N g h i S n ci'ru G i a c3inh vci G i 6 i
S^ 1 - 2 0 1 2
Thiel che truyen thong dong ho vd
gia dinh nguoi Hmong Trang d xa Phong Ldi, huyen Thudn Chau, tinh Son La
Ho Ly Giang
Ban DSo tao vS PhSt triln nhan lire, Tap dodn Dau khi Vi6l Nam
Tom tat: Trong xa hoi truyen tho'ng ciia ngUOi Hmong, thiet che dong ho va gia dinh dong vai tro to 16n. Thiet che dong ho tac dong chi phoi moi mat trong ddi song ciia tirng gia dinh, tifng thanh vien va ciing la nen tang xay dUng nen he tho'ng to chiic xa hoi d cong dong thon ban, toe ngUdi. Day la moi quan he xa hoi chii yeu lien quan den toan bo to cbCtc kinh te xa hoi ciia ngUOi Hmong. Trong gia dinh ngUdi Hmong, ngudi dan ong luon CO vi tri quan trong. Mo'i quan he giiia cac thanh vien trong gia dinh rat chat che va mai thiol. Cho de'n nay, thiet che dong ho vin tie'p tuc dong vai tro chi phoi ddn cong dong the hien qua cac kieng ky trong nghi le, dac biel la qua cac hinh thiic thd ciing.
Co the noi, nhiing nghi Id nay la chat keo tao nen sU cdket ben lau trong quan he dong ho va gia dinh ciia ngUdi Hmong.
Tit khoa: Dan toe thieu so'; Gia dinh va dong ho; Dan toe Hmong.
1. Gidi thieu
Trong xa hdi truydn thd'ng ciia ngudi Hmdng, thie't che ddng hg va thidt chd gia dinh ddng vai trd to ldn. Thidt chd ddng hg tac ddng chi phd'i mgi mat trong ddi sd'ng ciia ttmg gia dinh, tiing thanh vien va cung la nen tang
Ho Ly Giang 53
xay dung nen he thd'ng td chiic xa hdi d cgng ddng thdn ban, tdc ngudi.
Bai vie't nay dua tren cac tu lieu didn da cua nghien cum vd "Td chirc ddng hg ciia ngudi Hmdng Tring d ban Md Cdng, xa Phdng Lai, huyen Thuan Chau, tinh Son La" dugc tie'n hanh ttr nam 2002 cho ddn nay.
Phuong phap nghien ciru gdm cac quan sat tham du, 40 phdng vin sau, 20 cudc thao luan nhdm cdng ddng, lanh dao ban va lanh dao xa, va phidu didu tra djnh lucmg dd'i vdi 146 hd gia dinh.
Xa Phdng Lai, huyen Thuan Chau, tinh Son La nim dudi chan deo Pha Din each thj trin huyen TTiuan Chau 15 km va each thanh phd Son La 45km theo dudng qud'c ig 6 vd phfa Tay. d xa Phdng Lai cd 19 ban hien cd 3 dan tdc cting sinh sdng (Kinh: 4 ban. Thai: 8 ban, Hmdng: 8 ban).
Theo sd lieu didu tra nam 2003, xa Phdng Lai cd 5098 ngudi (918 hg), nam 2009 xa Phdng Lai cd 6.690 nhan khiu, trong dd cd 1.567 khiu ngudi Hmdng. Ngudi Hmgng d xa Phdng Lai cd 8 ban: Mg Cdng, Nam Giit, Phieng Lugng, Md Nudc, Pa Chap, Pha Lao, Hudi Gidng, Na Ngua.
Ngudn sd'ng chinh ciia ngudi Hmdng d day vin la nuong riy. Mac du cd mgt sd It rugng nudc. Ttr nam 2003 khi chuydn ddi ttr cay dau tim sang gid'ng ngo lai va gid'ng cay dau tuong, ddi sdng kinh te cua ngudi Hmdng d day da thay ddi. Thu nhap tii ngd va dau tuong da iam cho cugc sd'ng cua ba con kha len rit nhieu. Ngoai dap iing luong thuc du cho sinh boat, hg cdn cd tidn de mua sim cac dd dung trong gia dinh nhu ti vi, xe may... Chan nugi cung la nganh kinh te bd trg quan trgng trong co cau ngng nghiep ciia ngudi Hmong. Cac loai gia siic, gia cim chinh thudng dugc cac gia dinh nugi gdm cd trau, ngua, Ign, ga... Muc dfch chinh cua chan nugi la nhim thda man cac nhu cau ve sire keo, van chuydn, dgi khi cac san pham cua chan nuoi cdn dugc dung vao cac muc dich thd ciing. Id tet, ma chay... hay trong cac djp sinh boat cgng ddng khac (nhu cudi hdi, vd nha mdi,..). Hiu he't cac hg trong lang ddu dao ao tha ca va mdt sd hg nugi ong. Dan gia siic vdn la mdt tieu chuan danh gia mu'c sd'ng giau ngheo, nen cac gia dinh ngudi Hmdng ddu mong mud'n cd dan gia sue, gia cim dgng diic.
San xuit thu cdng nghiep gdm cac nghd: dan lat may tre, iam dd gd, lam giiy ban, iam dd trang siic, ren diic ndng cu, vu khi, iam nhang, niu rugu,... d xa Phdng Lai da cd mgt sd thg chuyen nghiep d mdt vai nghd nhu ren diic, lam bae, iam gach. San phim cua thu cdng nghiep chu yeu nhim thda man nhimg nhu ciu cua san xuit ndng nghiep va ddi sd'ng sinh hoat hang ngay. Ngoai ra, kinh tdtu nhien nhu san bin, danh ca, hai lugm
54 Nghidn curu Gia dinh vk Gidi. Quyd'n 22, so 1, tr. 52-64
vin cd vi tri kha quan trgng trong ddi sd'ng thudng nhat cua ngudi Hmdng.
Tir nam 2003, cac ban ngudi Hmdng d Phdng Lai da cd dien ludi qudc gia Vii hien nay phin ldn cac hd gia dinh trong ban da cd Tivi, dai radio, cd chao thu tin hieu vC linh. Cudc .sd'ng cua cac hg gia dinh trong ban ttr khi cd dien da ngay dugc cai thien va thay ddi hon trudc rit nhidu.
2. Thiet che ddng hp cua ngudi Hmong Tring
Ddng hg ciia ngudi 1 hmdng cd mgt vj trf vg ctmg quan trgng, do la nhtmg ydu td cdt ldi ciu thanh nen xa hgi 1 Imdng va thd hien ban sic dan tdc cua hg (Be' Vidt Ding, 1984). Ngudi I Imdng ggi ddng hg la Sinhv. 6 Tay bic, dan tdc Hmdng cd cac hg: Giang, Sung, Mua, Thao. Ly, Vir, Hd, Chang, Lii.v.v.
Ddng hg ciia ngudi Hmdng d Viet Nam chira dung hai pham tru cd ke't.
Mdt la, cdki't rpng: Bao gdm tit ca nhting ngudi cting hg khdng phan biel ngudi dd cu trii d dau. Trong nggn ngtr cua ngudi Hmdng, ngudi cting mgt ddng hg vdi nhau "la anh em" Bdi thd khi hai ngudi mdi gap nhau. ngudi Hmong cd tuc nhan hg dd biet ngudi ban cua minh cting ddng mau hay khac ddng mau. Tire la cd ctmg hg hay khdng. Ndu nhu cfing hg va cung chung cac nghi Id ciing thi anh ta khi den nhi ngudi ban se dugc tiep ddn nidm nd xa dugc giiip dd nhu nhtrng ngudi trong ctmg ddng hg ciia minh.
Nhu vay, trong xa hgi cua ngudi Hmdng, nhirng ngudi cd chung mdt dng id. Cling tdc hg ddu nhan nhau la anh em. Giira nhtrng ngudi "anh em" thi su giiip dd tuong than tuong trg Iin nhau x a gin bd mat thidt vdi nhau la didu hidn nhien. Ndi mdt each khac. su cd kdt rdng cua mdt ddng hg (xenh), khdng tfnh theo cac tieu chi pha he ma chi cin cd hg va nhimg didu kidng ky.
Hai la, cdki't hep: Trong mdt ban ngudi Hmdng, thudng cd vai ddng hg cu trii. Mdi ddng hg dugc xem nhu mdt don xi cd ke't cdng ddng huyet thd'ng theo ddng cha. Tieu chuin dd nhan ra ddng hg la cac xj td tien ma ddng ho thd phung. Ong td la ngudi da chdt mi ngudi gia a the'hd cao nha't trong pha he cdn nhd. Thdng thudng ndu tinh ttr thd he con ien de'n dng td la 3 ddi hoac cung cd thd 4 ddi: ego'" - cha - dng - cu. Ngudi cu ma d thd he dng cdn sd'ng vin nhd ten chfnh la dng td ddng hg (Pham Quang Hoan, 2000).
Ddng hg trong quan niem cua ngudi Hmdng dugc xac djnh khdng chi la nhumg ngudi cd cimg quan he huydt thd'ng ma phai la nhimg ngudi "drus senhv, driis dang" (phai ciing hg cting ma). Ciing hg cd nghia la phai ciing
Hd Ly Giang 55
ten hg nhu cac hg Vang, Giang, Sting, Thio,... va cting ma la ding chung cac nghi Id ciing va nhimg kidng kj. vi du trong cac nghi Id ciing ma quan trgng nhu ma bd (nhu da), ma budng, ma bdp,... nhiing ngudi ctmg hg cting ma ddu cd nhumg Id vat cung nhu nhau, each ggi ma nhu nhau. Chfnh vl vay nhiing ngudi ciing hg khgng nhit thidt chi la nhtmg ngudi than thugc cd quan he hg hang, ma cd thd d nhumg noi rit xa tham chf chua hd quen biet nhau, nhung ndu cd cting nhumg nghi Id ciing thi hg cd thd nhan la hg hang cua nhau va xem nhu anh em than thidt trong gia dinh.
Thdng thudng nhit la nhtmg ngudi cd quan he ddng hg trong pham vi hep. Ngudi Hmdng thudng cu tru thanh ttmg cum nhd hay ttmg ban rieng biet. Trong mdi ddng hg nay thudng cd ttr mgt chuc tdi vai chuc hd gia dinh cd quan he huydt thdng ttr 4 ddn 5 ddi trd lai. Cac thanh vien trong ddng hg nay thudng gin bd vdi nhau bdi quan he huyet thd'ng theo ngudi cha. Mdi thanh vien ciia hg la nhumg nam gidi va vg con ciia hg.
Nghien ciiu nay tidn hanh khao sat cac ddng hg: Sung, Thao, Vir, Giang, Mtia cua ngudi Hmgng Tring d xa Phdng Lai bang viec dung cac
Bang L Tmh hinh dan sd va dong ho ciia ngu6i Hmong Tr^ng a xa Phong Lai
T T Ten ban Dan toe Sd So Sd Ten dong ho hp khau dong ho
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ban M6 Cdng Ban Nam Giat Ban Mo Nudc Ban Pa Chap Ba Phieng Luong Ban Pha Lao Ban Hudi Gie'ng Ban Na Ngua
HmOng Hmong HmOng HmOng HmOng Hmong Hmong HmOng
60 86 34 32 29 32 28 4
322 435 170 169 150 174 132 15
6 5
4 4 4 5 3
Thao, Sung, Vir, L5u, Mua, Giang Thao, Siing, Ly, Vijf, Lau
Sung, Vii, Va, Mua
Sung, Ldu, Mua, Va
Thao, Vir, Ldu, Sling
LSu, SiJng, Mua.
Vir.Ly
Sung, Mua, Hd Ngu6n: Ket qua dign da, 2008
56 Nghien cOru Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyd'n 22, so 1, tr. 52-64
pha he cua ttmg ddng hg, qua dd da hidu rd dugc quan niem cua ngudi Hmdng vd ddng hg. Vf nhu hg Sting dugc chia thanh cac hg: Sung Chiia Po, Sting va Ly, Sting Dang, Sting Pua, Sting Ma. Cting la hg Sung nhung nghi Id Cling lai khac nhau nhu hg Sting chiia Po, md ngudi chdt dugc dip dit va rai cay mam xdi li cay Pd da nen dugc ggi la Sung Chiia Po. Cd nghia la hg sting cua cay Pd da. Hg Sung Dang md lai xdp da 7 hing vdi ngudi gia.
Nhimg ngudi cDng ddng hg, ttirc li "cung ma" cd thd chdt tai nha cua nhau. Ndu khdng phai la anh cm ciing ddng hg thi ngudi Hmdng tu xem la "khgng thd chung nhtrng ngudi chdt" Theo quan niem ddng hg cua hg Sting thi bit cir d dau ndu cting chung hg Sting ddu la anh em hg hang.
Ddng hg cua ngudi Hmdng la mdt don vj ngoai hdn, nghTa la tit ca nhtrng ngudi ctmg mdt ddng hg, ciing thd chung mgt gng td du xa ddn miy ddi cung khdng dugc phep cd quan he hdn nhan vdi nhau. Ne'u ngudi cung ddng hg kdt hdn vdi nhau thi phai chju phat va ra't nang, tham chi cdn bj dudi ra khdi ddng hg, va khi chdt hg khgng dugc iam ma theo nghi thiic Clia ddng hg minh. Ching ban nhu hg Giang cd quy djnh neu hai ngudi trong hg lay nhau thi se bj phat 12 lang bae tring. 1 con bo va ddi nam nir dd bj dudi ra khdi ddng hg. Miic phat dd'i vdi tdi loan luan cua ddng hg Thao la 5 kg thjt Ign, 10 1ft rugu va bj dudi ra khdi dong hg.
Nhumg thanh vien cd cting ddng hg xa td tien cdn nhan bie't nhau qua cac kieng kj vd an ud'ng, qua cac Id ciing cua ddng hg, nhit la nghi thiic Cling ma bd (nhu da) - Id ddn on bd me da qua ddi. qua each thiirc ciing ma budng (da trdng). qua each dat ngudi chdt trong nha va each dat hudng mg, cac kieng kj cua timg ddng hg. Mdi thanh xien cua ttmg ddng hg phai bie't va thuc hien diy du nhumg kieng kj xa nghi Id dd, trudng hg cd trach nhiem truydn thu cho mdi thanh xien trong ddng hg minh vd didu nay.
Ching ban nhu hg Sting Chua Po kieng khdng an thjt giu, kieng con dau khdng dugc treo len gac bdp; hg Giang kieng khdng an tim ddng vat; cung la ngudi hg Vir khi gap nhau thi chi cin hdi la md dit hay sdp da, ndu ciing hg mi md dip da't li ngudi cting ma, ngoai ra hg VDr kieng khdng an loai nim mgc tren cay pd gia. Cdn hg Mua nhan bie't ngudi ciing ddng hg, ciing ma qua each dat ngudi chdt trong nhi, dd la ngudi chdt se dugc dd nam ngang nha, diu quay vd bdn phai Xur ca'^', chan quay vd phia trai nha.
Nhumg kieng kj nay ddu gin vdi mdt tich truydn trong ttmg ddng hg, va dugc truydn ttr ddi nay sang ddi khac. Mdi thanh vi6n deu phai ghi nhd va cd nghTa vu chip hanh diy du cdc didu kidng ki cua ddng ho minh. Ne'u
Ho Ly Giang 57
khdng tuan thii cac kieng kj va vi pham quy udc ciia ddng hg, thi se bj td tien trimg phat, gay dm dau benh tat va nhidu sir rui ro khac.
Cac thanh vien trong ddng hg ddu la anh em cting td tien "cting ma"
cu trii gin nhau nen cd bdn phan yeu thuong, dtim bgc va giup dd Iin nhau khi cd cac cdng viec ldm nhu lam nha mdi, cudi xin, dam ma; hay nhimg llic gap hoan canh khd khan nhu benh tat, dm dau, thidu thdn luong thuc...
C:hang ban viec lam nha mdi la cdng viec ciia ttmg gia dinh nhung mgi thanh vien trong ddng hg ddu quan tam giiip dd. Khi gia dinh nao cd y djnh iam nha, ndu thie'u gd thi uudng hg phan bd cho cac nha khac trong hg lo lieu giiip dd. Rieng egt cai thi phai nhd ngudi la trirdng hg hoac gia lang di tim va chgn giiip. Khi dung nha thi trudng hg cd nhiem vu dung egt cai, vl theo quan niem cua ngudi Hmdng egt cai la noi sau nay hon ma nha trii ngu cung la noi chgn rau diia tie so sinh la con trai.
Viec cudi xin cua mgt thanh vien cung dugc coi la cgng viec chung ciia ca ddng hg. Mdi gia dinh khi dung vg ga chdng cho con cai ddu nha't thiet phai hdi y kien ciia ddng hg. Trong cac nghi Id an hdi, thach cudi, tra Id vat, quy djnh ngay cudi trudng hg se cir ra hai gng mdi la ngudi thay mat cho hai gia dinh - trao ddi thda thuan cu thd. Sau dd gia dinh nha trai chii dgng lo lieu Id vat cudi nhung ddng thdi vin nhan dugc sir giiip dd cua ddng hg. Dd'i vdi nhimg gia dinh qua ngheo, hg cd thd nhan dugc chia se ddng gdp cua nhumg ngudi trong ddng hg dd cd du dd cho Id cudi. Cac thanh vien ciia gia dinh nha eg dau cung ddng gdp tidn bae, vay ao, dd trang siic cho cd dau dem vd nha chdng. Nhtmg mdn qua nay tuy nhd nhung the hidn su quan tam cung nhu tinh cam va trach nhiem ciia ddng hg vdi ngudi con gai di lay chdng. Mac dti, ngudi con gai Hmdng sau khi liy chdng la thugc ma ben nha chdng, nhung den budi Id lai mat (sau khi cudi 3 ngay), ngudi con gai phai ddn chao tat ca cac gia dinh trong ddng hg, va ling nghe trudng hg nhic lai tit ca cac ky hieu, cac didu kieng ki, cac nghi thiic cua ddng hg minh.
Trudng hgp gia dinh cd viec tang, ca ddng hg se diing ra lo lieu. Neu gia dinh nao qua ngheo thi cac gia dinh trong ddng hg phai chung nhau ddng gdp gao, rugu, thjt di Ikm ma cho ngudi chdt. Ddng hg nao khong td chiic dam ma theo diing nghi Id ciia ddng hg minh se bj dan ban che cudi.
Trudng hg la ngudi am hidu cac nghi thiic iam ma cua ddng hg minh va la ngudi cd quydn quyet djnh mgi cgng viec trong dam tang.
Mdi ddng hg ddu cd mdt td chiic tu quan rieng ggi la td chiic ddng hg.
58 Nghidn ciiru Gia dinh vk Gidi. QuySn 22, so 1, tr. 52-64
Id chirc nay gdm cd trudng hg, Cho Da: khitd (ggi la la ngudi cim quydn ma quydn khach, nit am hidu cac nghi Id va each thii'c lam ma), va bi cd.
Trudng hg (hditx pan: cdi gdc) thudng la ngudi am hidu cac quy djnh, cac bai ciing ciia ddng hg minh, cd hidu biet .sau rdng vd phong tuc tap quan dan tgc. cd tai irng xir va !)(' Ic gidi. Trirdng hg cung la ngudi gidi xd id chiirc va cd kinh nghiem trong cac hoat ddng san xuit. cd phim chit trung thuc, bidt quan tam cham sdc ddn ddi sd'ng va bao ve lgi feh cua cac thanh vien trong ddng hg, d6ng thdi trudng hg cung la ngudi dugc ddng hg khac kfnh trgng. Nhd cd uy tin va sir hieu bidt nen ^ kidn ciia trudng hg dugc mgi ngudi trong dc)ng hg noi theo. Trudng hg cd nhiem vu duy tri mgi sinh boat trong ddng hg minh nhu: Dam duong viec thd ciing td tien chung; Khi trong ddng hg cd dira be chao ddi. trudng hg phai cd trach nhiem ciing bao cho td lien bidt; Khi trong hg cd ngudi chdt, trudng hg phai trieu tap cac gia dinh trong hg dd ban bae lo lieu viec tang ma; Tham gia giai quydt cac viec lien quan den cudi xin. lam nha mdi, phan chia tai san,... Trudng hg cdn la ngudi durng ra van dgng cac thanh vien giir gin doan ke't, giiip dd Iin nhau trong liic thidu thdn, khd khan, khi gap rui ro va thay mat ddng hg giai quydt nhumg bat hda gitira cac gia dinh trong ddng hg va giira ddng hg vdi cac ddng hg khac. Trudng hg cdn cd vai trd td chiic cac nghi Id chung dd ciu yen, ciu phiic cho ddng hg. Trudng hgp cd ngudi nao dd trong ddng hg pham khuyet didm. ca hg sc hgp lai dudi su chu tga cua trudng hg dd ban bae. phan tfch. phan xet x a djnh ra hlnh thiic xir ly thfch hgp. Ddi vdi ngudi Hmgng tie'ng ndi cua trudng hg la rat quan trgng.
Trudng hg la ngudi ra quyet djnh cudi ctmg va ddng vai trd chinh trong didu hanh cac cdng xicc chung ciia ddng hg.
Ttiy vao nhumg dac tnmg rieng khac nhau cua ttmg ddng hg, nen viec biu chgn trudng hg d ttmg ddng hg ciing khac nhau. Ching ban nhu d cac ddng hg Mtia, Giang, Vir, Thao, trirdng hg la do cac thanh vien trong ddng hg binh biu. Nhung d ddng hg Sting thi trudng hg lai theo nguyen tic cha truydn con ndi. Tuy nhien xdi trudng hgp ma ngudi trudng hg cd con gai diu hoac con trai trirdng bj chdt thi khdng dugc phdp kd thtra, va trong trudng hgp nay ddng hg Siing phai biu chgn ngudi cd du tieu chuin iam trudng hg. Thudng mdi ddng hg, khi biu trudng hg bao gid ciing biu ngudi phu cho trudng hg. Ngudi phu trudng hg nim vd hanh chfnh, giai quydt cac mdi quan he ddng hg, xa hdi, phap luat. Neu ddng hg ldn cu tni khgng tap trung, thi d mdi ban cd ddng hg cu tru ddng se cir ra mdt thanh vien dd tham muu, tu van cho trudng hg va la ngudi giiip trudng ban cac
Ho Ly Giang 59
cdng viec cua ddng hg va d cgng ddng. Ndu cd cdng viec khdng tu giai quydt dugc thi nhtmg phu cho irudng hay tham muu cho trudng hg se phai bao lai cho trudng hg.
Ngudi "cim quydn ma quydn khach" {Cho Daz khiid): Dd la ngudi rit am hidu cac nghi Id va each thii'c lam ma ciia ddng hg va true tie'p phu trach nhumg phin viec lien quan ddn tin ngudng ciia ddng hg minh. Hg cdn dugc coi nhu mgt cd va'n cua trudmg hg trong viec quydt djnh nhthig cgng viec lien quan ddn ddi ngoai. Cho Daz khug khgng do biu ban, cung khdng bj phdbd va cd the cha truydn con ndi. Ong nay la ngudi dam nhan chiirc nang boat dgng tin ngudng ciia ddng hg.
Ba eg: La ngudi cd tieng ndi ra't quan trgng trong nhidu mat ddi sdng trong ddng hg. Mdt ngudi phu nii cd thd dugc bau hoac suy tgn iam ba eg ddng hg phai cd nhiing tieu chuin nhu: cd gia dinh, con va chau; cin cti lao dgng, guong miu trong sinh boat; cd trach nhiem cham lo, giiip do mgi ngudi; am hidu phong tuc tap quan va nhumg quy djnh cua ddng hg,...
Mac dti khi di lay chdng, ba eg trd thanh ngudi nha chdng va thugc ma cua nha chdng. song vin cd trach nhiem ddi vdi con chau cua anh em trai minh. Ba eg ddng hg cd quydn thay ddi nghi thu'c lam ma, gdp y kien trong viec cudi chdng cho chau gai, quyet djnh dd sinh Id va thach cudi. cung vdi trudng hg va cac bae cha chii quydt djnh viec lam ma cho bd (me) cua chau. Khi trong ddng hg cd ngudi gia chdt thi ba eg se chi dao mgi ngudi iam cac nghi Id theo phong tuc ngudi Hmdng. Neu ai trong ddng hg iam nhumg didu khong tdt bay lam didu gl sai trai nhu tu tir, an la ngdn dd chet thi vai trd khuyen bao nhumg ngudi nay thugc vd ba eg chur khgng phai cua trudng hg. Ba eg cdn la nhan vat cd trach nhiem giam sat mgi ngudi trong ddng hg thurc hien cac luat tuc. Theo quan niem cua Hmgng tring neu ngudi trong hg khgng nghe theo ldi chi bao cua ba eg se bj rin cin, da roi, hay tai nan.
Td chirc ddng hg cua ngudi Hmgng la mgt td chirc khgng gidng co cau hanh chinh, khgng phu thugc vao chinh quydn nha nudc. Thgng thudng khi xay ra nhtmg vu viec giira cac thanh vien ciia ddng hg, hay giira ddng hg nay vdi ddng hg khac, nhumg ngudi trong td chiic ddng hg se hgp ban each xir ly va dua ra quyet djnh cu thd trudc toan thd ddng hg. Neu la nhimg vu viec nghiem trgng, trudng hg cd thd tidn hanh hgp ddng hg bao gdm dai dien cac chu gia dinh dd nghe y kidn ciia hg trudc khi dua ra phan quyet. Td chiic ddng hg xir ly cong viec dua vao nhumg luat tuc, nhumg quy djnh do cdng ddng ddng hg dd ra va jmgt phin dua vao tinh cam. Nd mang
60 Nghidn cUu Gia dinh vk Gidi. Quydn 22, sd' 1, tr. 52-64
tfnh dan chii va mgi thanh vien trong ddng hg ddu chip nhan, thuc hidn mdt each tur nguyen. Cd thd thiy trong bd'i canh xa hdi ngudi Hmdng, td chirc ddng hg thuc sir la mdt bd may tu quan hiru hieu, nd khdng chi dam bao chiic nang quan 1^^ ma cdn la chit keo tao nen su cd kdt cua nhumg ngudi cd cting huydt thd'ng.
3. Thiet che gia dinh cua ngirdi Hmong
Khai niem gia dinh dugc ngudi Hmdng ggi la Ziv nenhs ddu cd nghTa chi tap hgp ngudi ctmg .sd'ng chung, gin bd vdi nhau bing quan he hdn nhan Vii ddng mau dudi mdt mai nha.
CJ ngudi Hmdng hien nay tdn tai 3 hlnh thirc gia dinh, phd bidn la gia dinh nhd bao gdm hai thd he (bd me va con cai chua ddn tudi thanh nien).
Mdt loai gia dinh khac la gia dinh nhd md rdng cd them dng, ba ctmg vdi con Xii chau. Trudc day, d ngudi Hmdng cung tdn tai cac gia dinh Idn, quy md ttr 15 de'n 20 ngudi, gdm bd me gia, cac cap vg chdng cua cac con da trudng thanh cting vdi nhumg ngudi chua lap gia dinh, ciing chung mdt co sd kinh td. Tuy nhien loiii gia dinh nay hien nay hau nhu khgng cdn.
Quy md gia dinh cua dan tdc Hmdng d ban Md Cdng cd ttr 7-8 ngudi va ciu triic gia dinh ciia hg thudng la hai thd he cting chung sdng bao gdm vg chdng, con Ciii. Sd lieu thu thap dugc a ban Mg Cdng cho thiiy mdt gia dinh cd trung binh cd ttr 5 6 ngudi con.
Tap quan ket hdn sdim da tac ddng dang kd ddn sd con trong hd gia dinh.
Cac nam nu thanh nien ngudi Hmdng cho bidt tudi ket hdn lan diu cua hg da phin d dg tudi 16-18. Nguyen nhan kdt hdn sdm la do gia dinh cd nhu ciu them lao ddng dd lam nuong, riy. Day cung la mdt trong nhflng Iy do khie'n hd gia dinh ngudi Hmdng thudng cd ddng con (Khdng Didn, 1998).
Mat khac tam ly ciia ngudi I hmdng thfch con trai hon con gai va cd nhidu con trai cimg td't bdi lc: con trai ddng vai trd quan trgng khdng thd thay thd dugc trong vice nudi dudng cha me khi gia ydu, lam cac cdng viec nang nhgc, nhit la su quydt djnh mgi viec he trgng trong gia dinh. Dac biet, con trai la ngudi chju trach nhiem thd ciing td tien tin ngudng phd bie'n trong ddi sd'ng tinh than cua ngudi Hmdng (Cu Hda Van, 1994; Trin Hum Son, 1996).
Xa hdi cua ngudi Hmdng la xa hdi phu quydn rat manh. Trong cac gia dinh nhd phu quydn iy, ngudi chu gia dinh bao gid cung la dan dng va dugc ngudi Hmdng ggi la TsW Tsir "chii nha" Dam duong vj trf nay ludn
Ho Ly Giang 61
la ngudi bd, la ngudi cd quydn quydt djnh cac cdng viec quan trgng chu yeu cua gia dinh, la ngudi vach mgi kd hoach trong ddi sd'ng, quydt djnh nhumg cdng viec quan trgng va chju trach nhiem thuc hien cac nghi Id tin ngudng, tgn giao trong khudn khd gia dinh. Khi trong gia dinh cd viec quan trgng, chii nha la ngudi ra quydt djnh vii dugc mgi thanh vien cha'p thuan. Chu nha cung la ngudi thuc hien chiic nang dd'i ngoai, thay mat gia dinh tham du cac cgng viec chung cua ddng hg, liing ban. Khi trong gia dinh cd khach, thi dti la khach \a hay khach quen thi chi cd chu nha mdi dugc dumg ra tie'p chuyen.
Khi ngudi bd qua ddi thi quydn hanh trong gia dinh dugc trao lai cho ngudi con trai trudng. Ndu ca hai bd me ddu qua ddi thi ngudi anh ca se la ngudi dugc thtra budng tai san cua bd me dd lai nhidu nhit. Liic nay, ngudi anh ca phai cd trach nhiem nudi cac em an hgc, khgn ldn thanh ngudi; dung vg ga chdng, chia cua cai cho cac em. Khi anh em trudng thanh, dii hg sdng gin nhau hay xa nhau, khac nhau vd quan diem, le sdng hay khac nhau vd vj tri trong xa hgi,... nhung khgng ai cd thd quen cai gd'c
"cung ma" cua gia dinh va ddng hg. Luat tuc cua ngudi Hmgng quy djnh rd, da la anh em thi "sdng phai bao ve nhau, chet phai chgn cit cho nhau;
sdng la ngudi cua nha minh, chet la ma cua gia dinh minh" (Ngg Nggc Thing, 2002: 82-84).
Trong bdi canh ciia ndn kinh tdtu cung tu cap, cac gia dinh Hmgng trd thanh nhiing don vj kinh te dgc lap. Hg tu dam bao cac vin dd thidt yeu cua cugc sdng, tir tu lieu sin xuat, chu trinh canh tac,... ddn cac nhu ciu vat chat hang ngay. Trong hoan canh iy, ngudi ta khgng chi trdng chd vao vai lao dgng chfnh. Dudi mai nha ngudi Hmgng, mgi thanh vien tur gia ddn tre, dan gng hay dan ba deu dugc phan cong lao dgng tuy theo siic minh.
Thgng thudng, ngudi cha hay ngudi chdng la ngudi quan ly chi dao chung va la lao dgng chinh dam duong nhiing cdng viec nang nhgc nhit. Ngudi me hay ngudi vg cung la lao dgng chinh khdng chi chia se cung chdng cong viec mua vu ma phai dam nhan toan bg hoat dgng ngi trg. Nhtmg dura tre tir 13 tudi trd len ddu dugc coi la lao dgng chinh, cd trach nhiem ctmg bd me khai pha rudng nuong, gieo trdng, cham sdc va thu hoach cac loai cay trdng. Tre em ttr 8-12 tudi dugc coi la lao dgng phu, giiip trdng nom viec nha, chan tha gia siic, gia cim hoac phu giiip viec gieo trdng, thu hai ngo, lii,vv.. Nhtmg ngudi gia thudc thd he gng ba trong gia dinh neu cdn siic khde d nha trdng cac chau nhd va phu viec chan nudi. Su phan cong lao ddng dd tuy don gian nhung dugc thuc hien rit nghiem tiic. Didu quan
62 Nghidn cOru Gia dinh vk Gidi. Quydn 22, so 1, tr. 52-64
trgng ki, ngudi gii va Ire cm ludn la ngudn lao ddng phu nhung trg giiip lit hidu qua cho cac lao ddng chfnh. Cd thd tha'y trong gia dinh ngudi Hmdng, cac thanh vien cting nhau khai pha nuong riy, gieo trdng, thu hoach va chan nudi.... va cting nhau hudng Igi. Tuy nhidn quydn .so huu CO sd vat chit cua gia dinh, dac biet la tu lieu san xuit ludn thudc vd chii nha.
Xa hdi phu quydn ciia ngudi Hmdng chii trgng trudc tien de'n quydn Igi CLia ngudi dan dng trong gia dinh. quydn Igi cua ddng hg rdi mdi ddn quydn lgi ciia ngudi phu ntr. Bdi vay, hg thudng nhin m;inh ddn xj trf dgc tdn cung nhu quydn thtra hudng cua nam gidi. Thuc tc la khi cac con ra d rieng. ngudi bd ddng thdi Ii chu nha sc thuc hicn vice chia gia san cho hg.
Chii bae trong ddng hg va ngudi cau ben ngOiii dugc mdi chumg kidn sir phan ^hia nay. Cd thd ndi. ngudi con trai hay dan gng la nhan id dugc quan tam hang diu trong xa hgi I Imgng.
Trong mdi quan he giii'a ciic thanh vien trong gia dinh, than phan cua ngudi phu ntr Hmgng chju nhidu thiet thdi. Hg khdng cd quydn hanh gl ngoai xa hdi, va chu yeu phu thugc vao ngudi dan gng. Khi da vd nha chdng va chip nhan iam Id "nhap cira" nha chdng. hg chfnh thiirc trd thanh ma cua nha chdng. Ttr dd hg khdng dugc tu y rdi bd nha chdng vdi bit ky Iy do gl. Luat tuc cua ngudi Hmdng quy djnh rd. con gai cd chdng khdng bao gid dugc chdt hay sjnh nd tai nha bd me de ciia minh cho du bj chdng phu bae hay rudng bd, va trong gia dinh, ngudi vg phai bie't nghe Idi chdng. Ndu chdng chet hg cd thd liy em chdng hoac d gda. Hg hau nhu khdng cd quydn quydt djnh bit cur cgng xicc ddi ndi hay dd'i ngoai nao cua gia dinh, khdng dugc tham gia ciic cgng viec ciia xfi hdi.
Md'i quan he giii'a cha me xa con cai trong gia dinh ngudi Hmdng trong gia dinh hat nhan (bd me xa con cai chua lap gia dinh). thi con cai ludn phu thudc vao bd me, vii bd me phiii cd trach nhiem day bao cham sdc con cai. Ngudi cha phai gin gui va quan tam cac con trai hon va ngugc lai ngudi me lai gin gui vdi con gai. Tit ca cac ngudi con phai tuyet ddi nghe theo sir chi dao ciia bd me. Con cai ddn 15 tudi ddu phai tfch cue tham gia lao dgrig, xa khi den tudi liy vg, la'y chdng, con cai cung dugc quydn lua chgn ban ddi cua minh, nhung viec quyd't djnh vin la dng bd, ba me. Khi dng bd va ba me cho con cai tach ra d rieng, con trai dugc quydn tham gia vao viec ban bae, sd hum sd tai san dugc chia. Khi bd me dau ydu vin phai cd trach nhiem cham sdc. Khi bd me qua ddi, cac con phai td chirc lam ma cho cha me theo diing nghi thiic ciia ddng hg. Trong gia dinh cd ba thd he
Ho Ly Giang 63
cung chung sdng, ndi bat nhit la quan he bd me chdng, anh em chdng va nang dau. Ngudi con dau lugn la ngudi vat x'ii nhit, mgi ganh nang cua cugc sdng de len ddi vai hg. Ngudi con dau khgng dugc quydn tham gia, ban bae khi gia dinh cd cgng viec ldn. Cd nhung ddng hg con dau khdng dugc ngdi an ciing vdi bd chdng va cac anh em trai ciia ch6ng.
6 ngudi Hmdng quan he mgt vg mgt chdng tdn tiii ttr lau ddi, xa hgi khgng ddng tinh vdi nhumg ngudi cd nhidu xg, hoac quan he ngoai hgn nhan. Chfnh didu nay lam cho gia dinh cua ngudi Hmgng lugn bdn virng.
Viec phai phuc tting chdng x-a cham sdc chdng dugc coi la nghTa vu tit ydu ciia ngudi phu nir Hmdng. Hlnh anh ngudi chdng cudi ngua di trudc, ngudi vg cim dugi ngua theo sau; chdng say rugu giira chg, vg ngdi ben cham soc chdng den khi tinh rugu mdi cting nhau vd la didu kha phd bien. Nd nhu mgt bidu trung cho hiinh phiic gian dj nhung giau tinh nhan van trong mdi quan he vg chdng cua ngudi Hmgng.
Tdm Iai, d ngudi Hmgng thidt chd ddng hg x'in ddng vai trd chi phdi trong ddi sdng xa hgi. Ddng hg cua ngudi Hmgng khgng chi la mgt cgng ddng nhumg ngudi cd quan he huyet thdng tfnh theo ddng cha ma cdn la don vj cd ke't vi mat tinh thin - tam linh. Su cd ket vd mat tinh thin cung cd vj trf quan trgng duy tri su bdn vumg ciia ddng hg. Mdi dong hg cd nhumg quy djnh rieng trong cac nghi Id ciing. Nhumg nghi Id dd dugc ke truydn ttr ddi nay sang ddi khac tiio thanh nhimg sgi day lien he vg hlnh giua cac gia dinh, cac khdi cgng ddng ddng hg vdi nhau. Tfnh cd ket cgng ddng vd mat tinh thin lugn cd sue manh dd duy tri ddng hg, gia dinh trong su thay ddi, di chuyen cu ciia ngudi Hmgng phu thugc vao tap quan du canh du cu ddng thdi cflng tao nen tfnh bao thu, khep kfn trong xa hgi ngudi Hmgng. Ben canh nhumg dac didm chung ciia tgc ngudi, mdi ddng hg Hmgng cdn cd nhflmg net dac trung rieng dd phan biet ddng hg nay vdi ddng hg khac. Chfnh su khac biet nay cung lam cho ddng hg cua ngudi Hmong khac vdi thiet che tuong tu ciia cac dan tgc khac d Viet Nam.
Trong thie't chd quan ly cua ngudi Hmgng, vai trd ciia gia lang, thiy cung, trudng hg va ba cd, gng cau,... lugn ddng vai trd quan trgng. Hg cd tie'ng ndi quyet djnh ddi vdi viec duy tri va thuc hanh cac nghi Id lien quan de'n ddi sdng tinh thin ciia ddng hg cung nhu ddi sdng tinh than cua lang ban. Nhumg ngudi cd vj trf va tieng ndi quyet djnh trong dong hg cd thd Iam thay ddi mgt sd phong tuc, tap quan ciia ddng hg. Day la mgt didm dang luu y dd'i vdi cac nha quan Iy va hoach djnh chfnh sach trong cgng cugc van ddng ddng bao Hmgng cu trii dn djnh, xay dung nep sdng van
64 Nghidn cUru Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyd'n 22, so 1, tr. 52-64
boa. Phat huy vai trd ciia trudng ddng hg, cflng vdi vai trd cua trudng ban iam ndng cd't trong cudc van ddng ddng bio thuc hien ndp sd'ng mdi se han chd dugc nhumg nghi Id rudm ra, phiic tap trong tang ma, cudi xin.
Gia dinh ngudi Hmdng theo chd dd phu he, vai trd cua ngudi dan dng lugn cd vj trf quan trgng trong gia dinh. Mdi quan he giua cac thanh vien trong hg gia dinh rit chat che va mat thidt. Hdn nhan mdt vg mdt chdng lii phd bie'n xa sir chung Ihiiy trong gia dinh ngudi Hmdng da trd thanh bidu trung trong van hda tgc ngudi.
Trong nhung nam qua, nhjp dd phat tridn kinh td- xa hdi cflng vdi sir tac dgng cua nhung ydu td van hda ben ngoai da din anh hudng ddn xa hdi cua ngudi Hmdng. Cudc sdng cua ngudi Hmgng vfla chju sir chi phd'i ciia mdi quan he xa hgi truydn thd'ng, vfla chju tac ddng manh me cua mdi quan he xa hdi mdi theo co chd phap luat cua nha nudc. Tfl dd, mdi quan he xa hdi cua dan tdc nay da cd sir didu chinh va thay ddi dd cd thd thfch nghi, tdn tai vdi hoan canh mdi. Tuy nhien, du cd su didu chinh hay thay ddi, tham chf cd su tidp nhan them nhumg ydu td van hda mdi, ciu true co ban cua dan tdc nay vin tdn tai va la mgt trong nhumg yeu td bidu hien cho ban sic dan tdc cua cdng ddng ngudi Hmdng d Son La.B
Chu thich
'" Ego: CO nghia la toi, tu-c la ngu^i bit dau dd dung pha he.
'-'Xu ca: la ban th6 td tien cua ngudi Hmong.
Tai lieu tham khao
Be Viet Dang. 1984. Ddn loc Meo trong Cdc ddn loc thieu sdd\'iel Nam (cdc tinh Mien nui phia Bdc). Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa h6i. Ha N6i.
Cu Hoa Vdn, Hoang Nam. 1994. Ddn tpc Hmdng a Viet Nam. Nxb. Van hoa Dan t6c.
Khdng Dien. 1998. Ddn sdi ke hogch hda gia dinh ngU&i Hmdng d Hang Kia, Pa Co. Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa h6i. Ha N6i.
Ngo Ngoc Thing (chii bien). 2002. \'dn hda bdn Idng iruyyen thd'ng cdc ddn tpc Thdi Hmdng vung Tdy Bdc \ iel Nam. Nxb. Van hda Dan t6c. Ha Noi.
Pham Quang Hoan. 2000. "M6t sd nghi Id phan anh ban sic va tinh cd ke't dong ho cua ngudi Hmdng" Tgp chi Nghien ci'fu Ddng Nam A. sd 6.
Tran Hthi Son. 1996. Vdn hod dnh thdn cua ngif&i Hmdng. Nxb. Van hoa Dan toe. Ha N6i.
