Ve su" tham gia
cua cong dong dja phu'Ong
vao phat trien du lich d Sa Pa
NGCIYfeN THI MY HANH*
Tom tat
Vdi viec khdo sdt 400 ngUdi ddn, tff 400 hg ddn dang sinh sdng tren dia bdn cdc xa; Ta Van, Lao Chdi vd Td Phin, huyen Sa Pa, tinh Ldo Cai trong ndm 2015, nghien cffu dd cho thdy nhffng nhdn tdtdc ddng tdi stf tham gia cua cdng dong dia phuang (CDDP) trong phdt triin du lich.^ Qua do, de xudt nhffng gidi phdp cu thi nham thdc day stf tham gia cda CDDP trong phdt trien du Uch d Sa Pa ndi rieng, ddng thdi la di cdc dia phuang mien ndi tren cd nffdc ndi chung tham khdo.
TU khoa: sif tham gia cda cdng dong, Ldo Cai, du lich cdng dong
Simunary
With a survey of 400 people from 400 households in communes ofTa Van, Lao Chai and Ta Phin, Sa Pa district, Lao Cai province in 2015, the study identifies determinants of local participation in tourism development Afierwards, tt proposes specific measures to promote this participation in Sapa In particular, and in mountainous regions in general.
Keywords: community participation, Lao Cai, community-based tourism
J»
GlOl THIEU
Trong vdng hdn 50 nam qua, sif tham gia cua CDDP ttong phat trien du lich da thu hut kha nhieu nghien cffu.
Tuy nhien, cac nghien cffu da cdng bd'mdi chi danh gia tren phffdng dien ly thuye't va thie'u mdt khung ly thuyet tten phffdng dien du lich ndng thdn. Dac biet, sff tham gia ciia cpng ddng ndng thdn mien nui d cac nffdc dang phat trien nhff Viet Nam dang gap phai nhffng rao can nha't dinh va hien vin chffa cd nhieu nghien cffu dffdc tie'n hanh. Nghien cffu nay se phan nao gdp phan lam giam rao can tten.
C O s d LYTHUYET VA MO HINH NGHIEN Ct/U
Sff tham gia cua cdng ddng la mdt trong nhffng yeu to' quan trpng cua cdng cudc tim kie'm thanh cdng ve sff ben vffng trong nganh du lich, nhffng "rat khd de dffa ra mdt dinh nghia chung ve sff tham gia cua cdng ddng"
(Tosun, 2005). Theo Tosun, khdng cd sff thd'ng nha't giffa cac hpc gia ve dinh nghTa cua thuat ngff nay va mdi nha ngMen cffu can dinh nghia va giai tbicb siT tham gia
*ThS., Tru'dng Dai hoc Kinh te Qudc dan I Email: [email protected]
Ngay nhan bai: 17/07/2016: Ngay phan bien: 07/10/2016; Ngay duyet dang: 11/10/2016 cua cdng ddng trong qua trinh phat trien du lich de thffc hien cac muc tieu cu the cua hp.
Ke thffa cac diem chung va cac didm khac biet trong cac dinh nghia ve "sff tham gia" do cac nha nghien cffu trffdc day da drfa ra, tac gia chpn npi ham ciia khai niem srf tham gia CDDP trong phat ttien du lich nhrf sau: "Sif tham gia cda CDDP trong phdt trien du lich Id mgt qud trinh.
Qud trinh ndy dugc bdt ddu tff khi nhgn thdc dugc vai trd, lai ich cua du lich ddi vdi chlnh bdn thdn hg vd dia phuang hg.
Slf kit thdc bang viec thtfc Men cdc hogt dgng du lich ciia chinh hg theo cdc hinh thffc, mdc do, vd thdi gian khac nhau".
Tff dd, tac gia de xua't md hinh nghidn cffu nhff Hinh.
Tff md hinh nghien cutt de xua't, cd the dffa ra cac gia thuye't nghien cffu nhff sau:
HI. Nhan thffc ve tac ddng du lich cua CDDP anh hffdng de'n dff dinh tham gia du lich trong tffdng lai cua bp.
58
Kinh te va Du" baoH2. Kinh ngMem tham gia du hch ciia CDDP anh hffdng de'n diJ dinh tham gia du lich ttong trfdng lai cua hp.
Trong ngMen cti"u nay, tac gia ket hdp ngMen ctJu dinh tinh va ngMen cffu dinh lffdng.
NgMen cu^i dinh tinh thdng qua phdng van 11 can bp chinh quyen dia phffdng (chii tich/phd chu tich xa, can bd phu trach van xa, can bp ban quan ly du lich cpng ddng, cac trffdng thdn), cac doanh ngMep Iff hanh tten dia ban huyen Sa Pa.
NgMen cu'u dinh lffdng sd bd dffdc thffc Men theo phffdng phap lay mau thuan tien bang ky thuat phdng \ an trffc tie'p thdng qua bang hdi tdi 20 hd dan dang sinh sdng tten dia ban cac xa ngMen cffu de danh gia tinh nha't quan cua cac thang do.
NgMen ctiu cMnb thffc dffdc thffc Men vdi 400 ngrfdi dan tff 400 hd dan dang sinh sdng tten dia ban cac xa ngMen cffu (ttong do, cd 385 pMeu tta ldi hdp le, cMe'm 92,65%) theo phffdng phap lay mau ngiu nMen bang ky thuat phdng van trifc tiep thdng qua bang hdi. Cac cudc phdng van dffdc thffc Men vao thang 05/2015.
Dff heu thu thap dffdc sff dung de danh gia tiiang do bang cdng cu phan tich dp tin cay thdng qua he sd Cronbach's Alpha, phan tich nhan to kham pha (EF.A - Exploratary Factor Analysis), phan tich ttfdng quan va phan tich hdi quy logistic va hdi quy thff bac de kiem dinh md hinh va gia thuyet ngMen cffu. Do gidi ban cua bai viet, tac gia cbi ttinh bay phan ket qua phan tich EFA va phan tich hdi quy.
KET QUA NGfflEN C t U Ket qud phan tich EFA:
4 nhan td' ddc lap mdi dffdc tao ra sau kM phan tfch nhan to, bao gdm: Du hch gdp phan nang cao chat lffdng cudc sdng:
Du lich lam gia tang te nan xa hpi: Du lich lam gia tang d nMdm mdi trffdng: Du lich gdp phan phat trien van hda - thffdng mai. Ket qua phan tich dffdc trinh ba\
ttong Bang 1. Vdi he sd KMO = 0.544 >
0,5 cho thay, dff heu cua bien ddc lap phu hdp de phan tich nhan to'. Mffe y ngMa kiem dinh Bariett = 0,000 < 0,05 cho tha\.
cac bie'n quan sat cd tffdng quan vdi nhau tten tdng the. Do dd, phffdng phap phan tich EFA la phu bdp. Tong phffdng sai trich dat 64,597% cbo tiiay, cd 64.597^c bien tMen cua dtt heu dffdc giai tMch. bdi 4 nhan id. He so tai > 0,5 cho thay. cac thang do tffdng ffng cd y ngMa thffc tiin.
HiNH 1: .MO HlNH >:GHIE>: CtfO Dfi XOAT
Ket qua phan tich EFA cho bien phu thupc cua ma ttan xoa> nhan td tten cho tha\. he sd tai nhan td cua cac bien quan sat deu thda dieu kien khi phan tich nhan td la he sd Factor Loadmg >=0,4 va khdng cd nhan to mdi nao dffdc tao ra khi phan tich nhan td. Ddi vdi nhan td duy nha't ttong bien phu thupc, cac bien quan sat ttong Men nay da thda didu kien phan tich Cronbach's Alpha: thang do cd gia tri > 0,6 dam bao dp tin ca\ tot
\'a deu cd he sd tffdng quan bien tdng > 0,35 dat yeu cau thi/c sff ddng gdp gia tri vao nhan td.
BAMG 1: KET QUA P H A N TICH >:HA.N TO BIE>: DOC LAP Bien quan sat Nhan to mdi Cronbach's
-41pha
Ttfdng quan biSn t^ng .\1 B l D l E l
Du lich gop phan phat trien cd' . /11 SCF ha tang d dia phttttng
Nhd CO du Iich. dich \TJ cham' .711 soc site khoe diTdc tot hdn
Du I|ch lam tang cd hpi hpc tap ,613 cho ngirdi dan dia phtfdng
Du lich Iam cho cong tac an .612 ninh trat lit va phong chay chtfa chav dtfdc dam biio hdo
0.631 O.Jl"
0.392 0.J56 0.390
Du lich Iam tang te nan trpm cap Du lich lara tang te nan ma ttiy Du Iich lara 6 nhiem nsuon ntfdc Du Iich Iam 6 nhiem khong khi
.85 .S51
.S54 .S19
0.734 0.715
0.5S0 0.580 0.556 0,556 Xhd phat trien du lich. ngifdi i
I dan CO the de dang mua cac do' idling sinh hoat gia dinh 6 cac i ciJa hang ngay tai dia phu'dng
0,65" 0.404
Du lich khuyen kMch viec phat trien rgng rai cac hoat dgng van;
hoa nhif phat trien nghi thu cong, cac loai hinh bieu dien I nghe thuat va am nhac, le hoL..
tai dia phu'dng
"05 Q d O l
I Tong phi/dng sai trich ' 64.59"
KMO 0.:
,Si2 0.000
EcoQoni\ and Foreca-t Review
TT
59
BAMG 2: HOI QGY LOGISTIC D t i DINH THAM GIA HOAT D O N G KINH DOANH DU LICH TRONG TC/ONG LAI
Ten bie'n
Kinh nghidm tham gia du lich Kinh nghiem tham gia Icinh doanh du iich Kinh nghiem tham gia hop hen quan d^n du hch Kinh nghiem tham gia ve sinh chung
Kinh nghiem tham gia phong chay rirng
IMd hinh 1
0,531 [0,192]*
0,674 [0,117]
0,250 [0,110]**
-0,099 [0,134]
IVlafajiih2
0,534 [0,208]*
0,720 [0,126]
0,245 [0,119]**
-0,103 [0,149]
IVId hinh 3
0,583 [0,209]*
0,729 [0,130]
0,235 [0,121]**
-0,081 [0,153]
M6 Unh 4
0,528 [0,216]*
0,736 [0,133]
0,242 [0,123]**
-0,103 [0,154]
M6 hinh S
0,384 [0,228]
0,721 [0,142]
0,262 [0,134]**
-0,192 [0,174]
Nh$n thu'c v^ cac tac d$ng du lich
I ^ a n thttc du lich gop phan cai thien chat Itrong cuoc song NhSn thiJc du lich lam gia tang te nan xa hpi Nhan thu'c du lich Iam gia tang 6 nhilm m6i tnrdng Nhan thiJc du hch gop phan md rong van hoa, thtrtJng mai F statistic
R-squared (%)
3 9 , 9 4 " * 42
0,613 [0,097]***
35,88***
44
0,543 [0,005]**
-0,281 [0,221]
37,53***
44
0,538 [0,004]**
-0,264 [0,224]
0,126 [0,009]**
41,28***
49
0,631 [0,138]*
-0,374 [0,243]
0,039 [0,014]**
0,979 [0,351]***
47,31***
58 Chii thich: So Irong ngoac vuong the hien do lech chuan. Thu nhap (log) dupc tinh theo logarit tU nhien cua yeu to thu nhap. * **, ***chi bdo co y nghta thong Ice lan luat d mitc 10%, 5% va 1%
He so F statistic vd Pseudo R2: chl bdo ve do tuang thich c&a mo hinh
Nguon: Tinh toan ciJa tac gia
Ke't qud phdn tich hoi quy:
Ket qua phan tich hdi quy nhff Bang 2, 3, qua dd cd dffOc cac ket luan sau:
Ve nhgn thffc ve cdc tdc dgng du lich dnh hudng din dtf dinh tham gia du lich cua hg trong tuang lai:
- Nhan thffc du lich gdp pban nang cao chat IffOng cudc sdng cd tac ddng dffdng dd'i vdi dff dinh tham gia du lich trong tffdng lai cua CDDP. Dieu nay cd nghia la khi ngffdi dan cam nhan du lich gdp phan nang cao chat lffdng cudc sdng cho dia phffdng, hp cang san ldng tham gia cac boat ddng du lich trong tffdng lai.
- Khdng cd ket luan ddi vdi mdi quan he giffa Nhan thffc du lich lam tang cac te nan xa hdi va dff dinh tham gia du lich trong tffdng lai cua CDDP. Nguyen nhan cd the dffdc ly giai, bdi cac te nan xa hpi chffa tram trpng, chffa du tac ddng den quye't dinh tham gia du lich hay khdng cua CDDP tai dia ban nghien cu^i.
Nhan thffc du ljch gdp pban phat trien van hda - thffdng mai cd tac ddng dffdng dd'i vdi dff dinh tham gia du lich trong tffdng lai cua CDDP.
- Nhan thffc du lich lam tang d nhilm mdi trffdng cd tac ddng am ddi vdi dff dinh tham gia du lich trong ttfdng lai cua CDDP.
Ve kinh nghiem tham gia du lich cda CDDP dnh hudng den du dinh tham gia du lich c&a hg trong tuang lai:
- Kinh nghiem tham gia kinh doanh du lich cua CDDP cd quan he cung chieu vdi dtf dinh tham gia du lich cua hp trong tffdng lai. Tffc la, ngffdi dan cang tham gia kinb doanh du lich nhieu nam, hp cang san long tham gia cac hoat ddng du lich trong tffdng lai.
^ - Kinh nghiem tham gia hpp hen quan den du lich cua CDDP anh hffdng de'n dff dinh tham gia du lich cua hp trong tffdng lai.
Kinh nghiem tham gia ve sinh chung cua CDDP cd quan he cung chieu vdi dff dinh tham gia du lich cua hp trong tffdng lai. Tffc la, ngffdi dan cang tham gia ve
sinh chung cua dia phffdng, hp cang san ldng tham gia cac boat ddng du lieh ttong tffdng lai.
Khdng cd kdt luan ve gia thuydt Kinh nghiem tham gia phdng chay rffng cd quan he cilng chieu vdi dif dinh tham gia du lich cua hp ttong tffdng lai.
Ngoki ra, cac dac diem nhan khau hpc: gidi tinh, tudi, gido due, thu nhdp cua CDDP deu cd anb hffdng den dff dinh tham gia du lich eua hp ttong ttfdng lai.
MQT SO DE XUAT
Tren cd s6 ket qua cua nghien cffu, de thuc day sif tham gia cua CDDP ttong phat trien du lich d Sa Pa ndi rieng, cac tilth mien nui ndi chung, theo tac gia cin thtfc hien cac giai phap sau:
Thff nhdt, ndng cao nhgn thffc ve cdc tdc dgng cda du lich din kinh ti, vdn hda - xd hdi, vd mdi trudng cho CDDP.
Ke't qua nghien cffu cho tha'y, rd rang nhan thtfc ve tac ddng cua du lich la thvfc Slf quan ttpng ddi vdi quyet dinh tham gia vao cac boat ddng du lich cua CDDP.
Do dd, cac nha quy hoach, cac dtf an du lich nen tap trung vao viec nang cao nhan thffc ve nhffng tac ddng cua du lich den kinh te, van hda - xa hdi va mdi trffdng cho CDDP. Viec nay dat drfdc thdng qua giao due, tuyen truyen vdi hinh thffc phu hdp nhat vdi dia ban nghien cffu la thdng qua cac chtfdng trtnh phat thanb cua xa.
Ngoai ra,^ cd the nang eao nhin thffc ve du lich ciia ngtfdi dan thdng qua cac budi hpp thdn/xa hay trtfc tiep tai tffng bd
60
Kinh t«' va Du bdoBANG 3: HOI QOY THtl BAC - D(l DINH THAM GIA DG LjCH TRONG TCIONG LAI
T§n bie'n | M6 hinh 1 | IMa hinh 2 | IVId hinh 3 j M6 hinh 4 | 1M6 hinh S Kinh nghiem tham gia du Uch
Kinh nghiem tham gia kinh doanh du lich Kinh nghiem thara gia hop hen quan den du Iich Kinh ngliiem tham gia ve smh chung
Kinh nghiem tham gia phong chay rttng
0,459 [0,054]***
0,016 [0,036]
0,067 [0,035]*
0,018 [0,041]
0,441 [0,056]***
0,021 [0,037]
0,072 [0,036]**
0,002 [0,043]
0,439 [0,057]***
0,018 [0,038]
0,074 [0,036]**
0,001 [0,043]
0,449 [0,059]***
0,023 [0,038]
0,072 [0,037]*
-0,004 [0,043]
0,444 [0,051]**
0,007 [0,033]
0,035 [0.032]
-0,024 [0,038]
Nh|n thtfc v^ cac tac dong du lich
Nhan thdc du lich gop phan cai thien chat lirdng cuoc song Nhan thttc du hch lam gia tang te nan xa hoi Nhan thdc du lich lam gia tang 6 nhiem moi trudng Nhan thttc du lich gop phan md rpng van hoa, thuong mai F statistic
R-squared (%)
5,26***
38
0,280 [0,106]**
4,50***
38
0,292 [0,108]**
-0,006 [0,062]
4,87***
39
0,230 [0,109]**
0,001 [0,062]
0,132 [0,057]**
4,90***
42
0,254 [0,094]**
0,000 [0,054]
0,101 [0,049]**
0,363 [0,077]***
6,81***
53 Chii thich: So trong ngoac vuong the hien do lech chudn. Thu nhap (log) duoc tinh Iheologarit iU nhien cua yeu to thu nhap. * **, ***cht bdo co y nghia thong Ice lan luat d miic 10%, 5% va 1 %
He soF statistic vd R-squared cht bdo ve dp tucmg thich ciia mo Mnh
dan. Day la mdt cdng vide khd khan, dac bi6t dd'i vdi cac cdng ddng mien nui ndi ma ngffdi dan cd trtnh dp giao due va chat lffdng cupc sdng thap, ddi hdi phai cd thdi gian nha't dinh.
Thd hai ndng cao kinh nghiem tham gia du lich cua CDDP, ddc biet Id kinh nghiem tham gia kinh doanh du lich vd kinh nghiem tham gia ve sinh chung cda dia phuang:
Theo dd, cac xa d Sa Pa cd the phat tridn them cac dich vu, nhff: phat ttien da dang cac dich •vu nghi cua khach (nghi trffa/nghi qua dem), dich vu ttdng giff xe (vdi lffdng khach tham quan nhff d Ta Van, khoang vai chuc xe chd khach du lich/ngay, thi viec phat trien dich vu nay se rat kha thi va tff dd thu dffdc ldi icb dang ke ttf dich vu nay).
Nguon: Tinh toan ciia tac gia
Ngoai ra, cac thdn/xa phat trien du hch nen nghien cihi de cung cap cac thtfc pham/ndng san ngay tai dia phffdng.
Hien nay, cdng tac ve sinh chung cua dia phffdng da dffdc thffc hien tai cac dia phffdng thdng qua cac nhdm khac nhau: hpc sinh cac trffdng THPT tten dia ban thdn/
xa, hdi phu nff, doan thanh nien... Tuy nhien, rac thai tff cac quan an, cac nha hang an ud'ng thai xud'ng sdng tai dia ban xa Lao Chai, hay cdng tac ve sinh rac thai tai xa Ta Phin cung van cdn la van de can giai quye't. Do dd, thdi gian tdi, can tap trung thffc hien nhieu giai phap, nhff: giao due, tuyen truyen, phat, khen thffdng vdi hp gia dinh lam tdt cdng tac ve sinh mdi trffdng...
Thdba, cdn thifc hien tdt cachi ddn chu vd tgo cahgi di ngudi ddn tham gia tff khdu quy hogch phdt triin du lich - linh hdn cda sif th.am gia cua CDDP.
Ngffdi dan tai dia ban nghien cffu dffdng nhff rat "md hd" vdi viec tham gia ttong quy hoach/lap ke'hoach phat trien du hch. Day la van de can khac phuc de cd the thu hut ddng dao dan cff tham gia phat trien du lich dia phffdng.Q
TAI LIEU IHAM KHAO
1. Allen, L. R, Hafer, H. R., Long, P. T., & Perdue, R. R. (1993). Rural residents' attittides toward recreation and tourism development, Joumal of Travel Research, 31(4), pp. 27-33
2. Haley, A. J., Snaith, T., MiUer, G. (2005). The social impacts of tourism a case study of Bath, VK, Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), pp. 647-668
3. Liu, J. C, & Var, T. (1986). Resident attitudes toward tourism impacts in Hawau, Annals of Tourism Research, 13(2), pp. 193-214
4. Mazursky (1989). Past experience and future tourism decisions, Annal of Tourism Research, 16 (3), pp. 333-334
5. McGehee, N. G., Andereck, K. L. (2004). Factors predicting rural residents' support of tourism, 7oMraa/ of Travel Research, 43(2), pp. 131-140
6. Tosun, C. (2005). Stages in the emergence of a participatory tourtsm development approach in the developuig world, Geoforum, 36(3), pp. 333-352
7. Wilhams, J., & Lawson, R. (2001). Community issues and resident opinions of tourism.
Annals of Tourism Research, 28(2), pp. 269-290
Economy and Forecast Review