VAN HOC THIEU NHI SAU 1986 Ttr CAI NHIN TOAN CANH
Btl THANH TRUY£N^*>
1. Vdn hgc thilu nhi trong birdt i^odt chuyen minh
Tidn trinh van hgc dan tgc vd thd gidi cho tiiiy van hgc "ngudi ldn" vd vdn hpc "fliilu nM" Id nhihig Mpn tugng quan he ldn nhau, cung ndm trong mgt cMnh till thong nhit. Dd Id hai dang sdng tao tuong Udn. TMdu vdn hge tiiilu nM - phin vilt trong ti-eo nhit, ldng sdu nhit, vd ciing cd thd la cam ddng nhit d mdi ngudi - thi Uch sd, y nghTa cua vdn bpc dan tgc se khdng todn vpn.
Cho ddn nay, vdn hge tMlu nM Vidt Nam da Id mpt sy ngMpp cd Uch sd hon 70 nam, gdm rat nMdu thd hp, ke tii nhd van Mdi ngodi 80 vd da ed non nua tiie ki cdm bdt nhu Vd Nggc Binh, Son Tting, Hd Phuong, Ma Van Khang ddn ngudi ti-e nhat sinh ra vd ldn ldn ti-ong thdi ki ddi mdi cua dat nudc. Trong gia tdi chung eua van hge tiiilu nM, mdng van hge duong dai la mgt nhdn td quan trpng tgo ra sy mdi md, phong phu cda vdn hgc dan tde. Xet tirong tuong quan chung vdi van hgc ngudi ldn, vdn hpc tMlu nM nhftng ndm gan day van ed nhiing ddc trung ridng.
Chgng dudng van hgc tMdu nM sau 1986 cd thd phan tiidnh ba dogn: td 1986 din 1995, hi 1995 ddn 2005, td 2005 din nay. Mdi phan dogn ddu cd nhung van dgng d l kilm fim nhung phuang thirc phan dnh mdi, nd lyc khde hga hinh dnh con ngudi mdi in dam diu i n cita ti-e ttio trong mudn mat cugc sdng thdi kinh td ttii trudng. Sdng tdc eho cdc em da cd nhihig chuydn biln dang kd, ca d phuang dipn tiep can Mpn ttiye mdi sdi dgng td nMeu hudng, quan tam mdt cdch todn dipn ddi sdng vgt chit, tinh ttiin Ore tiio din mgt quan niem mdi me vd ddi tugng ti4> nhgn, v l trdch nMem cda ngudi vidt,...
*•' PGS.TS - Khoa Ngft vin, Trudng Dgi hpc Su phgm Tp. Hd Chf Minh.
NGHIEN CCrU VAN HQC SO 9 - 2016
2. Nhung gam mau sang
Sau hon 30 ndm phdt tridn trong hodn eanh bit binh thudng ciia cMen tranh, mang cam hdng chung Id dpng vidn, ea nggi cugc trudng Id khdng cMen thdn thanh cua dan tde, bdt diu tii giua th|^ mdn 80 ciia thi ki XX, trong xu tiid chung eua van hgc, eac sang tac cho tMdu nM ciing din trd ve trang thai phat trien binh tiiudng vdi sy chuydn bien tii cam hung lich su dan tgc sang cam biing thd sy doi tu. Lue nay vdn hgc vidt cho Mdi tha eung da ed mdt eai nhin that hon, sau hon, todn dipn hon ddi vdi cugc sdng. Didu do duge phdn dnh qua nhan xet cua Van Hdng, nguydn Tdng bidn tap Nhd xuat ban Kim Ddng: "Thdi ddi mdi Id thdi kinh t l thi tiudng, edng ngMep hod, dd tM hod... Cai hay, cdi dd, cdi tdt, cai xau cu dan cdi nhau ddn bdn bd. Hipn thyc do la rmeng dit mau md dd tao nen nhung tac pham diy Idch tMi, nhiing bdc tranh diy mdu sic"* .
Sy ngMep ddi mdi ciing cd vai trd quan trgng ddi vdi sy chuyen hudng d'ch cyc trong ban than tdng chu the sang tao - nhan td quan trgng nhdt eua sy ttiay ddi dien mao van hpe tMdu nM hdm nay.
Thu ldm mdt phdp ddi sanh don gjan vdi gjai dogn dudc, ta se de nhdn ra nhftng thay ddi mang tinh dot pha, thd Men rd bdn chdt vd chiic ndng ciia van hpc tMlu nM gin ba muoi ndm qua. Nhiing nam 50, 60 cita ttid ki XX, tuy xuit Men mdt sd nhd vdn vd tdc pham vd ciing uu di nhung van bgc tMeu nM, cung nhu ca hp tbdng van bgc gjai dogn ndy vd co bdn la xoay quanh M tudng chfnh thdng.
Phuong hudng cua vdn hgc ttiidu nM kdt hgp huu co vdi xay dyng dyng hinh tugng "trd em - cMdn si" nhu nhiing con ngudi mdi xd hdi ehu ngMa Con dudng cua van hgc tiiilu nM thdng nhat vdi vdn hgc ngudi ldn, van hanh tbeo quy udc ciia van hgc ngudi ldn, vi thd ngay nhu ddng thoai - mgt the Ioai van hpc gia tudng d thdi ki i y - ciing khdng thd phdt trien diy du.
Clung vdi sy im ai eua todn xd bdi, cac sdn pham van hda linh thin, tix)ng do c:d vdn hge cho cac em ciing thu hut nMeu hon sy quan tam, hd trg ciia cdc to chuc, doan thi. Trong nMlu ndm qua, Hgi Nha van, Nha xuit ban Kim Ddng ^ phdi hgp chat ehe, thudng xuydn vdi cae co quan ed trach nMem vd giao dye tie em tiDug nudc nhu Bd Giao dye - Ddo tgo; Trung uong Doan Thanh men Cdng sdn Hd CM Minh; Hdi Lidn Mpp Phu nd Viet Nam; Uy ban Dan sd, Gia dmh vd Tre em; Uy ban Bao vd vd Chdm sdc tee em,... va nudc ngodi nhu Td chdc Cuu Ug tte em cua Thyy Didn RADDA BARNEN, td ehue UNICEF, Hgi Nhd van Dan Mgch,... tiiyc Men rit nMdu chuong tiinh vd ke hoaeh boat ddng nhdm thuc diy, kfch tiiich, phdt triln vide sang tdc cho tiiidu nM. Xin don cu mgt vdi vf du:
cdc cudc tM Vidt cho nM ddng ndm 1986 - 1987, Sang tac cbo ttiilu nM 1990 - 1991, Tlia - van v l quydn tid em nam I99I, Trayen ngan va tho cho dd em ndm 1996 - 1997, Sdng tac vdn hge "Vi ye em" nam 2000 - 2001, Van hgc tiiidu nM
"Vi tuang lai dit nudc" nam 2001 - 2002, Van hgc tMdu nM "Tlnh ban tudi tiio"
nam 2006 - 2007,... cae cudc van ddng sang tae mang ehu dd "Mdt ngdy ki lg"
nam 2007 - 2008, "Budc qua hai tbd gidi" nam 2008 - 2009, "Gd eua ti-ai tim"
nam 2013 - 2015, v.v... NMeu ten Mdi mdi xuat Men tii nhiMg hoat ddng tieh cue cua cdc dem vi xuat bdn, bao cM tryc thudc cdc khdi co quan kd trdn. NMeu lac phim dugc gjai cao td nhung cudc tM nay nhu O tron nhu qud trimg vit (Nguyen Duy Que), Ld thu (Tran Qvtoc Todn), Ddi cdu gian trudn (Ddo Vu), Tuoi tha cda con (Da Thdo Phuang), Bd trdn (Phan Thi Thanh Nhan), Duong ve vai Me Cha (Vi Hdng), Bi mat hd cd thdn (Nguydn Quang TMdu), Ti bui {Qyte Huong), Mdt thien ndm mong (Nguydn Nggc Tiiuan), Chuyen rimg Pha Luong (Nguydn Thdnh Riong), Cdng tudi vai Thdng Long (Nguyen Hoang Son), Trgng Dieu (Nguyen Biii Vgi), Cong nhd di choi (Vuong Trgng), Ld nhung vd Id xanh (Hiuong Trinh), Hm con dieu bay thap (Nguydn Thai Hdi), Cho tdi xin mot ve di tuoi tha (NguyCT Nhat Anh), Con ma da sau vuon (Nguyen Nggc Hoai Nam),...
da dugc ddc gid tihd Mdi ddn nhgn vd tgo Mdu ling tdt Uong du luan. Ngoai ra edn cd rit nMdu tdng thudng, giai tbudng, trai sang tdc dugc td chuc vdi quy md cap khu vuc va cap tinh dien ra sdi ndi trong toan qude nhu Trai sang tac khu vuc Duyen hai mi&i Tnmg - Tay Nguyen vao tiidng 6 - 2008, Trai sang tac tinb Nam E)iiih td chirc thang 7 - 2008, Trgi sang tdc khu vyc cdc tinh pM'a Bac ed ehu dd Khoang trai uac ma, td chuc cudi thang 8 - 2{X)8, cdc hogt ddng nhim khoi day niem say md van hgc, dinb hudng tham im, bdi dudng tam hdn vd phat tridn ndng kMlu, pbat Men va phat huy kha nang sang tao eho ttiieu nM ca nudc eiia Trung uong Doan Thanh men Cdng san Hd CM Minh vd Hdi Nhd van Viet Nam,...
Td ndm 2005 ddn nay. Ban Van hgc TMdu nM cua Hdi Nha van ciing da cd mdt sd hoat ddng trong pham vi ea mtijc. Do la nhiing cugc hdi ngM, hdi thdo dugc td chuc tai Ninh Binh (ttidng 9 - 2005), An Giang (ttidng 12 - 2005), (Juy Nhon (ttidng 8 - 2006). K I di nam 2001, Hdi Nha van Viet Nam dua van hgc fliilu nM vao xet chung gidi thirdng vdi van hgc ngudi ldn. Tu do ddn nay, da cd tac phim Miin mnh thAn cda Trin Hoai Duong, Miet vitan xa ldm cua Da Ngdn, Cho toi xin mot ve di tudi tha cua Nguyin Nhat Anh dugc ti-ao ttiudng. Didu ndy eho tbiy boat dgng xdt gjai da cd sy binh ding, khdng phan Met t ^ pham ngudi ldn vdi tdc phim tMeu nM.
NGHIEN CCrU VAN HQC S6 9 - 2016 Vdn hgc viet cho tMeu nM sau nam 1986 da cd khdng ft tdc phim k ^ tinh.
Vd tiuypn cd Tuoi tha dit ddi (Phiing Qudn), Coi cut giiia cdnh ddi (Ma Vdn Khdng), Ducmg vi vdi me Chit (Vi Hdng), Kinh vgn hoa, Cluiy^n xu Langbiang, Cho tdi xin mgt vi S tudi tha (Nguyin Nhdt Anh), Bi mgt hd cd than (Nguyen Quang T M I U ) , Mien xanh thdm (Trin Hodi Duong), Chu Mt nung (Nguyin Kien), Chiec vi vdo cong than dudng xanh (Qud Huong), Bimdt giira tdi vd thdn ldn den (Ly Lan), Vim nhdm mdt vua ma cira sd (Nguydn Nggc TTiuan), C/ia va con (Hd Phuong),... Vd tho cd cdc tap: Ddt mua thu vdo phd (Nguydn Ifodng Son), Meo di gudc (Tran Mgnh Hao), Cdu chir Y (Ddng Hin), Cdnh cita nhd bd (Doan ITii Lam Luydn), Cir&i ngua di sdn (Duong Tiiudn), Tdc ke hoa, Ddt &
chai bien (Pham Dinh An), Meo khdc chugt cudi. Con chudn chudn dep nhdt (Cao Xuan Son), Mua chim (Nguydn Nggc Phd),... Ddc sdc eua chiing khdng dii d ndt da dang trong dd tdi, thd gidi nhan vat, ehu dd tu tudng thim dim tinh tiiuong, trdch nMem ddi vdi dgc gjd nhd Mdi ma edn the M ^ d n ^ p thugt vi^
didu luydn, gan giii vdi tiiidu nM, d vide tai Men nhiing mdi tiudng van hod cd tfnh chit gido due, nudi dudng tam hdn tho be. Nd lyc dp sat cudc sdng tre flia, ndi bang chmh each ngM, each gjao tidp ciia cdc em, mang sdng tdc nay da khing diidi dugc sy cap nhgt, khdng Ipch pha vdi ddi sdng vdn hgc Viet Nam duong dgi, cho thdy cai tdm vd trdch nMem ciia ngudi cam bdt dd tgo ra nhung trang vilt Idm giau tdm hdn trd, ndng cdnh udc mo Mdi tho. Tiidnh cdng cua Nguydn Nhdt Anh Udn tuc trong mudi nam qua Id mdt vi d y Sy da dang, mdi md, gjdu fiiih tfadi sy trong dd tai, ehu dd (tid em thdnh iM, ndng thdn, lodi vgt, mdi tnidng, tinh bgn, xiic edm gidi tmh cda Mdi mdi ldn, quan he gjiia ngudi Idn va trd em,...), kdt hgp giiia Men thyc vdi ki do, pM U vd cd If, ngdn ngu vda hdn nMen, tho tid viia triet K hdm binb kilu tre con, dung lugng ggn nhe, hinh thuc ttinh bay bdt mdt, chisi luoc quang ba bdi ban eua nhd xuit ban vd nhd van,... tat ea mang lai ttianh e&ig vugt trdi cho hiu hit nhung duypn ddi ddu Id sdch bdn chay eiia tac gja giai doan nay nhu: Tdi Id Be Td, Ddo mgng ma, Cho tdi xin mgt ve di tudi tha, Ld ndm trong Id, Tdi thdy hoa vdng tren cd xanh, Ngdi khdc tren cdy, Chdc mgt ngdy tot ldnh, Bdy buac tdi mua he,...
Thdi md cda, sy giao lim vdi nudc ngodi eiing ed anh budng ft5i sang tdc, xuit bdn vdn hgc ttiidu nM. Trade bet la diu an dd lgi td each li;a chpn, xu U d l tai, but phdp, phong each,... Cdi cut giim cmh ddi, Chd Bi tJn luu lgc ciia Ma Vdn Khdng cd net gin giii vdi tde phim K/0«g gia dinh eua Hector Malot vd vdn phong, tinh cam vd cd motif luu lgc - dodn vidn cda nhan vat chmh. Cho tdi xin
Vdn hpc thiiu nhi sau 1986... 49 mot ve S tudi tha (Nguyen Nhdt Anh), Chiic vi vdo cdng thien dudng xanh (Que
Huong) ft nMdu Idy cam hdng di bdi tho Cho tdi xin mot vi di tudi tha eiia Robert Rojdesvensky. NMdu trich dogn cua Khdng gia ^nh, Nhimg tdm ldng cao cd, Totto-chan, cd bi ben cda sd, truypn ttiidu nM cua Aleksandr Pusbkm, Lev Tolstoy, Hans Christain Andersen, V.O. Sukhomiynsky,... da dugc dua vdo gidng day trong chuong trinh pbd tbdng Mpn nay. Kho tang vdn hge tMdu nM nudc ngodi ndy chfnh Id vdn kinh ngMpm quy bdu ddi vdi cdc nhd vdn vidt eho tudi tho ciia chiing ta. Viia tidp thu van hpc tMdu nM thd gidi, vda cd ging gid "ttiuong Meu" cua chfnh minh, de khdng bi finh trgng "lan san" ciia bgn Id mdt nd lyc day tfch nhan van cua ngudi vidt cho tre em hdm nay.
EHeu dang mdng Id thdi gian qua, tr&i mgt sd bao vd tgp cM, dgc Met la Vdn nghe, Vdn nghe Tre vd Nghien ah* vdn hgc da cd dang rdi rde mdt sd bai vd vdn hgc vidt cbo tMdu nM. Mdt Men tugng phdn khdi nua Id cdng ngdy edng cd ttidm nMdu hgc vidn cao hgc, ngMdn cim sinh d cdc vidn, trudng dai hgc da cbgn vdn hgc vidt cho tiiidu nM ldm de tai ngMdn cdu dd nhan hgc vi thgc sT, tidn sT.
3. Nhihig s i c dien d u m
Ngodi nhdng lac ddng tich cyc d tidn, co chd tiii tiudng, finh trang thuong mai hda kMdn van hgc tMeu nM, mac du da nbgy ben didu chinh va dinh hirdng flieo nhu ciu tfch cue cua ban dgc, nhung ciing cMu kbdng ft lao dao. Sudt chdng dudng hon mdt phin tu thi ki, mdng sang tac eho ngudi ldn nMdu phen "day sdng" chung quanh cdc Men tugng van hge nhu Nguyin Huy TMdp, Pham TM Hodi, Nguyin (Juang TMdu, Ta Duy Anh, Hd Anh Thai, Nguyen Xuan Khanh, Nguyin Binh Phuong, Bm Ng(?c Tin, Nguydn Nggc Tu, Do Hodng Didu,...
nhung sang tdc cho tre em dudng rfliu khdng may dugc chu trgng, khdng cdn gay dugc ttianh ttid nhu giai dogn tnrdc giai pbdng.
(jin ba thap ki qua, ndn van hgc, nghd thugt nudc ta da ddnh nMdu uu tien phiic vy tMlu nM. Tuy vgy, phdi thua nhdn rang, so vdi nhu edu ttiye td tM cac em vdn tMdu vd ddi van hod nghd thu^, dae bidt la ttd d ndng thdn, viing sau, vung xa. Hidn tugng bdnh tradng va sdc h i p din di van hgc tiiilu nM nudc ngoai duge dieh sang tidng Vipt, nhit Id mang duyen tranh eung la nhdn td quan dgng diy van hpc tMlu nM duong dai Viet Nam vao thih thd ldp vd, mat mua, thua ngay ti^ sdn nhd. Mdt nguyen nhdn co ban Id dd tai cua chung tiiudng khd phu hgp vdi ttii hilu, tdm U trd em hdm nay bdi chu yen la Ifad gjdi thdn tien, huyen thogi vdi phep thuat, phii thuy. Nhung tdc phim dn khaeh nhit thdi gian qua diu cd ndi
NGHliN CQU VAN HQC S6 9 - 2016 dung Uen quan ddn the gidi huydn do nhu Harry Potter, Hgu due than den, Pendragon, Doraetnon, Archie, Pha thuyxuixeo, Tdi Id Coriander, Vucmg qudc bimdt,...
Trong khi truyen ngi thieu c h i t tirdng tirgng, ki ao bay bong, ddi khi lai qua chu trgng chuc ndng ^ a o dye ndn gjgng dl^u khong khdi cd p h i n ke cd, rdn d?y. Trong bdi cdnh Mpn nay, kM cdc phuong tipn tmydn thdng (mdn anh nhd, internet) dang phdt tridn manh me, tM vdn hod nghe - nMn cd phdn ldn at van hod dgc. Vtii ttd tho, dieu nay rit de nhgn thdy, bdi dd Id Ida Mdi md trong ndp nghi, ndp cdm cdn khd gidn don, thudng hiing thu voi nhihig thd mang dgm tinh dye quan, sinh dgng, gidu hinh anb hem Id cac ttang vilt ddi ddng. Va bau qua tit yeu phdi xay ra; Nhung cdu chuydn vdn dugc xem Id giau tmh van chuong, nghd thuat dd dang bi Igt tiidm, kbuat lap, chim <3i gjiia ddng thac mgnh me cua ludng trayen tranh ddn tu ben ngoai. Hinh thdc hirdng thy sang trgng nhdt la dgc sach van hpc phdn ndo bi qudn ddn d giin trd. Mdt cuon sdch hay, ndi nhu nhd vdn My Katherine P^erson, se md toang tri tudng Mgng ciia tre em vd cho chung thdy y ngMa cude ddi. Nhung vdi thyc td tten, chang le tre em Viet Nam se phai khai tam md tri vdi vdn hoa xem chu khdng phai Id vdn hda dgc, vdi nhiMg cdi tdn, dia danh vd hoan eanh kbdng phai Viet Nam?
Sy sdng cdn cua mgt td bdo, tgp cM eiing kMin ngudi ta ngai ngan kM lya chgn van hgc tMeu nM. Tho vdn cua cac cay but chuydn vidt cho Mdi ttio rit khd dugc in trdn bdo, tgp cM. Nhiing noi dang tai da ft lgi kha chat chgi, ndn tac phim vdn hgc cho cae em Mdm ed co hdi duge gidi tMdu. Tfnh ehat phu trg, 1 ^ cho ttong, "dn tbeo" ciia van hgc tMdu rflii da dugc nha tho Cao Xudn Son cM ra;
"Cae nhd tho rit gidi tirdng Mgng, nhung Men dang lep vd. Td Nguyin Hodng Son, Dinh Hai ddn Tran Ddng Khoa,... ed ehd ndo tten bao cM can cdt ttii trudc hit la vdn hgc thidu nM, vi ede chdu mdm be, khdng ndi dugc"*^*. Dudi Mnh thiic ki ao, trayen Cugc ddi khdn ngn aia mgt bdn thdo cim Ld Anh Hoai gan day thdm mdt ldn lam ngudi dgc di nggi va khdng khdi hoang mang dudc tinh canh mit gia, bi bai cua van chucmg thdi nay, trong do dm ggi nhat Id sd phan mdt cau chuypn tiiidu nM bi lgc, bo va, hai sg, ydm the giiia mpt ning ttio truydn tidnh cho ngudi Idn dang mdc muc noi xd phdng.
Trgng lugng, khudn khd cudn sdch cimg khdng thd vd can trade tac dgng gay git ciia eo chl ttii tradng. NMlu ngudi khdng khdi e ngai cbo ban dt?c nhd mdi khi thiy khdng ft Mydn tap vdi bia cung, ddy ca gang tay vd sd trang vugt ijud con sd nghin nhu Kho tdng truyen cS Grim do nhd xuit ban Vdn hda Thdng tin in hdnh ndm 2003. Tmh hinb eung didn ra Mong Ur vdi Kinh vgn hoa cua Nguydn Nhgt
Van hpc thiiu nhi sau 1986...
Aifli. Trong loi ndi diu, co quan phdt hdnh sach cbo ring Mnh tiiiic xuat ban ndy Id nhim muc 4'eh "giup eho bgn dgc, ede thu vien... tipn vide su dyng vd luu gift"...
Lyc lugng vidt ciing Id mdt noi canh cdnh ciia nhimg ngudi quan tam den mang sdng tdc ndy. E)di ngu sung sue nhat tM da phdn ciing ddu d vdo Mdi "tri tMdn mpnh". E)d la Nguyen Van Chuang, Nguydn Thdi Hai, Nguydn Nhat Anh, Pham Due, Vo Thi Xuan Hd, Mai Van Hai, Phiing Nggc Hung, Nguyin Hoang Sem, Tran (Jude Todn, BM CM Vinh, Tran Ddc Tidn, Ly Lan, Le Phucmg Lidn, Trin TMdn Huong, Ld Cdnh Nhac, Duong Thuan, Nguyin Nggc Que, Nguydn Chdu, Cao Xuan Son, Nguydn Thdi Duong, Pham Dinh An, (Juang Khai, Nguydn Nggc Ky, Ddng Hdn, Nguydn Khoa Dang, Tmong Xuong, Tran Manh Hdo, Ld Binh, Lim TM Luang, Hoai Khdnh, Le Van NgMa,... E)di ngu trd hon, cd cam tudng hg ebua du manh ed vd sd lugng ldn chdt lugng de dam duong
"nggn dudc" eua cdc bdc dan anh ttong cudc chgy tidp sue nay, gdm cd Nguyin Trin TMdn Ldc, Van Thdnh Le, Phan Tiiy An, Hodng Da TM, Duong Thuy, Nguyin Thi Chau Giang, Oiu Thu Hing, Trang Hg, Ld Thu Thuy, Nguydn (Juynh Huong, Trin Thi Nggc Lan, Dodn Tu Anh, Phan Hdn NMdn, Ld Xuan Hoa, Nguyin Ciiang Tidn, Nguydn Nggc Thuin, Nguydn Huong, Nguyen Thi Thanb Binh... Day Id nhdng cay but khdng nhimg cM tte d Mdi nghd md cdn tte cd Mdi ddi, phin ldn buiic ldn van dan trong thd ki mdi. Dau cd nMdu mdi me trong suy nghl. Men dgi, manh dan, tdo bao trong tim tdi va da mang lai cho van hgc tMdu nM nhung net ttd trung, tuoi tdn nhit dinh, nhung tiudc sy ba ddng eua ddi sdng, ydu cdu bg sdng chet vdi van hge Mdi tho tM qua la khd ldm thay!
Ngay nhu Nguyin Nhdt Anh, ngudi ma "ti-d con bay gid dda ndo kbdng bidt (...) cbic chdn dd la dua cyc ddt vdn" (Nguyen Quang Lap), cung chang lay ldm vm bdi con dudng ifligc nhdn anb da vd dang di chang ed nMdu ban ddng bdnh, hd trg, tilp budc. Bao ngudi ngdm ngui kM nghe cau bdi ehua ed loi d ^ cua Bao Ninh vd tac gia Kinh vgn hoa: "Ndi ra dai mdm ehu flidng Anh ma chit tW nudc Nam nay edn ai vidt sach cho bgn tte khdng nhi?"'^'. Se khd cd ngudi ttiay ttil duge dia vi ciia Nguyen Nhat Anh, nhung chdng le vi till md ai cung nan long, ldng but kM fim v l dia cbi mdi ttio d l mang lai mdm vui, sy tmdng ttianh cho cdc em bing trang vidt thim dam tin ydu cua minh? Nha ngMdn ciiu hdng ddu vd van hgc tiudu nM Viet Nam - Van Tbanh - da phai chgnh long tiudc tinh ti:gng ndy:
"Ndu nhu trade day chting tdi timg mong udc se ed mdt ddi ngu nhiing nha van chuydn vidt cho van hgc tMeu nM tM gid day cd le kMdm tdn hon, chi dam mong CO dugc nhiing ngudi tdm huyet, het long vdi nhung tiang sach cho tre"*'**-
NGHIEN C(fU VAN HQC SQ 9-2016 Thyc te dang budn Id nMdu ngudi cim but vdn coi thudng vipc vidt cho tre em, xem dd Id logi sang tdc nhd Id, vyn vdt, la san phim logi hai, loai ba, khdng the de cgp den nhung vdn de quoc gia dgi sic, khd gjdp ban ttian thdnh dgt ndn it cd ai ddm sdng chit vdi ngdi bdt. Y flide lap danh eua nhd van Id van dd chmh ddng, nhung each nhm nhan tieu eye ay ciing da kMin cho sd lugng nhftng cay but tiiilt ttia vidt cho tMdu nM roi rung din. Rdt nMdu tae gia khdng thd ehuyra tam sdng dugc bdng nghd ndn vidt vdn cho tMlu nM vdn cM coi nhu mdt nghe tay tirdi bdn cgnh nhdng cdng vide cMiih khde: Trin Qudc Todn tan lyc lam bao;
Nguydn Nggc Thuan chuydn sang vidt traypn ngudi ldn (Chuyen tdo lao, Ca bdn Id budn); vdi Phan Hdn NMdn, nghd phdng vidn van la nghd tay phai; Nguyin TM Chdu (jiang tM dudng nhu ddnh trgn dam md cho hdi hga;... Mgt trong nhihig cugc tu gja san cboi van hgc ddnh cho Mdi tho kMdn ngudi ta thyc sy tide nudi va trdn ttd cho Mong lai cda vdn hgc tMdu nM Viet Nam duong dai thudc vd Nguyin Ngpc Thudn - nhd van duge binh chpn Id mgt ttong 10 guong mat tre tieu Meu nhit Viet Nam ndm 2(X)4, duge Thu tudng trao tdng bdng khoi. Nhung tdc phim da duge gidi thudng cao ciia anh gdm; Gidng gidng ta nhen: CUai 3 cude Van dgng sang tde van hgc Mdi 20 lan 2; Viea nhdm mdt vHa md cmi so: (jiai A cupc tM Van bgc tMeu nM "Vi tuong lai dit nudc lin 2"; Mgt thiin ndm mgng: Giai A cugc vgn dgng sang tdc cho thidu nM cua Nha xuat ban Kim Ddng 2001 - 2002;
Tren ddi cao chdn bay thien sir. Tep tmydn ddi - Gidi B (khdng cd gidi A) cupc tM sdng tdc Vdn hgc eho tudi trd. Li do ddn ddn sy cMa tay dd dugc chfnh anh flio lg: "Qua. thuc vilt cho tiiilu nM khd hon. Trong kM do, vidt cho ngudi ldn, toi thay ty do hon vi ed thd vidt tat ea nhiing gj tdi nghT. Vidt cho tMdu nM, tdi rat tfian trgng, phai dgc kl bdn thdo vd phai xda bd nMeu"*^'. Sy chuydn hirdng ciia cay biit gdc Ninh Thuan ndy eung nhu cda nMdu nhd van khde tung gM duge diu
&i trong sdng tae cho tte em xuat phat tii mgt nguydn nhan chu ydu: khdng ed su khuydn kMch, khdng cd phong trdo viet cho tMeu nM. Mang vdn hgc tiiilu nM lgi khdng phai do Hdi Nhd van phy trdch, md dugc gjao cho Doan Thanh Men, NM xuit bdn Kim Ddng dam nMem. Trong kM dd, Nhd xudt ban Kim Ddng ciing nhu nhiing don vi kbac diu phdi timg ngdy ddi mgt vdi nhihig khd khan tiung chuydn ddi CO chl vd nhung tdc dgng tidu cyc di suy thodi kinh t l Mpn nay.
Ben eanh sy cM phdi eua ddi sdng duong dgi, vai trd cua cha me cung la nhan td quan ttgng gdp phin Mnh tiianh vdn hoa dgc cho eac em. Kha nMlu vi phu huynh khdng mudn hudng eon ddn vdi vdn hgc. Khdng ft ngudi trong sd hg ebua cd nhimg dinh hudng tdt d& gidp tre lya chgn logi sdch ma cdc em cin dgc.
•201S
Van hpc thiiu nhi sau 1986... 53 KM dua con di Mdu sdch, eae bac phu huynh thudng bd mac chdng lya chgn tiiy
flilch ma kbdng hd khuyen nhu, tu vin cho tbi hidu dgc sdch cua tre. Ddy Id mgt If do kMdn finh trang tre em tim din tmydn tranh, pMm boat hiifli, tro choi didn tu ngdy eang tang. NMdu dng bd bd me chang rfliihig kbdng khuyen kMch, kbdng tao didu kidn, md edn can ttd con em sang tac, coi dd Id vide ldm vidn vdng, vd bd, tMdu thyc tl.
Rieng ve nha tnrdng tM trong chuong ttinh bgc tidu hgc Mdn nay khdng cd mdn Van hgc ma cM cd mdn Tieng Vi$t. Chuong trinh lai qua nang, ngudi day ldn ngudi hgc ddu cdn co hdi dd day va hgc van qua mdn Tidng Viet nhu cbu duong Men dai, tfch cyc ma Bg Gido dye vd Ddo tao cung nhu cdc chuyen gia hang diu vd gido dye tidu hgc dat ra. Theo chiing tdi, chat lugng dgy hgc vdn d phd thdng Men nay dang bi tut ddc ngMem tigng cd nguyen nhan khdng nhd tu ndi dung chuong trinb va phuong phap gjang dgy d bgc hgc ndn tang ndy*^\ Cdi vong ludn quan; hge sinh ban hgc, khdng con thdi gian de dgc sach, "h<?c tro khdng dgc sach van hgc ndn ddt vdn, ddt vdn ndn khdng dgc sach van hgc" (Luu Thi Luong) ciing mdt pban khdi phat tii day.
Sy kem man md cua tre em hdm nay vdi van hgc, khdch quan ma ndi, cd mgt nguydn nhdn cung khdng kem phin quan ttgng la M pMa iflid van. Dudng nbu vin cdn do mdt khoang each kha 16a, ngay cdng rdng din giiia ngudi vidt vd doe gia nhd tudi. Dd la If do eho fliiy vi sao nhihig cudn sdch nhu Mien tha du (Vu Thu lUen), Tudi tha im long (Duy Khan), Miet vudn xa ldm (Da Ngan), Ndm dem cua be Su (Nguyen Thi Minh Nggc), Khuc dong dao ldm tap (Kao Son), Vica nhdm mdt vira ma cua sd (Nguyin Nggc Thuin), Ddi thu coi coc (Ta Duy Anh), Ngdy tha dgi (Irinh Thanh Phong), 7>-e con Phd Hang (Bach Nggc Hoa),... du co thd da dugc gjai ttiudng eao trong nudc hogc qudc tl, nhung cung phan nao ken ban dpc. Bdi le, cac tdc gia vidt vd tre em nhung ddi chd xem ra khdng phai eho tee em, nhit la sy mieu ta nhung khdng gjan, sy viec qua xa la vdi cae em, nhung dudng doan doe flioai ngi tam, ddng y thiie vd tridt U cMem ngMem le ddi vugt qua tam cua Mdi fliilu mdn, nM ddng. C^ flil ngudi ldn dgc ttii fln'ch nhung nMdu bgn dgc nhd Mdi da khdng edn hung ttid, sue bin d l di tdi nhdng ttang cudi ciing.
Sang tac cbo fliilu nM cdn cham tiiay ddi va ehua tiiue sy flifch ngM vdi mong mudn, nbu ciu eua tte em thdi dai mdi. De tiiay nhdt la su fliieu vang cdc thudc tfnh rit phu hgp v&i dac tiung cua lua Mdi cae em: tinh ki ao, chdt gia tudng va chit hdi budc, hdm Mnh. Van hgc tMdu nM duong dai van ehua fim duge Idi dudng phu hgp dd di vao tam hdn tre em do chua ket bgp dugc edi hu cdu vdi
NGHIEN C&U VAN HQC 50 9-2016 nhung vin d l Men tgi song hdnh vdi dd Id mdt ki tiiuat vidt, edch kd chuydn, Idi hinh thdnh cau chuypn gidn di nhimg mdi Ig va khdng ngimg bidn hda. Tho van cho Ida M6i ndy vi tiie ddi cbo cdn ngMdm ngM, md pham, nang tftfli gjao due Cling nhic. Khdc vtii tre em gjai doan tiudc khdng cd nMdu co hgi, didu kifn ^ lya chgn cdc "mdn dn" tinh thin, gid day tMeu nM <:d sy chu dgng, dd ddng trong vide fim ddn viii nhimg san pham van hda, vdn hgc md minh ua tMch, kbdng phai de ddng "in" bit cu thd gj vdo tay ehting Id cd thd "hdnh" cbo tte dgc. Nhung cudn sdch xiu xf, nOi dung nghdo ndn, ^ d ^ thd bgo loi dgy do khd cung se chi Idm dugc mdt vide: biln sach van hgc thdnh,... ndi dm dnh kinh ngudi cua tre.
Budc chuydn ciia vdn hgc tMeu nM eiing tao ddng lyc khdng nhd ddi vdi sy thay ddi trong boat ddng ngMdn cdu, phd binh. Nhung ndm gan day, mdt sd sach dgng nay da dugc xuat ban (Vt5n hgc thieu nhi nua tiie ki mot con dudng, Mgt lm vd mdi mdi, Phdc thdo vdn hgc thieu nhi Viet Nam, Neo vdo vdn hgc thiiu nM, Trtxy^ viit cho thieu nhi sau ndm 1975,...). NMdu tdc phim hay vilt cho cdc em ciing da dugc gjdi tMpu, nhung so vdi tinh hinh chung tM vdn i^n c^ mdng vd khdng ddu, thudng cM nd rd vdo dip (Judc td TMdu nM vd Tit Trung thu. Mang ngMdn cuu vdn hgc tMdu nM duong dgi van chua dugc quan tam'va diu tu tuong xting. Didu do mgt phin do tMeu chuyen gja trong Uiih vyc ndy. Mdt phin kbac eung khdng kdm quan trgng Id sdc hdt eua vdn hge tMdu nM ddi vdi nhung ngudi ldm cdng tdc gjdng day, ngMdn cdu vdn bgc van chua du mgnh so vdi van hpc ddnh cho ngudi ldn. Thgm cM ed ngudi edn cho rang; "Van hgc tMdu nM chuyen nhd, chdng cd ^ phai bdn lugn, bao nMdu ndm qua vdn bgc tMdu nM Vipt Nam cd gi dau md ngMdn cim?"*^'.
Tit ca nhimg dp lyc trdn da ttd thdnh gdnh n^ng de len van hgc thilu nhi Viet Nam. Ldn mgng gd cym di "van hge ttiidu nM", ta bit gap kha nMlu eai tit diu budn: Vdn hgc thiiu nM - SOS; Vdn hgc thieu nhi - "thua ngay tren sdn nhd"; Nhgc nhM vdn hgc thieu nhi; Vdn hgc thieu nhi chi Id "chieu dudi"; Van hgc thiiu nhi - vdng bdng cdc nhd vdn tre; Vdn hgc cho thieu nhi: Hut hdng tdc pham trong ntrdc; Vdn hgc cho thieu nhi: Nhin ddu ding trdng vdng; Vdn hgc cho cdc em dang dimg tru&c mgt buc tudng. Chiing ta chua nhin thdy dm, v.v... Nhd vdn Nguydn Trf Cdng, Uy vidn hdi ddng Vdn hge ttulu nM HOi Nhd van Vipt Nam khda VI, kM n h ^ xet vd edng tdc sdng tdc cho tiiilu nM da phai chua xdt tfiua nhdn: "Hidn nay, sdng tdc vdn hgc cho tiiidu nM cd tfil gdi ggn tix)ng ba chii: Cdn bd ngd! Tdc phim viet ra khdng cd tidng vgng lgi. Ngudi ta
hiu nhu khdng mang ngd tdi"*^l i
Vdn hpc thiiu nhi sau 1986...
4. Va hudng d i n cua vdn hgc ttiilu nhi
Budc ngoat chuyin miifli ciia lich sd - xd bOi da cung cip eho van hgc tiiidu nM mgt mdt bang chuyin bidn ngbe tiiuat ifliit dinh. Tiln trinh vdn hgc tMdu nM Viet Nam duong dgi thd Mpn rd ddc tnmg cua vdn hgc ddi mdi ndi chung: Td dya dim va chgy tiieo van bgc ngudi ldn din con dudng ngh§ thudt dgc lgp. Neu vdn hpc Viet Nam la mgt ddng sdng ldn tM vdn hgc duong dai cho tMdu nM la mdt nhanh hda vdo ddng sdng iy. Ld mgt ttianh td mang tiifli Uch su - xa hgi, nd Ididng thd ddng ngodi nhimg van ddng, thay ddi, tdc dgng nMdu cMeu td &yc td cudc sdng thdi ddi mdi. CM don ttiuin quan Mdm day la mOt "ttiidn dudng xanh"
(mugn chd Paradis vert eiia nhd van Phdp Pierre Gamara), mdt dc dao tach bipt khdi xa hOi bao quanh vdi nhung phdi trai, tdt xau dan xen den khd nhan didn se Id each ngM ngay ttio, do didng. NhiMg chuydn biln cua van hgc tMdu nM thdi gian qua ciing la dieu tit ydu, thd Men rd mdi quan he bai cMdu gjua vdn bgc va Mdn ttiye.
Gin ba thap ki, vdn hgc tMdu nM dd kinh qua nMdu edi "tiu vd": Trd vd vdi cd tiiih nghp tbuat ciia nhd vdn vd sy trd tran fim eon dudng ngdn nhit dd ddn vdi dde gia nhd Mdi, Idm sao dd van hgc tham nhgp thd gidi tinh thin ciia iMeu men nM ddng hdm nay mdt each Mdu qua. Van hgc cho tMdu nM thdi ddi mdi da cd nhihig thay ddi dang kd ttdn nMdu phuang dipn. Dd Id sy du day vd thd logi:
trayen, tho, kjch, kf, tan van; sy phong phu, da dgng vd chu dd, dd tai; tmydn flidng lich su, each mang, khdng cMdn, sinh hogt gia i£nh, xa hdi, hgc tap, lao ddng, vm choi, finh bgn, tinh thay trd, mdi quan bp tte em va ngudi Idn, nhdng rung dgng td vi eua todi mdi ldn,... Chuyin tu edi nhin dam tMh su tM sang cdi nhm thd tyc, ddi thudng, sang tac cho tte em hdm nay ed nhiing ddi tbay nhat dinh cd vd ndi dung phdn dnh vd each thdc the M^n, cbo phep ta lae quan md nMn vdo Men trang vd Mong lai eiia van hge tMdu tiM ddt nudc trdn tidn tnnh ddi mdi vdi guong mgt van hda - tinh than gjdu biia bpn. Nhung ddnh gia mgt each khach quan, cdng bdng, gin ba muoi nam qua, mac du van hgc vidt cbo tMdu nM ^ cd sy gia tang vd sd lugng, cdi fliidn vd chit lugng nhung vin chua thyc sy dap ung sy Id vgng cua toan xa hdi vao vi the, vai trd cua nd vdi sy ngMep ddi mdi van hgc ddn tpe.
Mudn tre em yeu sdch, yeu van hda dgc, trade hdt ngudi lam ra sdch phai ty ddi mdi chfnh miifli. Hon ai het, tac gja can y thdc dugc rang mdi quan he gjfta vdn hgc tiiidu nM vdi tre em bdm nay ndn vua la thay vda Id ban. La ban d l bilt dirge sd tMch, tam If, nhan tiidc va bao mat ddi tbudng eiia cac em de di dd ndi
NGHliN Ciru VAN HQC S6 9-2016
ldn dugc nhung dieu md cdc em quan tdm, tran tiu. La thiy de gjup dd, hudng dgo cho ede em di tdi. Theo do, moi nhd vdn vilt eho ti-d tho ddng thdi phdi Id mpt rflid su pham.
Dd cho ndn vdn bgc tMdu nM phdt triln mdt cdch d i y dd, dung hudng, can phdi cd chd dp khuydn kMch hem nua cbo nhiing ngirdi vidt, ft nhat Id chd dp nhudn bdt. Cdch nhm ddi vdi lye lugng ldm van hgc cbo eae em ciing can pha tiiay ddi. Cdc don vi ldm sdch can kidm lai nhtmg dudc hit phai cd sdch hay cho ttd em dd hudng din tM Mdu ldnh manh, diing d i n cho ede em trong vide thudng thdc van hgc, la hda sach van hpc khdng cM d ngi dung md edn d hinb thdc in an, minb hga. Nen quan tam nMdu hem ddn vide xay dyng mdt vdn hda dgc lanh manh eho tMdu nM, dung dd traypn tranh, sach dich cda nudc ngodi ldn dt sdch ttong nudc kM nhimg san phim i y khdng hay, thgm cM khuydn kMch bgo lyc, chi nhim ddnh tning thi Mdu cda eac em. Nha nude nen co sy d i u M nMdu ban va phdi cd sy bao ttg cbo vdn hgc tMeu nM. Lam sao cd dugc mdt dgi ngu phd binh va ngMen cuu chuyen ngMpp song hdnh vdi ddi ngu sang tac cting la van dd biic xuc cda vdn hgc tMdu nM hdm nayQ
(1) v a n Thanh (Sim tam - bien sogn): Vdn hgc thieu nhi Vi^t Nam (Nghien ciin. ii lugn, phe binh, tiau luan - tu li^u) (Tgp 1). Nxb. Kim Ddng, H., 2003, U.170.
(2) La TTianh Tiing: Thiiu nhi vdi van chuong vd cdc nhd vdn vdi vdn hgc thiiu nhi. Van n5/ie,sd 22-2008, tr.3.
(3) Nguyin Quang Lap: Ong bdn vi vi tudi tha;
Ngudn: hnps.//www.faeebook.cpm/notes/1402260520089853/?pnref=slory (truy cap ngiy 12-4-2015).
(4) Diic Hanh: Nhd vdn ndi gi ve vdn hgc thieu nhi. Gido dye vd thai dgi, so 74, ngiy 19-6- 2008, tt.50.
(5) Nguyin NgtjK Thuin: Viit khdng dep thi dimg viir, Nguon: hap://giaiin.vnexpress.netAiB- tuc/gioi-sao/trong-nuoc (truy cgp ngay I6-2-20I5).
(6) Xem Bill Thanh Tmyfin: ChAt lugng dgyh^cvan- nhin tir bgc tiiu hgc. Nghien cuu van /if)c,s6 10-2012, tr.I06-lI7
(7) Le Phuong Li6n: Mdy suy nghivi vdn hgc thiiu nhi thai H ddi mdi;
Ngudn: hBp://www.n}d]ikimdong.ccHn.vn/tdn-liet-<in'l&4iri-fiic/goe-vaitiioe(fii^
(8) Vdn hgc cho thiiu nhi: Hut hdng tdc phdm trong nudc;
Ngudn: http//www.tienphong.vn/van-nghe/van-hoc-eho-thieu-nhi-hut-hang-tac-pham- trpng-nuoc-23997.tpo (truy cgp ngay 10-3-2015).