Ve van de ngiroi Rohingya theo Islam giao 6* Myanmar
Le Hai Dang<*>
Nguyen Thi Le'"'
Tom tat: Vdi 135 tgc nguoi khdc nhau ve nguon goc vd su ton tgi cua cdc ton gido lan nhu Phdt gido, Kito gido, Islam gido, lich sic phdt triin cua Myanmar mgt phdn rdt lan bi chi phoi bai cdc cugc ddu tranh tgc nguai, ton gido. Trong do, cugc xung dot giiia cdc phdt tic Miin Diin da sd vd cdng ddng nguai Islam gido thiiu sd Rohingya vdn dang diin ra rdt gay gat, cd nguy ca ddn toi mot cugc khung hodng di cu trong lich su quoc gia ndy. Chii nghia ddn tgc mang mdu sdc cue doan cgng vol tu tuong bdi trie Islam gido khiin tinh hinh tro nen kho ludng hon. Chinh boi vay, vdn de nguai Rohingya co duac gidi quyet hay khdng chu yiu phu thugc vdo nd luc nhdn dao cua Chinh phu Myanmar, cgng dong khu vuc vd qudc te.
Tir khoa: Chu nghia dan tgc, Xung dot tgc ngudi, Ngudi Rohingya, Myamnar Abstract: The diversity of ethnic groups in Myanmar (135 to be officially recognised by the government) and the existence of major religions such as Buddhism, Christianity and Islam have greatly contributed to the occurrence ofethno-religious conflicts in the country's development history. The paper shows that the tension between Burmese Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims continues to escalate, accompanying a migration crisis thread. Buddhist extremism and anti-Muslim sentiments could lead to an even more unpredictable situation.
Hence, whether the Rohingya issue would be solved mainly depends on humanitarian efforts of the Burmese government as well as the regional and international communities.
Keywords: Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, Rohingya People, Myanmar
M d d a u lich sir nhan loai. Su da dang tdc ngudi, Dan tgc va tdn giao ludn la van de quan tdn giao d Myanmar (135 tgc ngudi khac trgng frong lich sir m6i dan tgc eiing nhu nhau v l ngudn goc; gin 90% dan sd theo Phat giao, cdn lai theo cac tdn giao khac I"' PGS.TS., Vien Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hpi; nhu Kito giao, Islam giao...) cd thi coi la Vi^n Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam; Email: mot phin nguyen nhan d i n tdi SU va eham
! ? l ^ r v ^ ® r ' ' ' T K . . - . - V - R- ''^"g ^9t thudng xuyen tai qudc gia n a y
< 'ThS., Vien Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hoi; Vien Han , - , o j -i » j , lam Khoa hpc xahpi VietNam; Email:Ienguyen22@ ^hang ban nhu XUng dot glua ngUOi Karen, gmail.com nguoi Chin vdi ngudi Mien; giiia ngudi
14 Thong tin Khoa hoe xa hOi. sd 7.201S Kaym theo dao Phat vdi ngudi Kayin theo
dao Co d i e . Tuy nhien, ndi com nhat chmh la cugc xung dot giiia cac Phat tii Mien Dien va cdng ddng ngudi Islam giao thieu sd Rohingya tung am i trong nhieu thap nien va bung phat manh me trong nhiing nam gin day, trd thanh mgt trong nhiing vu bit on giao phai tdi te nhat tai Myanmar.
Tuy vay, ciing cd y kiln cho rang chinh chu nghia dan tdc cd xu hudng cue doan hien nay cgng vdi tu tudng bai trii Islam giao mdi thuc su la can nguyen khien van de ngudi Rohingya d Myanmar ngay cang trd nen gay gat, khd giai quyet.
1. Ve chii nghia dan toe va nhirng bieu hien ciia no trong moi lien quan vdi ngudi Rohingya d Myanmar
Dan tdc la mgt thuc tai lich sii, dugc hinh thanh khi dat dieu kien ve mgt lanh thd va cgng ddng ngudi hgp nhat chap nhan su quan ly ciia mgt nha nude thdng nhat.
Theo nha xa hdi hgc lich sii ngudi Anh Anthony D. Smith, dan tgc la hien tugng xa hgi va van hda phiic tap xuat hien trong qua trinh phat trien ciia xa hdi loai ngudi.
Tuy theo dieu kien tu nhien khae nhau d nhiing khu vuc khac nhau, thi hinh thiic va ngi dung ciia cac td chiic xa hdi dugc hinh thanh trong qua trinh phat triln ciia quin the nhan loai ciing khac nhau va dugc biiu dat theo cac thuat ngii khae nhau (Dan theo:
Marong-Ping, 2001: 1-12).
Dan tgc (nation) dugc hiiu theo hai nghTa, d nghTa thii nhit dan tdc la hinh thai phat trien cao eua toe ngudi, thudng xuit hien vao giai doan phat trien ciia chii nghia tu ban (dan tgc Phap, Due...); d nghia thir hai, dan tdc la cdng ddng chinh tri ciia nhilu tdc ngudi cd nguon gdc lich sii khac nhau, cd trinh do phat trien kinh t l - xa hdi khac nhau Cling song trong mgt quoc gia, dugc quan ly bdi mgt nha nude ehung, tao lap
nen mgt nen van hda chung (chang han dan tdc Viet Nam) (Bui Xuan Dinh, 2012:12).
6 Viet Nam, thuat ngu "dan toe" (nation) dugc sir dung lan ldn vdi thuat ngii "dan tdc" (ethnic) vdi tu caeh la toe ngudi (nhu Kinh, Thai, Tay...).
Phan ldn cae nude tren the gidi deu co mgt tdc ngudi hoac tdn giao ehiem da so vdi phong tuc, van hda va cac sinh boat ton giao chi phdi ddi sdng cdng ddng. Nhung khi cac khai niem ve toe ngudi hay tdn giao trong "dan tdc" bien thanh cae uu tien chinh tri, thi ngudi dan thieu sd bi dua vao thi b i t lgi. Neu nhdm da sd gianh dugc quyIn tu quylt, thi nha nude dugc tao lap se khdng dai dien eho cac nhdm thieu so, ngay ca khi hg cd day dii quyen cdng dan (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/18/
w o r l d / a s i a / m y a n m a r - r o h i n g y a - e t h n i c - cleansing.html).
Ve mat khai niem, ehu nghia dan toe gan vdi eac boat dgng nhan thiic va tu nhan thiie eiia eac ca nhan va cac nhdm bieu hien dudi hinh thiic nhan thiic va tinh earn y chi. Nhiing ngudi theo chu nghia dan tgc khdng chi cd ac cam vdi "ngudi ngoai"
ma hg cdn de xuat thanh lap mgt qudc gia
"cho rieng hg", trong do dan tdc "hg" nam dgc quyen chinh tri hoac it nhat cung phai dugc hudng mgt quy che dac quyen chinh thiic. Dieu nay thudng dan den phan biet van hda, su phien nhieu, nhirng hanh ddng xiic pham, va trong trudng hgp cue doan nd dan den nhung chien dich bai ngoai va diet ehiing.
Cac su kien dang dien ra va cugc khiing hoang ciia ngudi Islam giao Rohingya hien nay tai Myanmar cd the la mgt trong nhiing minh chiing ro rang nhit cho nhiing luan dilm neu tren. Da so ngudi dan Myanmar theo Phat giao k l tii nam 1057 khi Vua Anawrahta sang lap Nha nude thdng nhit
Vz van dt nguoi Rohingya.. 15 dau tien d viing ngay nay la Myanmar, dng
da chgn theo Phat giao Theravada, hay cdn ggi la Phat giao Thugng tga bd - mgt nhanh cua Phat giao Tieu thua. Theo bao eao thdng ke cua Bd Lao ddng, Nhap cu va Dan sd Myanmar cdng bd nam 2017, den nam 2014 nhiing ngudi theo dao Phat chiem 87,9% s6 dan Myanmar, Kito giao la 6,2%, dao Hdi la 4,3%, dao Hindu la 0,5%, cac tdn giao khac nhu Do Thai giao. Da Than giao.
Vat linh giao, v.v... ehiem khoang 1,1%
(http://myanmar.unfpa.org...). Dao Phat ed anh hudng rat ldn d Myanmar, cugc sdng ciia ngudi dan khdng tach rdi cac nghi le Phat giao. Tai bat ky thanh phd, thi xa nao d Myanmar ciing deu cd it nhat mgt ngdi chiia va mgt tu vien Ph^t giao.
Trong nhiing nam gan day, cugc xung dot tdc ngudi - tdn giao giua nhiing ngudi Mien theo dao Phat chiem da so vdi cdng ddng ngudi Rohingya thieu sd theo Islam giao d Myanmar ngay cang trd nen sau sac, lam day len nhiing van de ve di eu va nhan dao toi te nhit hien nay d dat nude nay.
Trong cugc xung dot nay, ngudi Rohingya ludn la ngudi chiu phan thua thiet, khi ma Chinh quyen Myanmar chi coi hg la nhiing "ngudi ngoai" nhap cu trai phep tii nude lang gieng Bangladesh, trong khi dd Bangladesh ciing tir choi tu each cdng dan chinh thiic ddi vdi hg, tham chi cdn khdng trao cho hg tu each ngudi ti nan.
Cugc xtmg dgt da khien hang tram tin dd Islam giao d Myanmar thiet mang va hang nghin ngudi lanh nan sang Bangladesh.
Trong khi dd, ddng dao cac tin do Phat giao, tham chi cd ca eac nha su la nhiing thanh vien tich cue nhat, thiic day xung dot leo thang. Dae biet la su ndi len eiia mgt phong trao Phat giao ed ten ggi Phong trao 969 (Xem: Nguyen Van Diing, 2013) do nha su Ashin Wirathu (tru tri tai tu vien Masseyin
d thanh phd Mandalay) khdi xudng va lanh dao vao nam 2001. Dudi su lanh dao cua nha su Ashin Wirathu, Phong trao 969 da td chiic nhilu euge bieu tinh d thanh phd Mandalay gay mat dn dinh xa hdi, tdn that vl ngudi va cua cai. Vi ly do nay, Ashin Wirathu bi Chinh quyen Myamnar bit giam va kit an hi tu nam 2003 din nam 2011. Sau khi ra tu, nha su nay tiep tuc cac hoat ddng Idi keo tin dd Phat giao chdng lai ngudi Islam giao d Myanmar, budc tdi nhiing ngudi Islam giao nay gay ra tat ca nhirng hoat dgng tgi pham d Myamnar nhu budn ban thude phien, trdm cap, hiep dam. Tii dd, Ashm Wirathu keu ggi tiy chay ngudi Islam giao, eac co sd thuong mai ciia hg, tham chi ca phuong tien giao thdng edng edng do ngudi Islam giao dieu khien tren khap lanh thd Myanmar.
Bao ehi phuang Tay cao budc Phong trao 969 cua Phat giao Myanmar la mgt phong trao Phat giao cue doan, kieh ddng bao luc chdng lai ngudi Islam giao, gay ra cac cugc xung dot tdn giao d Myanmar va ggi ngudi lanh dao phong trao nay la ten khiing bd. Chii nghia dan toe trd thanh mgt trong nhirng ddng luc chinh tri va xa hdi quan trgng trong lich sir phat triln cua Myanmar, song chu nghTa dan tgc Phat giao dang cd xu hudng eire doan nhu hien nay gdp phan khdng nhd lam sau sac hon niia van de xung dot va khung hoang tai qudc gia nay.
2. Dia vj cua ngirdi Rohingya 6" Myanmar Nhieu ngudi Rohingya ed thi cd nguIn gdc td tien d mgt vuong qudc dgc lap ggi la Arakan hang tram nam trudc, nay la mgt phan eiia bang Rakhine, Myanmar (thanh phd Sittwe thugc bang Rakhine cua Myanmar - cdn cd ten ggi la Akyab), Vao nam 1826, ngudi Anh thing ngudi Miin trong cugc chiln Anh - Miin diu tien va
16 Thong Rn Khoa hgc xa hgi. sd 7.2018 sap nhap viing Arakan - mgt dai dat mau
ma ben bd vinh Bengal - vao thudc dia Miin Dien cua hg. Viing dit nay cd mgt bd phan dan cu gdm ca nhiing ngudi Phat giao va ngudi Islam giao da sinh sdng tuong ddi on hda it nhit tir khoang thi ky XIV din thi ky XVllI. Nhiing ngudi Arakan theo Islam giao dugc ggi la Rohingya, dua theo cai ten lich su ciia viing dat hg cu tni la vung Rohang. Khi dd, ngudi Anh ciing dua vl manh dit nay hang ttam nghin ngudi gdc An Do (theo Phat giao). Nam 1930 va 1937, nhilu cugc truy sat da dien ra nham vao ngudi gdc An tai Rangoon. Nam 1942, khi ngudi Nhat ehiem Mien Dien, nhirng hau due ciia ngudi gdc An Do (theo Phat giao) van tnmg thanh vdi ngudi Anh, trong khi do ngudi Arakan nga theo ngudi Nhat, dan den euge dung do dau tien giiia nhiing ngudi theo Phat giao (d Rakhine) va ngudi Rohingya (A.K.M. Ahsan Ullah, 2016).
Hon the niia, mgt lan sdng di eu eiia hang tram nghin ngudi Rohingya khac tii mgt vung dat ed ten la Bengal sang thanh phd cang Akyab de tim kilm viec lam khi ngudi Anh chiem ddng d day tii nhiing nam 1820 lai eang ciing ed dinh kiln ring ngudi Rohingya Islam giao d Rakhine la "nhirng ngudi ngoai bit hgp phap" va hg bi ggi miet thi la "Bengali" (A.K.M. Ahsan Ullah, 2016). Nhiing ngudi Rakhine theo Phat giao tai day phan ddi viec nhap cu hang loat nay cua ngudi Rohingya, bdi hg eho ring nhiing ngudi mdi din chi gay ra nhiing vin de xa hdi tren dat nude Myanmar.
Long ban thii nay khien Myanmar sau khi gianh dugc dgc lap hi tay thuc dan Anh nam 1948 da nhit quylt tu chdi trao tu each cdng dan cho ngudi Rohingya. Din nam 1982, khi xay dung Hiln phap, Chinh phii Myanmar khdng edng nhan ngudi Rohingya la mgt ta-ong 135 toe ngudi tao nen Lien
bang Myamnar. Ndi caeh khac, khoang hon mgt trieu ngudi Rohingya da bi tudc qudc tich, trd thanh nhdm ngudi "khdng nha nude" dan le ldn nhat tren thi gidi, khoang 1,5 trieu trong tdng sd 10 trieu ngudi (khdng nha nude) (https ://www.economist, com/the-economist-explains/2015/06/01/
the-plight-of-the-rohingyas).
Ke tii dd, ngudi Rohingya trd thanh ddi tugng ciia nhiing lan sdng tan cdng ciia quan ddi Myamnar eiing nhu eua ngudi Rakhine. Hang tram ngan ngudi da vugt bien vao Bangladesh. Nam 1978, quan dgi Myanmar da xua dudi hon 200.000 ngudi Rohingya tu Myanmar sang Bangladesh, khoang 10.000 ngudi da chet vi dieu kien sdng khdng dam bao, sd khae da quay trd ve Myanmar. Tir nam 1992, Bangladesh ciing khdng trao cho hg tu each ngudi ti nan. Vu thanh triing tdc ngudi nam 2012 d Sittwe va eac khu vuc khac cua Rakhine da thiet lap mgt he thong phan biSt chiing tdc tren thue te tai bang nay, ngudi Rohingya bi cd lap hoan toan va bi loai khdi ddi sdng kinh te va ehinh tri ciia Rakhine. Hau qua la 192 ngudi chet, 265 ngudi bi thuong, 8.614 ngdi nha bi pha buy, udc tinh khoang 100.000 ngudi Rohingya phai sdng vd gia cu (Ha Dan, 2014: 47). Din gin day (nam 2017), tinh hinh xung dot tai Myanmar van chua dugc cai thien, Chinh quyen Myanmar mdi xac nhan cd 400 ngudi chet, trong khi Lien Hgp Qudc lai dua ra con sd thdng ke cham nguong 1.000 ngudi (https://www.
project-syndicate.org...). Hang tram ngan ngudi Rohingya da vugt bien din nude lang gieng Bangladesh, hang ngan ngudi khac cdn dang d khu vuc bien gidi dl doi dugc cho phep nhap eanh.
Hau hit ngudi Rohingya da mit kl sinh nhai, va su ngheo ddi sau dd da
Ve van de nguoi Kohingya... 17 khien nhilu ngudi trong sd hg lieu mang
vugt bien. Uy ban phan ling khan cap dia phuang duge thanh lap de giai quyet van de ngudi Rohingya nhung lai khdng he cd mgt dai dien ngudi Rohingya nao trong dd. Cac cude cai each duge ea tung nhieu d Myanmar ke tii nam 2011 da khdng lam dugc gi nhieu de giiip do ngudi Rohingya.
Cugc cai each tham chi cdn cd the khien tinh canh ciia ngudi Rohingya trd nen tdi te hon khi Chinh phu ban dan su kich thich bai Islam giao trong Idng qudc gia Myanmar nham ed gang gianh ehien thang trong cugc tdng tuyen eii vao thang 11/2015. Ngay ea ba Aung San Suu Kyi (mgt ngudi Myanmar dugc nhan Giai Nobel hda binh nam 1991) tung kien dinh ling hg quyen con ngudi ciing chi benh vuc nhiing ngudi Rohingya mgt each mien cudng (https://www.project-syndicate.org/
commentary/myanmar-robingya-erisis- aung-san-suu-kyi-inaction-by-syed-munir -khasru-2017-09?barrier=aeeesspaylog).
Ngudi Rohingya nhin thay rat it trien vgng cai thien tinh canh cua minh, dieu dd ciing ed nghia hang ngan ngudi Rohingya niia se len thuyen vugt bien va bang tram ngudi niia se thiet mang, tham chi kha nang ve mgt cugc thanh lgc toe ngudi tdi te nhat cd nguy co se xay ra.
3. He qua cua cugc xung dot lien quan tdi nguM Rohingya d Myanmar
Cugc xung dot toe ngudi - tdn giao lien quan tdi ngudi Rohingya d Myanmar da gay ra nhiing van de ve di cu eiing nhu nhan dao sau sic d Ddng Nam A trong nhiing nam gan day. Viec ehinh quyen Myanmar khdng cdng nhan ngudi Rohingya ddng nghTa vdi viee tu each cdng dan va tham chi la nhiing quyen co ban nhat nhu quyen eu tni eiia hg ciing bi phii nhan. Va nhu vay, kha nang nhdm tdc ngudi thieu sd nay dugc di hgc.
kham chiia benh, tim k i l m viec lam, ket hdn cung nhu di lai trong va ra ngoai qudc d i u bi gidi ban. Khdng nhung the, cac lgc lugng an ninh, quan su cdn tien hanh nhi^u dgt can quet, dan ap toan bg cdng ddng ngudi Rohingya nhu mgt hanh ddng dap tra nhieu cugc tan edng phan khang eua lue lugng dan quan Rohingya nham vao cac tru sd canh sat va doanh h:ai quan ddi. Ngudi cd thi dugc coi la cd tilng ndi nhat trong viec giai quyet xung dot nay la ba Aung San Suu Kyi lai khdng cd dgng thai nao de ngan ehan xung dot. Chinh quyen ngan can cac CO quan cua Lien Hgp Qudc tiep te eae ngudn ciiu trg khan cap. Quy Dan sd Lien Hgp Qudc (UNFPA), Cao uy Lien Hgp Quoc v l Ngudi ti nan (IJNHCR) va Quy Nhi dong Lien Hgp Qudc (UNICEF) da bi budc phai ngung boat ddng d cac khu vuc bi anh hudng bdi cac cugc xung dot nay.
Trudc tinh canh dd, hang nghin ngudi Rohingya tii Bangladesh va Myanmar, duge phuong tien truyen thdng quoc te ggi chung la "thuyen nhan", da di cu bat hgp phap tdi cac nude nhu Indonesia, Malaysia, Thai Lan, An Do,... (http://www.bbe.eom/
news/world-asia-41566561). Theo du liSu cua Lien Hgp Quoe, den thang 5/2017 da cd bon 168.000 ngudi Rohingya rdi Myanmar ke tii nam 2012 (https ://baomoi.
com/bi-kieh-cua-nguoi-rohingya...).
Chinh phu Thai Lan gan day bat dau triet pha dudng day nhung ke budn lau dua ngudi di cu den cac trai d mien Nam de doi tien ehuge. Ket qua la nhiing ke budn lau bd roi hg tren bien. Vi cae nude trong khu vuc khdng mudn hg di vao vung dit ciia minh, hg dugc tra lai noi xuat phat.
Hai quan Thai Lan tuyen bd da hd trg cac thuyen eho ngudi di eu trong viing biln cua minh, va da chuan bi cac trai ti nan tren bd bien. Tuy nhien, Bangkok khdng mudn hg
Thdng Hn Khoa hgc xa hgi. sd 7.2018 dinh cu lau dai, va rit it ngudi Rohingya
mudn dinh cu tai Thai Lan du phai d lai tren nhiing chiec thuyen ehat chgi.
Malaysia la dilm den dugc nhieu ngudi Rohingya lua chgn vi dat nude nay chu yeu la ngudi Hdi giao va thieu lao dgng. Tuy nhien, Malaysia cho biet khdng chap nhan va ra lenh cho luc lugng Hai quan day lui cac thuyen chd ngudi Rohingya di cu ra khdi bd bien nude nay. Cung cd nhiing hanh dgng tuong tu nhu Malaysia, Indonesia la mgt qudc gia Hdi giao va cung tuyen bd rd rang, khdng chao don ngudi Rohingya.
. Trong hai thap nien qua, chi cd Bangladesh la qudc gia chiu chap nhan ddng ngudi Rohingya di cu. Nude nay thi thoang eho phep hg sdng trong cae trai ti nan tren bien gidi Ddng Nam nhung doi khi lai giii hg trd lai Myanmar. Tii thang 8/2017, hon 668.000 ngudi ti nan Rohingya, trong dd cd khoang 400.000 tre em, da chay trdn khdi Myanmar d i n tni ngu tai cae trai d ben kia biSn gidi Bangladesh (https://vnexpress.net/photo/
cuoc-song-do-day...). Tuy nhien, cac trai ti nan nay ludn phai ddi mat vdi nguy ca lu Igt hoac sat Id dit. Va ngudi Rohingya ludn ludn phai ddi mat vdi ngheo ddi, thieu thdn, sdng tam bg, thilu dinh dudng va cham sdc y te.
Hau bet cac eo quan vien trg va eac td chiie phi chinh phii cho rang, cac nude nhu Bangladesh, Thai Lan, Malaysia va Indonesia phai co trach nhiem nlu ngudi ti nan d vung lanh hai ciia hg. Dii cac nude nay da phan nao no luc eung cip thiic an, nude udng cho ngudi Rohingya, song hg chua thuc su tich c\ic tham gia vao eae hoat ddng tun kiem va ciiu nan bd biln.
Cd the cd mgt sd qudc gia khdng mudn hanh ddng vi n l u lam nhu vay, hg khdng biet xii tri nhu the nao vdi ngudi ti nan. Hg
khdng t h i budc ngudi ti nan trd v l noi ma cugc sdng va quyen tu do bi de dga. Cgng ddng ASEAN cung bi chi trieh vi tilp can v i n de ngudi Rohingya mgt each qua than trgng va vi khdng nhan ra cugc xung dot dang tiep dien nay cd the ehia re khdi edng ddng chung theo timg nhdm tdc ngudi, tdn giao. Tuy nhien, su dan ap bing quan su vao ngudi Rohingya tai Myanmar bi len an manh me b a n ca tir cac co quan, td chiic qudc te. Hg tham chi dat ten eho cac cugc dan ap nay la tdi ae chdng lai nhan loai va eao budc Myanmar dang tien hanh viec thanh lgc toe ngudi d bang Rakhine nhim giai phdng bang nay khdi nhdm Islam giao thieu sd.
Thay Idi ket
Lieu van de ngudi Rohingya cd dugc giai quyet? Nhieu chuyen gia cho rang, day trude het la trach nhiem cua Myanmar.
Chinh phu Myanmar nen cd Idi hanh xu nhan dao ddi vdi nhijng ngudi Rohingya, trong do can thiet phai cd mgt tiln trinh hda binh thuc sir vdi vice edng nhan cac nhom toe ngudi va ton giao trong van de ngudi Rohingya. Tien trinh dd cd t h i do ba Aung San Suu Kyi dan dat nhIm thuyit phuc gidi quan su Myanmar v l nhung lgi ich khdng Id tir qua trinh chuyin tilp chinh tri, va rang viec de dga tiln trinh dan chu hoa se khdng mang lai lgi ich cho Myanmar.
Ngoai ra, cae td chiie qudc t l va cgng dong khu vuc cung giii vai trd quan trgng dang ke trong viec ngan chan mgt cugc khiing hoang di cu cua ngudi Rohingya b i n g viec keu ggi cham diit bao luc, vien trg nhan dao va dua ra nhiing giai phap ngoai giao hieu qua Q
Tai lieu tham khao
1. A.K.M. Ahsan Ullah (2016)
"Rohingya Crisis in Myanmar: Seeldng
Ve van de nguoi Rohingya.. 19 Justice for the 'Stateless'", Journal of
Contemporary Criminal Justice. Vol.
32 (3:) 285-301.
2. Nguyin Van Diing (2013), "Vai net ve phong trao Phat giao mang ten 969 va cugc xung dot sac tdc - tdn giao d Myanmar hien nay", Tgp chi Cdng tdc tdn gido, sd 8.
3. Ha Dan (2014), "Nhiing nd luc mdi ciia Tdng thdng Thein Sein trong viec lam diu van de xung dot tdn giao, sac toe d Myanmar", Tap chi Nghien cuu Ddng Nam A, sd 10.
4. Bui Xuan Dinh (2012), Cac rpcrtgwmo- Vi^t Nam, Nxb. Thdi dai, Ha Ndi.
5. Marong-Ping (2001), "Binh su trinh bay cua Anthony D. Smith ve 'Dan toe' (Nation)" (Tran Thanh Ha d., Nguyen Nhu Diem hd.), Bdn tin phuc vu nghien cicu. Vien Thdng tin Khoa hgc xa hdi, s647,tr. 1-12.
6. Nghiem Van Thai (Chii bien, 2001), Toe nguoi vd xung dot tgc nguai trin thi gidi hien nay, Vien Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hdi.
7. http://myanmar.unfpa.org/sites/default/
files/pub-pdf/UNION_2-C_religion_
EN_^O.pdf
8. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia- 41566561
9. https://baomoi.eom/bi-kich-cua-nguoi- rohingya-nhom-dan-toc-bi-choi-bo-tai- myanmar/c/23322811 .epi
10. https://vnexpress.net/photo/cuoc-song- do-day/cuoc-song-day-nguy-co-cua- n g u o i - t i - n a n - r o h i n g y a - o - b i e n - g i o i - bangladesh-3707582.html
11. h t t p s : / / w w w . p r o j e c t - s y n d i c a t e . o r g / commentary/myanmar-rohingya-crisis- aung-san-suu-kyi-inaetion-by-syed- munir-khasru-2017-09?barrier=aecess paylog
12. h t t p s : / / w w w . p r o j e c t - s y n d i c a t e . o r g / commentary/myanmar-rohingya-crisis- aung-san-suu-kyi-inaction-by-syed- munir-khasru-2017-09?barrier^access paylog
13. https://www.nytimes.eom/2017/09/18/
world/asia/myanmar-rohingya-ethnie- cleansing.html