128 Tap chi NghiSn ciiu v i Phil Irign, sO' 6 (89). 2011
CO VAT VIET NAM
VE BA KHAU SUNG THAN CONG HA LAN 6 BAG TANG CO VAT CUNG DINH HUE
Philippe Tnftmg"
Trong sKu tap siing t h i n c6ng h i | n dang trung bay tai Bdo t&ng C6 v^t Cung dinh Hue (BTCVCD Hue) co 3 khau siing cd nguon g6'c tuT Hli Lan. Dd
\k cdc khau sung mang cdc s6' dSng ky: BTH-TB KL^ 52, BTH-TB KLj53 vd BTH-TBKL254.
Trong nhiiJig ldn vi HuC ghe thdm BTCVCD Hue, toi ra't quan tdm de'n ngu6n gffc, Iai lich C]ja 3 k h i u than cong ndy nhung chi/a c6 diiu ki$n khdo cilu ky. Dip may dy da dSh khi t6i cd ccf hpi tiep cdn vdi nhOng tdi li$u lim triJ cua Cong ty Dong An Hd Lan (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie - VOC) vd dS tim dUcfc lai lich cua 3 khdu sung ddc bi$t ndy. NhiJng tdi li§u ndy da^^hi nhdn moi quan h$ thilctng mai giiJa Hd Lan, thdng qua Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan, vdi chinh quyen cua cdc chua Trinh df Ddng Ngodi, dfic bi^t Id viec trao ddi vd cung iJng vu khi cho chua Trinh, cung nhu ly do vi sao cdc k h i u t h i n cdng ndy lai xud't hi$n d Hud' vd trdf thdnh cd vdt cOa BTCVCD Hu6'.
1. Khau thdn c o n g m a n g so ddng k y BTH-TB KL^ 52
Ddy Id k h i u t h i n cdng bdng ddng, ddi 207cm, dudng kinh mi^ng 10cm, do dng Gerard Koster due tai Amsterdam (Hd Lan) ndm 1661 (Hinh 1).
Thdng tin ndy duac t h i hidn bdi ddng cha "GERARD KOSTER ME FECIT AMSTELREDAMI A"
1661** due ndi d vdnh chudi sdng.
Dudi ddng chii; ndy Id con sd 1364, cho biet siing cd trong luong 1.364 livre (khodng 682kg). Mdt trdn vd m a t bdn cda chdt sung, cd ddng cha Hdn, duoc khdc them ve sau: mKA-t-' Ui xich bit
Hinh 1. SOng thSn cOng do dng Gerard Koster BO dUc nam 1661 dang trung bOy tai BTCVCD Hug.
nhi thdn nhy. ddi 4 thudc 82 td'c 2 phdn). Tuy nhien, cha bdt k h i c d mdt trdn chd't sung Id SI, trong khi chtt bit d mdt ben chdi siing lai Id A.
' Paris. PhOp.
Tap chl NghiOn ciiu vO Phil trign, sd 6 (89). 2011
/
'-X^ ' ' ^' '
Thdn Sling hinh tru, gdm 3 phan: ndng siing, bdu siing vd chudi sung.
Chudi Sling ldn, cdng vl phla diu ndng thi thdn siing cdng nhd din, de'n mi$ng Sling thi loe rdng. Phia tren thdn siing cd 2 quai cdch dieu thanh hinh 2 con cd heo, md vd dudi cd g i n vdo t h a n siing. Hai ben vi tri cua quai sung cd hai chdt siing hinh tru trdn, diing d l gan siing vdo gid dd hodc bd sdng. P h i n trdn chudi sdng cd lo chdm ngdi hinh trdn. P h i n cudi chudi siing Id mim siing t h i hi^n hoa vdn hinh ndn thdng vdi la cdy d rd. Kieu hoa vdn ndy Id kilu hoa vdn ddc trUng tren nhang khau siing than cdng sdn xud't tai H d L a n v d o t h l f k ^ X V n .
Trang tri trdn thdn sung khd cdu ky: mdt hoa ddy Id d rd, mdt thuyen budm, tren chO A vd chU VOC (Hinh 2). Dd'u hieu VOC Id chO vilt t i t cua Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (Cdng ty Lidn hiep Ddng An, thudng goi tdt Id Cdng ty Ddng An), cdn cha A tuong trUng cho Phdng Amsterdam.
Cud'i thd' ky XVI diu the ky XVII, cdc cdng ty_tu nhdn Hd Lan khdi su hoat ddng thuong mai vdi An Dd (1597), Nhdt Ban (1600) vd Trung Qudc (1601).
D l bdo vd quyen loi vd canh tranh vdi ngUdi Bo Ddo Nha vd Tdy Ban Nha, Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan duoc thdnh ldp tai Amsterdam vdo nSm 1602, tdp hop cdc cdng ty thuong mai tU nhdn d cdc tinh thdnh cua Hd Lan. Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan md 6 phdng dai dien thuong mai d 6 tinh thdnh (Amsterdam, Delft, Enkhuisen, Hoorn, Rotterdam vd Zederland).'" Phong Amsterdam cd the luc manh nhd't VI ho ddng gdp hon 50% sd' vd'n cua cdng ty nSn duoc bd nhiem 8 dai dien. Day la cdng ty da qud'c gia dau tien tren thd' gidi suf dung cd phieu.
Ngodi hoat ddng thuong mai, duoc _sU thda thudn vdi Qud'c hpi Hd Lan, Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan cdn cd quyen thay mdt cho chinh phu de sd hiiu tdi sdn d hdi ngoai, quyln thuong lucfng h i | p Udc, tham gia chie'n tranh, diic t i l n (Hinh 3), thdnh ldp bO mdy d thudc dia vd bo nhi$m Todn quyln d hdi ngoai.
Hinh chid'c thuyin budm ba cgt cd treo cd Hd Lan Tcm'Xt^'^LTn tren k h i u t h i n cdng ndy (Hinh 4) chinh Id loai phOth^nhnam 1753. thuong thuyen md Cdng ty Dong An Hd Lan sU dung trong hoat dpng mdu dich giBa Hd Lan vdi cdc nUdc D d n g N a m A. Dong thdi, day cung Id hinh anh bilu tuong ciia Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan, thudng dugc the hien tren cdc dd'u trien ciia cdc Todn quyln.
Hinh 2. Bigu tuong cOa COng ty DOng A n HO Lan trOn k h i u sOng thgn cOng dLic ndm 1661 dang trung bOy tai BTCVCD Hug.
Tap chl Nghifa ciiu va Phai trien, sO 6 (89). 2011
Tren bac tranh "Vinh quang cua VOC", h i | n dang trung bdy tai Bao tdng Rijskmuseum d Amsterdam (Hinh 5) do hoa Sl Jeronimus Becx le Jeune ve ndm 1650, cd blnh mdt chid'c thuyin ludt t r e n sdng bien trong mdt hinh vudng, chiing td ddy Id bilu tygng cua Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan. Phia tren hinh cdi khidn trong bdc tranh ndy cdn cd mpt H4. HinhchigcthuyOnbuOm H 5. BUc tranh "Vinh quang cCia qua dia clu vd nhieu Jihd trang trl trSn ithgu siing thgn VOC" do Jeronimus Becx ie yQ i-i-V (gi^nw t h i n c d n ? cOng dUc nOm 1661 dang Jeune ve. Hi6n vOt cOa BOo tOng , . ^ „ _ ^^ . , - trung biy tai BTCVCD Hug. Rijskmuseum' d Amsterdam. S u n g t r U d n g , gUOm, glSo,
cd, ken) vd cdc dung cu hdng hdi (la bdn, bdnh ldi, dia bdn) bao quanh. Hai ben cd hai vi t h i n ndng dd bilu tupng ndy, ben trai Id t h i n Neptune, bgn phdi Id nU t h i n Fortuna.
Theo huyin thoai Hy Lap vd La Ma, Neptune Id t h i n dai dUOng, cdn nO t h i n Fortuna Id bilu tugng cua co nghiep. Nhu vay, btfc tranh ndy ngu y rdng vinh quang vd co nghidp cua Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan nhd vdo hdng hdi vd sU hi^n didn cua cdc vdt dung mang tinh bilu tugng trdn bile tranh ndy chang td rdng Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan khdng chi cd cdc quyln hdnh trong linh vuc thuong mai md cdn cd the si dung vu lUc. Hinh anh chile thuyin budm vd cha VOC d tren k h i u t h i n cdng d BTCVCD Hue ching td rdng khiu than cdng ndy dugc diic ridng cho mdt chiec thuyin rdt quan trong eua Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan. Loai siing ndy cung cd trong cdc thuyin cila Hd Lan boat ddng d Batavia.
Gerard Koster (1627-1679) d Amsterdam, cdn dugc goi Id Gerard Koster The Younger ((5erard Koster Bd), Id thg ddc k h i u siing ndy. (3ng xult thdn t a mdt gia dinh ndi tieng vl nghi due chudng vd sung t h i n cdng. 6 n g npi cila dng Id Gerard Koster The Elder (Gerard Koster Ldn), da qua ddi ndm 1618, Id ngudi da ldp mpt xudng diic ddng d ngoai d thdnh phd' Amsterdam t a trude ndm 1606. Me dng, Trinje, Id con gdi cua thg diic ddng n l i tilng Willem Wegeweart The Elder (Willem Wegeweart Ldn) d Deventer. Gerard Koster Ldn khdi su hgc n g h i diic dong tai xudng Deventer trudc khi ra md xudng rieng. Sau khi thg cd Cornells van Ammelrooy qua ddi (1606), Gerard Koster Ldn dugc cu; Id ngUdi diic chudng vd siing t h i n cdng chinh thdc cua thdnh phd Amsterdam. Ndm 1614, dng don xUdng v l bdn bd kdnh Lijnbaansgracht trong thdnh phd' Amsterdam. Hien nay, noi ndy edn gia dugc mdy k h i u than cdng do dng due vdo cde ndm 1614, 1616 hoac 1617'^'
Tap chl NghiOn ciiu va Phil trign, sS 6 (89). 2011
Hinh 6. Sling thgn cOng do Gerard Koster Ldn
dUc nOm 1617.
(Hinh 6). Tren vdnh chudi sung cua k h i u than cdng ndy cd ddng cha due noi "CARHARDUS KOSTERUS ME FECIT AMSTERDAM". Hinh ddng cua k h i u sung tuong tu vdi cdc k h i u t h i n cdng cua Hd Lan vdo t h i ky XVI-XVII, cung nhu k h i u t h i n cdng d BTCVCD Hul.
Con trai cda Gerard Koster Ldn Id Assudrus Koster (1604-1661) t i i p tuc cdng vide cua cha. Ndm 1626, sau khi dng Arent van der Put chit, Assudrus Koster dugc eCf ldm ngudi due chudng vd vu khi chinh thdc cua thdnh p h i Amsterdam. Chudng do dng due duge ddnh gid r l t cao vd t a ndm 1633 d i n 1650 xudiig cda dng da due r l t nhilu chudng, nhu chudng nhd thd Westertoren tai Amsterdam ndng d i n 7.500kg.
Sau khi dng Franfois Hermony duge eCf ldm ngudi thg due k l t i i p ciia thdnh p h i thi lugng chudng ddt cho dng due dd giam bdt. Nhung vu khi do dng ddc thi v i n c d n duge hoan nghSnh vd t i i p tuc dugc ddt hdng. Ong cung ilng sdng t h i n cdng cho Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan, eho thdnh p h i Amsterdam, cho Bd Tu Idnh hdi qudn cda Amsterdam vd Rotterdam.
Nhilu bdo tdng d Hd Lan cdn luu giO cdc sdn p h i m eua dng. Ndm 2007, trong mOt cudc dd'u gid tai London, mdt k h i u t h i n cdng cd trang tri huy hi§u cda BO Tu I$nh hdi qudn Amsterdam, ddi 318,6cm, cd ddc nli ddng che
"ASSUERUS. KOSTER. ME. FECIT. AMSTELREDAMI. ANNO. 1650", dd duge mua vdi gid 36.000 bdng Anh.
Ndm 1661, sau khi Assudrus Koster qua ddi, Gerard Koster Bd, cdn cd tdn Id Gerry, dd gidnh lai xUdng due cua ngudi cha vd mdc du cd sU eanh tranh vdi Hermony, nhung Gerard Koster Be v i n dugc t i l n cil ldm thg due chudng vd vu khi bdng ddng cda thdnh pho Amsterdam. Cdng vipe ldm dn cua dng rd't nhdt dat vd dng trd thdnh mdt ngudi gidu cd cda thdnh pho.
Sung t h i n cdng cua dng dugc ddnh gid cao vd duge luu gia trong cdc bdo tdng vd sUU tijip t u nhdn, nhu trong bp sUU tap Visser noi tilng.
Em cua p e r a r d Koster Be Id Assuerus Koster The Younger (Assuerus Koster Bd), (ii cU d i n Copenhagen (Dan Mach) vd trd thdnh mdt thg due sung t h i n cdng n l i tie'ng d xUdng dde Copenhaguen cua vua Christian V (1670-1699).
Vdy Id, k h i u t h i n cdng mang s l hieu BTH-TB KL^ 52 hipn dang trung bdy d BTCVOJ) H u l Id mdt e l vdt ed gid tri, do dng Gerard Koster Bd, nghd nhdn ddc sdng chinh thdc vd danh t i l n g cua thdnh pho Amsterdam e h l tde nam 1661, cho mdt thuOng thuyin cua Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan. Ddng chu
^ Id cdc k h i u sung cd ddc hinh chile thuyen budm, bilu tugng cua Cdng ty
132 Tap chi NghiOn ciiu va Phil hign, sd' 6 (89). 2011
Ddng An Ha Lan la rd't hiim, vi p h i n ldn cde k h i u sung cd trdn thuong thuyin cua cdng ty ndy chi duge ghi t i t 3 cha VOC.
Trong bdi v i l t v l cdc k h i u sung t h i n cdng cua VOC tai Hul, dng Cosserat"' cho b i l t k h i u sdng hien dang trUng bdy tai BTCVCD H u l nguyen duge dat trong san Tda Khdm sd Phdp tai Hue'. Ddy Id vii khi md qudn Phdp da tich thu dugc khi ddnh chilm kinh dd H u l vdo thdng 7/1885 vd dugc dem ra Hd NOi d l due thdnh ddng. Tuy nhien, v i n ed mOt s l sung t h i n cdng thodt khdi sU phd buy, nhd cae m l i lien hd lich sd vd dugc trd lai cho trilu dinh Hul. Chung dugc gifl lai noi cdc tdn mie'u, tai dinh cua T h i n g dd'c hode dinh Khdm sd hay dugc chuyin v l Phdp.
Theo tdi, khau sung t h i n cdng cua Gerard Koster Bd due ndm 1661 da hipn dipn^d H u l vdo thdi cde vua nhd Nguyin. Vi theo hd so luu trd cua Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan thi cdng ty ndy khOng bao gid tdng hodc budn bdn sung • t h i n cdng vdi cdc chda Nguyin d Ddng Trong. Cdc khau sdng t h i n cdng Hd Lan cd d Ddng Trong Id nhang k h i u sung bi tich thu t a cdc tdu thuyin cua Hd Lan bi dim. TrUdng hgp diu tidn dUOc ghi nhdn Id vdo ndm 1633, khi thuyin Kemphaan bi m i e e_§in vd s l vu khi trdn thuyin da bi chilm doat.
Nam 1636, Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan cd dng Abraham Duijcker d i n Phu Xudn y l t k i l n chda Nguyin, trUde tidn Id d l khilu nai, nhdm ddi lai s l tien 23.580 rdaux md Ddng Trong da chilm doat khi chile tdu Grootenbroek bi dim 6 g i n quin ddo Hodng Sa vd ddi lai cdc k h i u siing t h i n cdng cua tdu Kemphaan, sau dd, mdi bdn ehuyOn ky k i t cde IiiOp dinh thuong mai. Chda Nguyin Phdc .Lan eho r i n g nhang dilu md Abraham Duijcker khilu nai Id vipe da xdy ra dudi trilu cda tidn vUOng (chda Nguyin Phdc Nguydn), nay k)idng ndn thdo ludn nBa. Chda chi d i n g y Id td nay trd di, Cflng ty Ddng An Hd Lan ed quyln tu do thUOng mai d Ddng Trong, dugc m i l n t h u l b i n bai vd trong trudng hgp cd thuyin eua Hd Lan hi d i m thi hdng hda se khdng bi ddnh t h u l hodc tich thu. Trong thu gdi cho Todn quyln Hd Lan tai Batavia, dng Duijcker eho b i l t rdng 18 k h i u sdng cua thuyin Kempha|n hiOn dang duge bdi tri trong phd chda. Ban lanh dao cda Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan tai Batavia khflng chip thudn quyd't dinh cua chda Nguyen, ndn ed dng Couckebacker den Phu Xudn d l khilu nai lan nda. Chda Nguyin Phdc Lan kien quylt khdng trd s l t i l n trdn, md chi giao lai hai k h i d sdng. L l n cudi eung ed thuyin cua Hd Lan bi d i m Id I i n chile thuyin Der Gooes bi ddm dpc bd biln Ddng Trong vdo thdng 3/1661 vd chda Nguyin da tich thu dugc 62 khiu tljln cdng td chid'c thuyin ndy. Sau sU kien ndy, thu tich cua Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan khflng cdn ghi chuypn thuyin Hd Lan bi d i m tai Ddng Trong nda. Nhu t h i khiu sung than cflng eua Hd Lan d BTCVCD H u l khflng the Id vu khi do ehua Nguyen tich thu td tdu cua Hd Lan, md Id hiOn vdt ed mdi lidn quan vdi Ddng Ngodi. Vd lai, dng Le Breton"' eho b i l t r i n g mpt k h i u sdng tuong tU (chi khdc cdc hoa vdn trang tri d trude c h i t sdng) cung do dng Gerard Koster Bd ddc cung nam 1661, trudc kia dugc dat trong sdn Tda Khdm sd Phdp tai Vinh. Dilu ndy ehdng td cdc k h i u sung eua dng Gerard Koster Bd ddc, trudc ddy Id vdt sd hdu cua Ddng Ngodi.
Tap chi NghiOn ciiu v i Phil trign, sd' 6 (89).2011
Doi vdi Ddng Ngodi, thi td nam 1649, Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan da mua giup sung thln_pdng td Hd Lan eho chinh quyln chda Trinh. Thdng 11/1649, Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan giao cho chua Trinh Trang 2 k h i u t h i n cdng bdng gang vd 10 k h i u t h i n cflng bdng dgng. Chda rd't hdi ldng v l viec ndy. Ndm 1651, dng J a n de Groot bilu eho chda 2 k h i u t h i n cdng bdng gang ma dng Kcijser da hda tdng n l u thuong dilm cda Cdng ty Dflng An Hd Lan duOc duy tri tai Ke Chg (Hd Ngi). Td ndm 1652. d i n ndm 1654, theo quylt dinh eua chda Trinh, hdng nSm Cdng ty Dflng An Hd Lan nflp 3 k h i u t h i n cflng vd 10.000 lugng bae thay cho t i l n t h u l b i n bai. Ndm 1655, thuyin Cabo de Jasquis mua gidp chda Trinh 9 k h i u sdng, mdc du vdy, chda vdn tich thu thflm 7 k h i u sdng cda thuyin ndy. Thdng 7/1657, thuyin Hd Lan lai cdp bin, mang theo sdng t h i n cflng mua theo ydu clu cda chda. Ndm 1661^ chda lai ddi thdm 6 k h i u t h i n cdng cd tren thuyen Meliskerken vd ngUdi Hd Lan phdi chdp nhan. Mua ha ndm 1662, 3 chile thuyin Id Klaverskerke, Roode Vos vd Bunschoten, da dem d i n Kd Chg 10 khiu sdng t h i n cdng bdng ddng de dfli lly to lua. Trong thdi gian ndy thi nhBng khiu than cdng do Gerard Koster Bd ddc ndm 1661 ehua t h i gdi din Batavia trude ndm 1662 hodc 1663.
Ndm 1667, d e c h u i n hi chiln tranh vdi Ddng Trong, chda Trinh Tac nhd Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan mua them sdng t h i n cdng bdng dflng vi suiig bdng p n g qud ndng cho thuyin cua Ddng Ngodi. Ba ndm saji, chda yeu clu mflt ldn nda, nhung phdi d i n ndm 1674 thi Cdng ty Dflng An Hd Lan mdi cho thuyin Papegaai vd Voorhout ehd t h i n cdng vd dan d,ai bdc sang Ddng Ngodi eho chda Trinh. Ddy Id l l n sau cung Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan chuyin giao sdng t h i n cdng cho chinh quyln ehua Trinh. Nhu t h i , hai k h i u sdng do Gerard Koster Be ddc nam 1661 chi cd t h i dugc bdn cho chua Trinh vdo ndm 1674. L:^ do cda viOc bufln bdn cdc k h i u sdng dong ndy Id td ndm 1650 trd di, ngudi Hd Lan thich dung sung bdng gang do chung b i n hon, trong khi cdc chda Trinh lai ehuflng sdng bdng dong ndn ngudi Hd Lan da mang cdc k h i u sdng d i n g cu sang Ddng Ngodi bdn cho chda Trinh.
2. K h a u t h i n c o n g m a n g so ddng k y BTH-TB KL^ 53
Ddy Id k h i u t h i n cdng bdng ddng, ddi 197cm, dudng kinh mieng lOem (Hinh 7), do dng Kylianus Wegewaert thUe h i l n tai Kampen (Hd Lan) ndm thd 15 (1640). Thflng tin ndy duoc the hign bdi ddng ehe
"KYLIANUS. WEGEWART. ME. FECIT. CAMP. 15. A°" due n l i d vdnh chudi sdng (Hinh 8). Phia dudi cd khdc eon so 1355, eho bie't sdng ndng 1355 livre (khodng 677,5 kg). Mdt t r e n vd mdt bdn cda chd't sdng, cd ddng che Hdn, dugc k h i c thdm v l sau HSKf^—^B (ti xich luc nhi thdn tam:
ddi 4 thudc 62 t i e 3 phdn). K h i u sdng ndy duOc BTCVCD Hul'ddng kjr so h i i u Id BTH-TB KL^ 53.
Kylianus Wegewaert cflng xud't thdn t a mflt gia dinh n l i t i l n g v l nghi ddc chudng vd sung t h i n cflng d Hd Lan. Ong ndi cua Kylianus Wegewaert la Wolter Wegewaert (1548-1592), que glc tai MUnster (Dde), cdng vdi ngudi anh Id Willem Wegewaert The Elder (Willem Wegewaert Ldn), di cU d i n
Tap chi NghiOn ciiu v i Phil hrign, stf 6 (89). 2011
Hinh 7 Sung than cong do Kylianus Wegewaert diic nam 1640 dang trung baytai BTCVCD Hue.
HinhS Dong chD due noi tren vanh chuoisung.
Deventer (Hd Lan) vd md mflt xudng dde d i n g d dd vdo trudc ndm 1554, ndm md flng trd thdnh cdng ddn cua thanh p h i Deventer. Ld mpt thg due sung trd danh, Wolter dugc giao nhilm vu due sung d l phdng thd thdnh Deventer, trong khi ngudi anh cua dng dugc cd ldm thg dde chudng chinh thdc cua thdnh p h i ndy vdo ndm 1547. Con gdi cda Willem Wegewaert Ldn Id Trinje, chinh Id bd nfli cda Gerard Koster Bd, ngUdi da due k h i u sdng dugc d l cdp trong p h i n diu bdi viet ndy.
Vl sau, Henrick Wegewaert The Elder (Henrick Wegewaert Ldn, 1580- 1624), con trai cua Wolter, chuyin d i n Kampen vd lap r a xUdng ddc ehuflng ddng d ddy vdo ndm 1596. Ong da ldm ra nhilu chudng ddng vd hidn nOi ddy vin cdn luu gia 60 chudng dong, ed cdi ndng d i n 3.750kg, vd nhilu b?
chudng hda dm, ching h a n nhu chile ehuflng dde nam 1612 eho nhd thd Deventer. Ong dd thdnh mflt cflng ddn ddng kinh, t h i m phdn vd Id Uy vidn Hfli dong thdnh phfl' Kampen.
Sau khi Henrick qua ddi (1624), do con cua dng cdn nhd nen vg dng dting ra qudn ly xUdng due cho d i n 1626, khi Kylianus Wegewaert trUdng thdnh thi len thay t h i . Cung nhu ngUdi cha, Kylianus t i i p tuc sU nghidp ^dc chudng vd ede bp chudng hda dm (nhu bd chudng eho nhd thd Walonie tai Rotterdam). Song chuydn mdn chinh cua Kylianus Wegewaert Id dde sung t h i n cflng. Nhilu k h i u t h i n cdng do dng ddc hien nay cbn luu gid trong cdc bdo tdng, nhu Bdo tdng Guildhall (Boston, Lincolshire, Anh QuIc, ddc ndm 1631), Bao tdng Rotterdam (Hd Lan, due ndm 1636). 6 n g qua ddi ngdy 04/12/1640 vd duge mai tdng trong nhd thd Bovenkerk d Kampen (Hd Lan).
Theo nfli dung t h i h i l n trong ddng cha due trdn vdnh chudi khiu sung, thi sdng ndy dugc ddc vdo ndm thd 15, k l t a khi Kylianus Wegewaert b i t diu khdi nghipp n g h i dde. Vi tren cdi chudng xua nhd't md Kyliemus Wegewaert da ddc cd ghi ndm 1626, ndn Cosserat cho rdng k h i u sung t h i n cdng d BTCVCD Hue ndy dugc ddc vdo ndm 1640."'
Tap chl Nghign ciiu v i Phil triin, so 6 (89). 2011 135
Hinh 9. Hoa v i n hoa i i v i hinh m$t na ngudi trang trl trOn sUng thgn cOng
do Kylianus Wegewaert d U c n i m 1640.
Hinh 10. Hoa van vdng nguyOt qug bao quanh do an iuOng long tranh c h i u t r i n sUng.
Trang tri trdn khiu sdng rat phong phd vd ti mi, vdi ddy Id d rd cdch didu vd nhOiig ddi hdi vdn hoa la lien hodn vd
^'^vj-y I— • j / - ^ V.yj(A ^ ' f ? - ' ^ B hinh mdt na ngUdi
Ik|^.-;^_,^^^-^--<^: - ^ ^ » « ^ : ^ , ^ , , ^ a « rd't ky di (Hinh 9),
ll«^Z__m . • .ai»*»»"^_ B S f ^ 1 ' i ^ " \>S.iv. cho ede kilu thde trang tri eua chdu Au vdo diu t h i ky XVII. Su hidn dien cua hoa vdn, vdng nguydt q u i bao quanh dd dn ludng long tranh chdu (Hinh 10) Id rat ddng ngac nhidn, bdi Id kilu trang tri ndy ehUa h i xud't hidn d Hd Lan ldc b i y gid.
Nhu vdy cd t h i xem k h i u sdngjidy Id sdn p h i m ddt hdng cua vua chda ViOt Nam thdng qua Cflng ty Dflng An Hd Lan. Va lai, khau sdng khflng ed quai, gilng nhu ede k h i u sdng duge ddc tai Viet Nam dudi thdi vua Ld chua Trinh.
Trong hd so luu trd cda Cflng ty Ddng An Hd Lan diu cd ghi chdp vl cdc vdt bilu tdng cda cdng ty ndy eho cdc vi chua NguySn nhung khdng h i c6 khiu sdng t h i n cdng ndo dugc ghi lai. Ngugc lai, trong so qud bilu eua dng Hartsinck cho ehua Trinh vdo ndm 1637 cd 2 khiu t h i n cdng. Chda Trinh r l t hdi Ibng vdi mdn qud ndy vd cho phdp Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan dugc quyln tu do thuong mai d Ddng Ngodi vd dugc phdp ldp mflt thugng did'm tai P h i Hiln. Thdi dfl ndy eua chda Trinh Id nhdm khuyln khich Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan cung cd'p vu khi d l chd'ng lai Ddng Trong. Ngugc lai, Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan thi mud'n md rflng boat dflng giao dieh to lua vdi Ddng Ngodi d l thu lgi nhudn, ddng thdi mud'n dung hdnh ddng thuang mai ndy d l gdy dp luc vdi Dang Trong trong vu dbi bdi thudng 23.580 ddng rdaux vd cde sung t h i n cflng md chda NguySn da tich thu trdn eon thuyin cda Hd Lan bi dim ft Hodng Sa. Song ngUbi Hd Lan lai chua mud'n tham gia vdo cuflc xung dpt Trinh-Nguyln. Ndm 1639, chua Trinh Trdng cd mdt sd gid sang Batavia d l thuong lugng vdi Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan. Phdi dodn trd_vl Kd Chg cung vdi Couckebacker, thflng bdo cho ehua rdng Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan cd t h i cung cd'p vu khi d l doi l l y to lua vd trong trUdng hgp chda cam hdn boat ddng thuong mai cua ngudi Bd Ddo Nha d Ddng Ngodi thi Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan cd t h i gdi thOm 3 chiln thuyin vd 200 qudn linh tham gia vdo cufle chiln ching l^i Ddng Trong. Tuy nhidn, quan hp thuong mai gida hai bdn khdng duge sudn sd vi gid to lua do chua Trinh ndm quyln dinh doat vd do chda bupc Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan phdi dng trade 50.000 lugng bac. Ngdy 24/7/1639, Couckebacker thay mdt cho Todn quyln Hd Lan tai Batavia ky lidn minh vdi Ddng Ngodi, nhung cuflc ddm phdn that bai. Ndm sau, Hartsinck mang thu cda Todn quyln Hd Lan tai Batavia c h i p nhdn nhiing dilu kiOn do chda
136 Tap chi NghiOn g h i va Phat trign, sO' 6 (89). 2011
Trinh ddt ra vd to y s i n sdng tham gia_chiln tranh, nhUng chiia Trinh Trdng lai ta chd'i. Ndm 1641, Cflng ty E)dng An Hd Lan lai gdi thdm 2 bdc thu cho chda Trinh, vd ngdy 15/5/1641, dng Paulus Tradenius, Todn quyln Hd Lan tai Ddi Loan, da bdo cho Todn quyln Hd Lan tai Batavia r i n g chda Trinh dd ehlp nhdn vd se cd mflt phai dodn d i n Batavia.
Nhu Vdy la khiu t h i n cdng mang s l h i | u BTH-TB KLj 53 cda BTCVCD H u l Id^khlu sung do Kylianus Wegewaert due ndm 1640 vd Id qud Cdng ty Dflng An Hd Lan tdng eho ehua Trinh d l lly ldng chinh quyln Ddng Ngodi.
Todn quyln Paulus Tradenius d Ddi Loan da thay mdt Cflng ty Ddng An Hd Lan gdi tdng cho chua Trinh khiu t h i n cdng nay vdo thdng Gidng ndm 1642 d l chda Trjnh sd dyng trong cudc chiln chd'ng lai chua Nguyin d Ddng Trong.
3. Bb^u t h i n cdng m a n g so d a n g k y BTH-TB KL, 54
NgqW 2 k h i u sdng t h i n cflng cd gd'c tich, lai lich rd rdng trdn ddy, BTCVCD H u l edn luu gifl mflt k h i u sung Hd Lan (Hinh 11) khflng dl tdn
^••"cr- ...
Hinh r r. KhSu sung than cOng do chua Trinh dOt l i m vOo khoOng cac n i m 1677-1678.
Hinh 12. Hoa vSn V i j l Nam trang trl trOn khgu sijng do chua Trinh d i t lam.
Mnh (3. Hinh hoa son trang tritrOn khgu siing do chija Trinh d j t l i m .
Tap chl NghiOn ciiu v i Phil hrign, srf6 (89).2011
ngudi due vd ndm due. Trdn c h i t sdng ndy chi cd bay cha Han dugc k h i c thdm v l sau ERH—TfH— (ngi xich ti nhi thdn tam nhdt: ddi 5 thudc 42 t i c 31 phdn).
Hoa vdn trang tri trdn thdn sung Id nhang kilu thdc tiOu bilu cda ViOt Nam ldc b i y gid nhu hoa cue, hoa thi hay hdi van hoa mai lidn hodn (Hinh 12). Ngodi ra, phia trdn p h i n thdn sau cua sdng, ed ddc noi mdt bdng sen trong mflt hinh oval cdch dipu nhu mpt bdp hoa (Hinh 13). Kilu bdp hoa cdch diOu ndy l l y y td mdt kilu hoa vdn trang tri cua phuong Tay nhung cdch t h i hiOn cd p h i n hoi khdc. Dilu ndy cho t h i y cd sU sao chdp cdc kilu thdc trang tri theo motif chdu Au.
Ky thudt ddc vd c h i t liOu d i n g cda k h i u sung ndy khflng t i t bdng hai khiu t h i n cdng do Wegewaert dde ndm 1640 vd Koster ddc ndm 1661. Theo tdi, ddy Id k h i u t h i n cdng do chua Trinh ddt mua cua Hd Lan.
Theo hfl so luu t r a cda Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan thi vdo ndm 1671, chda Trinh cd ddt ddc sdng t h i n cdng thdng qua thuang dilm cua cflng ty tai Batavia vd chda da gdi m l u sdng ldm bdng gS de thfl Hd Lan theo dd md ddc lai bdng ddng. Mai d i n ndm 1677, Todn quyen Batavia mdi ddng ^ cho ddc tai Batavia cde k h i u sdng md chua Trinh dd ddt hdng vd d i n thdng 5/1678, t h u y i n Experiment vd Croonvogel mdi chd sung sang Ddng Ngodi d l bdn giao cho chda Trinh Tac 6 khiu. Chda Trinh rd't hdi ldng nhung dng Besselman, ngudi phu trdch thuong dilm Hd Lan tai Kd Chg da gdp nhilu khd khdn khi thu h l i ti,ln trd eho vide ddc 6 Ithlu sdng ndy. Trong thuang vu ndy, Cdng ty Dflng An Hd Lan thua Io 6.000 dflng florin, do dd hp quylt dinh ngung viOc ddc sdng cho chda Trinh.
Ba k h i u sdng t h i n cdng ndy Id nhang bdng chdng eho viOc mua bdn vd khi gifla ehinh quyln Ddng Ngodi cda chda Trinh vdi Cflng ty Ddng An Hd Lan. Tuy nhidn, 3 k h i u sdng ndy lai Id bilu tugng cua ba hoat dpng tdch biOt vdi nhau:
- K h i u sdng mang s l hiOu BTH-TB KL^ 53 do dng Kylianus Wegewaert dde tai Kampen ndm 1640 Id mflt mdn qua do Cflng ty Dflng An Hd Lan ddt ldm ridng cho chda Trinh, vi t h i hoa van tren sung vda cd hoa vdn kilu ViOt Nam, vda cd hoa vdn cua Hd Lan.
- K h i u sung mang s l hiOu BTH-TB KL^ 52 do dng Gerard Koster Bd ddc tai Amsterdam ndm 1661 ^d mpt bdo vdt ddt trOn mflt thuong thuyin quan trpng eua Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan. Ve sau do ISi thdi ndn mdi duge bdn lai eho ehua Trinh.
- K h i u sdng BTH-TB KLj 54 dugc due vdo khodng cde ndm 1677- 1678, Id vu khi do chda Trinh ddt ldm tai Batavia theo m l u dinh sdn ldm bdng gS. VI t h i , tuy hinh ddng eua sdng chiu anh hudng cua sung t h i n cdng Hd Lan, nhung trang tri tren sung Iai mang ddc trUng cua vdn hda thdi Ld-Trinh.
Tap chl Nghi&n o h i va Phat trign, s6" 6 (89). 2011
Sau cung, toi cho rkng, sif hi$n di$n cua nhQng kh^u sung th^n c6ng cua Ha Lan nay of Hue cd y nghia rS't \dn trong viec l&m mfiu de sau nky cdc vua trieu Nguyin nhtf Gia Long, Minh Mang, Thi^u Tri difa yko d6 d l cho due stjng thdn cong cua trieu Nguyen.***
Philippe Tnfdng CHU T H I C H
(1) M5i van phdng dOng mot chil' cdi ldm b i l u trang: A b i l u trUng clio Phong Amsterdam, D b i l u trung cho Phdng Delft, E bieu triTng cho Phdng Enkhuisen, H bieu trung cho Phbng Horn, R bieu trung cho Phdng Rotterdam vd Z b i l u trung cho Phdng Zederland.
(2) Mai k h i u sOng than cdng cOa Gerard Koster, dUc ndm 1616 v d 1617 (ddi 339cm), dd dUOc dua ra d^u gia tai London ngdy 30/4/2010 vd dUdc bdn vdi gid 14.400 b&ng Anh.
(3) Cosserat H., "Au sujet du monogramme de la Compagnie Nderlandaise des Indes Orientales
• Les canons de ia Residence Sup^rieure" (V^ chQ vl^t tSt c£ia Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan - SOng thgn cdng trong Tda Khdm sO". e-4VW, Oct-Dec/1916, pp. 390-391.
(4) Le Breton H., "Le vieux An Tinh", BAVH, July-Sep/1934, pp. 185-186.
(5) Cosserat H.. Bdd, tr. 392-393.
(') BBT xin c&m dn dng Trgn DQc Anh Sdn da giup bidn tdp, hieu dfnh vd b6 k h u y l t cho bdi v\ii.
NC&PT.
TOM TAT
Trong sUu t$p sdng t h i n cdng hi$n dang trang bdy d Bgo tdng C6 v$t Cung dinh H u l cd 3 k h i u Sling cd ngudn gdc tii Hd Lan. K h i u sOng mang sd' hl$u BTH-TBKL, 53 do dng Kylianus Wegewaert dOc t^i Kampen ndm 1640 Id mdt mdn qud do Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan d$t Idm rieng cho chiia Trjnh, vi t h i hoa vdn trdn siing vCfa cd hoa vdn k i l u Vi$t Nam, vira cd hoa vdn cda Hd Lan. K h i u siing mang s6 hi$u BTH-TBKL, 52 do dng Gerard Koster Bd diic tai Amsterdam ndm 1661 Id mdt bdo v§t ddt trdn mflt thaong t h u y i n quan trpng ciia Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan, v l sau do l5i thdi ndn mdi dUdc bdn lai cho chOa Trjnh. K h i u siing mang s6 hl$u BTH-TSKL, 54 dUi?c diic vdo khodng 1677-1678, Id vu khf do chiia Trjnh d$t Idm tai Batavia theo mSu djnh s i n Idm b&ng gfi.
Ba k h I u t h i n cdng ndy Id bSng chang v l vi$c mua bdn vQ kh( glOa chinh q u y l n Ddng Ngodi cOa chiia Trjnh vdi Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan. Chung cd t h i td nhOng hinh mSu d l sau ndy cdc vl vua t r i l u N g u y i n di/a vdo dd d l diic siing t h i n cdng d H u l .
ABSTRACT
ABOUT THREE DUTCH CANNONS AT HU€ ROYAL ANTIQUITIES MUSEUM
Among the collection of cannons displayed at H u l Royal Antiquities Museum, there are 3 guns originated from the Netherlands.
The cannon numbered BTH-TBKLj 53 was cast by Kylianus Wegewaert in Kampen in 1640. It was a gift only to the Trjnh Lord by the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) so the patterns on the gun have both Vietnamese and Dutch style.
The gun numbered BTH-TBKL, 52 was cast in Amsterdam in 1661 by Gerard Koster The Younger. It was set on an important merchant ship of the VOC. Later, it was sold to Trjnh Lord.
The gun numbered BTH-TBKL^ 54 was cast during 1677-1678. This gun was ordered by Trjnh Lord and cast in Batavia In conformable to a wooden design.
Those three cannons are the evidence of weapon trading between the Trjnh Lords in Tonkin and the VOC; and they could be the models for the NguySn emperors to cast their own cannons in H u l .