A r
NGHI6N CUU TRRO D (9
Ve phat trien dich vu
hau can (logistics) cua Nhat Ban
T§. Le To Hoa Dgi hgc Kinh le Qudc ddn
Cdc ngudn tdi nguyen tren trdi ddt Id hihi hgn, nhimg ir&c mudn cua con nguai lgi vd ciing.
Chinh vi vdy, logistics dd ra d&i de giup con ngu&i sir dung cdc ngudn luc (nhdn lire, vgt luc, tdi luc) mgt cdch tdi iru de cd the ddp irng nhu cdu ngdy cdng cao cua bdn thdn vd xd hgi mgt cdch tdt nhdt. Th&i ky- tnr&c, do bj ngdn tr& b&i khodng cdch dia ly vd diiu kien truyin thdng chua cho phep, nen chi cd the dp dung logistics trong phgm vi hep: cdng ty, ngdnh, dja phirang, qudc gia. Hien nay, nhdn logi dang bir&c vdo nen kinh te tri thuc, mgng dien tir cho phep con ngu&i vugt qua cdc trd nggi ve thai gian vd khdng gian, tgo dieu kien cho logistics todn cdu ra d&i vd phdt trien.
Vai thdp ky gdn day, logistics dd phdt trien nhanh chdng vd mang lgi nhirng ket qud rdt tdt &
nhieu nir&c tren the gi&i, nhu Hd Lan, Thuy Dien, Dan Mgch, My,... Trong nhirng ndm cudi the ky 20, ddu the ky 21, thugt ngir logistics dugc nhdc den nhieu & cdc nu&c Ddng A, Ddng Nam A vd ddc biet phdt trien mgnh & Nhdt Bdn. Bdi viet phdn tich tinh hinh, dgc diem cua dich vu logis- tics Nhdt Bdn vd mgt sd kinh nghiem trong phdt trien dich vu logistics cua qudc gia phdt trien nhdt Ddng A ndy. Tren ca s& do, dua ra 3 xu hu&ng phdt trien chinh cua logistics tren the gi&i trong thdp nien ddu the ky 21.
Tur khda: djch vy hau can,xu hudng phat trien logostis, Nhgt Ban 1. Logistics Nhat Ban: Tinh hinh va dac diem
Nhgt Bdn Id mdt trong nhirng qudc gia dau tien de sudt vd phdt trien khdi niem djch vu logistics vd Nhgt Bdn cung la quoc gia cd ITnh vyc logistics phdt triln nhanh nhit thi gidi. Nhgt Bdn xay dyng dugc nhimg bai kho van tir rit sdm. Nam 1965, Chinh phu Nhdt Bdn xay dung 4 trung tam kho van d Kasai (phfa Ddng Tokyo), Hoping Island (phia Nam Tokyo), Oshima (phfa Tay Tokyo) vd Adachi (phia Bic Tokyo). Nam 2001, Bd Dit dai, Co sd ha ting vd Giao thdng van tdi Nhat Bdn (MLIT - Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation) ban hdnh kl hogch logistics mdi (New Logistis Plan) nhim ddp ung dugc 3 xu hudng vd muc tieu co bdn:
1) Xdy dung ca chi logistics hieu qud, tien tiin; 2) xdy dung ca chi logistics phu hgp v&i nhu cdu cua xd hgi; 3)Xdy dimg ca chi logistics cd the ddm bdo duy tri dugc cuoc song nguai ddn.
Ngdy nay Nhat Bdn da xay dung dugc hon 20 bai kho van logistics quy md rgng ldn tai 22 thdnh phd.
Nhat Bdn cd ngdnh logistics phdt triln mgnh nhit thi gidi. Logistics ben 3 (Third Party Logistics -3PL)^ d Nhat Bdn dugc bit diu tir nam 1997, khi Bd Thuang mai vd Cdng nghipp Nhat Ban MITI (nay la Bg Kinh tl, Thuang mai vd Cdng nghipp)
ban hdnh quyen ban ciia chinh sdch logistics vd 3PL da thye sy thu hiit duge sy chii y cua cdc doanh nhan Nhgt Bdn. Tang trudng ciia thj trudng 3PL cua Nhgt Bdn rit nhanh vd ddng gdp tdi 40% trong khu vyc chdu A - Thdi Binh Duong nam 2006. Dy dodn thj trudng 3 PL ciia Nhgt Bdn se tang rat nhanh, tir muc 1 nghin ti yen nam 2003 len muc 1.8 nghin ti yen ndm 20132.
Trong cupc phdng vin 87 cdng ty logistics Nhgt Bdn^, 72 cdng ty trd Idi cd khd ndng thye hipn thdnh thgo cdc chuyen mdn dk ndng cao tinh hipu qud vd gidm mirc chi phi hau cin, 52 cdng ty trd Idi cd khd ndng hodn thipn cdc cdng vipc Qudn ly chudi cung cip (SCM - Supply Chain Management) vd 13 cdng ty cd khd ndng tu vin nhiJng vin dl qudn ly chung ngodi phgm vi ITnh vyc logistics.
Thdng 12/2008, To hgp Thuang mgi Nhat Bdn Mitsui Co Ltd ky 2 Hiep djnh vdi 2 cdng ty phdt Bang 1: Tang trirdng thi trirdng hau cin ben
3 (3PL) Nhat Ban (Ti Yen) Nam
Thj tnrdng 3PL
2003 2005
1.14
2008
1.403
2013 .79
Ngudn: Theo du dodn cita Vien Nghien cuu Yano
Kinh M a t trien
49: '.. ^\^J\'A
triln CO sd hg ting cua An Dp cimg tham gia xay dyng bai kho vgn, giao thdng vgn tai vd ngdnh cdng nghipp logistics, tgi Haryana (Haryana State Indus- trial and Infrustructure Development Corp - HSI- IDC). Nhgt Bdn se diu tu khodng I ti USD vdo dy dn nay. Day Id dy dn phdt triln ngdnh logistics khd ldn ciia Nhgt Bdn, dy dodn se tgo ra khodng ban
10.000 vipc ldm gidn tilp vd trye tilp.
Giao thdng vgn tdi Id mpt bp phgn khdng thi thilu ciia djch vy logistics. Vdi 11,48 tripu phuang tipn van tdi (2006), Nhgt Ban da vugt My (11,25 tripu) dl trd thdnh nude sdn xuit nhilu phuang tipn vgn tdi nhit thi gidi. Trung Quoc dOrng vj tri thir 3 (vugt Due) vdi 7,18 tripu. Sd dT ngdnh sdn xuit phuang tipn van tdi cua Nhgt Bdn tdng trudng mgnh Id do:
Thu nhdt, ngudi tieu dimg chugng phuang tipn eua Nhgt Bdn nhd gidm ehi phi nhien lipu mpt khi xdng dau tdng gia;
Thu: hai, sy lien tyc cai tiln kilu dang vd ky thugt khiln cdc phuang tipn cua Nhdt Bdn phii hgp vdi mpi ddi tugng;
Thir ba, sy gidm gid ciia dong YSn Nhdt tgo lgi thi cgnh tranh cho hdng hda xuit khiu. Do vgy, cdc phuang tipn van chuyen cua Nhdt Bdn re ban so vdi cdc doi thu khdc, dgc biet Id My. Ti le thdng quan tai cdc cdng bien vd cdng hang khdng tai Nhdt Bdn vdn duy tri d muc 66% (muc chuin ddnh cho cdc trung tdm cdng bien vd cdng hdng khdng cd toe dg gidi quyet trong 10 giay tai cdc khodng giao nhau cua dudng cao toe vd dudng bay chfnh). Nhgt Bdn cung Id quoc gia chilm thj phan 3PL cao nhit trong khu vyc chau A - Thdi Binh Duong. Nhirng thi mgnh dd da giiip cho Nhdt Bdn ludn cd muc chi phf hgu cin thip nhat trong khu vyc.
Neu xet theo cdc tieu chi thu tyc hdi quan, chi phi logistics, chit lugng hg ting co sd, Ngan hdng Thi gidi (WB) xIp Hdn Quoc d vj tri thiir 25/150, Nhgt Bdn d vi trf thu 6 vd Ddi Loan (Trung Quoc) vj trf 21 ve chi so phdt triln logistics (Logistics Perfor- mance Index LPI). Nlu xet theo tieu chi edng biln quoc tl ldn nhit thi gidi, thi Ddng Bde A chilm tdi 4 trong tdng so 10 top ten cdng biln ciia thi gidi so vdi 1 (Singapore) cua Ddng Nam A.
Ngdnh cdng nghiep logistics Nhgt Bdn cd mpt so dac diem CO ban sau:
^Thir nhdt, dich vu phdn phdi tai nhd bao trum todn bg ldnh thd. Hien nay, djch vu phan phoi tai nhd d Nhat Bdn da hoan todn su dung cdng nghp thdng tin trong mpi hoat dpng. Tham chi, ngdnh giao thdng van tdi cdn cung cip djch vu tu vin dl tdi uu hda djch vu logistics dya tren nhirng kinh
nghipm tfch luy dugc trong qud trinh phan phoi djch vy tgi nhd.
Thu- hai, vgn chuyin hdng hoa bdng duang sk ehiim ti I? khdng nhiiu. Khoi lugng van chuyen hdng hda bdng dudng sit cua Nhgt Bdn nhd hem so vdi cdc nude phuang Tdy. Nguyen nhan la do Nh?t Bdn Id quoc ddo vgn chuyin bdng xe tdi vugttrpiso vdi vgn chuyin bdng dudng sit vd giao thdng v^n tai bing tau thuyin dugc sir dyng rpng khdp. Sau khi dugc tu nhan hda, Cdng ty Vgn chuyin dudng sit Nhgt Ban hipn dang trong qud trinh hgp ly hoa.
Hp thong tdu chd hdng vd hp thong thdng tin hang hda chuyen chd (FRENS) ludn duge cgp nhgt kjp thdi. FRENS dp dyng the ID cho cd cdc edngtena chd hdng vd cdc xe ca chd edngtena.
Thu- ba, da sd cdc edng ty van chuyen hdng hoa d Nhgt Bdn Id cdc cdng ty vira vd nhd (SMEs). Thong thudng 99,9% cdc chu tdu chd hdng hda la eae cong ty cd qui md vira vd nhd vdi tong von 100 tripu yen hode it ban vd 300 cdng nhdn. Tong sd cac SMEs ndy chilm khodng hon 50 nghin cdng ty. Cac cong ty vgn tdi biln ciing khdng Idn.
Thir tu, khdi lirgng van chuyen hdng khdng tang nhanh. Khoi lugng van chuyin hdng khdng tdng gap 4-5 lin trong vdng 10 ndm tinh tir 1998. Gia trj van chuyin dudng hdng khdng tinh bang ddng Yen chilm tdi 28% tong gid trj hang hda, trong khi khoi lugng vgn chuyin chi chiem 0.3%.
2. Mpt so kinh nghifm phat trien cong ngliiep logistics Nhat Ban
Chinh phu Nhgt Ban rit chii trpng din vipc sira doi nhirng chinh sdch, dudng loi cdng nghipp logis- tics mdi vdi myc tieu ung hg cdng cupc cai td cacau thj trudng vd ngdnh cdng nghipp logistics, l/u tien trudc hit gianh cho hp thong phan phoi hieu qua va chinh xdc nhim nang cao tinh cgnh tranh quoc te.
Chi phf logistics cua Nhgt Ban chi chilm 9.53%
GDP, it ban so vdi miirc chi phi 10.7% GDP ciia My, trong dd, chi phi cho giao thdng van tai chiem 52.66%, chi phi kho bai chiem 19.67%, chi phf dong gdi chilm 6.75%, chi phi chit, da hdng hda chiem 1233% vd chi phi hdnh chfnh chilm 8.59%lNh?t Bdn chu trpng vdo 2 chiln luge phdt triln ca ban sau:
Thir nhdt, tap trung hgp ly hoa dich vu logistics cdn thdnh phd.
Ngay tir nhirng nam 1960, Nhat Ban da xay dimg vd phdt triln cdc bai kho van xung quanh cac thanh pho ldn vd gin cdc dau moi giao thdng van tai. Cac bai kho van Nhgt Bdn deu tap trung vao viec hopjy hda cdc djch vy logistics thdnh pho. Day la diem khdc bipt so vdi logistics cua Dure, Logistics Nh?t
NGHI6N CUU TRRO D«
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Ban ddng gdp rat Idn vdo hoat dpng phan phoi sdn triln nhit ciia Nhgt Bdn Id trung tam giao nhgn hdng pham cho cdc ngdnh cdng nghipp phdt triln tgi cdc hda Hoping Island vdi chi phi xdy dyng Id 57,2 ti thdnh pho Idn. Bai kho vgn Hanshin dugc xay dyng yen. Trong dd, 70% Id chi phi ciia cdc to chiirc tdi til nam 1991 Id to hgp cua 64 doanh nghipp Idn. Bon chinh trung tam, 20% chi phi cua cdc ngan hdng dia trung tam kho van cua Nhgt Bdn tgi Tokyo tgo thdnh phuang vd 10% chi phi Id ciia cdc doanh nghipp.
mpt mang ludi giao thdng vgn tdi bao quanh thdnh Hipn tgi, Nhgt Bdn sd hiru mpt h? thing logistics phd vd hen ket tdi cdc diem djch vy khdc tgo thdnh qui hogch tren todn bp lanh thi. Hp thing dudng cao mgng cung cap dich vy logistics can rpng khdp. toe da bao triim len tit cd 4 ddo ldn ciia dit nude.
Thir hai, chinh phit Nhgt Bdn trirc tiip chi dgo, Cdc dudng cao toe ndy da xuyen suit tdi tgn ddo ddn ddt vi^c xdy d\mg cdc kho vgn logistics. Chinh Honshu, Kyushu d phfa Nam vd ddo Hokkaido d phii Nhat Ban %\vt vai trd quan trgng trong vipc xay phia Bac. Tat cd cdc ddo dlu dugc noi liln bdi cdc dung cdc kho vgn logistics vd coi vipc phdt triln cau xuyen dgi duong vd cdc dudng him xuyen biln.
nganh logistics hipn dgi Id chiln luge quan trpng dl Mgng ludi thdng tin bao triim khdp nai tren dit nang cao vj thi quyen lyc quoc gia. Do dd, Chfnh nude Nhgt Bdn. Tfnh hipu qud ciia djch vu logistics phu Nhgt Bdn rat chii trpng din hipu qud vd hogt Nhgt Bdn da vugt cd chau Au, chau My vd trd thdnh dpng kilm sodt vT md ngdnh logistics. Nhiing ITnh quoc gia cung cap djch vy logistics so 1 tren thi vyc sau dugc Chinh phu ddc bipt chu y: g'di.
Tap trung vao vipc lap ke hoach: Bdng cdch sdp 3. Xu hirdng phat trien ciia logistics tren the xep ke hogch phdt trien cdc bai kho van logistics vd g'oi
cdc thiet bj hgu cin, Chinh phu Nhgt Bdn da ehgn Xu thi tit ylu ciia thdi dgi ngdy nay Id todn ciu lua nhirng vj tri thich hgp d gin cdc khu liln kl hod nin kinh tl thi gidi. Bit ky mgt quoc gia hay thdnh phd, ben cgnh cdc tuyen giao thdng npi bp vd ngdnh nghi ndo, khdng phdn bipt Idn hay nhd, mdi cdc dudng giao thdng huylt mach chinh noi liln cdc hay cu, muon ton tgi vd phdt triln phdi chip nhan vd thdnh pho Idn de xdy dung cdc kho van logistics, tfch cue tham gia vdo xu the mdi ndy. Toan cau hod Kho chua hang dugc xay dyng d gin cdc cdng biln Idm cho giao thuang giira cdc quoc gia, cdc khu vyc Idn, cd he thong giao thdng van tdi thdng suit vdi tren thi gidi phdt triln mgnh me vd duong nhien se tong dipn tich hon 800.000 m^ tren khip nude Nhgt. keo theo nhirng nhu ciu mdi vl van tdi, kho bai, cdc Hp thdng kho bai cung cap da dgng cdc chuc ndng djch vy phy trg... Xu thi mdi cua thdi dgi se din djch vu nhu: kho Idm lanh, kho giir im... vd hdng din budc phdt triln tit ylu cua logistics- logistics logt cdc djch vu bdo qudn thuc pham, thuoc men vd todn ciu (Global Logistics),
cdc sdn pham nhay cam khdc. Theo dy bdo, trong vdi thdp nien dau thi ky 21 Hodn thien cdc chfnh sdch uu dai hd trg va khuyin logistics se phdt triln theo 3 xu hudng chinh sau:
khich phdt trien nganh cdng nghipp logistics hipn Thir nhdt, xu hu&ng img dying cdng ngh? thdng dgi: Bdng cdch hodn thien he thong dudng xd, nang tin, thuang mgi di?n tir ngdy cdng phd hien vd sdu cap he thong giao thdng van tdi dudng sdng, bien, rgng han trong cdc tinh vuc ciia logistics, nhu: he gidm tic nghen giao thdng dudng bg thdnh phd vd thong thdng tin qudn trj day truyin cung ung todn phdt triln mang ludi giao thdng van tdi lien kit, ciu, cdng nghp nhgn dang bdng tin so vd tuyen...
Chfnh phu Nhat Ban ban hdnh hang logt chfnh sdch Nhd cd mgng dipn tu, thdng tin dugc truyin cdng khuyin khich thfeh hgp nhu gidm mgt so sy dilu nhanh vd chinh xdc, cdc quylt djnh trong h? thdng chinh, thdnh lap nhimg td chuc lien kit vd cung cap logistics cdng hipu qud.
sy trg giup chinh thuc. Chinh phii Nhat Bdn thudng j ^ ^ ^^i phucmg phdp qudn ly logistics keo bdn dat vdi gid thip dk xay dyng cdc kho vgn. Do ^p„//^ „ g ^ ^dng phdt triin mgnh me vd ddn thay vay, nhilu cdng ty tu nhan da vay tien ngan hdng de f^^ ^^o phuang phdp qudn ly logistics ddy (Push) xay dung cdc kho bai. Ngodi ra, chinh phii Nhgt Bdn f^eo truyin thdng. Qudn ly logistics - hoac dya tren cdn ddnh mgt khodn cho vay uu dai cho cdc cdng ty logistics keo hode logistics d i y - Id rit cin thilt tu nhan va giup hg hoan thipn cdc kho vgn. nhim cdt giam chi phf. Trong cdc nin kinh te dua
Chfnh phu Nhat Ban diu tu vdn dk xay dung kh 3 tren logistics day trudc day, cdt gidm chi phi dugc van: Nam 1997, chfnh phu soan thdo de cuong ke thye hipn thdng qua sy hgp nhat, lien kit cua nhieu hoach hodn chinh doi vdi ngdnh logistics, gianh cdng ty, sy sdp xep lgi cdc nhd mdy dya tren sy khodn kinh phf ldn d l xay dung ca sd ha tang bao nghien ciiru cdc nguon nguyen lipu thd vd nhan lyc gdm dudng sdt, dudng bg, dudng hdng khdng vd ca re han, sy ty dgng hda hoac qua trinh tdi ca cau sd cau cdng. Vi du, trung tam logistics Idn vd phat cdng nghp, ky thuat trong cdc nhd mdy. Nhung su
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cdi tiln ndy da giup cdc cdng ty tdng ndng suit lao Logistics, MOL Logistics, Kuehne & Nagel, Schen- dpng va cit giam chi phi logistics. Ngdy nay, nguon ker, Birkart, Ikea,... Dk toi uu hod, tdng sure canh thu Igi nhugn tir qud trinh ndng cip vd cdi tiln ndy tranh cua cdc doanh nghipp, nlu nhu trudc day, cac da dugc thye hien tren qui md Idn ban trong hiu hit chu sd hii-u hdng hda Idn thudng ty dirng ra tl chiirc cdc khu vyc sdn xuit chl tgo. vd thye hipn cdc hogt dpng logistics dl dap img nhu
Nin sdn xuit dya tren logistics keo doi lgp hdn ciu, gid day vipc di thue cdc djch vy logistics d ben vdi CO chl logistics diy truyin thong trudc day - dd ngodi ngdy cdng trd nen pho bien.
Id CO chl sdn xuit dupc dilu khiln bdi cung (supply Hipn nay so lugng cdc cdng ty logistics thue - driven) vd dugc din dit, chi dgo theo mpt kl hogch ngodi (outsourcing logistics) d Nhdt Bdn ngdy cang san xuit da duge sip ddt trudc. Trong hp thong san tang do hoat dpng qudn ly chudi cung cip (SCM)' xudt dieu khien bdi cung, cde thiet bj vd san pham todn ciu ngay cdng trd nen phire tgp vd can thilt cho hodn thipn dupc "diy" vdo cdc qud trinh sdn xuat tinh eanh tranh quoc tl cua Nhgt Bdn. Cdc congty hoge chuyin vao cde nhd kho luu tru- theo sy sdp sdn logistics thue ngodi ddp iirng dugc cdc djch vy hau cua cdng suit mdy mdc. Rd rdng, co ehl sdn xuit cin Iicn kit todn ciu vdi chi phi thip vd hipu qua.
dya tren logistics diy khdng thye tl vd phii hgp vdi Cdc ngdnh cdng nghipp tdng trudng nhanh dang cl nhu ciu ngudi tieu dimg, dan din sy du thira vd lang ging dap ung nhirng yeu ciu tbue ngodi bdng vipc phf. Logistics keo Id qud trinh sdn xuit dugc din dit cung cip cdc djch vu hdu cin ben 3 (3PL). Chfnh bdi hogt ddng trao doi mua bdn tren thye tl hon Id phu Nhgt Bdn dl xuit chinh sdch ung hp ngdnh cong dy dodn miirc nhu ciu. Co chl "hgu cin keo" (logis- nghipp logistics thdng qua vipc cung cip cde djch vu tics keo) ehi sdn xuat nhirng sdn phim da dugc ban logistics hipn dgi vd phii hgp nhim ddp img dupc xu bode dugc khach hang^ ddt hdng mua. Chudi cung hudng logistics thue ngodi - cupc cdch mgng trong cap logistics keo lien kit qud trinh kl hogch hda sdn kinh doanh hipn nay. Cdng nghipp logistics Nhat xuat vd qud trinh thiet ke vdi viec phan phoi cdc sdn Bdn hipn dang phdi doi dipn vdi xu hudng canh pham sdn xudt. Day chinh Id md hinh dugc dilu tranh gay gdt cua cdc doi thu nude ngodi vd se gay khien bdi cau (demand - driven) nham myc tieu can trd tdc dd tdng trudng 3 PL ciia Nhdt Bdn. Tuy chinh la ddp ung dugc nhu cau dy trir cuoi cimg ciia nhien, thi trudng logistics trong nude cua Nhgt Ban ngudi tieu diing. Trong khi, co che logistics "day" da hodn todn dugc cdch ly khdi cugc canh tranh ben hgn che khd ndng lien ket giira cde nhd cung cap, ngodi. Xu hudng phdt triln mdi dang trdi day trong nha san xuat va nha phan phdi, thi logistics "keo" da ngdnh cdng nghipp hgu cin Nhgt Bdn. ' dgt dugc muc thanh cong cao hon vd tinh hieu qua . < » , « X > ? L > - I L X
cua qua trinh lien kit. Hon nira, sy trao ddi sdlugng . .^f^"" ''^' ^'^'^ *^*'° P''** *"^° •*'"'' "^ ''•"
ciu cin (demand data) bao gom cd so lugng mua *^*" ^^^ ^^™,
bdn cin thilt se giiip thong nhat hdi ty giira mirc Thu-nhdt, cdn hodn thi?n xdy d{mg ca sa hg tdng cung cua ngudi sdn xuat vdi ciu cua ngudi tieu (^y^rng bien, duang hdng khdng, duang bg, duong dung. sdt...). Sdp xep Igi cdc cdng van chuyin. Thanh lap
Thir ba, xu hu&ng thue dich vu logistics tir cdc ^^^ ^ung tdm logistics phan phoi tgi cdc trpng diem cdng ty logistics chuyen nghiep ngay cdng phd biin '""'^ ^^ ^^ ^^P ^"^"^ hang xuat, nhgp khau vd thanh Todn ciu hod nin kinh tl cdng sau rpng, tfnh cgnh '^^^^- ^^^ ^ ^ ^ "'^^ Sa hang hda chuyen dyng voi tranh lgi cdng gay git trong mpi ITnh vuc ciia cupc ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^ f ° ]^^S. tiep nhgn, chuyin tai... tai sdng. Trong ITnh vyc logistics cung vgy, dk ddp img ^^^, ^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^®° ^"' ^ ' " ^ "Shi?P vu nhu cac nhu ciu ngdy cdng cao cua khdch hdng, ngdy cdng ^^^^^ ^ ° " ^ ^^^^^^- ^ ' ^ " ^^' ^^^ ^^^ ^^° ^^^'^
cd nhilu nha cung cip djch vu Logistics ra ddi va '^^"^ ^^ P ^ ^ P*^°'-
cgnh tranh quylt liet vdi nhau. Ben cgnh nhimg Thir hai, tieu chudn hda cdc qui dinh. Thongnhk hang sdn xuit cd uy tfn da gat hdi dugc nhimg thdnh hda, tieu chuin hda ten hdng va ma hdng hda. Xay T ^ *? ' ° ^ ^^^^^ ^°^^ ^^"S '^'"^ ^°^"h nhd khai thdc ^vmg khung phdp ly md va ehgn Igc, ddm bdo tfnh tdt he thdng Logistics nhu: Hawlett Packerd, Spo- "hit qudn, thdng thodng va hgp Iy trong cac van kane Company, Ladner Buiding Products, Favoured hdn, quy djnh lien quan din ITnh vuc logistics, vdi Blend Coffee Company, Sun Microsystems, SKF, "lyc dich tao ca sd cho mgt thj trudng logistics Procter & Gamble,... tat cd cdc cdng ty van tdi, giao ^'nh bgch. He thong phdp luat phdi dugc dilu chinh nhan cOng nhanh chdng chop thdi co phdt triln vd ^^ ngdy cang phii hgp vdi yeu ciu phdt trien n^n trd thdnh nhirng nhd cung cip djch vu logistics hang kinh t l thj trudng va phii hgp vdi nhirng cam kit khi dau the gidi vdi he thdng logistics todn ciu nhu- gia nhap WTO.
TNT, DHL, Maersk Logistics, NYK Logistics, APL Thir ba, tin hgc hoa thti tuc hdi quan. Cic qui
NGHI6N CUU TRRO D
djnh hai quan vl giiy phep, dai Iy khai quan, chimg tir xuat nhap khiu phdi phii hgp vdi thdng le cua cdc nude trong khu vyc ASEAN, chau A... ddc bipt trong giao nhgn van tdi hdng khdng dk giiip cho qui trinh thdng quan nhanh. Xem xet khd nang sdt nhgp nhdm cung ung djch vu logistics theo nhdm 3-4 don vj de du sue cgnh tranh vdi cdc cdng ty da quoc gia.
Thu- tu, khuyen khich vi?c sir dung cdng nghe thdng tin trong hogt dgng logistics. Mgc dii cdc doanh nghiep cd dp dyng cdng nghp thdng tin vdo hogt ddng kinh doanh logistics, song van cdn kem xa so vdi cdc cdng ty logistics nude ngodi. Cu thi cin xdy dyng he thing phin mim TMS (Transport Management System) hoac WMS (Warehouse Management System). Vdi nhQ-ng he thong ndy se giup cdc doanh nghiep gidm chi phi, nang cao nang suat len rat nhieu. Thye hipn cdc phuong phdp cdng nghp logistics tien tien nhu qudn trj chuoi cung img SCM (supply chain management) hay giao hdng diing thdi dilm JIT (just in time) trong thilt kl ludng van tdi nhieu chdng vd sdp xep eae cdng dogn trong day chu\ en cung iirng djch vu logistics.
Thir ndm, thuc hien ddo tgo vd ddo tgo lgi ngudn nhdn luc cho ngdnh logistics. Khdng nhiing thilu, ngudn nhan lyc Viet Nam cdn yeu ve chuyen mdn, nghiep vy, cho nen khd ndng cgnh tranh cua ngdnh logistics yeu so vdi cdc hang logistics nude ngodi cd the mgnh ve vdn, cdng nghp, ddi ngu nhan lyc gidu
kinh nghiem, chuyen mdn cao. Trong khi cdc chuyen gia dugc ddo tao chuyen nghipp vl ITnh vyc logistics van cdn qud it so vdi yeu ciu phdt triln.
Vipc xdy dyng vd ddo tao nguon nhan lye phdi ludn duge cgp nhgt, doi mdi, cd sy hd trg ngdn sdch, cdc nguon tdi trg ciia Chinh phu, cde Bp cho ngdnh logistics.
Thir sdu, vai trd eiia Nhd nu&c. Can cd cdc gidi phdp dong bp cua chinh phu nhdm hudng dan, thiic day sy lien ket cdc doanh nghiep giao nhgn kho van vdi nhau de ndng cao khd ndng cgnh tranh vdi doanh nghiep ciing logi trong khu vyc vd tren thi gidi.
Trudc thye trgng chung cua hipn nay d Vipt Nam, bat ke ngdnh ndo, vipc "lien kit" cung dugc coi Id ciru cdnh trudc sy "cgnh tranh" mgnh me eiia cdc doanh nghipp nude ngodi. Vdi ngdnh logistics, sy cgnh tranh dugc dy bdo se khdc liet ban nhieu bdi hgu cin dugc coi Id ngdnh thuong coa Igi nhuan cao. Hipn tgi, lien ket giira cac doanh nghiep logis- tics Viet Nam cdn ylu, Idng leo, khdng cd ndi mgng vdi mang logistics todn cdu. NIU khdng lien ket cdc doanh nghiep logistics se cd the thua ngay tren sdn nhd. Trong xu hudng outsourcing, tinh lien ket can thiet ban bao gid bet. Mdt cdng ty giao nhgn cd the lien ket vdi mdt cdng ty ve kho bai, ve van tdi, ve mdi gidi, ve hdng khdng tao thdnh mdt chudi lien ket chat che.n
1. Ngudi eung cip 3PL la ngudi thay mat cho chii hang quan Iy va thye hien cac djch vu logistics. Do vay, 3PL tich hpp cac djch vu khac nhau, ket hpp chat che viec luu chuyin hang h6a va xu ly thong tin trong day chuyen cung ling. Hien nay, 3PL dang phat triln manh d cac nude co kinh tl phat triln.
2. Theo danh gia cua Vien Nghien euu Yano (Yano Research Institute), Nhat Ban.
3. Theo danh gia cua Vien Nghien cuu Yano, nam 2003
4. Theo si lieu ciia Hiep hpi He thing hau ein NhSt Ban (Japan Logistics System Association) hang nam.
5. Quan ly chudi eung cip (SCM Supply Chain Management) la phuang thuc toi uu h6a nhiJng yeu cau cua khach hang vdi muc chi phi thip nhit va it tieu ton thdi gian nhit.
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Bahar Barami (2001), Productivity Gains from Pull Logistics: Tradeoff's of Internal and External Costs. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board (TRB). Conference on Transportation and Economic Development.
Portland. Oregon.
2. Bang Ho- Kyung (2004). " Toward an Integrated Logistics System in Northeast Asia. East Asian Review, Vol 16, N 2, Summer.
3. David Hummels (Purdue University); Jitendra N. Bajpai (World Bank) and Robin Caruthers (World Bank) (2005): ''Trade and Logistics: An East Asian Perspective" Institute for Southeast Asia Studies.
4. Fuhua Wang (2008), Inspiration and Reference from Japanese Logistics Parks Construction and Development.
Asian Social Science, Vol 4, N6, June. http://wvv\v.ecsenet.org/ioumal.htinl.
5. JETRO (2005), Growing Demandfor Third- Party Logistics is Transforming Japan's Logistics Industry. Invest Japan, N 10, Autumn, 2005.
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