TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HQI sd 3 (199) 2015
DAO D y e VA TRI TUE HAY LA GIA TRj CUA TAM HOC PHAT GIAO D 6 | Vd'i CUOC S 6 N G HIEN NAY
HA THIJC MINH Sao due vi tri tu$ li sin pham cOa nhan loai. Tuy nhien, khai thic vi si> dung nhu thi nio khdng phii ai cung gidng al, iOc nio cung nhu nhau. Hda tan dao dite vio tri thuv (tri tug) hay hda tan dao dO'c vio chinh tri li hai xu hudng xuyin sudt lich su Ddng vi Tay. Phit giio lai ed cich giii quyit dde dio vi van di niy. Cd le cich giii quyit eOa Phit giao cung rit dang di cudc sdng hign nay phii suy ngam.
Kinh dien cOa Phpt gido dD cho "luu truyen tam van t u " di nua thi cDng khdng ra ngodi Tarn hgc H ¥ . Pali gpi la Tisrah sikkhah; Sanskrit gpi la Tisrah siksah. Tam hpc cdn gpi Id Tam vd lau hpc. Dd la Gidi, Binh vd Tue, la qua trinh tu tpp ma b i t ed ai quy y Phpt gido, muon t d bd mpi phlln nap eua t h i gian, cho dD x u i t gia hay tai gia deu khdng the khdng theo.
Ngudi ta thudng eho rang Tam hpe Id s y quy npp eua Bat chdnh dao (Pali; Ariyo Atthangiko maggo; Sanskrit Aiyastangamaipa).
Chang han nhu "chdnh kiln", "chdnh t u duy" thudc v l Tu#, "chanh ngd", "chdnh nghiep", "chanh mpng", "chanh tinh t i l n "
thudc v l Gidi, "chdnh niem", "chdnh djnh" thupc v l Djnh.
Tuy nhien, nhdng phdp mdn quan trpng khae nhu Luc dd isBi, Tir niem x d 0**4...
cDng la nhyng con dudng khae nhau nhung deu hudng ve mue tieu ehung.
Kinh Djch gpi dd la "ding quy nhi thu dd".
"Giai thoat" (Sanskrit gpi Id Mpksha, Vimoksha, Vimukti hay N/lukti) la dilm "dong quy" eua mpi con dudng khdc nhau dd.
"Lye dp" (Paramita, Parami trong tieng HP Thuc Minh. Hpc gia Tbdnh phd Hd Chl Minh.
Pali cd nghTa la hodn thidn, hodn my).
' B l thi, tri gidi, nhan npi" trong Luc dd thudc v l Gidi, edn lpi la Djnh va Tup.
"Td niem x d ' (Pali; Satipatthana; Sanskrit;
Satyupasthana). T d niem xir id niem
"Thdn vd tjnh", "Thp khi", "Tdm vd thudng", "Phdp vd nga". "Thdn" vd "Thp"
thudc v l Gidi, "Tdm" vd "Phdp" thudc ve Tup. Djnh (Niem) xuySn s u i t ca Thdn, Thp, Tdm, Phdp.
Nhy vay, Tam hpe khdng. chl la sy quy gian cua Bat chdnh dao md edn Id sy quy gian cua todn bS Phdt gido.
Tam hpe gom ed "Gidi", "Djnh" vd "Tup".
"Gidi" (Siia) la gidi ludt, phdp ludt. "Gidi"
cd nhilu loai; NgD gidi, Bdt gidi, Thdp gidi, Cu tDc gidi, B l tdt gidi'". "Gidi" cd t h i chia thdnh hai loai; Chl tri gidi va Tdc tri gidi. Chl tri gidi la ngan chdn khdng lam nhdng d i l u ac, Tac tri gidi la thye hdnh nhdng dieu thien. Nhyng gidi luat a day cd nghTa la t u k i l m c h l ban thdn (iDdt ky) ehd khdng phai "ludt tha". Cho nen "gidi" thupc v l dao due chd khdng phai phap lupt. Ndi v l dap dde thi Nho giao cDng Id hpc thDyet ve dao dde. Cot Idi eua hpc thuyit nay Id "Nhan". "Nhan"
ed hai nguyen t i e ; Thd va Trung. "Thy"
Id khdng lam cho ngudi khae nhdng d i l u minh khdng mudn ai iam cho minh (ky sd b i t due vat thi u nhan). "Trung" Id cdn lam nhdng d i l u md minh mudn eho ngudi khde (Ky due lap nhi lap y nhan, ky due dat nhi dat u nhan). Hai nguyen t i e ndy khdng nhung d Nho giao ma cdn Id nguyen t i e eua Ca B l e giao, Cuu udc va Tan udc d i u ed ghi chep hai nguyen tdc ndy. Cho nen nd dupe gpi Id nguyen t i e vdng (Golden Law) trong quan he dng xd gida con ngydi vdi eon ngudi.
NgD gidi thudng di liln vdi Thdp thipn, Gidi vd Thipn d i u thudc v l quan nidm dao dde eua Phat giao. Thye ra dao dde va phap lupt eung la anh em cDng cha khdc me d l y thdi. Platen chang da eho ring "ludt phdp Id dao dde khdng ed tinh cam" dd sao?. Dao dde vd phdp ludt Id san pham cDa con ngudi. Nd Id chile
"phao" d l glDp eon ngudi t i n tai vd phdt trien trong sdng gid cDa cudc ddi, nhung dong thdi nd cDng la sgi ddy rang bupc con ngudi vdi eon ngudi.
"Djnh" Id Thiln dinh (Dhyana), tTnh lu.
Phpt gido Tieu thua ed T y thiln vd T d vd sac djnh, Dai thda cd Niem Phat thiln vd Thye tydng thiln. T r i n Thai Tdng trong Khia hu luc cho rang Thiln djnh la d i l u kipn tat yiD d l cd duo'C tue giae. Phat giao quan niem tup gidc hay tri tup sd dT ed dudc khdng phai do k i t qua cua hoat dpng thye tien bdn ngodi ma la do tdc d§ng tam ly ben trong, khdng phai trong trpng thdi dpng md d trang thai tinh.
"TTnh" eye t i e "ddng". Thiln djnh khdng phai khang djnh ma la phu djnh, phu djnh cua phu djnh. C i t Idi cua Phat hpe khong gi khde hon Id "duyen khdi, tinh khdng".
'Tup' Id tri tup Bat nhd, la sy gidc ngp sdu
sde dao ly cua vu try vd nhdn sinh. "Tup"
(Prajna, tilng Anh gpi la Wisdom) khde vdi "tri thdc" (Vijnana, tilng Anh goi la Knowledge). T r i thdc" khdng nhung khdng bao ham "tue" ma cdn bj liet vao mpt trpng 5 u l n (sdc, thu, tudng, hdnh, thdc).
T u e " la sy thang hoa eua tri thdc Tri thdc ed t h i truyin dat t u ngudi nay sang ngudi khdc, nhung "Tue" la s y t y cam nhdn.
Trong "Tam hpe" dao dde vd tri tup da chilm h i t hai phdn ba. "Djnh" vdi nghTa la thiln djnh khdng phai Id sdng tao eua Phpt giao, nhung 'djnh" dupe dung de ndi k i t giua dao dde vd tri tup, lai la d i l m dde ddo chl ed d Phat gido. Hon nda cDng can luu y rang trong "Tam hpe"
chl cd thudt ngd "tri tup" (Wisdom) chd khong phai Id thudt ngu "tri thdc"
(Knowledge).
l5' phuong Tay, t d thdi co dai Hy Lap, Socrates cung thudng ndi d i n quan hp giua "tri thdc" (chd khdng phai tri tup) vd
"dao dde". Tuy nhien, Socrates lai ding nhit gida dao dde va tri thuc. Theo dng,
"dao dde tdc la tri thdc" (Virtue and knowledge are one and the same).
Socrates ddng nhdt dao dde vd tri thdc, ndi dung hdn Id dng dd hda tan dao dde vao tri thdc. Socrates dd ddt gid trj eua tri thdc d hang d i u eua mpi gid tri. Thep dng, "khdng cd gi t i t hon tri thdc vd cDng khdng ed gi te hai han la ngu dot" (The only good is knowledge and the only evil is ignorance).
Phuong Tay quan tdm giai quyet van d l quan he gida con ngudi vd t y nhien hdn la v i n d l quan hd gida eon ngudi vd con ngudi. Socrates de eao gia tri eua tri thdc cDng chang cd gi Id lp, bdi vi tri thdc, ly tinh, khoa hpe la chile chia khda
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI sd 3 (199) 2015 d l eon ngudi nhdn thdc, khai thdc t y nhien, phat trien san x u i t , kinh t l de dem lai eho con ngudi ddi s i n g vat c h i t day du han. Dao due Id ludt ky, kinh t l la Ip'i ky. Lai ky xem ra ed phdn h i p ddn han Id ludt ky. Cho nen dao dde cd hda tan vao tri thdc hay biln m i l di nua cDng Chang cd gi quan trpng ldm! Chang trdch Rousseau than thd rang nen giao due Phdp luc bdy gid ( t h i ky XVllI) da dl sai dudng vi ra sdc ddo tpo tre em khdn len ehd khdng phai t i t len. Thdm chi Nietzche edn m u l n "td gia" vj Thudng d l ludn hda hpn se bD lai mpt cupc sing Thipn dudng d t h i gidi ben kia n l u con ngudi c h i p nhan mdt cudc s i n g lam than d t h i gidi ben ndy. Nietzsche tuyen b l ; "Thuang d l da chit" (Dieu est mort).
Khi Thuang d l da ra di thi edi gi eung ed t h i xay ra. Dpo dde 'luat ky" da ra di thi ludt phdp, eho dD Id 'ludt tha" di nua cung se dupe thay t h i . Nhung dau sao lupt phap cDng chi quan ly edi t i i thilu chu khdng phai quan ly cdi i l l da nhu dao dde. Cho nen phuang Tdy cho dD hda tan dao dde vdo tri thdc, d l r l i tri thdc, ly tinh, khoa hpc trd thdnh ddi dDa thin dem lai ddi s i n g vat chit, kinh te day du eho con ngudi, nhung d i n g thdi lai bien eon ngudi thanh "eon ngudi kinh t l " (Homo economics). Dae dde la "ludt ky", kinh te la 'lai ky", "ludt" vd "lai" b i t tay nhau lam cho eon ngudi kinh t l dau sao cQng ed duac khdng gian t y do ndo dd. Tuy nhien, cai gpi la t y dp hay giai thodt thye s y thi e ring hdy edn ldu. N l u khdng phdi vdy thi tpi sao ngay d trang m d d i u eua tac pham Khe udc xi hgi (Du contrat social) Rousseau dd phai t h i t ldn rang; 'Con ngudi sinh ra vdn t y
do nhung dau dau cDng bj kim kep"
(L'homme est ne libre, et partout il est dans les fers). Tuy vdy. "con ngudi kinh t l " xem ra vdn cdn d l thd han Id "con ngudi ehinh tri" d phuang Ddng.
Ndi den "con ngudi ehinh tri" khdng the khong ndi d i n Nho giao. "Con ngudi chinh trj" la san p h i m khdng phai cua ai khdc ma chinh la cua Nho gido. Nho gido ra ddi vao t h i ky thd V - VI trudc Cdng nguyen, anh hudng d i n nhilu nude phuong Ddng, hinh thdnh ra cdi gpi Id khu vye van hda Nho gido. Nho gido Id hpc thuyit ve dao dde. Ndi dung han la hpe thuyit v l chinh tri-dao due. Nho giao nguyen thDy xem dao due la muc dich, ehinh tri Id phuang tien. Nhung mpt nghin nam trdm nam sau, Tdng Nho dd ldm mpt cudc dao ldn ngoan muc. Dao due khdng cdn Id mue dich nda md chi la phyang tien, chinh tri mdi Id muc dich.
Cung nhy Nhe giao nguydn thuy, Tong Nho dat dao dde cao han ca sinh mpnh con ngudi; "Chit ddi viec nhd, thit tilt mdi Id viec Idn" (Nga t u sy tilu, thit tilt s y dai « 5 E » ' h * 1 ) f » * , Trinh IN dl thu).
Dao dde duo'C ddt cao han su sing, sinh menh con ngudi, nhung lai duac dat dudi chinh tri. Nho gido nguyen thuy ludn ddng v l phia dao dde n l u nhu dao dde vd ehinh tq mau thDan. Tong Nho lai khdc, "dai nghTa dipt than" (HID nghTa la dpo dde, dai nghTa Id chinh tq) la chieD bdi eOa Tdng Nho dDng d l giai qDylt khi mdu thudn xay ra gida dao dde va ehinh tri. Chieu bai 'dpi nghTa diet thdn" cdng duac giuang cao bao nhieu thi phu tu, huynh de edng tuang tan b l y nhieu.
Trong xa hpi ma Nude Id sy md rdng cua Nha vd Nhd Id s u thu hpp cDa Nude
thi khi rod chinh tri ddi d i u vdi dao due thi cDng la luc md dao dde vd vd dao dde trd thdnh nhung t u d i n g nghTa trong xd hdi gpi la van minh.
Phdt gido khdng phai khdng ndi d i n kinh te va chinh tri. D i u sao thi kinh t l vd chinh tri eung chl la d i i u kien ehd khdng phai Id cdu canh eua giai thodt. Phat gido cung khdng chO truang 'ly t h i mjeh Bo d l " , nhung t u do hay giai thodt cua Phdt gido cDng ed nhdng sde thdi rieng khdng phai gido ly ndo cDng cd. "Tam hpc" la s y k i t hp'p giua dao dde vd tri tup (ehd khdng phai tri thdc) b i n g Thiin djnh dd t h i hipn dde d i l m v i giai thoat cua Phpt giao. Cd t h i k i ra nhung dac d i l m sau ddy;
Thir nhit, giai thodt khong phai bat dau t d bdn ngodi ma bat diD t d bdn trong.
Thien hp thudng ndi vdi nhau rang hoan eanh tpo ra con ngudi va eon ngydi cQng tpo ra hodn canh. Cd the thay doi hodn eanh, thay d l l t h i gidi ben ngoai d l t d dd thay doi ban thdn con ngudi.
Cung ed t h i thay doi ban than eon ngudi d i t d dd thay doi t h i gidi ben ngodi.
Trong hai each dd, ed le giai thoat eua Phdt gido theo each thd hai. CDng can ndi them ring "thay d l l " t h i gidi khdng nhit thilt chl bang hoat ddng thue t i l n md Id thay doi nhpn thdc cua eon ngudi v l t h i gidi. Chang han nhy hdm qua tdi nhin nui la nui, nhin sdng la sdng, hdm nay tdi nhin nDI khdng phai nDi, nhin sdng khdng phai sdng. Ngdy mai tdi lai nhin nDi la nDi, nhin sdng Id sdng. Khdng phai tdi thay doi nDi sdng ma ehinh la thay doi nhdn thdc cua tdi v l nDi sdng.
Ddo nDi ngan sdng hay Id chinh phuc t u nhien Id ehuyen dai nhilu tap eua khoa
hpc. Cdn chuyen thay d i i nhpn thdc eua tdi v i t h i gidi Id chuyen eua tdi, ndm trong t i m vdi eua tdi. Chang trdch hOi nghj Phdt gido t h i gidi v i n thudng nhle lai giao \^ giai thodt dpc bipt nay cua dpo Phat; "A harmonious Worid begins in the Mind' ( T h i gidi hdi hda b i t d i u t d trong Tdm) hay; 'Harmony in Society begins from the Mind" (Mpt xd hdi hdi hda bit d i u t d trong Tam).
IVlpi ngudi hay cdn nhd d i n nhd triit hpc Kant cua Dde t h i ky XVllI, tuyen bo ring dng da Idm cudc cdch mpng v i nhpn thdc luan theo k i i u Copernle (Copernican Revolution) da ldm trong thidn vdn hpc.
Kant cho r i n g khdng phai nhdn thdc eua chu t h i phai phD hap vdi khdch t h i md nguac lai. Khdng bilt Kant ehju anh hudng eua Phdt gido nhilu hay it, nhung d i l u md dng tuyen b l v l nhdn thdc ludn khdng hen md trd thdnh bpn dong hdnh vdi giai thoat eua Phat giao.
Ngudi ta da khae eau ndi noi tiing cua nhd triit hpc Kant tren bia mp eua dng;
"Cd hai s y kien lam cho chDng ta edng suy nghT cang cam t h i y bang hodng, khllp sa, dd Id khoang trlng khdng trdn b l u trdi vd khoang trong khdng v i ehuin mye dpo dde trong tam cua chdng ta"
(Zwei DInge ertDllen das GemDt mit immer neuer und zunehmender Bewunderung und Ehrfurcht, je dfter und anhaltender sich das Nachdenken damit besehdftigt;
Der bestimte Himmel Dber mir, und das moralische Gesetz In mir).
Hai s y kipn, hai khoang trong md Kant ndi d i n , d l l vdi dng Id hodn todn thg dpng, nhung dpi vdi Thiin djnh cua Phpt giao thi lai hoan todn ehu dpng. Khoang 'khdng" tTnh Iang cua T h i i n djnh bao gid
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI sd 3 (199) 2015
cDng tao d i l u kipn tdi y u d i tia chdp Tup gidc va Giai thoat xuat hien.
Thir hai, giai thodt b i t dau t d ca nhdn ehd khdng phai t d cpng d i n g . N i u 'TuS" la t y cam nhdn chd khdng phai Id truyin dat t i l p thu. Vdy thi khdng cd edng dong ndo cd t h i lam viec dd thay cho ed nhdn ea. Trong Tuyen ngdn eua Dang Cgng sin, Mdc v i l t v i t y do eua ea nhdn nhy sau: ' S u t y do phdt triin eua ed nhdn la d i i u kidn cho t y do phat triin eua c f n g ddng".
N l u nhu sang tao bao gid cDng bat ddu t d ea nhdn thi giai thodt cung vpy, giai thodt Id s y sang tpo eua sdng tao.
Tran Thai Tdng trong Khoa hu luc khang djnh rang khdng cd djnh thi khdng ed tup, khdng ed tu§ thi eung khdng ed giai thodt.
Tdm lai, dao dde vd tri tup (tri thdc) la san pham eda cen ngydi, khdng ed nd thi
eon ngudi khdng t h i t i n tai vd phdt triln.
Tuy nhien n i u dao dde hda tan vao tri thdc hay vao ehinh trj thi con ngudi hoac trd thanh con ngudi kinh te hoac con ngudi chinh tri. Phat gido khdng phai khdng ban d i n kinh t l hay ehinh tri.
Chang phai Phdt giae ddi Tran da Idm cho kinh t i , ehinh trj cua ddt nude IDe b l y gid phdt t r i i n manh me dd sao? Tuy nhien, kinh t l , chinh tri chl Id dilu kien ehd khdng phai Id cdu cdnh. Nd la ngdn tay d l chl mat Trang chd khdng phai ban than mat Trang. Giai thodt cDa Phdt gido lam cho con ngudi trd thdnh eon ngudi nhdn ban, dDng han Id eon ngudi t y do - giai thoat. Tam hpe cua Phdt gido id sy k i t hgp gida dao dde - tri tup vd thiln djnh d l giai thoat. Cho nen giai thodt Id t u giai thodt. Tam hpc vd giai thodt cDa Phdt gido dang d i eho eon ngudi trong cupc s i n g hipn nay suy ngam. •
CHO THICH
'^' NgO gidi Id 5 didu cdm bao gdm: 1) sdt sinh, 2) trpm cdp, 3) ndi ddi, 4) td ddm, 5) udng rupu.
Bit gidi Id 8 didu edm bao gdm 5 dieu cam ndi trdn cdng thdm 3 dieu 1) khdng td son tr^t phdn, xdc dau thom, nhay mUa ca hdt, 2) khdng ndm giudng qud cao rpng, 3) khdng dn ngodi thdi gid quy djnh.
Th$p gidi Id 10 didu cdm bao gim 8 dieu da ndi tren, cpng thdm: 1) khdng tdng trO' cua cdi, chdu bdu, 2) khdng dn qud gid ngo.
Cu tuc gidi (Upasampada) cdn gpi Id Cdn vidn gidi, gidi lu^t ciia Ty kheo vd Ty kheo ni. B l i vdi Ty kheo gdm cd 250 didu, ddi vdi Ty kheo ni gdm cd 348 didu. Nhung gidi lupt co ban vin khdng ngodi cdm sdt (sdt sinh), ddm (td ddm), vpng (ndi ddi) vd dao (trdm cdp).
Bd tit gidi Id gidi lupt cua Phdt gido Bai thda cho ndn cdn gpi Id Bai thda gidi, Phdt tinh gidi, Phuong ddng gidi, Thidn Phdt gidl. Bd tdt gidi khdc vdi ngCr gidi, bdt gidi, th$p gidi d chd cdc gidi ddu gidi ve "sy", tdc Id khdng dupe de su vipe xay ra, cdn Bd tdt gidi Id gidi ve "Tam", cd nghTa Id ngay tpi tdm cOng khdng dupe cd nh&ng y nghT sai pham gidi ludt quy djnh. Bd tdt gidi cd ba gidi tjnh gpi Id Tam ty tjnh gidi, bao gom: nhidp luat nghi gidi, nhidp thi$n phdp gidi, nhidu Ich hdu tinh gidi.
T A I Lieu TRiCH D A N
1. Ban Hodng phdp Tmng uong, Gido hpi Phdt gido Vipt Nam.1998. Ph$t hoc ca bin (tap 1).
TPHCM. Nxb. TPHCM.
2. Rousseau, Jean Jacques. 2013. Khi udc xa hd/(Duang Vdn Hda djch). Hd Ndi: Nxb. Thd gidi vd Alphabooks.