VAN DE TAP QUAN QUOC TE TRONG VIEC S C A DOI HIEN PHAP NAM 1992
1. Dat van de
Trong qua trinh hpi nhap qudc te, cac quoc gia can phai tdn h-png va tiian thu phap luat qudc td. Didu nay da dugc khing djnh tix)ng Ldi ndi diu ctia Hidn chuong Lidn hgp quoc nam 1945, theo do nhan dan cac qudc gia quyet tam "tao mpi didu kifn can thiet de cdng ly va sy tdn h-png cac nghTa vy phat sinh tir nhflmg dieu udc va cac ngudn khac ciia phap luat quoc te dupc duy tri". Theo Cdng udc Vidn ve Luat dieu udc qudc te nam 1969 (Cdng udc Vidn) va Quy chd Tda an Cdng ly qudc td (ICJ), dieu udc qudc td (treaties) va tap quan qudc td (customary intemational law hay intemational custom) la hai nguon ca ban ctia phap luat qudc td. Can luru y la, tap quan quoc td cd vai ti-d quan trpng trong phap luat qudc td vi bau nhu tat ca cac qudc gia ddu bj rang budc bdi tap quan quoc te; trong khi do, didu udc qudc te ve nguyen tic chi ap dung ddi vdi quoc gia tham gia dieu udc do'.
Ben canh do, Cdng udc Vidn khing djnh tap quan qudc td tiep tyc dieu chinh cac vin de chua dupc quy djnh ti-ong Cdng udc nay; va mac dit mot didu udc qudc td gifl'a cac quoc gia vd nguyen tic khdng lam phat sinh quydn va nghTa vy cua mpt qudc gia khdng tham gia didu udc do (trir khi qudc gia thti ba do ddng y), mpt quy tic dugc ndu ra ti-ong mpt didu udc trd thanh ' TS., Vy Phip luit quic tl, Bd Tu phip. Bii vilt chi phin inh quan dilm ci nhan ciia tic gii.
Tamela R. Hughlett, International Law: The Use of International Law as A Guide to Interpretation of the United States Constitution, 45 Oklahoma Law Review 169 (1992), tr. 173-174.
Nguyen Thanh Tu rang budc ddi vdi mdt qudc gia thii ba vdi tinh chat la quy tac tap quan qudc td, khi nd da dupc cdng nhan nhu vay^. Ngoai ra, Quy che Tda an Cdng ly qudc td thira nhan tap quan qudc te - ben canh didu udc qudc td - se dupc ap dyng khi Tda an nay giai quydt tranh chap^; va cac quy tic ctia tap quan qudc td dupc xac djnh dya tren hai ydu td: (i) Vifc ap dyng thudng xuydn ctia qudc gia; va (ii) Vifc thira nhan la quy pham phap ly bit budc. Trong phan quydt ctia Tda an Cdng ly qudc te vd tranh chap them lyc dja giua Libya - Malta"*, Tda an nay khing djnh, mac dii cac didu udc qudc td cd the ddng vai trd quan h'png ti-ong vifc ghi nhan va xac djnh cac quy tic ciia tap quan qudc te hay tham chi la phat trien chiing, tap quan qudc td tnrdc hdt dupc hinh thanh neu cd sy ap dyng (actual practice)^ va sy thira nhan la quy pham phap ly bit bupc (opmio juris) cua cac quoc gia. Nhu vay, ca hai ydu td nay phai
^ Xem do^n cu6i Ldi ndi diu vi Dieu 38 Cong udc Vien vl Luat dilu udc quoc tl nam 1969.
' Dilu 38 Quy chl ICJ quy dinh, ICJ giai quylt cic vu tranh chip trSn co sd phap luit qudc tl theo: (a) Dilu udc quoc tl; (b) Tip quin qudc tl; (c) Nguyen tic phip ly dupc cic dan tpc vin minh thira nhan; (d) Cac phan quylt tu phip va cic luin thuylt cua cic chuyen gia.
* Continental Shelf (LibyaMalta), 1985 I.C.J. 13 (June 3). ^ .
* De dupc cong nhan la t^p quin quoc te, mpt quy tic it nhit phii dupc cic qudc gia thira nhan va ap dyng thudng xuyen, nhung vifc ap dyng thudng xuyen thi it khi cd thi chimg minh rd ring. Tuy nhien, vifc chimg minh dd cd thi thdng qua vifc: ky kit, gia iihip dilu udc quoc tl, tham gia cic hOi nghj quic tl; xiy dymg phap lu^t qu6c gia, phan quylt tai tda an quic gia; phit bilu cua d^i difn nhi nudc; vin kifn chlnh thirc vl ngoai giao...
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NHA Nifdc VA PHAPLUATSd3/2013 dupc bao dam trudc khi mpt tap quan cd gia tii rang budc toan cau, khu vyc hoac giira mpt sd qudc gia lidn quan. Trong trudng hpp khdng thd hifn rd rang y djnh thua nhan, sy ap dyng thudng xuydn ctia eac qudc gia phai dupc xem xet cd xuat phat tir sy tan thanh ciia cac qudc gia dd hay khdng*.
Trdn thyc td, bdn canh khai nifm "tap quan quoc te", khai nifm "thdng If qudc td"
(intemational common usage) ciing thudng dupc sir dyng vdi hai each hieu khac nhau.
Thu nhdt, thdng If qudc td chi la vifc ap dyng mpt quy pham ti-en thyc td nhung chua dugc thira nhan la quy pham phap ly bit bupc. Do dd, thdng Id qudc td ed gia trj phap ly thip ban va khdng mang tinh rang bupc nhu tap quan qudc td. Thit hai, thdng If qudc td dupc hidu tuong ty nhu tap quan quoc td vdi diy dii hai ydu td neu tren^.
6 Vift Nam hifn nay, Cuong ITnh xay dyng dit nudc ti^ong thdi ky qua dp ldn chti nghTa xa hpi (bd sung, phat trien nam 2011) xac djnh Vift Nam "la ban, ddi tae tin cay va thanh vien cd trach nhifm trong cdng ddng qudc td", va "hgp tac binh ding, cimg cd lgi vdi tit ca cac nudc trdn co sd nhflmg nguyen tic ca ban ciia Hidn chuong Lidn hgp qudc va luat phap qudc td"*. Nhu vay, phap luat qudc td trong dd cd tap quan qudc td (hay it nhit la cac nguyen tic co ban ctia luat phap qudc td) dugc thira nhan, tdn trpng va sur dyng d Vift Nam. Hidn phap nam 1992 (dupe sua ddi, bd sung nam 2001) ' Xem: Nguyin Phiic Thuy Hiln, Cdc yiu id hinh thdnh tdp qudn qudc te - Ngudn ca bdn cua Lugt quic te vi mdi trudng, T^p chi Khoa hpc Phip ly, s i 4/2003.
^ B. Chigara, DeficU in Customary International Law: A Deconstniclionist Critique, Ashgate, Aldershot, 2001, tr. 23-24.
' Ding C$ng sin Vift Nam, Vdn ki^n Dgi hgi dgi biiu toan qudc ldn thit XI, Nxb. Chinh trj quoc gia.
Hi NOi, 201 l.tr. 83-84.
trong Chuong II vd Chd dp kinh td (Didu 25) da dd cap "phap luat va thdng If qudc td"; theo do, "Nha nudc khuydn khich cae td chtic, ca nhan nudc ngoai diu tu vdn, cdng nghf vao Vift Nam phii hgp vdi phap luat Vift Nam, phap luat va thdng If quoc te".
Nghj quydt sd 48-NQ/TW ngay 24 thang 5 nam 2005 ciia Bd Chinh trj vd Chidn luge xay dyng va hoan thifn hf thong phap luat Vift Nam den nam 2010, dinh hudng dkn nam 2020 da nhan manh den vai trd ciia tap quan qudc td, trong do cd dat ra ydu cau "vd kha nang khai thac, sti dyng... tap quan (kd ca tap quan, thdng Id thuang mai qudc te)...
gdp phin bd sung va hoan thifn phap luat".
Ben canh do, nhidu van ban quy pham phap luat ctia Vift Nam (nhat la cac luat) deu ghi nhan vifc ap dyng tap quan qudc td, nhu:
Luat Qudc tjch nam 2008 (Didu 6 va 12), Luat Hoat ddng chflr thap dd nam 2008 (Didu 26), Luat Tuong trp tu phap nam 2007 (Didu 4, 37, 49 va 53), Luat Thuong mai nam 2005 (Didu 5, 13, 238, 292), Luat vd Di san van hda nam 2001 (Didu 8)...
Nhu vay, vin dd dat ra la: (i) Cd cin ghi nhan vi tii, vai ti-d cua tap quan qudc td ndi ridng cung nhu phap luat qudc td ndi chung trong ban Hidn phap mdi sira ddi Hidn phap nam 1992 hay khdng; va (ii) Ndu cin thi quy djnh vifc ap dyng tap quan qudc te ti-ong ban Hidn phap mdi nhu thd nao dd
"bd sung va hoan thifn phap luat" theo tinh thin ctia Nghi quydt sd 48-NQ/TW nhu da dd cap. Tuy nhidn, trudc khi phan tich hai vin dk nay trong boi canh cua Vift Nam, kinh nghifm quoc td lidn quan cin dugc xem xet dk cd thd nit ra cac kinh nghifm cin thidt cho Viet Nam.
2. Kinh nghifm quoc te ve van de tip quan quoc te trong hien phdp va hf thong phip luit quoc gia
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VANDE TAP QUAN QUdC TE..
2.1. Vifc ghi nh^n tgp qudn qudc te trong hiin phdp qudc gia
cac quy dinh cua hien phap qudc gia ve t$p quan qudc te ndi ridng va phap luat qudc te ndi chung, dac bift la mdi quan hf gifl:a hidn phap va tap quan qudc td (hay phap luat qudc td ndi chung) rit da dang. Dudi gdc dp phap luat quoc td, ndu cd quy djnh khac nhau (xung dgt) giQ:a phap luat qudc td ndi chung va hidn phap (va luat) quoc gia, phap luat qudc te thudng dugc coi cd gia tii phap ly cao horn'. Tuy nhidn, anh hudng ctia phap luat qudc te ldn hien phap va luat qudc gia cd thd theo mpt trong hai each: tryc tiep (monism) ho$c gian tidp (dualism). Doi vdi quoc gia ap dyng tryc tiep, phap luat quoc td trd thanh mpt bd phan cau thanh ciia phap luat qudc gia; cac chu the lidn quan cd quydn vifn dan tryc tiep phap luat quoc td trudc CO quan nha nudc hay tda an cd thim quyen ciia quoc gia dd. Trong trudng hpp nay, phap luat quoc gia, kd ca hidn phap qudc gia, phai tuan thu diing va diy dii cac quy djnh cua phap hx^X qudc td. Ngupc lai, ddi vdi quoc gia ap dyng gian tidp, phap luat qudc td chi dupc chuyen hda vao phap luat quoc gia thdng qua cac chd djnh phap lu|it trong nudc ciia qudc gia do. Khi cd xung dot giQ-a phap luat qudc td va phap luat qudc gia (nhit la hidn phap qudc gia), tda an hay CO quan nha nudc cd tham quyen cua quoc gia chi cd nghia vy ap dyng phap luat
i. . 10
quoc gia .
Tuy nhidn, vifc quy djnh va ap dung tryc tiep hay gian tiep phap luat qudc te d moi qudc gia cd thd khac nhau tiiy theo do la didu udc quoc td hay tap quan qudc td.
Hien phap Ha Lan nam 1983 (khoan 3 Didu
91 va Didu 94) quy djnh didu udc qudc td cd gia tri cao hon Hidn phap va van ban quy pham phap luat qudc gia se vd hifu ndu trai vdi didu udc qudc td ma Ha Lan tham gia.
Tuy nhidn, Hidn phap Ha Lan khdng dd cap tap quan qudc te. Ngupc lai, d Diic, Y va Ao, tap quan qudc td vdi tu each la cac nguyen tac ca ban dupe thira nhan cua phap luat qudc td dugc quy djnh cd gia tii phap ly cao ban phap luat trong nudc; trong khi do didu udc qudc td cd gia trj phap ly nhu luat trong nudc va quy pham dugc ban hanh hay cdng nhan sau cd gia trj uu tidn dp dyng khi cd xung dot. Theo thdng ke, ti-ong tdng sd 365 ban hidn phap ciia eac qudc gia hifn nay, 83 ban hien phap (chidm ty If 23%) cd de cap tap quan qudc td (trong khi ty If cac cac ban hien phap cd de cap tap quan qudc te dupc ban hanh trudc nam 1914 la 28%), 42 ban hidn phap (12%) quy djnh vifc ap dyng tryc tiep tap quan quoc te (trong khi ty If cac ban hidn phap quy djnh vifc ap dung tryc tidp tap quan qudc td dupe ban hanh tiirdc nam 1914 chi la 6%)".
Tuy nhien, xu hudng chung cua cac ban hidn phap ban hanh gan day ciia eac qudc gia la chi dua ra cac quy djnh chung nhit lidn quan ddn phap luat qudc td, trong dd bao ham ca tap quan qudc td. Vi dy:
- Hidn phap Bd Dao Nha nam 2005 ghi nhan: "cac quy djnh va nguyen tic chung hay phd bidn ctia phap luat qudc td la bd phan ciu thanh ctia phap luat Bd Dao Nha"
(khoan 1 Didu 8); ddng thdi, "cac quy djnh trong cac dieu udc dupc phe chuan hay thdng qua cd hifu lyc nhu phap luat trong nudc cua Bd Dao Nha" (khoan 2 Dieu 8);
' Dilu 26 vi 27 Cdng udc Vifn vl lu$t cic dilu udc nam 1969.
'" M. Dixon, International Law, GUP, Oxford, 2007, tr. 88-90 vi 94-97.
" T. Ginsburg, S. Chemykl vi Z. Elkins, Commitment and Difusion: How and Why National Constitutions Incorperate International Law, 2008 University of Illinois Law Review 201. tr. 204-205 vi 209.
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NHA Nu'dc VA PHAP LU^TSd 3/2013 - Hidn phap Lien bang Thyy Sy (stia ddi nam 2002) quy djnh: Nha nudc, gdm chmh quydn Lien bang va chinh quydn vimg (canton), phai "tdn trpng phap luat qudc td"
(khoan 4 Didu 5); va "Tda an Tdi cao Lien bang va CO quan nha nudc cd tham quyen khi ap dyng phap luat phai tuan thu cac dao luat lien bang va phap luat qudc td" (Dieu 190);
Hidn phap Bulgaria nam 2007 quy djnh: "Cdng hda Bulgaria thyc hifn ehinh sach ddi ngoai tuan thu cac quy tic cua phap luat qudc td" (khoan 1 Didu 24).
- Hien phap Nepal nam 2008 quy djnh:
"chinh sach ddi ngoai eiia Nepal dya tren cac nguydn tic cua Hidn chuang Lien hpp qudc..., phap luat qudc td" (khoan 21 Dieu 35).
2.2. Vifc van dftng tap qudn qudc te trong phdp ludt quoc gia
Cho dii tap quan qudc td dupc quy djnh nhu the nao trong ban hien phap ciia mdt qudc gia, vin dk quan trpng la tda an va co quan cd tham quydn ciia qudc gia dd ap dyng tap quan nhu thd nao. Didu nay cd the dupe minh hpa thdng qua mpt sd vy vifc thyc tien d Hoa Ky va Singapore.
Hidn phap Hoa Ky hoan toan khdng de cap tap quan qudc td trong khi cd dd cap dieu udc qudc td tai Didu VI. Tuy nhidn, Tda an Tdi cao Hoa Ky da khing djnh, ndu khdng cd phan quydt cua tda an, dao luat do Qudc hpi ban hanh hay dieu udc qudc te dieu chinh van dd lien quan, tda an phai sii dyng tap quan qudc td'^. Bdn canh dd, tap quan qudc td dupc sti dyng nhu la cdng cy de giai thich phap luat trong nudc cung nhu didu udc qudc td. Thdng thudng, cac bdn trong mdt vy kifn lap luan rang cd mdt tap
'^ First National City Bank v. Banco Para El Comercio Exterior De Cuba, 462 U.S. 611, 623 (1983); Filartiga v. Pena-Irala, 630 F.2d 876, 877 (2d Cir. 1980).
quan qudc td ngan cim Chinh phu Hoa K:y thuc hidn mpt sd hanh vi nhit djnh; ndu thyc hifn hanh vi bi cim do, Chinh phti Hoa Ky vi pham tap quan qudc te - quy pham cd gia trj bat budc tuomg duong didu udc qudc td. Ngoai ra, cac bdn tham gia td tyng cd thd lap luan ring, mac dit Hoa Ky khdng bj rang budc vd didu kifn ddi vdi tap quan qudc td, tap quan qudc te vdi tu each la sy ddng thuan ctia cac qudc gia la cdng cy ma tda an cd thd sti dyng dd giai thich va xac djnh gidi ban cua phap luat trong nude'^
Tuong ty, Hien phap Singapore khdng dd cap phap luat qudc td ndi chung hay tap quan qudc td ndi ridng. Tuy nhidn, trong vu vifc Nguyen Tuong Van v Public Prosecutor^^, vin dd tap quan qudc td da dugc dat ra.
Trong vy vifc nay, mpt cdng dan Australia - Nguyen Tuong Van bj bit d san bay Changi cua Singapore vi mang 2 gdi heroin va bj ket an treo cd. Khi khang cao ban an tu hinh nay, luat su ciia bdn khang cao lap luan ring, vifc kdt an tii hinh bing hinh thtic ti-eo cd nay vi pham tap quan qudc td trong vifc ngan chan cac banh vi tra tin tan bao, xiic pham nhan phim con ngudi. Tuy nhidn, Tda an phiic tham Singapore da khdng tryc tidp tra ldi van dd tap qudn qudc td cd gia trj phap ly cao ban phap luat Singapore hay khdng.
Tda an chi kdt luan ring, de bao vf lap luan cua minh, ben khang cao phai chiing minh hai didm: (i) Vifc ngan chan cac hanh vi ti-a tin, tan bao, xiic pham nhan pham con ngudi la tap quan qudc td; va (ii) Vifc cim hmh thuc tu hmh bing treo co la tap quan qudc xk.
Sau do, Tda an da khing djnh diem (i) la tat ydu; ddi vdi didm (ii), vi hinh phat hi hmh ndu dupc ap dyng diing quy djnh va trinh ty luat djnh khdng thd bj coi la vi pham tap
" Tamela R. Hughlett, chii thIch s6 1, tr. 174-179.
'* [2005] 1 SLR 103; [2004] SGCA 47.
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VAN DE TAP QUAN QUdC TE..
quan qudc td. Do dd, tda an da bac don khang cao'^
Nhu vay, trong bit cii trudng hgp nao, tap quan quoc te cflmg ddng vai trd quan trpng trong giai thich va ap dyng hidn phap cimg nhu hf thdng phap luat ndi chung.
3. Kinh nghifm cho Vift Nam trong boi canh sira doi Hien phdp nSm 1992
Kinh nghifm qudc td cho thiy tam quan trpng ciia tap quan quoc td ndi rieng va phap luat qudc te ndi chung ngay trong giai thich hien phap va phap luat quoc gia. Hidn phap nam 1992 (dugc sira doi, bd sung nam 2001) chua dd cap ddn tap quaii qudc td.
Trong khi do, mac du Dieu 25 Hien phap nam 1992 ed de cap "thdng If quoc te", song each hieu "thdng If qudc td" trong
"phap luat va thdng If quoc te" ciia vifc khuydn khich va bao hp diu tu nudc ngoai vao Vift Nam theo bdi canh eua Dieu 25 la chua chinh xac. Can phai thiy ring, vifc bao hp dau tu ciia nha diu tu nudc ngoai la nghTa vy cua quoc gia tidp nhan diu tu.
Didu nay dupe the hifn rd trong cac hifp djnh khuydn khich va bao hp diu tu song phuang giflra Vift Nam va mpt qudc gia khac'*, hifp djnh bao hp diu tu khu vyc (nhu Hifp djnh diu tu tpan difn ctia Hifp hpi cac quoc gia Ddng Nam A (ASEAN) hay Hifp djnh.diu tu gifl:a ASEAN va cac nudc ddi tac), chuang diu tu ti-ong cac hifp djnh thuang mai ty do song phuang hay khu vyc (nhu Hifp djnh thuang mai Vift Nam - Hoa Ky). Trong trudng hop nha diu tu den tir mpt quoc gia chua tham gia didu
udc qudc td ve bao hd diu tu vdi Vift Nam nhu da neu, Vift Nam ciing cd trach nhifm bao hd cho cac khoan diu tu vao Vift Nam ctia nha dau tu do theo tap quan qudc td vd bao hd dau tu'^. Tuy nhidn, rit it qudc gia thira nhan vifc bao hd diu tu nudc ngoai theo "thdng If qudc td" ndu "thdng If qudc td" dupc hidu theo nghTa khdng phai la quy pham phap Iy bat bude nhu da giai thich d Phan 1 ciia bai viet nay. Ndu hidu "thdng If qudc te" theo nghTa "tap quan qudc td", ttie khdng ehi dupe ap dyng trdn thye td ma cdn dupe thira nhan la quy pham phap ly bit bupc, vifc sir dyng thuat ngur "phap luat va thdng If qudc td" la khdng chinh xac vi
"phap luat qudc td" da bao ham ca didu udc qudc td va tap quan qudc te.
Ngoai ra, cd the thay cac ban hidn phap ban hanh gin day cua cac qudc gia thudng quy djnh ehung viec tuan thu hay tdn trpng phap luat qudc td va tham chi cac nguyen tic cua Hidn chuong Lien hpp qudc. Didu nay tuomg ty nhu ghi nhan trong Cuong ITnh xay dyng dat nudc trong thdi ky qua dp ldn chu nghTa xa hdi (bd sung, phat trien nam 2011) nhu da dk cap tren day. Tuy nhidn, rit tide la Dy thao sua ddi Hidn phap nam 1992 dugc cdng bd theo Nghj quydt sd 38/2012/QH13 ngay 28/12/2012 cua Qudc hdi vd td chiic lay y kidn nhan dan ve Dy thao siia ddi Hidn phap nam 1992 da khdng phan anh dupe van de phap luat qudc td ndi chung va tap quan qudc td ndi ridng. Mac dii Didu 12 cua Dy thao sua ddi Hidn phap (sira doi, bd sung Dieu 14 Hidn phap nam 1992)
'* C.L. Lim. The Constitution and the Reception of Customary International Law: Nguyen Tuong Van v.
Public Prosecutor, 2005 Singapore Joumal of Legal Studies 218.
" Tinh din nay. Vift Nam d i ky khoing 65 hifp djnh khuyin khuyin vi bio hd diu tu song phuong (BIT).
Chucmg ve dau tu trong Hiep dinh thuonng mai ty do Hoa Ky vi Han Qudc (Dilu 11.5) cung di khing djnh rd vifc bio hp dau tu phai theo tap quin qudc tl. Dy thao Chuang ve diu tu trong Hifp djnh Doi tic kinh t l xuyfn Thii Blnh Duong (TPP) mi Vift Nam dang tham gia dim phin ciing cd quy djnh tucmg ty.
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NHA Nu'dc VA PHAP LU^TSd 3/2013 da thd hifn dupc tinh than ciia Cuong ITnh xay dyng dat nude trong thdi ky qua dp ldn chii nghTa xa hdi (bd sung, phat tridn nam 2011) vd chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia Vift Nam, trong do khing djnh Vift Nam "la ban, ddi tac tin eay va thanh vien ed trach nhifm trong cdng ddng qudc td", nhung chua the hifn dupe chinh sach ddi ngoai cua Vift Nam la "trdn co sd nhihig nguyen tie CO ban cua Hien chuang Lidn hpp qudc va luat phap qudc td", tiic khing djnh Vift Nam tdn trpng phap luat qudc te, trong do cd dieu udc qudc td va tap quan qudc td.
Trong khi dd, khoan 2 Didu 55 Dy thao sira ddi Hidn phap (siia ddi, bd sung Didu 24 va 26 Hidn phap nam 1992) lai quy djnh: "Nha nude thdng nhat quan ly, md rdng boat dpng kinh td ddi ngoai, phat tridn cac hinh thiic hpp tae kinh td qudc td vdi cac quoc gia, vimg lanh thd, to chirc qudc td tren nguyen tic tdn ti-png ddc lap, chu quyen, toan ven lanh thd va cimg cd lpi, phu hpp vdi phap luat va thdng If qudc te". Mpt lin nura, tinh khdng chinh xac ciia khai nifm
"phap luat va thdng If qudc td" tai Didu 25 Hidn phap nam 1992 nhu da phan tich d ti-en dupc lap lai tai khoan 2 Didu 55 Dy thao sira ddi Hidn phap.
Bdn canh dd, nhu da trinh bay, vifc sii dyng tap quan qudc td dd giai thich phap luat trong nudc la rat quan trpng, nhit la khi phap luat trong nudc chua rd rang. Mac dii Dy thao sua ddi Hidn phap (Didu 5) thira nhan cac dan tdc sinh sdng trdn dit nudc Vift Nam cd quydn phat huy tap quan cua minh, Dy thao nay (cung nhu Hidn phap nam 1992) khdng de cap vifc ap dyng tap quan ciia cac dan tdc ciing nhu tap quan qudc te. Khoan 2 Didu 108 Dy thao siia doi Hidn phap (tuomg ty Dieu 130 Hidn phap nam 1992) quy djnh nguydn tic khi xet xir tham phan, hpi thim "dpc lap va chi tuan
theo phap luat". Tren thyc td xet xu, "phap luat" ma thim phan, hdi thim sur dyng chi la van ban quy pham phap luat Viet Nam cho dii nhidu luat ciia Vift Nam quy djnh vifc ap dyng tap quan, bao gdm tap quan qudc te va tap quan trong nudc. Nhu vay, vifc ap dyng tap quan, nhat la tap quan quoc td hiu nhu la khdng cd trong thye tien xet xu; dac bift tinh trang "tir chdi thy ly vy an chi vi khdng cd quy djnh hudng dan" vdn dien ra rit phd bidn ti-ong hoat ddng xet xti ciia tda an Vift Nam trong thdi gian qua'^. Do dd, cin bo sung quy djnh vd thim quydn cua tham phan, hdi tham trong vifc van dyng tap quan, nhit la tap quan qudc td, dd giai thich phap luat. Didu nay gdp phin bd sung va hoan thifn hf thdng phap luat Viet Nam, phil hpp vdi ydu ciu khai thac, sii dyng tap quan theo tinh than cua Nghj quydt sd 48- NQ/TW ngay 24 thang 5 nSm 2005 cua Bp Chinh trj vd Chidn lupc xay dyng va hoan thifn hf thdng phap luat Vift Nam ddn nam 2010, dinh hudng ddn nam 2020.
Tren co sd phan tich ndu trdn, xin dupc kidn nghj:
Thir nhdt, hoan thifn Didu 12 Dy thao sua ddi Hidn phap vd chinh sach ddi ngoai (thay thd Didu 14 Hidn phap nam 1992) theo hudng bd simg cym tir "hpp tac binh ding, cimg cd lgi vdi tit ca cac nudc tren co sd nhflmg nguydn tie ca ban cua Hidn chuang Lidn hgp qudc va luat phap qudc te"
nhu Cuong lirih xay dyng dit nudc ti-ong thdi ky qua dp ldn chii nghTa xa hdi (bd sung, phat tridn nam 2011) da xac djnh. Hoac ngin gpn ban, can bd sung cym tir "tdn trpng phap luat qudc td" (hay "tuan thii phap luat qudc td") vao Dieu 12 Dy thao stra ddi Hidn phap '* Nguyin Nhu Phit, "Sua dii hiln phip vi vifc dim bio tinh thing nhit ciia phip luit", http://www.na.gov.vn/htx/VietNamese/?Newid='561 8r#u0SCcB06E9C3.
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VAN Dt TAP QUAN QUdC TE..
(cd thd vao cudi Didu 12 nay).
Thit hai, khi da hoan thifn Didu 12 Dy thao siia ddi Hien phap vd chinh sach ddi ngoai nhu trdn, vifc quy djnh tinh phu hpp
"phap luat va thdng If qudc td" tai khoan 2 Dieu 55 Dy thao siia ddi Hidn phap (cung nhu Didu 25 Hidn phap nam 1992) khdng chi khdng chinh xac ma cdn khdng cin thiet, can phai bd. Ndu van mudn gifl: dd nhan manh thi cym tir "phap luat va thdng If quoc te" phai dupc sua thanh "phap luat
qudc td" hoac it nhit la "didu udc va tap quan qudc td".
Thu ba, hoan thifn Didu 108 (khoan 2) Dy thao stia ddi Hidn phap (tiic Didu 130 Hidn phap nam 1992) theo hudng bd sung nguyen tic "khi phap luat khdng quy djnh hay quy djnh chua rd, thim phan va hdi tham cd quydn sii dyng tap quan, kd ca tap quan quoc td" bdn canh nguyen tic nguydn tac tham phan, hdi tham "ddc lap va chi tuan theo phap luat".
(Tiep theo trang 7 - May y kien ve Hpi ddng...)
dupc gpi la Uy ban qudc gia vd quydn con ngudi. Tit nhidn, Hdi ddng phai dupe phan quyet vd cac van dd khac nira theo lya chpn xumg dang. Djnh chd do ndn chang phai la:
Thir nhdt, Hpi ddng Hidn phap la co quan "phan quydt" nhu Bao eao chinh trj ciia Dang tai Dai hpi X nam 2006 da xac djnh'. Da la phan quydt thi phan quydt do phai dupc thyc hidn cd tinh bit budc. Ngoai If cua sy phan quyet cd chang la danh eho Quoc hpi, xuat phat tir nguydn tic tap quyen xa hpi chu nghTa. Tuy nhien, Hpi ddng van cd thd "kidn nghj" ddi vdi Qudc hdi vd tinh hpp hidn trong boat ddng lap phap nhu trong Dy thao.
Thu hai, thim quydn kidm tra va phan quyet vd tinh hgp hidn ciia Hdi ddng Hidn phap cin phai duge md rdng pham vi tdi cac vi pham (ca cac ti-anh chip) phap luat lien quan ddn Hidn phap trong cae boat dpng lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap theo nhu Bao cao chinh tri ctia Dang tai Dai hdi X nam 2006 da xac djnh^. Trong dd, bao vf quydn co ban ctia cdng dan la trpng tam phai dugc xdp hang diu. Theo mdt nghTa nhit djnh, Hpi dong phin nao da thyc hifn ludn cd chtic nang cua ca quan vin thudng ' Ding COng sin Vift Nam, Vin kifn D^i hdi d?ii bilu toin quic lin thir X, Nxb. Chinh trj quic gia.
Hi NOi. 2006.tr. 127.
2 Ding COng sin Vift Nam. TIdd, tr.l27.
eiia thiet che bao hidn nhu da ndu d trdn.
Can luu y rang, eflng nhu thidt che bao hidn d cac nudc, Hdi ddng Hien phap se chi phan quydt vdi sy lya chpn vu vifc theo nguydn tie nhat djnh, chti khdng the la mpi vy vife. Nhung tinh bidu tupng, phdng ngira cua cac jjhan quydt la rat cao.
Thit ba, Hpi ddng Hidn phap la hinh thiic td chiic thiet ehe bao hien thich hgp vdi dac diem eiia ndn chinh trj nhat nguyen, mdt dang lanh dao, vdi nguyen tac td chuc quydn lye nha nudc eflng nhu truyen thdng phap ly nudc ta. Nd la co quan thyc hifn phan quyet theo chtic nang, chu khdng vdi tu each la CO quan d vj tri cao ban co quan khac. De thyc hifn dting dupc tham quydn va hflm dyng, Hdi ddng Hidn phap phai dupc quydt djnh ve cac boat ddng vi hien mpt each ddc lap tren co sd Hien phap.
Ndu dupc nhu vay, Hdi ddng Hidn phap se la CO quan ed kha nang bao vf Hidn phap phil hpp vdi cac didu kifn eu the hidn nay, dap ting cac ydu cau bao dam dan chu, quydn con ngudi va kidm soat quydn lyc nha nudc; xiing danh la "vuong mifn" ciia Nha nudc phap quyen nudc ta.
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