^Gdp y siia ddi, bo sung Bp luat To tung hinh su:
Ve gioi han cua viec xet xu
^
T
rong thdi gian vira qua, khi thio luan ve sira ddi, bl sung Bd luit Td tyng hinh sy cd nhieu y kien tir phia tda an de nghj bd quy dinh tgi Dilu 196 Bp lugt Td tung hinh sy hien hinh, vdi tinh than li vipn kiem sit chi truy td hinh vi phgm tdi va ngudi pham tgi, cdn ket in b{cio ve tgi gi li do tda in quylt djnh, Vin de niy khdng phii biy gid mdi dgt ra, mi da hi liu, mdi lin co chii truong sita ddi, bd sung Bd luit Td tung hinh sy li moi lin cic chuyen gia cd djp dua ra nhirng quan diem trai chieu.
Quan diem thii nhat cho rang, tda in khdng dugc ket in bi cio ve mpt tgi phgm khic (tgi danh khic) nang han tdi danh mi vipn kiem sit truy td.
Quan diem thii hai cho rang, quy djnh tgi Dieu 196 Bg luit Td h^g hinh su li chua phu hgp vdi thuc tien xet xii. Vi dy: Mdt ngudi phgm tdi giet ngudi, nhung vipn kiem sit chi ffuy td ve tgi cd y giy thuang tich, tgi phien tda sau khi xet hdi, hdi ddng xet xu xic dinh hi cio phgm tdi giet ngudi, kiem sit vien ciing thua nhin bj cao phgm tgi gilt ngudi nhung tda in bit bugc phii
• LS. DINH VAN QU£
tuyen bj cio phgm tdi co y giy thuang tich. Mgi ngudi dy phien t6a khdng hieu ndi vi sao giet ngudi lgi chi bj ket in ve tgi cd y gay thuong tich. Nam 2003, Bd luat Td h^ng hinh sy da sira ddi, bd sung nhung van chua giai quyet dugc su bit hgp ly trong trudng hgp niy, cic dieu luit khic ciia Bg lugt Td tung hinh sy cung khdng cd quy djnh nio giii quyet cic trudng hgp bat hgp ly niy.
Tuy nhien, de hieu chg thau dio nhung quy djnh cua Bg lugt Td tung hinh su ve gidi han cua vipc xet xii phii xuat phit tii ly luan. Tren thi
LUAT s u VlfT NAM I s d 91 THANG 9-2015
gidi, khdng cd nude nio mi khdng cd quy djnh gidi han xet xu ciia tda in, dii d nude dd theo md hinh to tyng "tranh tyng" hay theo md hinh to tyng "thim van" hoac theo md hinh to tyng "pha trgn". Vgy ca sd If lu|n ciia quy dinh nay la the nao, tgi sao phii quy djnh gidi hgn cua vipc xet xir?
Gidi bgn li phgm vi, mdc d$
nhat djnh, khdng the hoge khdng dugc ph6p vugt qua, Theo djnh nghTa niy thi gidi hgn cua vi^c x6t Xli ciing phii dugc hieu li phgm vi, miic dO nhit dinh, ma tda in khdng the hoge khdng dugc vugt qua.
Theg quy djnh tai Dilu 196 Bg lugt Td tyng hinh sy thi toa dn chi xet xie nhimg bf cdo vd nhOng hdnh vi theo tpi danh md vi^n Idem sdt truy to vd toa dn da quyit dinh dua ra xet xu. Toa dn co the xet xir bi cdo theo khodn khdc v&i khodn md viin kiem sdt da truy to trong ciing mpt dieu lugt hoac vi mpt tpi khdc bang hoge nh? hem tpi md viin kiem sdt da truy to. Day li gidi hgn cua vi|c x6t Xli hi€u theo nghia hpp (tham quyen theo vipc) va ciing chu ylu dli vdi tda in cip so thim, cdn dli vdi tda in cip phiic tham, giim doc tham hoge tii tham thi hinh nhu khdng bj ring huge bdi quy djnh niy.
Neu hieu theo nghia rgng thi gidi hgn cua vipc xet xii khdng chi bao gim n$i dung ciia Dieu 196 Bg lugt Td tyng hinh sy, mi cdn bao gom ci n0i dung ve phgm vi, tham quyin x6t Xli ciia tda in cic cap nhu: thim quyen xet xii theo lanh thd, tham quyin x£t xii theo vipc; tda in cap huy$n thi dugc xet xur sg thim vy in hinh sy doi vdi cic t$i pham nio, tda in cap tinh dugc xet xii sa thim vy in hinh %\f ddi vdi tgi phgm nio;
phgm vi x6t xir phuc thim, giim doc
tham, tii thim; tham quyen xet xii ciia tda an quin sy cac cap...
Nhu vay, khii nipm gidi hgn ciia viec xet xii khdng chi dimg lai d gidi hgn ciia vipc xet xii quy djnh tai Dilu 196 Bd luit To tyng hinh su ma nd li mot khai nipm r^ng. Tuy nhien, khi ndi den gidi han xet xit thi ngudi ta thudng chi ndi din quy djnh tgi Dieu 196 Bg luit Td tung hinh su. Can cii vio ngi dung quy djnh tgi dieu lugt niy, tda an chi xet
khac vdi dieu khoin ma vipn kiem sit truy t l cd khung hinh phat nang hon trong cimg mdt dieu lugt.
Vipc quy djnh gidi han cho tda an khi xet xii nhu tren vi, "tda la co quan xet xir chii khdng cd chiic nang bu$c t$i, nlu vugt qua gidi hgn dd, tda se khdng cdn l i tda niia".
Nha nude trao cho vien kiem sit chiic nang bugc tdi va vipn kiem sit phii chju trich nhiem trudc phap lugt. Khi tda vugt qui chiic nang x6t xit nhiing bj cio mi vi§n Idem sit da xu, tda da trd thinh ca quan bugc truy t l vi tda in da quylt djnh dua t^i. M^t khac, lim nhu vgy la tda da ra x6t xu. Tda an cd thi x^t xii hi vd hi§u hda quyin bio chua cua bj cio theo dieu khoin khic vdi dilu cio. Ching hgn, vipn kilm sit truy to bj cio ve tgi cd y giy thuong tich, lugt su ciing bio vp cho than chii theo hudng cd y giy thuong tich, cudi ciing tda tuyen bj cio pham tgi gtet ngudi, nhu viy toin bg quyin bio chiia cua bj cio da bi vd hiSu hda.
Bp ludt Tdtung hinh sifchi quy dinh
"Tod dn chi xet xCr chd khdng quy dinh "Toa dn chi ddcfc ket dn". Td trUdc den nay, mpt sdngddi dd ddng nhdt hai khdi niem xetxd vdi ket dn nen ddn den viec hieu khdng dung tinh thdn cua Bp ludt Tdtung hinh sd.
i
khoin mi vien kiem sit truy td trong Cling mdt dieu lugt hoge ve mpt tgi danh khac hing hoge nhp ban tdi danh tni vipn Idem sit da truy td.
Quan diem thu hai cho rang, quy djnh t^i
• • ^ ^ Dieu 196 Bd luat To tyng hinh sy la khdng phu hgp ci ve ly luin ciing nhu thyc tiln x6t xii. Chi cd tda in mdi c6 quyin kit in bj cig vl m$t t$i danh theo quy djnh ciia Bg lu^t Hinh sy. Do dd, vien ki€m Ve ngi dung thii nhit khdng cd sit chi truy to hinh vi vi ngudi y kien khic nhau. Tuy nhiSn, ndi
dung thii hai ve ly luan cung nhu thuc tien xet xu cdn cd nhung quan diem khic nhau:
Quan diem thit nhat cho rdng, tda in khdng dugc xet xii bj cio v8 mpt tgi pham khic (tgi danh khic) nang hem tdi danh ma vi^n k i ^ sit truy td, mi chi cd quyen ket an bj cio ve tdi danh khac bang hoge nhe han tgi danh ma vi^n ki€m sit da truy td. Tuy nhien, tda in cung cd thi ket in bj cio theo dieu khoin
phgm tgi ra tda an, cdn vipc ket an bj cio ve tgi gi li do hgi dong xet xit quyet dinh sau khi da xem xet cic tinh tilt cda vu in mdt each c6ng khai tgi phien tda, diing nhu tinh than tranh tyng mi Nghj quyet 08 ciia Bg Chinh tri da de ra "viic phdn quyit cda toa dnphdi can cit chd yeu vdo ket qud tranh ttfng tgi phiin toa ".
Quan diem thit ba lgi cho rdng, quy djnh nhu Bg luat Td tung hinh synam 1988 li chinh xic va diy dii.
LUAT s u V l f r NAM I S)5 91 T H A N G 9 - 2 0 1 5
p
khdng nhit thiet phai quy dinh nhu Dieu 196 Bd luat Td tyng binh sy nim 2003 viia khdng diy dli, viia miu thuan vdi chinh ngi dung cua dieu lugt. Da quy djnh tda an chi xet xir... lai cdn cho phep xet xie tpi danh bdng hoac nhf hffn... Theo quan diem niy, vin de li giii thich vi hieu nhu the nio cho dung chii khdng can qi^
djnh khic.
Khi quy djnh "tda in chi xet xiy thi can phii hieu rang tda in khdng the xet xir mgt ngudi mi vipn kiem sit khdng truy td, cdn vipc toa in quyh dfnh nhu the nio ddi vdi ngudi bj dua ra xet xii li phii can cii vio cic tuih tiet khich quan ciia vu in ddi chieu vdi cic quy djnh cua Bg luit Hinh su. Tda in chi xet xie nhirng hanh vi theo tgi danh mi vien kiem sit da truy td, tiic li ngoii nhiing hinh vi theo tgi danh ma vipn kiem sit di truy to thi tda in khdng dugc xet xii nhiing hinh vi mi vipn kiem sit khdng truy to. Cin phii hieu, toa dn xet xir vd toa dn quyit dinh (kit dn) Id hai khdi niim hodn todn khdc nhau. Bp luit Td tyng hinh sy chi quy djnh "Toa dn chi xit xir" chii khdng quy djnh "Toa dn chi dirpc kit dn". Tir trudc den nay, mgt sd ngudi da ddng nhit hai khii nipm xet xir vdi ket in nen dan den vipc hieu khdng dung titih thin ciia Bg luit Td tung hinh sy. Chiing tdi ddng y vdi y kien niy. Tuy nhien, cich hinh van tai Dieu 196 Bg luit To hjng hinh su nhu hipn nay li khong ro rang, khd hieu nen cin phii sira lai theo hudng: "Tod dn chi dua ra xit xie nhirng bf cdo md hdnh viphgm toi cda hp bi vien kiim sdt truy to.
Viic kit dn hi cdo phgm tpi gi do toa dn quyit dinh " •
Khdng can
thiet quy dinh trach nhiem hinh su cua phap nhan
• TH5.L5 PHAM THANH B I N H
T
rich nhipm hinh su(TNHS) cua phap nhin li mdt trong nhiing vin de trgng tam dugc dua ra lay y kien trong Dy thio Bd luat hinh su (BLHS) sira ddi lin niy.
Vin de niy da vi dang giy ra nhieu tranh luin trong gidi khoa hpc lugt hinh su theo hai ludng quan diem trii ngugc nhau: ung hd va phin ddi. De gdp phan xay dung BLHS sua ddi phii hgp vdi thuc tiln nude ta vi lim rd han van dl TNHS cua phap nhin, chiing tdi cd mgt sd y kien nhu sau:
\ t CAU THANH TOI PH^M Khoa hgc lugt hinh su thiia nhgn mgt tdi phgm phai dime cau thinh hdi diy du 04 yeu td: Mat khich quan, mat chu quan, chii the vi khich the. Neu bd qua yeu td
"khich the" thi 03 yeu td "mat khich quan, chu the vi mat chu quan" cua tgi pham lieu phip nhin
"pham tdi" cd d ^ iing diKrc khdng?
1. Mat khach quan cua tpi pham Mat khich quan ciia t$i phgm li nhirng bieu hipn cua tgi phgm diln ra hoac tdn tgi ben ngoai the gidi khich quan - mi mgt trong nhung bieu hien dd li cic hinh vi khich quan cua tgi phgm. Cic hinh vi khich quan chi cd the dugc thyc hipn true tilp bdi "COD ngudi" cy thi chti khdng the do mgt thyc thi trim tupmg, vd hinh thyc hipn.
Trong khi do, phip nhin li do nhieu "con ngudi" hgp lgi nen no trd thinh mgt "ngudi vd hinh" dgi dipn cho tit ci cic thanh vien.
Thyc te la, phip nhan khdng the ty minh true tiep thuc hipn cic hinh vi phgm tdi mi cic hanh vi nay phii do nhiing ci nhan, dd la cic thanh vien hoac ngudi dugc iiy quyin ciia phip nhan thyc hipn. Vi vay, khdng the quy kit hanh vi do cic ca nhan cy thi thyc hipn li hinh vi pham tgi cua phip nhin; vipc thilt lap TNHS ciia phip nhan se khdng bio dim dugc nguyen tic "ca the hda" trong phip luat hmh sy.
LUAT s u V i e r NAMI S<5 91 T H A N G 9 - 2 0 1 5
