VE DU THAO 3 L U A T PHA SAN SITA DOI
Nguyen Minh Hang Biii Bite Giang Tdm tat: Du thdo 3 Ludt Phd sdn sua doi cd khd nhiiu quy dinh m&i so vai Lugt Phd sdn hiin hdnh. Tuy vgy, Du thdo vdn chua khdc phuc dugc mpt s6 vdn di hiin dang vuang mdc hay con thiiu vdng nhirng quy dinh nhdm bdo vi tdt hem quyin lgi cua doanh nghiep ldm vdo tinh trgng phd sdn. Bdi viit binh ludn vd dua ra mpt sd y kiin gop y nhdm hodn thien Die thdo Lugt ndy.
Abstract: The 3'' draft of the Law on Bankrutpcy (amended) contains significant changes in comparison with the existing Law on Bankrutpcy. However, this draft does not really fill in the current legislative gaps or resolve current concerns to better protect relevant stakeholders. This article provides comments and proposals to improve this draft
L
udt Phd sdn sfi 21/2004/QHn ngdy 15 thang 6 nam 2004 chua thyc sy theo kip dupc nhiing ddi Jidi mdi trong thyc tfi hifn nay vfi phuc hfii hoat dpng kinh doanh eiing nhu tuyfin bd pha san doanh nghifip. Kfi tir khi ban hdnh Ludt, chi cd 83 doanh nghifip bi tuyfin bd phd sdn, day la mpt con sd qud nhd so vdi 97.000 doanh nghifip da phai tam dimg hoat dfing kinh doanh hay gidi thfi vdo ndm 2012 vd 9 thdng ddu ndm 2013'. Theo Nghi quyfit sd 45/2013/QH13 ngay 18 thdng 6 nam 2013 cua Qudc hpi vfi difiu chinh Chuong trinh xdy dyng luat, phap lfnh nhiem ky Qufic hfli khda XIII, nam 2013 vd Chuong trinh xdy dyng ludt, phdp lfinh ndm 2014, Luat Pha san sua ddi se dupc thdng qua tai ky hpp thd 7, ndm 2014. Mdi day, Tda an nhan dan tdi eao da cdng bd bdn Dy thdo lan 3 Luat Pha sdn sua ddi (Dy thao). Dy thao ed'TS., Dai hgc Ngoai thuang.
"ThS , Cong ty Lu§t Audier and Partners Vietnam LLC & NCS Dai hpc Paris 2 Pantheon Assas, Phap.
' Viemam Law & Legal Forum, Vol. 20, nos 231- 232 December 2013, p. 49.
nhifiu difim thay ddi ddng kfi so vdi Luat Phd sdn hifin hanh.
1. Mpt so quy dinh mdi
1.1. Th&i diim ldm vdo tinh trgng phd sdn
Dy thdo van dp dung tifiu ehi ddng tifin mat hifn tai (cash flow test) nhu bifn phap duy nhat de danh gia xem mpt doanh nghifip da ldm vdo tinh trang phd sdn hay chua (Dieu 3). Day Id mdt tifiu ehi eo ban dupc su dung trong hau hfit cac he thdng phdp Iudt phd sdn trfin the gidi, nhu phap Iuat Anh chdng h^^. Difiu 4 khoan 1 da dua ra hai phuong an dfi xac dinh cu thfi ddng tifin mat hien tai eua doanh nghifip nhu sau:
• Phuang an 1: Chu np cd quyfin nop dan yeu edu md thu tuc pha sdn ddi vdi doanh nghifip khi doanh nghifp khfing thyc hifin dupc nghTa vu thanh toan khodn np dfin han trong thdi gian ba thdng, kfi tir ngdy chu np cd yfiu cdu.
^ Xem them Roy Goode, Principles of Corporate Insolvency Law, 4"' edn., 2011, Sweet and Maxwell, paras. 4-22 and seq. va Ben Jones and Eva Wilhelm,
"Past the point of no return", Corporate Rescue and Insolvency Journal, Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2011.
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• Phuong dn 2: Chu np cd quyfin nop don yfiu edu md thu tuc phd sdn ddi vdi doanh nghifip khi doanh nghifip khdng thyc hifin nghTa vu thanh todn dupc cac khodn np dfin han tir 200 trifiu ddng trd len trong thdi gian ba thang, ke td ngdy ehu np ed yeu cau.
Sy thay ddi ndy Idm eho sy kifin danh ddu thdi difim doanh nghifp lam vao tinh trang phd san trd nen ro rang hon so vdi Luat Pha san hifn hdnh.
1.2. Thu tuc phd sdn
Thdi han dfi chu no gui giay ddi no gidm xuflng cdn 45 ngdy kfi tir ngay cuoi cimg ddng bdo, ddng tdi thdng tin vfi quyfit dinh cua toa an md thu tuc phd sdn. Tuy nhifin, trong trudng hpp dac bifit, thdi ban thyc hifin quyen ddi np dupc tinh kfi tu khi md thu tue eho dfin thdi diem ra quyfit dinh tuyfin bo phd sdn (Difiu 65 khodn 1). Hon niia, mflt trong nhiing bifin phdp phue hfli hoat dpng kinh doanh dupe dua ra trong Dy thdo ldn nay bao gfim vifie ban Iai doanh nghifip hoac ban cfi phdn eho chit np hoac bfin thu ba (difim d, khodn 2 Difiu 93). 6 day, Du thdo dung thuat ngii ed phdn mdi phdn dnh dupe duy nhat phdn vdn gdp trong cflng ty cd phdn chu chua tinh dfin phdn vfin gdp vdo trong cde loai hinh doanh nghiep khac md phdp ludt phd san dang dieu ehinh.
Ngoai ra, vifc thanh ly tai sdn cua doanh nghifip se dupc nfiu rd trong quyfit dinh tuyfin bo doanh nghifip bj pha sdn eua tda an vd chi dupe tifin hdnh sau khi ban hdnh quyet djnh ndy (Difiu 105). Sy thay ddi nfiu trfin dupc ky vpng Id se khifin thit tue pha sdn tfln it thdi gian han so vdi hifin tai.
1.3. Tgm hoan thuc hien nghta vu thanh todn
Theo quy dinh tai khoan 1 Difiu 40 Dy thdo, kfi tu ngdy tod an thu ly dan yfiu cdu
md thii tuc phd sdn, vific thi hdnh dn dan sy vfi tdi sdn ma doanh nghifip Id ngudi phai thi hanh dn se bi dinh chi, trir ban dn, quy^t dinh bupc doanh nghiep phdi bdi thudng thift hai lifin quan dfin tinh mang, sue khde, danh dy eua ngudi khde, hoac thye hifn nghTa vy vdi Nha nude hoac trd luong cho ngudi Iao dpng. Khodn 1 Difiu 96, quy dinh cam thanh todn np khong ed bdo ddm chi dupc dp dung cho tdi khi tda dn dua quyfit dinh edng nhdn Nghi quyfit vfi phuang an phuc hfii hoat dpng kinh doanh cua doanh nghifip. Ddy la mpt difim mdi dang luu ^ so vdi quy dinh hien hanh. Tuong ty, Difiu 48 quy dinh vific tam hoan thyc hifin nghia vu thanh todn mdt khoan np cd ddm bdo cd hifu lye tdi thdi difim tda dn ra quyfit dinh tuyfin bd doanh nghifip phd sdn. Tuy vgy, Dy thdo cdn nfiu rd hon difim nay.
J. 4. Qudn tdi vien
Dy thdo thay thfi Tfi quan ly, thanh ly tai sdn theo quy dinh hifin hdnh bdng chuc danh Quan tdi vifin la mfit Iudt su dupe cdp chiing ehi hdnh nghfi do tda an ehi dinh theo yfiu cdu cua ngudi nop don yfiu cdu md thu tuc phd sdn. Dy thdo trao cho Qudn tdi vifin khd nhifiu quyfin han tir khi bdt ddu thu tuc pha san tdi khi trifin khai thuc hifn phuang dn phuc hfii hoat ddng kinh doanh cua doanh nghifip, trong dd bao gdm vifie qudn ly tdi sdn cua doanh nghiep, tfi chtic hpi nghi ehu np, gidm sdt va quan ly boat dpng kinh doanh vd thu hdi cdc khodn tifin, tdi sdn cua ngudi mdc np doanh nghifip (khodn 1, Difiu 13 va khodn 1 Dieu 43).
Difim (i) khoan 1 Difiu 13 Dy thdo quy djnh Quan tdi vien cd quyen "chi dfnh ngu&i dgi diin hgp phdp cua doanh nghidp [...] trong tru&ng hgp doanh nghidp [..J khong CO ngu&i dgi di$n hgp phdp", vd 54
VEDU'THA03LU4T...
khodn 2 Difiu 43 quy dinh Qudn tai vifin ed the dfi nghi tda an thay thfi ngudi dai difin hpp phdp nfiu xet thdy ngudi qudn ly hifin tai cua doanh nghifip khfing cd khd ndng dieu hdnh hoat ddng kinh doanh hoac nfiu tlfip tue difiu hdnh se khdng cd Ipi cho vific bdo todn tdi sdn eiia doanh nghifip.
Tuy nhifin, Qudn tdi vifin khfing ed quyfin dinh doat tdi sdn eua doanh nghifip.
Vific djnh doat nay ddi hdi cd sy chdp thuan cita tda dn (difim d, khoan 2 Difiu 44). Vific gidi han quyfin han cua Qudn tdi vifin trong vifie djnh doat tdi sdn cd thfi Idm gidm bdt nhiing Ipi ich ed thfi ed cua vific thay thfi Tfi qudn ly, thanh ly tai sdn bdng chirc danh nay. Tuong ty, Qudn tai vifin khdng chiu trdch nhifim thi hdnh quyet dinh tuyfin bfl pha san doanh nghifp eua tda dn, ehang han vifie thanh ly tdi sdn eua doanh nghifip (Difiu 114 vd ede Difiu Iuat sau dd) se thudc thdm quyen eua chdp hanh vifin.
1.5. Tdi sdn du^c uy thdc
Mae du duoc qudn ly bdi bfin nhan uy thac, tai san dupc uy thac khdng thupc sd hiiu eua bfin nay. Dy thao hudng den viee bdo vfi tdi sdn dupe uy thdc trong mpt sd trudng hpp uy thdc hode trong co ehfi tuang ty khi bfin nhdn uy thdc ldm vdo tinh trang pha sdn. Theo quy dinh tai khoan 2 Difiu 62 Dy thdo, trong trudng hpp doanh nghifip Iam vdo tinh trang phd sdn Id doanh nghifip kinh doanh chting khodn, ngan hdng luu ky, ngan hang gidm sdt, nhiing tdi sdn dudi day khfing dupc eoi Id tai sdn cua doanh nghifip:
- Tai san uy thde cua khdeh hdng trong nghifip vu qudn ly danh mue ddu tu chiing khoan vd qudn ly tai khodn giao dich chung khodn;
- Tdi sdn cua quy ddu tu chiing khoan, cong ty dau tu chiing khoan, quy huu tri, chuang trinh huu tri ty nguyfn, bd sung;
- Tdi sdn nhdn gui giii hd cua khdch hang.
Ddy la cdch tifip can hpp ly. Tuy nhifin, Dy thdo edn ehua nfiu trong danh sach nay tai sdn ity thde trong m^t sfi co chfi uy thdc da dupc phdp ludt thye dinh thua nhan nhu uy thdc mua bdn hdng hda (Difiu 155 vd tifip theo cita Luat Thuong mai), chfi dinh uy thae trong ITnh vye lifin quan dfin hoat dfing ngan hdng (Thdng tu sd 04/2012/TT- NHNN ctia Ngdn hang Nhd nudc Viet Nam vfi nghiep vu nhdn uy thdc vd uy thde cua td chuc tin dung, ehi nhanh ngan hdng nudc ngodi ngay 8 thdng 3 nam 2012), hay tai sdn bdo dam do thdnh vifin ddu mfii nhan tai sdn bdo ddm quan ly (Thfing tu sd 42/2011/TT-NHNN quy dinh vfi vifie edp tin dung hpp vfin eua eac td chirc tin dung dfii vdi khdeh hang)...
1.6, Thu tu uu tiin thanh todn Theo quy dinh tai Difiu 48 va ede Difiu tifip theo cua Dy thao, vific thanh todn eho ehit np dupe thyc hifin theo thii ty uu tifin dudi ddy:
- Cac khoan np cd bao ddm;
- Gid tri ciia cac bifn phdp ho trp tai chinh dac bifit ciia Nha nudc cho mfit doanh nghifip nhd nude, hode ede khoan cho vay dde bift danh cho mpt td chiic tin dung ciia Ngan hang Nhd nudc Viet Nam hodc cua mpt td ehde tin dung khdc;
- Phi pha sdn; phi, chi phi cuang chfi thi hanh quyfit djnh tuyfin bo phd san;
- Cdc khodn np luong, trp cap thdi viec, bdo hifim xa hpi vd cde quyfin lpi khdc theo thda udc lao ddng tap thfi vd hpp ddng Iao ddng da ky kfit;
- Cdc khodn no phdt sinh sau khi md thu tuc phd san nhdm myc dich phue hdi hoat dpng kinh doanh cita doanh nghifip;
NHA NU'&C VA PHAP LUAT SO 6/2014 - Cde khodn np thufi, nghTa vu thanh todn cde khoan phat hdnh chinh;
- Cdc khoan np khdng cd bao dam.
Thd ty nfiu trfin vfi eo bdn van giflng vdi quy dinh hifin hdnh, trong do ddng chu y nhdt Id cac khodn np cd bao dam van dupc uu tifin thanh toan dau tifin. Quy dinh nay hy vpng se gdp phdn khoi thdng tin dung, tao CO sd phap ly an todn eho ede ngan hang khi eho vay. Difim mdi la Dy thdo da tinh dfin np thufi vd cdc khodn phat hdnh chinh.
Tuy vdy, ede khodn np nay cd thu ty uu tifin sau cac chu np cd quyfin uu tifin khde vd chi dung trfin cac khoan rip khong cd bao dam.
2. Mot so han che
2.1. Vi thoa thugn tu nguyen v&i chu ng
Mpt doanh nghifip khdng cd kha nang thanh todn cde khoan np dfin han cd thfi dat dupc mfit thda thuan vdi cac chu np dfi gidi quyet cac khodn np khfing thflng qua vific thanh todn toan bfl gia tri cde khoan np do.
Difiu 33 eua Dy thdo dua ra thdi han thuang lupng ty nguyfin Id 2 thang kfi tir ngay cde bfin dfi nghi thuong lupng, trudc khi quyfit djnh md thu tuc phd sdn dupc dua ra. Vifie thuang lupng nay cd thfi eho phep ehu np nop don yfiu edu md thu tuc phd sdn va doanh nghifip dat dupc thda thuan vfi vific rut don yfiu cdu md thu tue phd sdn. Tuy vay, Dy thdo ehi quy dinh tda dn se cd trdeh nhifim hudng dan cde bfin vfi thu tuc thuong lupng, md khdng dfi cap cu thfi vfi nfli dung thuong luong.
Theo quy dinh cua phap Iuat Anh, cd rdt nhifiu loai thda thudn ty nguyfin vdi chu np^, trong dd tieu bifiu la thda thudn dan xfip
Roy Goode,^ Principles of Corporate Insolvency Law, sach da din, paras. 1-43 and seq
(scheme of arrangement) va thda thudn ty nguyfin vdi cong ty (company voluntary arrangement - CVA).
Thda thuan dan xfip dupe quy dinh tai phdn 26 (Part 26) (Secrions 895-901) cua Ludt Cfing ty (2006 Companies Act 2006).
Thudng thi, thda thuan nay ddi hdi co su ddng y cua mpt sd ehit np nhdt dinh (chdng han cae bfin cho vay trong mot hpp ddng hpp vdn) - edn it nhat su ddng y cua da sfi cac chu np lifin quan nay, vd eua eac thdnh vifin/cd dfing eua cdng ty vfi rat nhifiu bifin phap nhu: chuyfin np thdnh phdn vdn gdp/cfl phan, thay ddi vi tri uu tifin thanh todn cua khodn np ed bdo ddm hay khoan np khfing cd bdo ddm, ehuyen khoan np cd bdo dam thanh khoan np khdng ed bdo ddm va ngupc lai, tang hoac gidm vdn gdp... Thda thuan ndy phdi dupc tda an chap thuan.
Ddi vdi ede edng ty nhd, thda thudn vod cde chil np dupc bifit dfin dudi dang thoa thudn ty nguyfin vdi cdng ty dupc xac lap bdi doanh nghifip va mpt sd chu no. Muc dich eua thda thuan nay Id nhdm dat dupe sy chap thu^n cua ede ehu np trong vifc thanh toan mpt phan cac khodn np, vd qua dd tao dieu kien cho edng ty cd thfi tifip tuc hoat ddng kinh doanh hoae it nhdt cd thfi cho phep dinh doat tdi sdn cita cfing ty theo nhdng difiu kifin thudn Ipi hon la trong trudng hpp khfing ed CVA. Mdt CVA se can cd it sy chdp thu^n cua ba phdn tu so chu np lifin quan. Thdng thudng, CVA thudng dua ra quy dinh vfi viec ban tai sdn vd phdn chia sfi tifin thu dupe eho cde ehii np hoae vfi vific tifip tuc kinh doanh vd trong qud trinh dd tifin hdnh thanh todn np dinh k}' tu ngudn thu ty vifc kinh doanh eho mfit giam sdt vifin trong khudn khd CVA (vi dy:
tda dn), dfi phan chia Iai khodn tifin thu dupc 56
VE Dt/THAO 3 LU^T..
cho eac chu np theo ede quy dinh trong CVA"*.
Dy thdo nfin khuyfin khieh vd da dang hda ede thda thuan tu nguyfn vdi chu np nhdm tao ra mpt co chfi linh boat va hieu qua hon cho doanh nghifip trong vifc khdc phuc ede khd khan vfi mat tai ehinh vdi sy tham gia cua cdc ehu np.
2.2. Vi quyin vd nghta vu cua Qudn tai viin
Khodn 6 Difiu 7 vd Difiu 13 cua Dy thao eho thdy, Qudn tdi vifin thye hifin quyfin ban cua minh vdi tu each Id dai difn cua doanh nghifip. Vai trd nay nen dupc nfiu rd hon trong Dy thao.
Trong khi thye thi quyen han vd nghTa vu eua minh, Qudn tdi vien cd thfi gdp khd khan trong vific: (i) Gidi thieh cac quy djnh phap luat ve chuc ndng, quyfin han eua minh hode (ii) Gidi quyet cdc van dfi thyc tifin VQ qudn ly doanh nghifip khdng dupc nfiu ro trong quy dinh cua phdp Iudt. Do vay, Difiu 13 nfin cd quy dinh cho phep Qudn tdi vien dupe xin chi dan tir tda an trong nhung trudng hpp nay.
Theo quy dinh t^ diem b, khodn 1, Difiu 13 cua Dy thdo, Qudn tdi vifin dupe huofng thil lao theo quy dinh cua phdp Iuat.
Tuy nhifin, difiu khdng rd rang d ddy la Hf u ed thfi coi thu lao nay Id mdt phan cua phi phd sdn dupc dfi cap tai Difiu 19 vd difim a, khodn 1 Difiu 50 hay khong. Thdng thudng, thil Iao cita Qudn tdi vien vd cac chi phi phdt sinh trong qud trinh thyc hifin chue nang, nhifim vu cua Qudn tdi vifin se dupc thanh todn bdng tai san cua doanh nghifp.
2.3. Vi giao dich ddng ng&
Muc tifiu can bdn cua phap Iuat phd sdn la dua lai mpt thu tuc cfing bdng vd cd trdt ta dfi xu ly eae giao dich tdi chinh cua doanh nghifip Idm vao tinh trang phd san.
Nguyfin tdc dam bdo ddi xd cfing bdng gida cdc ehu np khong cd bdo dam phai dupc ghi nhan vd cac quy dinh vfi giao djeh dang ngd ra ddi nham muc dieh ddm bdo Id doanh nghifip khfing dinh doat tdi sdn cua minh cho ede bfin vdn khdng cd quyfin dfii vdi cdc tdi sdn nay vd nham ngdn ngda vific cdng ty dfii xu uu ai mfit hode mfit so chu np khdng ed bdo dam ma qua dd gdy hai eho toan bfl cdc ehu np khflng cd bdo dam^.
Difiu 56 eua Dy thao quy dinh vfi cdc giao dich bi coi la vfl hifu do cd nguy ca tac ddng tifiu cyc dfin quyen lpi cda ede ehu np khdc. Cde giao dich ddng ngd nay bao gfim cdc giao dich ed gid thap hon gia thi trudng (transactions at an undervalue) vd giao dich nham ddi xu khong efing bdng giiia cae ehu np (voidable preferences). Tuy nhien, difiu dang luu y Id theo quy dinh tai Difiu ndy, tdt ed eac giao dich ddng ngd dupe thyc hifn trude ngdy tod dn md thu tuc pha sdn dfiu se bi coi la vd hifu. Cd thfi hifiu la do rdt khd dfi xde dinh nhiing uu ai khdng chinh ddng trong giao dieh nfin phap ludt ed thfi loai trir tat ca cac giao djch dupc xdc Idp trong luc doanh nghifip dang d trong tinh trang phd san. Thye te cho thay, cdc cdng ty gia dinh thudng tim each tau tan tai san cua minh khi y thirc dupc rang cdng ty dang tifin gdn tdi bd vyc phd san va dpng thai nay cd thfi diln ra trong vdng mdt nam hoac Idu ban trudc khi doanh nghifip phd sdn.
'' Roy Goode, Principles of Corporate Insolvency Law, sach di dan, para. 12-26.
^ Shirley Quo, "Insolvency law: a comparative analysis of the preference tests in the UK and Australia", Company Lawyer, 2007.
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 6/2014 Tuy nhifin, theo chitng tfii can quy dinh mpt khodng thdi gian tinh dfin thdi difim md thu tue pha san trong dd giao dich ddng ngd cd thfi bi tuyfin vfi hifiu (khoang thdi gian nay cd thfi len dfin 6 thdng ddi vdi giao dich nhdm doi xir khfing cfing bdng giiia cac chu np (hoac trong trudng hpp ddi tdc la ngudi ed lifin quan vdi cdng ty Id 2 nam) trudc thdi difim md thu tuc phd sdn hoac la 2 nam trong trudng hpp giao dich cd gia thap hon gid thi trudng).
Cu thfi hon, dfii vdi ede giao dich nham doi xir khdng eong bdng giiia cdc ehit np, edn cd quy dinh chi tifit ban vfi tifiu chi dfi cd the tuyfin vfi hifiu. Chdng han, ngodi thdi hifiu nfiu d trfin, cd the xem xet nhiing tifiu ehi dudi day:
- Doanh nghifip dd thye hifin mdt giao dieh nao dd, hodc da phai chiu mdt giao dich ndo dd se dupc thye hifin, ma hau qud la da dua mfit chii np (bao gfim ed chu np dy phdng - chdng han bfin nhan bao lanh) vdo mfit vi thfi tdt han vi thfi ddng le chu np ndy se cd nfiu giao dich nay khong dupc thyc hifn;
- Doanh nghifip khdng cd kha nang trd np vao thdi difim do hodc ldm vao tinh trang phd sdn do giao dich nay; vd
- Doanh nghifip da bi dnh huoTig khi dua ra vifc ddi xu uu di bdi mong muon dua mdt chii no vdo mdt vi thfi tflt hon vi thfi ddng le chu np nay se cd nfiu giao dich nay khflng dupe thyc hien (difiu nay dupc coi id duong nhifin trong trudng hpp giao dich vdi ede ben lifin quan)^.
2.4. Vi trach nhiem cua ngu&i diiu hdnh doanh nghiep trong giao dich
Dfi khuyfin khich kjp thdi ngudi difiu hdnh doanh nghifip trong vific: (i) Cd cac thda thu^n ty nguyen vdi cde ehii np hay nop dan md thu tuc pha san khi sdm phdt hifin thdy cac vdn dfi tdi ehinh cua doanh nghifip, hode (ii) Chit ddng dfi xudt dua doanh nghifip vdo thii tuc phue hfii hoat dpng kinh doanh, mpt he thfing phdp ludt tifiu bifiu' thudng cd cac quy dinh vfi trdch nhifm eua ngudi dieu hanh doanh nghifip khi khdng thye hien kip thdi cac bifn phdp thieh hpp dua trfin vific danh gid khdeh quan tinh trang tai chinh eita cong ty^. Dy thao chi quy dinh viee Giam dde, Chu tich vd thdnh vifin Hpi ddng quan tri cua cde doanh nghifp nha nudc hodc cde doanh nghifip hoat dflng trong ITnh vyc kinh doanh cd difiu kifin bi tuyfin bo pha sdn khflng dupc ddm nhifim eac chirc danh qudn ly hay thdnh lap mdi doanh nghifip.
Thifit nghT, cd thfi tham khao kinh nghifim vfi thyc hifin giao dieh Iuc phd sdn (insolvent trading provisions) nhy quy dinh trong phdp Iu$t Uc^. Theo do, thye hifin giao dieh luc phd sdn xdy ra nfiu mpt cdng ty xdc lap mdt khoan no mdi khi lam vdo tinh tr^g pha san hoac se Idm vao tinh trang pha sdn do hf qud cua vifc xac lap khodn no ndy, vdi difiu kien Id vdo thdi difim do ngudi difiu hanh cong ty dd y thdc dupe rdng cd ede CO sd dfi ed thfi nghi nggi vifie efing ty Iam vdo tinh trang phd sdn hodc cd thfi sfi lam vao tinh trang pha sdn do xdc lap khodn np (Ludt Cfing ty (Corporations Act 2001
Richard Calnan, Taking security - Law and Practice, Jordans, 2"*'edn, 2011,para. 9.41,
' v l quy djnh cua phap luat Anh, xem thfim Roy Goode, Principles of Corporate Insolvency Law, sich da din, paras. 14-01 andseq.
* Davy Wu, "The proposals for insolvent trading law in Hong Kong", Company Lawyer, 2011.
' Vfi quy djnh cua phip lugt Anh, xem thfim Roy Goode, Principles of Corporate Insolvency Law, sich da dan, paras. 14-01 andseq.
58
VED^ THAO 3 LUAT..
(CA)) s.588G(l) and (2)(a)). Cung cd thfi tifin hdnh khdi kifin ngudi difiu hanh doanh nghifp nfiu nhu d mflt vi tri tuong ty trong hodn cdnh eua edng ty binh thudng se y thdc dupe nhu vay (CA s.588G(2)(b)). Ndi each khdc, ngudi difiu hanh cdng ty ed nghTa vy chu dpng ngan ngda vifc cdng ty:
(i) Xac lap khodn np khi lam vdo tinh trang phd san, hode (ii) Lam vdo tinh trang phd sdn bci vifie xde Idp khoan np' - Vfi mat trach nhifim, ngudi dieu hdnh cdng ty nfiu bi truy eiiu trdch nhifim trong vifie thye hifin giao dieh lue pha san cd thfi phdi bfii thudng cho cflng ty vd cung ed thfi bi cdm ddm nhifm chuc vu qudn ly trong mpt thdi gian nhdt dinh (disqualification) (CA s.588J(l) and s.206C(l)). Tda an eiing ed thfi budc anh ta phai tra mfit khoan tifin phat cho Chinh phu (CA s.l317G(l)(a)). Vifie tmy eiiu trdch nhifim hinh sy cd thfi duoc tifin hanh nfiu ngudi difiu hanh edng ty khdng thyc hifin viec ngdn ngda giao dich lue phd san la do khdng trung thyc (CA S.588K).
Trong thye tfi, se rat khd dfi ehirng minh ldi bdi vi dfi chiing minh ldi cdn phdi chung minh y dinh eua ngudi dupe cho Id mdc ldi.
Do dd, cdc quy dinh vfi thyc hifin giao dich lite phd san se dua lai cho Qudn tdi vifin hodc tda an nhifiu quyfin hon trong vifie thu hfli Iai gid tri cde giao dich dang ngd. Dieu ndy cung khdng di ngupe lai trdt ty edng, bdi vi quyfin ndy chi dupc su dung nfiu xet mflt cdch khdch quan cflng ty da thyc hifn giao dieh khi ldm vdo tinh trang phd san.
Cach tifip can nay ve co bdn se tao ra mpt nghTa vu can trpng td phia ngudi difiu hdnh doanh nghifip de khflng thuc hifn giao dich '" House of Representatives of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Corporate Law Reform Bi/l 1992 & Explanatory Memorandum (North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia, 1992), para. 1082
xac Idp khodn np mdi khi cdng ty ldm vao tinh trang phd san. Nd eiing Idm tang vifie su dyng dich vu kifim todn vd eac bifin phdp bfin ngoai khdc dfi ddnh gid khd ndng tdi chinh cua cong ty.
2.5. Vi xu ly tdi sdn bdo ddm Kfi tu ngdy tda an thu ly don yfiu cdu md thu tue phd sdn, ehu np ed bdo dam ehi cd thfi xu iy bifin phdp bdo ddm cua minh dfii vdi tai sdn doanh nghifp nfiu dupc toa dn eho phep (khodn 3 Difiu 40). Mac dii Dieu 48 vd nhiing difiu tifip theo eua Du thao quy dinh chu np cd bdo dam dupc uu tifin thanh todn trudc tat ed eac chit np khdc (cde chu np dac bifit vd cac chu np khfing bdo dam), nhung ede difiu ludt ndy khflng quy dinh ro rang vfi phuang thure ma cdc chit np ed bdo ddm ed thfi trifin khai dfi xu Iy tdi sdn bdo dam khi ed quyfit dinh tuyfin bd doanh nghifip pha san. Sy khdng ro rang se dan tdi edeh giai thich phdp luat khde nhau vd do do gay trd ngai eho vific thyc thi cae bifn phdp bdo dam. Vfi difim nay cd thfi tham khao kinh nghifim cua phdp ludt Anh, theo dd nfiu bfin bao ddm ldm vdo tinh trang phd sdn, chu np khfing cdn phdi xin phep thanh ly vifin (liquidator) hay tda dn khi tifin hdnh xu ly tdi san bdo ddm vdi difiu kifin bifin phdp bdo dam da dupe xde lap hpp phap va khdng bi tuyfin vd hifu do Id giao dich dang ngd"-
Trfin tinh than ndy, Dy thao Ludt nfin quy dinh ro rdng quyfin xu ly cac bifin phdp bdo dam cua ehu np cd bdo ddm ma khdng can sy eho phep eua tda dn hode cua co quan thi hdnh an.
Thfim vao dd, cdm gid tdi san bao ddm vfi bdn chat Id mpt bifin phap bao ddm mac Richard Calnan, Taking security - Law and Practice, sich d3 dan, para.9.19.
NHA NU&C VA PHAP LUAT SO 6/2014 nhifin md phdp ludt dua Iai eho bfin cdm giii dil cac ben khfing cd thda thuan tu trudc'^.
Bifn phdp bdo ddm nay dem lai sy bdo vfi tfii uu cho chit np dang edm gift tdi sdn. Dy thdo nfin cfing nhdn gid tri phdp ly cua quyfin cdm giii tai sdn doanh nghifp kfi tir thdi difim md thu tuc pha sdn dfin thdi difim thanh ly tai sdn: bfin cdm giii ehi trao tdi sdn ma minh cdm giii nfiu dupc thanh toan khoan np ddi vdi minh
2.6. Vi uu tien thanh todn cdc khodn nff m&i phdt sinh
Trong thye tfi, cdc khodn tai trp mdi rdt hftu ieh dfi dam bdo ngudn vdn Iuu ddng phu hpp cho doanh nghifip. Thdng thudng, cac khoan tdi chinh mdi nay dfin tu cac ngan hdng cua doanh nghifip hodc eac chu np ldn cd bao ddm khac. Trong trudng hpp vific thyc hifn nhiing hpp dong kinh doanh quan trpng cd thfi dua lgi nguon thu dang kfi cho doanh nghifip sdp tdi giai doan kfit thiie, ehi phi lai vay cd thfi nhd hon rat nhifiu so vdi ngudn thu se cd kha nang nhan dupc.
Tuy vay, nhiing quy dinh ve cdc khodn np mdi phdt sinh cita Dy thdo van chua thyc sy thda dang. Difim d, khoan 2 Difiu 44 quy dinh sau khi nhan dupc quyfit dinh md thii tue phd sdn, viee thanh todn cac khodn np mdi phdt sinh tir hoat dpng kinh doanh cita doanh nghifip phdi dupe sy ddng y bang vdn ban cua tda an trudc khi thyc hifin cho du theo khodn 2 Difiu 47, tifin lai cua cac khodn np mdi sau khi md thu tuc phd san dfin thdi difim tuyfin bo pha sdn doanh nghifip dupc xde dinh theo thda thuan cua ede ben. Can Iuu y, khdng ed quy dinh ndo trong Dy thao
nfiu ro eac can cu hay tifiu ehi dfi dua vao dd tda an cd thfi dua ra quyfit dinh cho phep thanh todn mdt khoan np mdi. Yeu eau phai xin phep tham phdn trude khi thanh todn khodn np mdi Id mpt han chfi boi nd khdng tao ddng CO eho chu np eii hay mdi tham gia mpt edeh "man ma" vdo qud trinh phuc hfli doanh nghifip. Nfin quy dinh theo hudng cde quyfin ddi np cua cae bfin dd eung cdp hdng hda, dich vu cho doanh nghifp dupc phdt sirih hpp phdp sau khi md thu tue phd san se dupc thanh todn khi den ban md khdng cdn phdi xin phep tda an'"*
Han niia, theo quy dinh tai Difiu 48 va khodn 1 Difiu 50, cac khodn np mdi phdt sinh sau khi md thu tue pha sdn nhdm muc dich phuc hoi boat ddng kinh doanh cita doanh nghiep se dupc thanh todn sau cac khodn np ed bao dam, phi phd sdn vd chi phi cuong chfi thi hdnh quyfit dinh pha san vd cdc khodn np ddi vdi ngudi lao dpng. Nfin ehdng edn quy dinh ddi vdi ede khodn np mdi chua dfin ban vdo thdi difim thanh ly tai san eua doanh nghiep se dupc coi la chl phi cua vific phuc hdi boat ddng kinh doanh vd do dd se dupe thanh toan trudc phi phd san, chi phi cudng chfi thi hanh quyfit dinh pha sdn vd cde khodn no dfii vdi ngudi lao dpng.
2.7. Ve cdc hgp dong dang dugc thuc hifn
Trong thyc tfi, cac hpp dflng thuong mgi hay hdu hfit cac hpp ddng tin dung thudng cd mpt difiu khoan quy dinh hpp dfing se ty dpng ehdm dut hay trao cho mpt ben quyfin dan phuang chdm ddt hpp ddng khi bfin kia lam vao tinh trang pha sdn (ipso facto clauses). Theo quy dinh tai khodn 1 Dilu Richard Calnan, Taking security - Law and
Practice, sich da din, paras. 10.1 andseq.
'^ v l dilm nay, xem thfim Fran^oise Perochon, Entreprises en difficulte, LGDJ, 9* ed, 2012, n° 596 et suivants.
'* Xem thfim: ThS. Btti Dttc Giang, "Tgm hoan ihfc hifn nghia v^ thanh toin ctta doanh nghifp lim vio tinh trgng phi sin", Tgp chf Ngin hang, sfl 19, thing 10/2012.
60
VE Dt/THAO 3 LU4T..
426 Bd Iudt Ddn sy, "mpt bin cd quyin don phucmg chdm dut thirc hien hop ddng niu cdc ben co thda thugn hogc phdp ludt eo quy dinh". Quy diiih nay phdn anh nguyfin tde ty do giao kfit hpp dfing nfiu tai Difiu 4 va khodn 1 Difiu 389 Bp ludt Ddn sy, theo dd ede bfin ed thfi ty do thda thudn ede trudng hpp hpp ddng ty ddng cham dut hay mdt trong cac bfin ed quyfin cham dut hpp ddng". Do dd, ed thfi hifiu khodn 1 Difiu 426 Bd Iudt Dan sy eho phep mpt bfin ed quyfin don phuang chdm dut hpp dfing khi bfin kia Idm vao tinh trang phd sdn nfiu cd difiu khoan ipso facto trong hpp ddng nay.
Giai phdp ndy can dupe quy dinh ro rang hon trong Dy thdo'^.
Thudt ngd "dinh ehi" trong eum tir
"dinh chi thuc hien hgp dong dang co hiiu liec" eita Difiu 58 Dy thdo de gdy nhdm Idn va khdng phu hpp, nfin dupc thay thfi boi cum tir "huy bd hgp ddng vd don phuang chdm diet thuc hien hgp ddng" dfi phu hpp hon vdi quy dinh cua Bd ludt Ddn sy. Khdc vdi phap lu^t Viet Nam, phdp lu$t My hay Phap sd dung thuat ngii "hgp dong dang dugc thuc hiin" (executory contract, contrat en cours), phdn dnh chinh xac hon bdn chat phap ly eua hpp ddng trong trudng hpp nay.
Theo quy dinh tai khodn 1 Dieu 58 Dy thdo, mpt hpp dfing dang cd hieu lye cd thfi la mpt hpp ddng dang dupc thyc hifin hoac mpt hop dflng chua dupe thye hien. Thifit nghT, nfin dua ra mdt dinh nghTa cu thfi vfi cac hpp dflng ndy, chdng han do Id hop ddng ma nghla vu ca bdn ciia cd ben eua '* Ching hgn cic ben cfl the thoa thuin vfi quyin don phuang chim dttt hgp dong mi khflng cd yfiu to lfli hay vi phgm hgp dong.
'* Xem them: ThS. Bui Dttc Giang, "Phip lu^t ve thuc hien cic hgp d6ng dang cd hifu Iuc trong thtt tyc phi sin", Tgp chf Nhi nudc vi Phip luit, thing 8/2012.
hpp ddng ldm vdo tinh trang phd sdn vd ben kia cua hpp ddng cdn ehua dupc thyc hifin xong va tat nhifin, ede nghTa vu eo ban eua bfin kia cua hpp dong ehinh Id quyfin yfiu cdu (tdi san) cita bfin Idm vdo tinh trang phd sdn trong khi nghla vu eita ben lam vao tinh trang pha san ehinh la nghTa vu tdi sdn (nghia vu np) eua bfin ndy. Vi du, mdt hpp dfing mua, ban bat dfing sdn dupe coi la dang cd hifiu lye khi vao thdi difim md thu tuc phd sdn vifc ehuyfin giao quyfin sd hiiu chua dupc thyc hifin va gia mua, ban vln edn ehua dupe thanh todn. Tuong ty, mdt hpp ddng vay da dupc ky kfit nhyng vifc gidi ngdn toan bp vdn vay chua dupc thyc hifin xong trudc thdi difim md thu tuc pha sdn dupc coi Id mdt hpp ddng dang cd hifu lue. Ngupe Iai, hpp ddng khfing duoc coi la dang cd hifiu lye nfiu nhu mdt trong cac bfin da thye hifin xong hodn todn nghTa vu cita minh trudc thdi diem md thu tue phd sdn.
Bfin ndy don thudn chi trd thanh ehit np eua bfin kia md thdi. Chdng han, neu nhu tat ea ede khoan vdn vay cam kfit trong hpp dfing tm dung da dupe bfin cho vay gidi ngdn cho bfin di vay trudc thdi difim md thu tyc phd san thi hop dflng vay khdng dupc xem Id mdt hpp ddng dang cd hifiu lye. Trong trudng hpp cd quyfit dinh md thu tue phd sdn ddi vdi ngdn hdng hay bfin di vay thi ngan hang ed tu cdch phdp ly la chu np cua bfin di vay.
2.8. vi viic tgm hoan thuc hiin nghia vu thanh todn
Nhu da phdn tich d trfin, vific tam hodn thyc hifin nghTa vy thanh todn la mot nguyfin tdc dypc quy dinh cu thfi trong Du thdo. Kfi tu ngay nhdn dupc quyfit dinh md thii tyc pha sdn, doanh nghifp khdng dupe phep thanh toan cdc khoan np khdng cd bao dam (difim b, khodn 1 Difiu 44) va kfi tir ngdy tda 61
NHA NU'&C VA PHAP LUAT SO 6/2014 dn thy ly don yfiu edu md thu tue phd sdn, viec xu ly tdi san bdo ddm cua doanh nghifip'' tam thdi bi dinh chi trir trudng hpp cd sy cho phep eiia tda dn (khodn 3 Difiu 40).
Cd thfi thdy, thdi han bdt diu vifc tam hoan thyc hifn nghTa vu thanh toan eita doanh nghifp lam vdo tinh trang phd sdn Id khdng gidng nhau. Sy phdn bifit ddi xu nay that su bdt Ipi cho chu np cd bdo dam so vdi chu no khfing cd bao dam trong khi theo nguyen ly thfing thudng thi quyfin lpi cua ehu np cd bao dam phdi dupc uu tifin hem quyfin Ipi ciia chu np khdng ed bao ddm'^
Tdm Iai, Du thdo Lu?t Pha san sua ddi ed nhieu quy dinh tifin bp vd phu hpp hon so vdi Ludt Phd sdn hifin hdnh, ddc bifit la cd sy thdng nhdt vdi cde quy dinh cua cac van ban Iudt lien quan. Vifc dua ehl dinh Quan tai vien vd vifc bdo vf tdi san dy thac la hai trong sd nhutig nfii dung quan trpng nhat ciia Du thdo. Tuy nhifin, Dy thdo van cdn kha nhifiu diem cdn dupe nghien ciiu hoan thifin dfi thye sy theo kip vdi nhting yeu edu mdi trong thyc tfi va t^o difiu kifn thudn lpi cho vific phuc hoi boat ddng kinh doanh eiing nhu tuyfin bd phd sdn cda doanh nghifp.
'^ Difiu niy cfl nghia li niu mflt bfin thtt ba dttng ra cam c6 hay thl chip tii sin ctta minh de bio dam nghTa vy cho doanh nghifip thi trong truflng hgp doanh nghifp Iim vio tinh trang phi sin, chtt ng cd bio dim vSn cfl quyin xtt \^ tii san bio dim mgt cich binh thuflng.
'^ Xem thfim, ThS. Bui Dttc Giang, "Tam hoan thuc hifin nghTa vy thanh toin cua doanh nghifip ldm vio tinh trang phi sin", Tgp chi Ngan hang so 19, thing 10/2012.
(Tiip theo trang 42 - Cdc hinh thuc ddn chd...)
3,6. Can da dgng hoa cdc cdch thuc, phucmg thirc tiep can dan chu
Nhd intemet, nhd cac edng cu hifin dai, ngudi ddn ciing gidm thifiu vific mdt thdi gian di xa, ehd dpi phifin phuc. Dan chu khong chi edn qui dinh, md edn dfin sy thuc thi thye ehdt vd sy edm nhan cua ngudi ddn vfi muc dp dan chit. Can quan tdm den quyfin Ipi, dam bao difiu kifin Idm vific tdt cho ede Dai bieu Quoe hpi, chuyfin nghifip hda dpi ngii ndy; tang cudng hinh thdc dan chu ban tryc tifip; tao difiu kifn dfi Dai bifiu Qude hpi tifip can, tham khao y kifin ehuyen gia, cac
eo quan chuyen mon trudc khi quyet djnh cde vdn dfi quan trpng ciia ddt nude.
Tdm Iai, vifie thye thi ddn chii la dpng lye quan trpng thiic ddy sy phdt trifin ciia kinh tfi - xa hpi, phdt huy quyin ldm chu cua nhan dan, khoi d|iy vd phdt huy ngudn lye vat chit va tinh thdn to ldn trong nhdn dan dfi phuc vu cho vifc phdt trien kinh te, thyc hifin cac nhifm vy xd hpi. Xay dung mpt nfin dan chu thye chat vd tryc tiep Id sy phat trifin tdt yfiu, mpt xu the khaeh quan cua nhdn Ioai, nhdm dam bdo nguyfin tdc: "Tat cd quyfin lye nha nudc thupc \h nhan ddn".
