i TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so 4 (200) 2015
J VAN OE TIN £ ) 6 N TRONG NGHIEN CUU DU LUAN XA HOI: Ggi Nia HUONG UNG XU VOI
TIN D 6 N TRONG TJNH HJNH HIEN NAY
Dw lugn xa hdi va tin don la hign twang tim If xa hdl khdng the thiiu trong ddi sing i,. hign nay. Tuy nhien, trong hpc thuit, tin din hiim dupc nhac din va nghien ciru mot
cich bii ban nhw dw luin xa hii. Trong thwc ti, nhirng thiet hai do tin din mang Igi da i j xiy ra d nhiiu quoc gia vi Viet Nam khdng phai li ngogi lg. Nghien ciru, phin bigt dw ISji luin xa hoi va tin don nham dinh hwdng dw luan linh mgnh trong xa hdi, bic bd tin
din that thigt gay bat on li yeu cau cap thiit trong tinh hinh hign nay.
DAT VAN o e
Trong Sdi spng xa hpi hien nay, sir bung np thflng tin vpi nhirng hfl trp tpi fla ciia cac phypng tipn truyin thflng dd dat ra hang Ipat cau hoi: nhirng thong tin do co thyc hay khong c6 thirc? co dii dp chinh xdc hay khcng chinh xdc?...
Cc nhij'ng thflng tin ban dau vS mpt s y kiSn, van de xd hpi d y p c bao dam chinh xdc, CO thyc, d y p c xa hpi quan tdm (Hen quan den ipi ich, gid tr| ciia cdc nhcm xd hpi), tap thdnh dw luan xi hpi; cung co nhyng thong tin ban ddu chya dypc dam bac dp chinh xac id co thyc hay khcng CO thyc, d y p c lan truyin vd tao ra them cac y kiSn trao doi khdc (them hoac bot tlnh tilt) Chung ta van chi xem dfl Id tin don. Nhy vdy, d y luan xd hfli hay tin don deu xuat phdt tir nhifng thflng tin ban
Phan Tdn. Tien sT. Vifin Thfing tin Khoa hgc xd hOi.
Nghifin cuu ndy ducpc tdi Irp' bo'i Quy Phdt tridn Khoa hgc vd Cfing nghfi Quoc gia (NAFQSTED), md so de tdi 13.4-2011.09.
ddu v l mpt sy kien, van de xd hpi cc thyc hoac/vd khong cn thyc. Boi vay, khi nghien eii'u v l d y ludn xd hgi, khong the khong nghien cCru tin dfln.
Vdy, the nao la d y ludn xd hfli? T h l ndo la tin dfln? Tryo'c mfli thong tin dypc truyin tai - t i l p nhdn, Idm t h l ndo de phdn biet dfl Id d y luan xa hpi hay tin dfln?
Nfli dung bdi v i l t se phan tich nhyng ddc diem cua tin dfln trong cdi nhin dfli sdnh vpi d y luan xd hfli, tir do gpi mp hyong Crng xCr vo'i tin dfln trong tinh hinh hien nay.
1. DU" LUAN XA HOl VA TIN D O N Trypc khi phan biet nhirng ddc diem ridng ciia d y luan xa hoi vd tin dfln, chung toi xin khdi lypc mpt s6 vdn d l co ban trong cdc quan diem, nhdn thu'c v l d y luan xa hpi va tin d i n nhy sau:
1.1. D y luan xd hfli (Public Opinion) Da CO rdt nhilu djnh nghTa v l dy ludn xa hpi VO'I cdc quan diem vd cdch t i l p can khdc nhau. Tham chi ngay tai nhD'ng hfli nghj Io'n tdm quflc te cung tirng co quan
PHAN TAN - VAN oe TIN B O N TRQNG NGHIgN diem cho rang "khflng cfl cdi gpi Id dy
ludn xd hpi" (R.C. Binkley, 1928, tr. 390)'''.
Trong mpt miic dp nghien eii'u nhdt djnh v l d y ludn xd hoi, chung tfli dya ra djnh nghTa sau:
' D y ludn xd hpi Id phire hpp y kiln thap ludn, phan ty, ddnh gid, kiln nghj, yeu sdch, giai phdp cua cdc nhom xd hpi v l nhirng vdn d l xd hpi xay ra lien quan den lpi ich vd gid trj quan tdm" (Phan Tdn, 2014, tr, 63).
VO'I dinh nghTa ndy, chung ta co the hiiu nhy sau:
1) Dy ludn xa hpi Id p/iiic hop cdc y kiln typng tdc voi nhau qua qud trinh thao luin t h l hidn nhdn thu'c, tinh cdm, y chi cua cdc nhflm xd hfli. V kiln dypc cdc cd nhdn trao doi tro thdnh y kiln chung, cd nhdn trfl' thdnh ngyo'i mang d y ludn.
2) Dy ludn xd hfli cfl the chT id dinh gii, phin xet hoac kiin nghi, hodc dya ra yiu sich, giai phip. Khi d y ludn chi md'i ddnh gid, phdn xet, chya dya ra dypc kien nghj hodc yeu sdch, giai phdp thi qud trinh ciia d y ludn xd hpi chya hodn thdnh.
3) Dy ludn xa hpi cc the co nhilu y kiln khdc nhau, tham chi dfli ldp nhau, tao thdnh cdc luong y kiln thudn chilu, trdi chilu.
4) Dy luan xd hpi co t h l id ^ kiln cua da so hodc thilu s6. y kiln do dypc mpt nhnm cong chung tranh ludn vd dong thuan v l cp sp lpi Ich hclc/vd gid tri md hp quan tdm.
5) Chi CO nhirng van d l , s y kipn, hien typng xd hfli lien quan d i n lpi Ich dypc quan tam cua nhilu ngyp'l mpi cp kha
nang taP ra d y luan xa hpi (/p/ ich Id oa
1
sd de xudt hien cdc tranh luan).
6) Gid trj vd chuan m y c la can cy md du ludn hypng d i n .
1.2. Tlndnn (Rumpr)
Chp den nay, nhD'ng nghidn cu'u sdu ve tin dfln hdu nhy van cen kha vdng bong.
Co mpt djnh nghTa co the dypc xem la kinh diln cua Petersen vd Gist (1951, tr 159) v l tin dfln van thyfl'ng dypc nhac d i n trpng cde nghien ciru v l dy ludn xa hpi chp rang: "Tin dfln" (Rumor) dypc ai cap mpt cdch thflng thyfl'ng nhdt do la thflng tin chya dypc xdc minh hodc loi glai thich v l cdc s y kien, lan truyen tir ngyo'i ndy sang ngyfl'i khdc vd lien quan den mpt doi typng, s y kidn hodc vdn de cflng Chung quan tam" (Rumor, in general usage, refers tp an unverified accpunt cr explanation of events, circulating from person to person and pertaining to an object, event, or issue of public concern).
Mflt djnh nghTa khac dypc trich ddn kha nhieu tren cdc bdi v i l t lien quan: Tin dfin Id nhyng thflng tin d y p c truyin mieng tir ngyfl'i ndy sang ngyo'i khdc mpt cdch khflng chinh thu'c, chya nam ro nguOn goc, chya d y p c dam bao v l tinh chinh xdc vd dypc nhilu ngyfl'i quan tam.
Qua nhyng bdi v i l t vd cdc nghien CD'U di tryp'e md chung tfli tap hop dypc, tin den dypc hieu nhy sau:
- Tin don de xay ra khi xa hpi quan tdm vd lo ngai v l mpt qud khD' hay mpt sir kipn dypc mong dpi, Xd hpi vpi co chi kiem sedt thilu thflng tin chinh thD'c va Icri giai thich thca ddng cDng de ldm cho tin d i n gia tang.
TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HQI so 4 (200) 2015 Tin don hinh thdnh ban ddu khflng d y p c xac minh hoac ghi nhdn bdng mpt kenh t m y l n thflng chinh thu'c; cp c h l lan truyin ban dau cua nfl thyfl'ng id qua truyin mipng, qua cac trang mang xa hpi phi chinh thirc, vd nfl cDng dypc thap luan phi chinh thu'c khi sy quan tdm cua cac cd nhan cfl xu hyfl'ng gia tang. Cong chung ciia tin don d y p c mfl' rpng ra ca nhO'ng ngyfl'i ban ddu von khflng quan tdm khi nhO'ng ngyfl'i nay dypc chuyen tu' nhcm thap luan ndy sang nhflm thap luan khac, vd thyfl'ng dypc cung co bdng each trich ddn nhO'ng ngufln d y p c oho Id chinh thong.
- Khi mpt tinh huflng cfl van d l , thu hDt s y quan tam cua cong chung nhyng lal thilu vang thflng tin ly giai dd dypc k i l m chu'ng, chinh thu'c vd thuyit phuc thi cdch ly giai chya d y p c kilm chu'ng, khflng chinh thu'c va cc p h l n "bdn tin, ban nghi" se Id ca so' d l xudt hien tin d i n (Le Van Hao, 2012).
Tin dfln v l cp ban id k i t qua cua vi^c bdp mdo trong nhdn thDc vd trong giao tilp bang \d\ noi ddn phwang. VI vdy khflng cfl nhD'ng thay dpi xay ra trpng qua trinh thap ludn phi chinh thu'c. Cdc cd nhan lan truyin tin den d i n mot loat ngypi khdc, nhflm khac, tat nhien ngyfl'i ta khflng t h l dya ra cdc phien ban tin dfln khdc nhau, nhyng nfl lai dypc them thdt cdc chi tilt khi dype truyin tu' ngyfl'i nay sang ngyfl'i khdc. Do khflng phai de tri nho cua ngyfl'i truyin dat md Id the hien nhO'ng ky vpng, nfli sp hai, lo du, thu djch va khat vpng cua ca nhdn hp vd xa hpi.
S y phdt trien vd lan truyen tin dfln lien quan d i n vi#c giai thich, thao luan, suy dcdn vd typ'ng typng mpt each sang tao.
- S y bop meo cua tin dfln dypc giai thich rang: vo'i mflt ngypi, trong vai trfl ngyfl'i lan truyin, co the quan tdm d i n tin d i n nhilu han khi o' trong vai trfl ngyfl'i nhdn, Uy tin cua ngyfl'i lan truyin se cae hpn n l u nhy cau chuyen d y p c ke co ve chan thyc. Ngyfl'i lan truyin co du dong lyc de quen nhyng chi tilt khiln cdu chuyen trfl"
nen mp hfl, dflng thai nhdn manh nhD'ng chi t i l t khiln nfl hpp ly, vd d l dya vdo nhyng chl tilt chirng thyc mfl'l.
Trong qua trinh truyin mieng, mpt sfl chi tilt cua tin dfln cfl the giam xuing, nhyng mpt sp chi tilt khdc lal bj phong dai len. Nhilu tryfl'ng hpp, chii t h l Ian truyin tin don cfln su' dung phypng tien truyin thflng mpt cdch hpp phdp d l lira bip nhO'ng ngyo'i ca tin. Khi tin dfln dypc
"chinh thflng hfla" tren bde chi, vd'i sire manh vfl bien cija cac phypng tien truyin thflng dai chDng, nfl tro' thdnh
"qua bom" cfl sire cong pha khung khilp, - Trong cdc tin dfln noi chung cfl nhilu tin dfln khflng xdc thyc, mot s6 tin dfln xdc thyc, mpt so khdc chira dyng cd 2 y l u tfl:
Nhilu thflng tin chi t i l t trong tin dfln Id sai lech nhyng van de md no d l cap lai Id cfl that (Le Van Hao, 2012). Ngay ca khi tin don Id sai hodn todn thi nfl v l n chu'a dyng mpt dang "sy thdt", bo'i nfl cho Chung ta bilt r i n g co mflt chuyen gi dfl dang dien ra vd dfli hoi cdn phai xu' ly.
Tin d i n lien quan d i n hau h i t cdc ITnh vyc nhy chinh tri, tdi chinh, tfli pham, trdt t y xa hfli, thj tryfl'ng, nghp thuat... Tin don thyfl'ng gpi len nhilu lien tyang cam xDc, hap d i n , ky quae, ky la... Bai vay, tin dfln cfl nhilu cam xuc han dy ludn, Tdm ly ddm dflng vd hdnh dflng thep tam
PHAN TAIM - VAN ee TIN B 6 N TRQNG NGHIEN CiftJ.
ly ddm dong d l xay ra lu'C thi vd manh liet, Khi cflng chung phan irng bdng tinh cdm VO'I mpt vdn d l , sy suy dndn va typng typng se dypc khai day. Tin dfln phan dnh lam trang bat an ndc do cua ngyo'i ddn.
Tin dfln lieu cyc thypng de dypc lan truyin han tin d i n tich cyc. Nhom, cd nhdn cdng noi tilng, id "ngyo'i cua cflng Chung" thi cdng d l id muc lieu md tin dfln nhdm d i n . Phdn Io'n cdc tin dfln deu mang tinh chat "phd" nhilu han Id "xdy".
Tin d i n co t h l khiln mflt doanh nghiep sat nghidp, cung cfl t h l ha guc uy tin mpt cd nhdn.
- Dam dong nac danh la chCi the cua tin don; moi ngyfl'i den lypt minh d i u cfl the tra thdnh mpt ngufln c h l biln tin va phdt tin (Trdn Hyu Quang, 2003, tr. 40), vai kilu "nghe nhilu ngyfl'i noi rdng". Cung bo'i nac danh nen rat kho tim dypc ngypi chju trdch nhiem v l npi dung md hp truyin dat.
1.3. Phan bidl lin dfln vd dy ludn xa hpi, mfli quan he giya chung
- Dy lugn xd hpi va tin dfln gilng nhau tryfl'c h i t fl' chfl cd hai d i u id hien typng tdm Iy xd hpi. Id nhO'ng k l l cdu linh than, ldm ty ddc tryng cho nhflm ngyfl'i nhat djnh. V l CP c h l , dy ludn xa hfli vd tin don d i u lan truyin nhanh vd d l biln dang, Nhu cdu, Ipi ich cua cd nhdn, nhom xa hpi d i u chi phoi manh den tin dfln vd dy ludn xa hpi.
- Moi quan he giya dy luan xd hpi vd tin dpn vira la quan he cpng hyfl'ng vira mang tinh Ipal tru' sdu sdc. Tin dfln co t h l dya tfli dy luan xd hpi hpdc khflng (tDy thupc dpi lypng khdch quan - sy
kiSn, vdn d l xa hfli d y a c de cap cfl that hay khong, co dypc thyc thi hay khong?).
Vi du, CO thflng lin gid xang se dypc didu chinh. N l u d i l u nay khflng thdnh hidn thyc, no chi la lin don, mirc gid vdn giu nguyen, tdt nhien khflng co d y luan gia xdng ddt hay re nu'a (vi mirc gid v l n giir nguyen). Tin dfln d i n day bi triet tieu hoac biln the trfl' thanh bdi hpc. Song n l u gid xang d y p c d i l u chinh (tin co that), l i t y l u sau dfl se co nhO'ng dy ludn v l gia xang ddt re...
- Tin don cfl t h l xual hien tryfl'c dy ludn xa hpi. Vi dy, tryfl'c thflng tin gid xdng tdng, ngyfll la do xo di mua xdng..., do id hipu U'ng cua tin dfln. Khi gid xdng da dypc thflng bdo chinh thu'c vd nidm ylt cu t h l , se khflng ai cfln t i l p tyc d l xo dl Idm nhy vdy nu'a. Luc nay se cd nhD'ng y kiln: nao Id gid xang ddt han dpi tryflc, xang ben My hoac Trung Quic co gia thdp hpn d Viet Nam..., dfl Id dy ludn, Cfl t h l phdn biel tin don vd d y ludn xa hpi qua bang so sdnh sau (xem Bdng 1).
2. IVIOT SO TIN D O N TIEU Bl£U & VlfT NAM THO'I GIAN QUA
Phai thira nhdn rdng, ngyfll ddn hien nay dang thyc sy chao dao vo'i du nguin thong tin trai chilu, cac tin d i n khflng ro can nguyen. Tin dfln xudt hien nhilu nhat Id trong ITnh vyc chinh tri, tai chinh, san xudt kinh doanh, trong gio'i nghe thudt,..
vd da de lai nhO'ng hau qua khong nho.
- Trin thi trwdng tai chinh thyflng xuyen xuat hien cac tin don v l ndng lyc tdi chinh cua cdc cflng ly, viec sap nhap, pha sdn hay lanh dap cdc cong ty bj bdt, bfl trin... NhO'ng tin don ndy da khiln cho cac san chu'ng khodn khflng khoi lao
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so 4 (200) 2015 dap. Cfl the liet ke mpt so tin d i n tieu bleu:
Ngay 4/10/2003, cfl tin don "Tong giam doc Ngdn hang ACB, ong Phgm Van Thidt, tham lam cong quy, thut ket h i t sfl Bdng 1. So sdnh giya tin don vd dy ludn xd hgi
tien trong ngdn hdng roi bo tron, vd sau dp bj bat, bp tu" (Hdn Phi, 2011). Tin ndy d y p c "truyin tai" vd lan nhanh nhy mpt thu' djch benh, hang loat khdch hdng cua ACB da un un keo den rDt t i l n tai hpi sp'
Ve ngu6n g6c xuat hi$n
Dja chl
V e c o c h ^ hinh th^nh
Kfinh tnjy^n tai
Cu&ng dO
MMC dich
Tinh rOng / hep Tinh van d ^ - giai q u y l t vSn 3h
Tinh ChSn thg'c ThSnh ph^n chu y l u Quan h$ vdi dan trf
Tin d6n
- TCf s u l<ien CO th§t ho^c l<heng cd that - X u l t phat tCr ngud'i l<hSc (^Inghe ngiid ntiyndi. ngu^kia nd/...)
- Xuat hifin l<hi ngud-i ta thieu (ho3c thija;
thdng tin
- Khdng d u ^ c dam bao v l nguon g l c - Khdng co dja chi rd r i n g
- Con dudng bl mat i<h6ng chinh Uiuc - y l<iln ca nhSn
- Tnjyen mifing giO'a Ccic Cci nhSn - C^c trang mgng phi chinh thCrc, ddi ICic b l n g Ccic phucng ti$n truyen thong dg chung
- Cud'ng dp = tfnh h i p dSn + tinh Ichdng x^c dinh
- ChO y l u dg'a vdo cam xiic chu quan nfin tfnh t y ph^t cao, ian truyin nhanh - Myc dfch cS nhan - thud'ng bj xuyfin tgc boi tfnh chu quan cua ngud-i truyen tin - RCit ggn chi tilt, hoac cud'ng difiu hoa ->
lan truyin nhanh
- Loang cang xa thi cang c6 nhieu b i l n ttiai, do l<heng ngung dup'c thfim t h i t - IQifing c6 van d l ho^c v l n d l gia - Khdng the dua ra dup'c each giai quylt thyc s y nao c^ v l m$t thfing tin, nhan thi^c l l n hanh dOng
- 0 6 tfnh "thit thifit" (m$c dCi cd nhiing tin don cd phan ndo dd la s y that) - Nhap nhIng "nud'c ddi", "id' md'"
- Cam XLIC chu quan
- Trinh dO sa Ithai thud'ng d i n d i n tin don
Du luan
- TCr s y kifin cd that
- X u l t phat tCf chfnh ban th§n ngud-i phat ngdn {tdi dupc biit. ho$c, theo y kiin cua toi thi...)
- xac djnh duoc chu t h l , khach t h l , hinh thuc b i l u hifin va ddi tup'ng cua nd
- Con dudng khdng chfnh thCrc va chtnh thCfc - C6 t h l du6l dang "khuyet danh" do id sp" bj trtfng phgt
- Thfing qua giao t i l p tranh luan, va dap y kiln
- cac phuo'ng tifin thdng tin dai chCing
- Cud'ng dfi = va dap y k i l n + phat t n l n y k i l n ca nhan hole nhdm
- V i Ip'i Ich Chung
- Thdng tin chinh xac -> ian truyen nhanh - LCic ban d i u , thudng rat phan tan, nhung sau dd, thdng qua s y trao doi, ti'anh luan, tlnh thing nhit thudng tang len
- Cho bilt chuyfin gi dang xay ra, gay ra phan U'ng gi, each giai quyet ra sao tCp gde dfi cua chu t h l
- Phan anh toing thuc suy nghT, tinh cam, thai do cua chu t h l
- Trf tufi (ed ea cam xuc va y chi)
- Trinh dO cad thud'ng d i n d i n d u iu^n
PHAN TAN - VAN B £ TIN B O N TRQNG NGHIgN CitU.
va mpt s l chi nhdnh cua ACB tai TPHCM khiln ACB phai d l i mat vo'i tlnh trang
"thgt ket" nghiem trpng. Thing d i e Ngan hdng Nhd nyfl'c khi dfl, ong Le DO'C Thuy, dd phai ngay lap tire bay tir Hd Npi vdo TPHCM d l cong khai bdc bo tin dfln tren, on djnh tinh hinh.
Ngdy 8/3/2007, xudt hien tin d i n "Tong Gidm d i e Cong ty Vincom, bd Mai Hypng Npi, bo Iron vd 6m theo mflt khoan tiln lan", tin dfln ndy truyin tai hit ngyfl'i ndy d i n ngyfl'i khdc. Hau qua Id CO philu OTC cua cflng ty "dang cfl gid 186.000 dIng/co philu, thi gid chdo mua thap nhdt chi con 156,000 ding" (bdo T i l n phpng, 2007).
Ngdy 02/12/2009, d y luan xfln xao vo'i thong tin Vipt Nam sd phdt hdnh tien mdnh gid 1 trieu ding vd m?nh tay that chdt chinh sdch t i l n tp, ding thd'i bdng hodng vo'i tin dfln Viet Nam se doi tiln cho dD thj tryfl'ng t i l n te khflng co nhilu xdp trpn. Mpt vu tryfl'ng ngdn hdng da dirng ra bdc tin that thiet tren nhyng "thj tryfl'ng tdi chinh, ngdn hdng cOng dypc mpt phen chao dao, Idi suat lien ngdn hdng tang vpt, chu'ng khodn rd't the thdm" (Hdn Phi, 2011).
Khodng ddu nam 2012, tai tinh Quang Trj xuat hien tin d i n tap dodn Carisberg (Dan Mach) da bdn Cong ty Bia H u l cDng thyang hieu bia HUDA chp dfli tdc Trung Quflc, tin ndy dd "Idm anh hypng rat lan uy tin cua Bia H u l cDng nhy gay hoang mang trong dy ludn", "san lypng tren thj tryfl'ng d Quang Trj da sut giam d i n han 70%" (Quang Liem, 2012).
Tin d i n Chu tjch Ngan hdng co phan Dau ty vd Phdt trien Viet Nam (BIDV) -
flng Trdn Bac Hd bj b i t rp len ngdy 21/02/2013 khiln thj tryfl'ng chirng khpdn cfl phien giam diem manh nhdt (han 18 dilm) trpng vflng 6 thdng qua.
Nhd ddu t y nhdp nhdo bdn ra. Nhieu bilu hien io Idng cung xudt hien tren thi tryfl'ng vdng, ngoai tp,,. (Odng Binh - Nguyin Phu, 2013),
Cdc thflng tin "an byfl'l ung thy", trirng gd "cfl chdt gay ung thy", "tru'ng gd gia"...
cDng thyfl'ng xuyen xuat hipn, gay tdm IJ nghi ngfl', khiln ngyfl'i dan phai lya chon sy an todn theo each "khflng an bypi, khong dn trtrng thi an thy khdc, minh cung khflng c h i t dypc". C u l l cung la
"ngyfll dn khflng c h i t , hang trieu nguoi khflng dn khflng c h i t md nhirng ngucri nuoi gia cdm, trflng bypi bj tin dfln dy gilt chef (Nguyen Nhung, 2008).
Khong it ldn thong tin gia xang tang da day ngyfll ddn vdo t h l h i t hoang dua nhau di mua xdng tich try. Vi du, ngdy 5/8/2008, tin 'gid xdng tang len 25.000 ding/lit dyac ngyfl'i dan truyin tai nhau khiln nhilu cay xdng tai cdc thdnh ph6 ipn trong ca n y p c dong nghet ngyfll. Tin d i n cdng Ian nhanh theo kilu v l t dau loang khi mpi ngyfll cfln nhan tin, goi dien thoai thong bdp che nhau hay' (Thanh Tung - Gia Hi, 2008),
Trpng ITnh virc chinh tri tw twdng, ddc bipt id trypc cdc s y kien chinh trj Ion nhy bdu CCP q u i c hpi, dai hfli Dang cac cdp, bo philu tin nhipm lanh dao cdc cap,., lai xudt hien cdc tin dfln that thiel lien quan den b l tri nhan sy, chay chirc chay quyln, "tdi san ngdm" cua quan chu'c, ldnh dao... Cdc "thflng tin sai trdi tang len dot bien tren mang internet, trdn
!' TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HQl sg 4 (200) 2015
I dipn thoai di dpng vd tap ra s y nhilu ' togn, hpdi nghi, lo ngai trong dfli s i n g xd ' hOi" (Tuyit Minh, 2014). Vi du, gdn day I CO thflng tin ong NBT di My chu'a benh la I do "bj ddu dpe", mac dD dypc nhyng ngypl efl trach nhiem khang dinh dfl id nhO'ng "chuydn xuyen tac", "ehuyen bia ddt", 'Id vu cdc"..., (Minh Anh, 2014) , nhyng tin d i n ndy dd t i n tai mpt thai j gian khd lau, da lam anh hyfl'ng khflng , nhp d i n tdm ly cua ngyfl'i ddn, v.v...
I Cdc tin d i n xuat hien thc'i gian qua I thyfl'ng xudt phat tu' mpt s l ly dp sau:
- Tin din cd thi xuat phattw trd dOa, thiiu I hiiu biit hoic dwpc tung ra vdi muc dich i xiu, canh tranh khdng lanh mgnh.
• N i n kinh t l thj trypng dfli hfli luon phai canh tranh k h i c liet d l t i n tai vd phdt trien, Trong khi nhilu doanh nghl$p, cd nhdn lya chpn cdc each thyc ldnh manh
! vd hpp phdp nhy ddu t y vdo cflng nghe, 1 mdu ma, chdt lypng san pham, xdy , dyng thyang hieu uy tin b i n vO'ng, v.v...
1 thi mpt so doanh nghiep do nang lyc y l u I kem hoac t h i l u dao dD^c kinh doanh lai ehpn each canh trarth khflng ldnh manh, dung mpi thu dpan d l ha guc doi thu vo'i cdc kieu tin: san pham nhilm dpc, nhilm ban; cflng ty phd san, sdt nhdp; lanh dap cong ty tham fl, bo t r i n hode bj bdt...
- Mgt si the Iwc ching doi ehinh quyin, cd f di tgo ra si/ bat on xa hgi bang nhung tin don thit thigt
Cae t l chirc, cd nhan c l tlnh khai thde
"mol quan he" bj xem Id "doi dau" giya cac nha ldnh d^o; d i n g thd'i khai thdc nhD'ng y l u kem cfln t i n tai trong quan iy kinh te, xa hpi d l tap bdt I n nham chlng phd c h l dp.
- Yeu cau minh bach thdng tin, cdng khai thdng tin van chwa dwac dap ung.
Trpng thyc t l , da khcng it ldn cfl nhyng d y ludn dung v l s y kien xd hpi, tuy nhien ngyfl'i ddn khflng cfl dypc nhD'ng thong tin ehinh thCre. Vi du: vu nypc hoa Thanh Hyang va s y do vo' cua hang loat hpp tac xd tin dung, doi tien dot ngpt (1985)
"Idm xdo trpn todn bp cupc sing cua ngyfll dan" (Trdn Hyu Quang, 2003, tr.
40). Vi vdy, trang thai bdt an cua ngyfl'i dan dyflng nhy khfl mdt di n l u khnng tap dypc CP c h l thong tin cong khai, minh bach, kip thc'i tu' phia cp quan chu'c ndng trypc bdt cu' sy kien, van de xd hpi ndo xay ra.
3. GCri Md HUONG UNG XCf VO'I TIN 0(iN
Tin don vd'i nhyng ddc tryng rieng cua nfl dfli hoi phai eo hyfl'ng irng xy phD hpp. ChDng toi xin dya ra mpt so gpi mfl' sau day:
- Vi he thong chinh sach, phip iuat Nhd nypc can nhanh chong ban hdnh Luat T i l p can thong tin, de ca 2 phia id ca quan chu'c nang vd ngyfll ddn d i u co trach nhiem trong cung cdp, ehia se thflng tin, dam bao hien thyc hfla quyln tilp can thflng tin eua ngyfll dan nhy hiln djnh: "Xem xet quy djnh cdi gi nam trcng dien ddng mat thl mat, quy djnh mat cDng phai xem thai gian bap lau phai giai mat. Cfln xd hpi cdng minh bach cdng tflt" (Vietnamnet dan lai Thu tyang Chinh phu ngay 25/12/2013). Ludt T i l p can thflng tin phai khdng djnh quyln t i l p can thong tin tren ea sa phdp dien hfla mpt each ehung nhdt v l cdc cp quan cfl trach nhiem cung cdp thong tin, xdc djnh
PHAN TAN - VAN Be TIN BQN TRONG NGHIEN Cini.
ro cdc thflng tin dypc tiep cdn (thflng tin dype cflng b l cong khai rpng rdi vd thflng tin tilp can thep yeu clu) vd thflng tin khflng dypc t i l p can (cdc thong tin thupc bi mat nhd nyo'c, bi mat dpi ty, bi mat kinh doanh) hode ehya dypc tilp can (thong tin dang trong qua trinh dilu tra, truy t l , xet xir; thong tin dang trong qud trinh thanh tra, kilm tra, gidm sdt;
thflng tin efl trong ho sa, tdi li$u dang trong qud tinh soan thao). Quy djnh trinh ty, thu tuc Chung v l tilp cdn thong tin, ca sc' t y Choi cung d p thong tin de tao OP SO' phdp ly cho cd nhdn, to chO'c thye hien quyln tiep can thong tin cua minh.
Quy djnh trdch nhiem gidm sdt, kiem tra vide thyc hipn quyln tilp can thong tin, Khi CO tin don, ep quan chirc nang vd lyc lypng ccng an phai d i l u tra truy nguyen nguin glc, diln biln hinh thdnh tin don;
kjp thpi xu' ly sdm d l i typng tung tin d i n .
- Ve phia nhi quan if va cic phwang tiin tmyin thdng: Bdp ehi vd cp quan chu'c ndng lien quan d i n cong tdc thflng tin, truyin thflng, can thyfl'ng xuyen cung cap kjp tho'i, chinh xac cdc quan d i l m cua Oang, Nhd nyfl'c; khflng dya tin mdp ma, gay thac mdc, to mfl, d l hieu nhdm.
D l ngdn chan "chiln tranh tin din", vdn d l quan trpng Id ca quan quan ly phai nhanh chong co phdt ngon chinh thing de bdc bo. Viec cong bo efl t h l thyc hien ngay thflng qua thflng cdc bao chi, phdt bilu trypc truyin hinh chy khflng the theo hinh thu'c cflng vdn co t i c dp "1
?ch".
Phdt triln ha tdng thflng tin; ldp website chlng tin d i n , mc' nhilu diln ddn tren
eac phyang tien truyin thflng vol s(i tham gia cua nhilu chuyen gia nghien cyu, nhd quan ly va ca ngyai dan.
Trong vide quan ly, phdt trien cflng nghe thong tin hien dai, ngyfll quan ly ehi han e h l chu' khcng the ehdn dypc tdt ca thflng tin bja ddt. Quan trpng id thflng tin chinh thing phai ehu dpng, co tinh thuyel phue cao.
T i chu'c mang lyp'l cflng tdc vlen, m?ng lypl dyfl'ng ddy ndng rflng khdp de kj thpi nam d y luan, ndm tin d i n ngay Idil vya md'i xudt hidn, phan dnh v l trung tdm xir ly phan tich, co giai phdp thich yng,
- Vi phia cic to chu'c, ci nhin bi tin thai trwc tiep bdi tin din: Ban thdn d l i tuong eua tin d i n phai chap nhdn tin don nhu vipc "se phai cfl"; d i n g thc'i cdn nhanh chflng k i t hap vol ca quan quan ly, cac CP quan chO'c ndng dya ra phdt ngon chinh thing de bde be, nhy; t i chu'c h?p bdc, cung cap bdng chd'ng khang djnli tin d i n id that thiet; tryc tilp cong khai tin d i n tren cdc phypng tien thong tin a?i Chung, eung edp thflng tin chinh thiit d i n ngyfll ddn.
Ban chat cua tin d i n la do khong oi thong tin, vi vdy dep tin d i n mpt cdch toi nhat Id minh bach thong tin. Cdc t i chiic, ca nhdn phai lap td'c khfll phuc hinh anii cua minh bdng cdc minh chyng cu the de ldy Iai n i l m tin cua cflng chDng.
- Ve phia ngwdi din - nhung ngwdi tiip nhan tin din: phai tinh tap tryflc "bdo tin d i n " , Tryfl'c nhD'ng thflng tin gdy s6c, mfli ngyfll ddn phai thyc sy binh tTnh lim hiiu, t y minh tham djnh, ddnh gid thong tin hpgc cc t h l lidn hd ngay vai cdc kenti
• TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQl so 4 (200) 2015 thflng tin chinh thu'c de xdc minh, khong ' a dua theo tin d i n .
- vi phia cic nhi nghien ciru; Xac djnh s y xudt hien vd truyen dat tin d i n dypc ' coi la mpt qua trinh, tu' dfl t y vdn cho cdc ' nhd quan ly v l cdc trang thdi cua tin d i n , ' nhy: eo mpt chu ky tin d i n dien hinh, hay ' tin d i n d y p c hinh thanh chi bpl mflt cpng d i n g cfl m l i quan tdm chung d i n mpt van d l hay s y kien; s y x u l t hien eua tin
! d i n , s y phdt triln vd s y gia tdng tin d i n ; I s y b i l n mdt cua tin d i n ; vd sy tdi t i [ chye thdi do vd n i l m tin eua xd hpi.
• Trpng d i l u tra tin d i n cc he thing, ngyfl'i nghien ciru can ehu trpng den nhyng v l n i d l nhy thanh phan xa hfli, thai dp thflng qua viec truyin dat tin d i n , hdnh vi vai
! tro trong nhflm thao luan tin d i n , vd ddc d i l m tinh each cua nhO'ng ngyfll chuyen lan truyin tin d i n .
Tom lal, tin don va d y ludn xd hpi Id nhO'ng hien typng tdm ly xd hpi, nfl xudt hien khi lpi ich vd gid trj eua ccn ngyfll bj chi p h l i hcac cfl nguy ca bj chi p h i i bai nhirng s y kien, van d l xd hpi. Ben cgnh dfl, nhu cdu giap t i l p tren cdc phypng tien thong tin truyin thong hien dai khiln cho d y luan vd tin d i n d y p c lan truyin mpt each chflng mat. O i l vai thong tin xudt phdt tu' nhO'ng s y kien, vdn d l xd hpi cfl thyc md tap thanh d y ludn, n l u Chung ta bilt ndm bdt, djnh hypng thep chiiu hyfl'ng tich eye se glDp Ich rdt nhilu chp cflng tdc quan ly xd hpi.
Ngypc lai, d i i vai thong tin xudt phdt t y nhyng sy kien, vdn d l xd hpi chya dypc dam bac cfl thyc hay khflng, hay euli cDng no v i n chi id tin d i n thi cdn nhanh chflng cfl hypng xir ly kjp thpi, ngan c h j n tin d i n t h i t thiet, trdnh gdy thiet hai eho xa hpi. Q
CHU THlCH
'^' Robert C Binkley 1928. The Concept of Public Opinion In the Social Sciences. Social Forces, Vol 6, No 3, pp. 389-396. Tgi HOi nghi bdn trtin vd thong kd chinh tri tai Chicago (12/8/1924), van de dy ludn dd dupc dua ra thdo ludn nhung kh6ng tim dupc su dong thuan. Mot so thanh vi&n h$i nghi cho rdng khdng c6 cai gpi Id du ludn xd hpi. Mdt s6 khdc tin rdng du ludn xd hgi cd ton tai nhung chya du de c6 the dua ra m^t djnh nghla vdi dO chinh xac cao phyc vu cho muc dich khoa hoc. M01 so khdc lai lac quan hon hodc c6 the cd lin hon cho rdng, thuat ngO' ndy co th^ dinh nghTa dupc nhung cdc y luffng lidn quan den kieu hgng/loai ciia khdi nidm phai dupc lua chpn.
TAI LlfU TRiCH D A N
1. Bdo Tidn Phong. 2007. Ting giim doc Vincom bd trin, mpt tin din day ac f.
hltp://viww.lienphong.vn/xa-hoI/long-gdnbspvincom-bo-tron-mot-lin-don-day-ac-y-77928.lpo 2. Binkley, R.C. 1928. The Concept of Public Opinion in the Social Sciences. Social Forces, Vol.6, No. 3, pp. 389-396.
3. Ddng Binh - Nguyen Phu. 2013. Doanh nhan vi van ngn tin din. hllp://baophapluat vn/d oanh-nghiep/doanh-nhan-va-van-nan-lin-don-148316.hlmi.
4. Hdn Phi. 2011. Nhung tin din khuynh dao thi trwdng Viit Nam, hltp://kinhdoanh.vne xpress.nel/tin-tuc/vi-mo/nhung-tin-don-khuynh-dao-lh i-truong-viet-nam-2726459.htm!.
5. Ld Vdn Hdo. 2012. Khi tin din tim ta tnj ngp. htlp://www.tamly.com vn/home/?acl=Nev^s-DelaII-s- 11-1645-Khi_tin_don_tim_ta_lru_ngu.html.
PHAN TAN - VAN Bg TIN B O N TRONG NGHIEN CI>U.
6. Minh Anh. 2013. Thong tin ong Nguyin Bi Thanh bi diu dpc ia xuyen tac. hltp://www.doi songphapluatcom/xa-hoi/thong-tln-ong-nguyen-ba-lhanh-bi-dau-doc-la-xuyen-lac- a77839.hlml.
7. Nguyen Nhung. 2008. Hiim hoa "lam + an" theo... tin don. http:www.tuanvietnam.net/hieiTi- hoa-lam-+-an-theo-lin-don
8. Peterson, W.A.; N.P. Gist. 1951. Rumor and Public Opinion. American Journal of Sociology, Septembre 1951, vol.57, No.2.
9. Phan Tan. 2014. Nghien ciru dw luan xa hdi a Vigt Nam hidn nay qua tiip cin phi quitch hg gii trj va gii tri cit 161. Tap chi Xa hpi hpc, 3(127)/2014.
10. Quang Liem. 2012. Bia Huda trudc nhQng tin ddn bia dgt. htlp;//www.huda.com.vn/vI- VN/tin-hoal-dong/bia-huda-truoo-nhung-lin-don-bia-dal/251/763?.
11. Thanh Tung - Gia Hi. 2008. Tung tin din that thiet xO- If hinh sw dwac khong. http://pIo.vn/
an-ninh-trat-tu/tung-tin-don-thal-lhiet-xu-ly-hinh-su-duoc-260195.hlml.
12. Trdn HU'U Quang. 2003. Thw phan tich mpt tin din. Thd'i bdo Kinh le Sdi Gdn, 23/10/2003.
13. Tuyet Minh. 2014. Bau tranh ngan chgn nhung thdng tin sai tril. http://www.cadn.coin.vn/
news/75_126010_da-u-lranh-ngan-cha-n-nhu-ng-thong-tln-sai-lra-i.aspx.