidm, thd hidn ro tam trang nha tha tmdc thdi cupc.
Khdng nhQng the, nhuTig tir lay cdn gdp phan khac hpa hinh tugng con ngudi trang nghTa ydu nudc - hinh tugng tham my tmng tam cua thdi dai vdi nhiing net dep ridng trong tinh each, pham gia (gian di, bdc true, khang khai, hanh dgng cu the, ro rang, dam hy sinh vi nghia Idn). Nguydn Dinh Chidu la tac gia tidu bieu nhat ciia van hge Nam Bd. Sire tae dpng ciia van chuong Nguyen Dinh Chidu doi vdi ngudi dgc khdng chi d tmydn tho Luc Vdn Tiin ma cdn d mang tho didu. Qua kha nang bidu dat ciia cac tu lay, dng ty haa nggi ca nhung vi lanh binh anh dung, giai bay ndi dau ddi vdi nhQng ngudi trang nghia da hy sinh vi dat nudc va nhan dan.
Luu Hiep da thay dugc tam quan trgng dac biet cua hi lay trong ngdn ngu nghd thuat, "lay ehii it bieu hien nhieu, tinh cam va hinh anh bidu hidn khdng cd gi sdt" [2, fr.26l]. Ngdn tu cua eac bai van td, tho dieu khdng chi giau tinh bidu cam, bidu nidm, ma edn rdt giau tinh bieu vat, bidu tugng, tuy mdc mac, gian di nhung cd siic ggi that sau xa;
khdng chi la tidng long thidt tha ciia mdt con ngudi ma cdn la tidng long cua nhan dan Nara Bd ddi vdi nhQng anh hiing vi nudc ma hy sinh. Cac tir lay gdp phdn tang thdm phong vi Nam Bd, lam giau them gia tri ngu nghTa eho ngdn tir, phan anh chan thuc hidn thuc ddi sdng, dac diem tam ly, tinh each cua ngudi Nam Bd. Qua kha nang bidu dat ciia cac tir lay, dng tu hao ngpi ca nhQng vj lanh binh ydu nudc, giai bay ndi dau mdt mat ddi vdi con ngudi tmng nghia hdt ldng vi ddt nudc va nhan dan: Mdy ddm non sdng diu xdng vimg/Ngn ddn dch nirdc di ai toan? (Bai 7). Kha nang bidu cam, bidu nidm cua tir lay frong mang tha didu (khdc thuang nhung anh hiing vi nudc ma hy sinh) ciia Nguydn Dinh Chidu tuy mdc mac, gian dj nhung cd sue ggi that sau xa. Cac tir lay d day dugc gdn vdi ndi dung va gia tri bidu dat rieng, cd hidu qua cao trong bidu cam, bidu mem, thd hidn rd tam trang nha tho frude thdi cude. Khdng nhung thd, nhQng frr lay nay cdn gdp nhdn kh' hga hinh tugng con ngudi trang nghTa ydu nudc - hinh tugng tham my tmng tam ciia thdi dai vdi nhQng net dep ridng trong tinh each, phdm gia (gian di, bgc true, khang khai hanh ddng cu thd, ro rang, giam hy sinh vi nghTa Idn). Tu lay xihig virng gdp phdn thd hien ""
tide thuang vd han, su choang vang "mdy dam non sdng" trade su ra di ciia ianh b' h Traong Dinh. 6 bai 8 frang Tha diiu Truang^ Dinh, Nguyen Dinh Chidu bay to- G"
om sdm mua lai nhdm/Binh suong ldc ddc ndng lien thdu. Om sdm la tu !av vSr, •' , •
"J ^^n, CO phan
TAP CHI KHOA HOC TRTJCtNG PAI HQC HONG PlTC - SO 46.2019
vdn, am chinh triing lap nhung khac thanh didu va phu am ddu. Ldc ddc cd phdn vdn, am chuih frimg lap, khac phu am ddu nhung lai gidng thanh dieu. Tir lay om sdm td thai dp cham hidm, nhao bang, ldn an nliung ke phan qudc din dudng cho giac, khidn cho phong frao khang Phap phai chiu nhidu tdn that, mdt mat. "Binh suong lac dae" chi su thua thdt, chong tan nhu thdi cupc, khfic hpa canh qud huang bi giae Phap xam chidm nhu canh
"ndng lien thau". Cac bidn phap tu tir so sanh dn du, tugng frimg trong sang tac cua Nguydn Dinh Chidu gdp phan quan trpng frong khac hga chan dung con ngudi hung nghTa nhu Traong Dinh, Phan Tdng, nghTa quan ndng dan,... ddng vai trd quan frgng thiic ddy cae phong trao khang chidn, khoi day Idng cam thii giac sau sdc, hudng mpi ngudi di ddn su lira chpn chidn dau chdng giac cihi nudc.
Tho cua Phan Van Tri cung dugc vidt bang ngdn ngu binh dan, gian di rdt gdn vdi ddi sdng ngudi dan lao dpng, sii dung nhiing hinh anh, bidu tugng dac trung d Nam Bg;
mang tha ve loai vat, mang hai hudng van hgc dan gian vdi nhiing thanh ngQ, tuc ngu, ca dao phii hpp vdi timg chii de bai tho. Cuge sdng va con ngudi Nam Bp nua cudi thd ky XIX dugc khac hpa qua biic tranh ngdn tir cua cac nha nho that sinh dgng va chan thuc.
Nhin chung, d bd phan van hpc chQ Nom, ngdn ngQ gian di, dam mau sac phuong ngQ Nam Bd: edm long, nhdm ehimg, budn hiu, bin rin, bdi xdi, tdm phdo, tdm pha, xiu miu, rong rong,...; tu ngQ dam chat Nam Bg: trdi day rd, dugng mdy, nghe lot, vdng hoe, thdy nhdng rau, ca vinh rau, bam ldng,...; hang loat thanh ngu nhu: tre cdn mdng moc, vgch Id tim sdu. Pa trdng ldm den, dn thiiu ndi thua, chai trang quin den, long lang da cdo, ddu trdu mat ngua,...; cku ndi vi von, nhung doan ngQ, thanh ngQ: dau nhu ddn, ndi nhu con, do nhu son, bgc nhu vdi, ldng le nhu to, om sdm nhu nhdi, bae pha pha, do phimg phimg,...; sit dung ca dao, tuc ngQ: Ba chim bdy noi khd thuang di, Gung dam mdy nudc cUngcdn cay,... (Nhieu Tam), Ndm gidy dan gdy biit chi ddu (Hpe Lac), Mieng ta ehudn chudn thdp lgi cao,Nghien rdng nhiiu thua oai trai dgng,... (Phan Van Tri).
3. KET LUAN
Van hpc nha nho Nam Bd nua sau thd ky XIX la bd phan van hpc cd khdi lugng tac phdm phong phu, da dang, dugc hinh thanh va phat frien trong bdi canh dac bidt cua ljch Sli dan tpc vdi sir kidn tmng tam la sir xam luge ciia thuc dan Phap va eudc khang chien chdng xam luge, chdng "ca Tridu ldn Tay" cua nhan dan ta. Tu hrdng tmng nghia la nhung ndi dung, vdn dd ldn cd y nghTa xS hgi - tham my sau sac, dgc dao. DT nhidn, tat ca ddu thdng qua nhan thdc va each xu ly ciia nha nho Nam Bd - "dpi ngii" tac gia tao ndn van hpc nha nho Nam Bd nira sau thd ky XIX. Vdi hinh tugng tham my ed sue khai quat ldn - con ngudi trung nghia, cac nha nho Nam Bd da cd nhung nd luc ldn frong tim kidm, lira chgn cac phuang thiic nghd thuat thd hien. Dac biet nghd thuat td chiic ngdn ngu trong cac sang tac bdng chu Han va chu Ndm kha phong phu, da dang, nhung cd dae didm chung ndi bat la dung dj, mang dam mau sdc Nam Bp. Hoan toan cd ca sd dd xeni nhiing dac didm tren la ddng gdp quan frgng cua van hpc nha nho Nam Bp nira sau thd ky XIX eho lieh su van hgc dan tgc.
TAP CHi KHOA HQC T R U ' 6 N G B ^ I HOC HONG P U C - s6^6JM9
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Nguydn Duy Anh (2003), Phan Thanh Gidn cuoc ddi vd ldc phdm, Nxb. Hdi Khoa hgc lieh su Viet Nam - Dai hgc Hdng Bang, Tp. Hd Chi Minh.
[2] Aristote & Luu Hiep (1999), Nghi thudt tha ca (Li Ddng Bdng, Thdnh Thi, Dd Xudn Hd, Thdnh Thi Yen Bdy dieh) Vdn tdm dieu long (Phan Nggc giai thiiu, dich vd chu thich), Nxb. Van hpc. Ha Ndi.
[3] Nguydn Van Hdu (2012), Vdn hgc miin Nam Luc tinh. Tap 3: Vdn hgc Hdn Ndm thdi khdng Phdp vd thudc Phdp, Nxb. Trd, Tp. Hd Chi Minh.
[4] Phan Thi Minh Ld, Chuang Thau (2005), Tha vdn Phan Thanh Gidn, Nxb. Hgi Nha van. Ha Ngi.
[5] Nguydn Lge (1976), Van hge Viet Nam nua cudi thi ^ ^ ^ ^ ( T a i ban cd bd sung va sira chua), Nxb. Dai hgc va Tmng hgc chuydn nghiep, Ha Ndi.
[6] Cao Tu Thanh, Daan Ld Giang (1984), Tde phdm Nguyin Thdng, Sd Van hda - Thdng tin Long An, Long An.
[7] Ca Van Thinh, Nguydn Sy Lam, Nguyen Thach Giang (Bien soan va chu giai) (1982), Nguyin Dinh Chiiu todn tap. Tap 2, Nxb. Dai hpc va Trang hpc chuydn nghidp. Ha Npi.
THE ART OF ORGANIZATION OF LANGUAGE IN SOME SOUTHERN VIETNAM CONFUCIAN LITERARY WORKES
IN THE LATE 20™ CENTURY
Nguyen Ngoc Phu ABSTRACT
Southern Vietnam Confucian Literature m Ihe second half of Ihe 19th century applied many different languages lo convey new contents. The art of organizing languages through Chinese characters is subtle, rich in expressive value, and opens many schools of association: in Nom letters using a series of popular words, close lo Ihe daily speech of the people etc The art of organizing languages of Southern Vietnam Confucian scholars is flexible and diverse, focusing on depicting the hero of great deeds with respectable
qualities, revolving the basic issues of loyal people and Ihe survival of the nation Keywords: Arts, language. Southern Vietnam Confucian.
• Ngdy nop bdi: 3/10/2019: Ngdy giri phdn bien: 4/10/2019: Ngdy duyet dang: 8/11/2019