THUYDT TiNH KHONG TRONG TRltT HOC PHAT GIAO Vai VIEC TU DUONG OAO DUC CON NGUai VIET NAM
NGUYEN THI XmrCTNG' Tdm tdt: Tu viec lam ro quan he giira khai niem "Khong" va thuyet tinh Khong ttong triet hgc Phat giao, tac gia luge khao su phat trien tu tudng ve tinh Khong va di sau phan tich ngi dung thuyet tinh Khdng nhu mgt chu thuyet dgc dao cua Phat giao Dai thira, bieu hien qua nguyta ly duyta sinh, vo nga va vo thucmg. Tir do, tac gia neu Ita y nghia ciia thuyet linh Khong doi vdi viec tu dudng dao diic con ngudi Viet Nam hien nay.
Tir khda: Tinh Khdng, triet hgc Phat giao; duyta sinh; vo nga; vi tha.
1. Khai niem Khdng va thuyet tinh Khong
Trong triet hgc Phat giao, thuyet tinh Khdng la mdt trong nhttng hgc thuyet quan trgng bac nhat, song edn chua dugc nghien ciru nhita bdi dd la mdt trong nhirng van de khd, tuong ddi chuyen sau. Mac du de tai ve tinh Khdng da khflng cdn xa 1^ trong van hgc Phat giao va cflng da dugc mgt sfl tae gia nhu Kurt Schmidt, D.T. Suzuki, Tue sy. An Thuan, Thich Tam Thien... ban din, nhtmg day van la hgc thuyet dl bj hilu nhim nhit. Do vay, viec nghita ciiu thuyit linh Khdng la mflt nhu cau cin thiet, khong chi nham tim hieu triet ly Phat giao, ma cdn tao co sd eho viec tilp can nhflng gia trj cflt tuy cua he thdng tu tudng Phat hgc.
Trudc hit, phai ndi ring thuyit. (/«/i Khdng (sunyata) ttong trilt hpc Ph^t giao lien quan mat thiet vdi khai niem
Khdng (sunya). Hon nfta, trong nhan thuc thflng thudng, Phat giao lufln dugc nhin tu gdc dp mdt tdn giao. Nhita ngudi khciig hita mflt each tudng tan nhung triet ly cao sieu cua nd ve duyen khdi, vfl nga, vfl thudng... Dd la can nguyen khita hg ddng nhat thuyet tinh Khdng vdi khai niem Khdng don gian.
Theo dd, khdng dugc hieu nhu mgt phu djnh tu - dfli lap vdi cd. Thdng thudng, khi thay sy vat hien huu thi ta ggi la cd, nhung khi nd bien mat ta Iai cho nd la khdng. Vi the, Khdng thudng bj hita la tri$t tita, hu vfl. Tu dd, ngudi ta phe phan giao ly dao Phat la bi quan, yem the. Song, trong Phat giao, khdng duge hieu khdng phai nhu vjy. Cd va khdng la hai mat cfla sy vat ttt luc sinh ra eho den khi eham dirt, cflng tuc la mpi hien httu vua la no vua khdng phai la nd.
' Tien sT, Trucmg D^i hpc Su ph^m Ha Npi.
Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viit Nam. s61(86) - 2015
Vdi y nghia nay, tinh Khdng la mflt eai khdng sinh dpng, tfln tai cflng vdi nhjp dieu vd tan cfla su sinh thanh va phan huy cua van httu. Tinh Khdng la tinh khdng thuc thi ciia mpi sy vat hien tugng.
Thyc chit, quan he gitta tinh Khdng va Khdng la quan he bao ham. Thuyet tinh Khdng dugc xay dyng va phat trita tren nen tang cfla khai niem Khdng nhang trong dao Phat, tinh Khdng cdn la mgt ly thuyet triet hge cao sieu, tham dita ve ban the.
2. Sy phat triin tu- tu-frng tinh Khong trong Ijeh sir Phat giao
Ban diu, trong Phat giao nguyta thuy, tinh Khdng khdi ngudn ttt khai niem Khdng, dugc Dice Phat de cap kha sdm trong cac kinh tang Nikaya hay A ham. Theo dd, Khdng la trgng thdi tdm cua ngiedi xudt gia khdng cdn phien luy ve cudc sdng gia dinh. Due Phat nhac cae Ty kheo phai an tru vao Khdng, thyc tap budng bd nhirng lo au phita luy ve vg con, ruflng vudn, trau bd, nha cua, thdn xdm...* \ Khdng la ddi sdng tu tap khflng vudng ban. Xem tat ca la Khdng de dep bd dam me ve v^t chat, tien tai, danh vgng, dep bd mpi hudng thy due lac, xuat gia tim con duong giae ngp, budng bfl mgi phien nao cua tran tue de cd dugc ddi sflng pham hanh thanh cao, giai thoat mpi khfl dau, tim ve chan thien - my. Trjng thai tam khdng cdn uu tu phien luy ve cupc sflng
gia dinh nay duac ggi la Khdng, khai niem Khdng nay khflng mang y nghia trilt Iy sau xa, nhung nd la ca sd, la nghia ban dau eua thuyet tinh Khdng ttong triet hgc Phat giao.
Trong cac kinh diln A ham hay Nikaya, khai niem Khdng cdn dung de chi su gia hgp ciia eac sy vat hien tugng.
Day mdi la nghia chu dao ciia tinh Khdng. Cai Khdng nay dugc hilu la khflng cd thue the cd djnh (chu khflng phai la hu vfl, khflng ed gi het, khdng hien hfln). Theo Due Phat, sy tfln tai eua cac sy v?t, hien tugng trta the gian that mong manh, ngan ngfli, vfl thudng ching khac nao nhttng bgt nude trdi ttfln ddng sdng Hang. Dam bgt nude ay la rdng khdng va neu nhu sy hinh thanh va tfln tai ctia nhung bgt nude trdi trta sdng la ao anh, chi trong phut giay, cd rfli khflng, sinh rfli Iai diet, vfl thudng mau chdng thi ehung ta phai chap nhan mdt sy that hien nhien rang, cae sy vat hien tugng tren the gian nay vdn tu eai khflng ma sinh ra thanh cd, rfli lai tit eai cd ma thay ddi, bien hoai va ttd ve khflng. Tir dd. Due Phat cho ring, van vat khflng cd tudng trang cfl djnh, thi gidi la rflng khdng nhu bgt nude.
Tu tudng ve cai Khdng nay dugc Phat giao nguyta thiiy bilu dat bing
'" Vi?n Nghien cufu Phat hpc Vi?t Nam (1992), Dai t^ng kinh Vi?t Nam, Kinh Trung A hdm, t.4, tr.226.
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Thuyet tinh Khdng trong triit hgc Phdt gido...
khai niem De nhdt nghTa khdng^^K Theo dd, sy vat hien tugng khdng sinh, khdng diet. Khi nhin tu be mat thi sy xuit hien cua mgt su vat nao dd la sinh, sy tan ra cua sy vat la diet. Dire Phat cho ring, bdi ta eat xen thdi gian, dya vao khue doan httu han eua thdi gian ma xet, nen mdi cd sy sinh va diet. Nta tach khai niem thdi gian, khflng gian idifli sy vat hay ndi rdng thdi gian vd cflng, vd tan thi Ichai niem sinh va diet nay khdng cdn nfta. Neu du-ng tu gde do thdi gian vfl cflng tan dd de xem xet sy vat, hien tugng, thi sy xuat hita cfla sy vat, hien tugng khflng phai la sinh, sy bita mat cua ehung cflng khflng phai la diet. Viec den hay di tren ddi nay deu do duyen, mgi sy chi la gia hgp ma cd. Due Phat gpi hinh tudng cua sy vat, hien tugng trong qua ttinh sinh diet, diet sinh khflng ngimg nay la Khdng hay khdng tudng (con ngudi va van vat dta la khflng, chang cd tudng trang bta vttng). Thau triet dugc tu tudng nay, tiic la nam dugc dao ly duyen sinh va tinh Khdng vi Khdng cung chinh la trung tt-flng Duyen khdi. Dilu nay cung cho thay rang triet Iy Duyen khdi (Duyen sinh) la ca sd cua thuyet tinh Khdng.
v l sau, tu tudng "De nhat nghia khdng"
dugc Long Thp Bd tat (Nagarjuna)''' ke thua va phat triin Ita mgt budc mdi vdi chfl truong "Khflng luan" Su dung nguyta ly "Duyen khdi" ciia Dure Phat, Long Thg Bfl tat phan tich ban chit cua
van vat va chi ra tinh Khdng cita tat ea cac phap''". Tu day. Long Thp Bfl tat da neu Ita tu tudng cua minh ve triet Iy tinh Khdng hay cdn gpi la Duyen khdi tinh Khdng tten nta tang phfl djnh triet de vgn vdt deu Id Khdng nham pha huy tat ca kien chap sai lim hay mpi dinh kita ve cd, khdng, sinh, diet...
Trien khai ldi day cua Due Phat ve y niem Sunyata (rflng khflng) trong y nghia sy vat "khdng cd ban the" hay "vd nga", cac thita su da thuc hita sy phu djnh tuyet dfli tren binh dien ban thi (Sein, Existence) bang tu vd nhu vd nga, vd niem, vfl thudng va tu bdt nhu bat sinh, bat diet, bat cau, bat tinh, bat tang, bat giam. Thoat tien, sy phu djnh nay thudng din dta ngfl nhan rang Iy thuyit tinh Khdng ham chua khai niem hu vfl.
Tuy nhita, tinh Khdng khflng phai la mgt chu thuyet nham hu vfl hda the gidi.
Muc dich eua sy phu djnh nay khdng phai la phfl nhan sy tdn tai hita httu cfla the gidi hinh danh, sac tudng, ma nham soi rgi chan Iy nen tang ve ban chat thye su eua tdn tai.
'^' Thich Dire Thing (djch) (2000), Linh Son phap bao Dai tang kinh, Kinh lap A hdm, 1.5, Nxb Hpi Van hoa giao due Linh Scm Dai Bac.
"*'' Lon^ Thp khoang th8 ky I - II, ngudi Trung An, triet gia quan trpng hang dau cua Ph3t giao Dai Thira, la bac trirdng lao ciia phai Khong luan, ngucri sang lap ly thuyet Trung Dao.
*^' Phap CO nhieu nghia, npi ham co ban ciia khai ni?m nay la chi tat ca cac sir vat hi?n tupng trong vu tru (van v^t - van phap).
Tgp chi Khoa hoc xa hgi VijtNam, sd 1(86) - 2015
Qua vay, Phat giao dung cap pham tru "sic - khdng" vira de chi sy hien hull cua cac sy vat hien tugng (sac), Iai vua dl khing djnh tinh vfl nga ciia chung (khdng). Tucmg quan giua sac va khdng la "tuong y tuong thanh", ttte la dua vao nhau ma cung tac thanh cho nhau. Dilu nay khd cd the bieu dat dugc bing ngdn ngu va nhan thuc thdng thudng. Vi thi, Phat giao dung mgt loat ttt phfl djnh dl ndi rd tinh Khdng eua nd, tita hanh pha trtt mgt each sSu sic, tuyet ddi phdp vd ngd.
Theo quan diem cfla Phat giao, sac khflng thudng cdn, lufln bien dfli de rfli khi hoai diet thi nd lai ttd ve vdi eai Khdng, nhftng gi nd vay mugn tu cac dai Iai tra ve vdi eae dai; trong trang thai Khdng dd lai chd dpi duyta hgp khac dl ket hgp thanh cai khac, Iai hoai diet de trd Iai trang thai Khdng. Do vay, "cd cd"
hay "khflng khflng" trong menh dl "sac sac khflng khdng" cung chi la hai hinh thai khi in khi hien cfla cflng mgt ban thi. Sy phu dinh vi the cung ehinh la khang djnh. Dita nay dugc bilu dat ttong cau "sac bit dj khflng, khflng bit dj sac"'", nghia la sic ching khac khflng, khflng chang khae sac, tuy hai ma mgt. Dd cung la y nghia cua cau:
"Sac tuc thi khflng, khflng tue thj sic", nghia la sac va khflng chung quy ciing ehi mgt phap. Tya nhu nude va sdng.
Sdng khdng khac vdi nude, nude khflng khac vdi sdng; nude la sdng va sdng
cflng la nude, nhung nude la ban thS, ludn ludn d dd, khflng sinh, khflng diet (nghia la ban thi nd thudng hing), khdng nho khflng sach (tae dung eua nd vfl phan biet), khflng tang, khflng giam (nghia la nd thudng tu vita man), cdn sdng la hien tugng, ehi la bilu hita nhat thdi eua nude, cd con sdng mdi sinh ra, ed con sdng dang lui tan, cd sdng due, sdng trong.
Tuong ty nhu vay, Khdng la ban thi chan that cfla van vat va van vat chi la bita hien thoang qua eua Khdng. Mgi v^t ching khac vdi Khdng, Khdng chang khac vdi bat ky vtit gi; mgi vat la Khong. Dd la y nghia cfla cau "Thi chu phap khflng tudng, bat sinh, bit diet, bat ciu, bat tjnh, bat tang, bat giam"'". Phjt giao da ap dyng ly luan phu djnh mOt each ed dgng (Iuc bit) dl phu dinh bit cir d?c tinh nao ciia cac phap, cung ddng thdi la sy khing dinh tinh Khdng cua ehiing, rang tat ca cac phap "sinh dift",
"cau tinh", "tang giam" diu nhd nhan duyta ma cd, nen ty tinh eua chung la Khdng: Vgn phdp vd nga.
Nhu vay, PhJit giao chu truang ring, van vat tuy cd hinh tudng, nhtmg dd chi la gia tudng, gia hgp; thyc tinh cua mgi
"' Hoa thupng Thich Tri Tjnh (2006), Kinh Ma ha Bdt Nhd ba la mat, t.l, Nxb Ton giao. Ha Npi, tr.527.
'" Thich Thien Hoa (2002), Phgt hgc phd thdng, quySn 3, Thanh Hpi Phat giao Tp. H6 Chi Minh, tr.609.
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Thuyit tinh Khdng trong trii I hgc Phdt gido...
hita hiiu la Khong; van vat vd ty tinh, thyc tai khdng cd ban chat thudng hing, khflng cd mdt hinh tudng cd djnh, chu khdng phai la khflng hien hfln. Dd la toat yeu cua trilt ly tinh Khdng. LTnh hdi dugc ttilt Iy dd thi cd the quan triet duge he thflng tu tudng Phat hgc.
3. Ngi dung thuyet tinh Khong trong ban the luan Phat giao
Phat giao thanh lap thuyet tinh Khdng dya tren nguyfln ly duyta sinh, ly luan ve vd nga va vfl thucmg. Theo dd, tat ea mgi sy vat hien tugng tren thi gidi nay deu do nhan duyen sinh, deu la gia huu, dta vd nga, het thay dta khdng va dta chju su chi phdi cfla luat bien dfli, tuc vfl thudng.
3.1. Thuyit tinh Khdng qua Duyen sinh vd gid hgp
Thuyit Duyta sinh (Duyen khdi), hay cdn ggi la thuyet Nhan duyta sinh, la ban thi luan ciia Ph^t giad ve sy sinh thanh, bita djch cua van vat trong vfl try. Nhan duyen la nhirng quan he bien chirng trong khflng gian va thdi gian giira cac sy vat. Mgt su v$t bit ky dta anh hudng day chuyen (duyta) din cae sy vat khac. Sy vjit khflng cd chu the, chi hu ao tjim thdi, sinh ra vi nhan duyta hda hgp (sac), diet di vi nhan duyen tan ra (khflng). Tat ca mufln vat diu do duyta gia hgp, nta deu la Khdng. Mgi vat diu trai qua qua trinh thanh - tru - hoai - khflng (sinh thanh.
phat trita, bien hoai va diet vong) ttong mufln van mfli quan he nhan duyen chang chit, rang bugc lin nhau, khflng the tach rdi. Cai nay hdi dfl dilu kita, nhan duyta thi sinh thanh ra cai kia, cai kia dfl dita kien thi lai sinh ra cai khae, cu nhu the tao thanh mgt ddng chay lien tuc ca ve khdng gian va thdi gian. Vi mfli tuong quan nay dugc nfli dai khflng gidi han, nen xet dta cflng, thi tat ca mgi sy vat, hien tugng trong vu ttu dta lita quan vdi nhau, deu nucmg theo nhau ma sinh khdi va tfln tai. Bit cu mflt hita tugng nao dugc phat sinh cung dta phai nhd vao sy ket hgp cua nhita nguyta nhan va dita kien ma thieu mgt nguyta nhan hay dieu kien dfl nhd va thu yta trong sy ket hgp dd thi hien tugng ay cflng se khdng the cd dugc. Tat ca mgi sy vat, hien tugng dta mang tinh eau hgp va khdng ham chira mpt thyc thi cd ly tinh ngi tai dfle lap nao ca. Sy vang mat eua thyc the dgc ^lap va trudng tfln ay ggi la sy trflng khflng, hay tinh Khdng cua chung. Phat giao coi triet ly Duyen khdi tinh Khong la nguyen Iy phfl quat tuyet dfli cua mgi tfln tai, tir vat vfl tri den vat hiru tinh nhu con ngudi.
Theo thuyet Duyta sinh, con ngudi cung ehi la mdt gia hgp cua ngfl uan.
Trong dd, sac uin la yeu tfl vat chat tao nen than the eon ngudi, bdn uan cdn Iai la thg (cam giac), tudng (tri giae), hanh (suy tu), thue (y thiic) cau thanh nIn
Tap chi Khoa hgc xd hdi Viet Nam, sd 1(86) - 2015
tang tinh thin, trang thai tam ly cua con ngudi. Phat giao cho ring, nam uin dta khdng that, dgi duyta hgp mdi cd nta the tinh la Khdng.
3.2. Tinh Khong qua cai nhin cua Vd ngd, Vo thirdng
Van vat trong vfl try deu khflng the vugt qua Iy "vfl nga", "vfl thucmg". Vfl nga theo nghia den la khflng ed cai
"Tfli", theo nghia trilt hgc la su v$t khflng ed ban chat trudng tfln, bat bien, khflng cd cai gpi la "nga". Ban nga chi la gia, bdi le van vat chi la su gia hgp do hdi du nhan duyta ma thanh ra cd (tdn tai). Cai cd ay vdn la Khdng.
Con ngudi bdi vi khflng hita biet (vfl minh), thucmg ngp nhan cai "nga" tdn tai nen mgi y nghi va hanh ddng deu vi cai nga nay. Phat giao cho rang, khflng ai cd mgt ban nga thudng hang. Con ngudi sinh ra tu nhilu nhan td trong vfl try: nude, khoang chat, hda chat... Khi con ngudi chet di (cai tdi tan biln), nhung nhung nhan tfl tao nta nd thi van cdn dd trong vfl try, chung d dd va tfly theo nhan duyta se Iai tao nfln nhttng thir khac. Vi the, ndi theo each cua triet hgc la tir vii trvi tdi den vd trd vi vdi vU tru tdi ra dl. Nhung vu try la gi? La mgt khoang khflng rgng ldn vd tan - mflt cai Khflng ldn. Vi thi, cau ndi trilt hgc trta se chuyen thanh tir Khdng tdi den vd trd vi Khong tdi ra di. Ndi theo ngdn ngtt eua Bat nha'": "Tfli la Khflng,
Khflng la tfli". Tfli la mflt bieu hita phit du cua cai Khdng ldn la vfl try. DSy la y nghia cua "vd nga" trong tinh than ciia Bat Nha. Chung sinh trdi lan trong sinh tu ehi vi vd minh ma lam tudng co mdt cai "Tdi" hien httu, rfli bam vao nd, chip nga. Sy that cai "nga" ay ching phai la cai "that nga", chi la mgt gia danh, "gia t^im" ma thoi.
Vfl thudng la mdt tu tudng bien chiing cfla Phat giao ndi ve su luu chuyin, bien djch bit tan cua van vat. Mgi vat lufln 6 trong ttang thai bien dfli khflng ngimg.
"Tat ca nhflng gi gia hgp diu chju kilp buy hoai, khflng thi khac dugc"'*'. Vo thudng nghTa la khdng thudng cdn, khflng d yen mdt trang thai nhit djnh, lufln thay hinh dfli dang, di tu sinh thanh dta bien dfli rfli tan ra. Phat giao cho rang v%n vat hay van phap diu chiu su ehi phfli cua le vfl thudng, vfl nga. Khflng cd gi la tfln tai vinh viln nta ggi \kphdp vd thudng. Mgi thir chi la gia tam, cho nen eung ggi Xkphdp vd nga.
Ph$t giao quan niem con ngudi la
"mflt phap" dac biet cua thi gidi, than xac con ngudi dugc tao thanh bdi su gia hgp eua hi dai (dja, thuy, hda, phong), khi chit di than tir dai Iai hoan tra vl
"' Kinh dien ciia Phat giao Dai thira, ten djy du la Ma-ha Bat Nha Ba-la-mat-da Tam kinh, gpi tit la Bat Nha tam kinh hay Tam kinh - Bp kinh trpng ySu cua Dai Thira vi linh Khong.
'" Nguyen Dang Thuc (1997), Lich sir triit hoc phuang Bdng, t.3, Nxb Tp. H6 Chi Minh, tr.206.
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Thuyit tinh Khdng trong triit hgc Phgt gido...
cho tu dai. Cho nen, than xac ay la vfl thudng. Khi phan tich khai niem "nga"
trong triet hpe Phat giao, ta chi thay nhdm t?p hgp nam uin (sac, thg, tudng, hanh, thuc) nam trong tuong quan dieu kita duyta khdi "cai nay cd thi cai kia cd, cai nay diet cho nen cai kia diet".
Ngu uin phfli hgp vdi nhau hoat dgng nhjp nhang khien ngudi ddi lam tudng ed mpt cai nga (cai tdi) tfln tai, nhung thyc chat, con ngudi sinh - diet chi la su hgp tan cita ngii udn. Do do khdng cd cdi ggi Id bdn nga (cdi tdi). Tdn tgi con ngudi chi id vd nga. Vfl nga la ban chat eua nga ttong ddng duyen khdi cfla thap nhi nhan duyen. Ndi tdm lai, vd nga va vd thudng la ban chat cua cai "Tdi", bdi vi tren thuc tl chung ta khdng tim dugc mgt cai "Tfli" bat bita thudng cdn, thoat khdi quy luat ty nhien sdng chet.
Chinh vi mpi sy v?t la do Duyen khdi, kl ca con ngudi, nen khflng cd nhttng cai duyen iy kit hgp thi khflng cdn cai "Nga" (cai "Toi") ntta. Vi vay, tit ca la vd nga. Vi sy vat bita chuyen khflng ngimg (chu hanh vfl thucmg), cho nta sy vat khdng duy tri dugc tinh each dflng nhit tuyet dfli cua nd. Vd thudng, vi vay, la mgt tta khac cua vfl nga.
Dilng vl mat thdi gian, sy v^t la vfl thudng; dung v l mSt khdng gian, sy vtit la vd nga. Vd thudng cung cd nghia la vd tudng (cdn gpi la khflng) vi thyc tai cua van hun thdat ra ngdai mgi khai
niem va ngdn tfl-. Nhu vay, vd thudng, vfl nga lien quan mat thiet vdi thuyet Duyen sinh va cung bilu dat tinh Khdng cfla mgi tfln tai.
4. Y nghta c i a thuyet tinh Khdng doi vdi viec tu dudng djo dtrc con ngirdi Viet Nam hien nay
Cd thi thiy ring, do sy tac dgng mat trai ciia qua trinh hfli nhap va phat trien kinh te thj trudng, chflng ta dang phai ddi mat vdi nhita hita tugng bao dgng ve su xuong cap dao diie xa hfli, sy chao dao cfla eac gia trj dao due tinh than, sy lan ttan cfla Ifli sflng ca nhan hudng thu.
Bj cudn vao vdng xoay do, nhieu ngudi hita dai cd gang chilm httu cho minh mgi cfla cai vat chat cd the cd dugc, lim Ifle gat bd nhttng dita luong thien, chan chinh va dao nghia. Trong bdi canh do, viec thau hilu thuyet tinh Khdng cd y nghia nhu mgt sy thu:e tinh, giac ngg.
Mflt khi thay ro dugc ly duyen khdi, vd thudng, nim vftng quy luat sinh diet, cpn ngudi ttd nta ty chu, ty do, thu:c tinh va tinh tta, chuyen ddi banh xe luan hdi vl hudng chinh phap (bat chinh dao).
Trilt Iy tinh Khdng trong trilt hpc Phat giao cd gia ttj thiet thye eho eon ngudi va xa hgi Men dai vi nhiing Iy do sau.
Thir nhdt, thuyet tinh Khdng giiip con ngudi sdng iron vdi tu tudng vd nga - vi tha. Con ngudi vi khflng hieu duge thuyet vfl nga, nta ludn lufln "chap ngS", dan sa vao loi song vi ky, tham lam
Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viet Nam, sd 1(86) - 2015
chilm httu, bam liy nhttng lgi ich vat chit, danh vgng, dja vj, tita tai va trd thanh nd le eho chinh due vgng cua minh. Vdi triet ly "vd nga", Ph?t giao khong phu nhan hien sinh, huy diet nhan each hay ha thap con ngudi. Ngugc Iai, chinh cai nhin "vd nga" tra Iai cho eon ngudi kha nang cai ddi (chuyen nghiep) sflng dflng ma nd danh mat trong Iiic me mudi gift chat cai "Tdi", kha nang cd the ty nang con ngudi ttt binh dien gidi han rang budc hi$n sinh len binh dien ty do, khai phdng, cd pham chat nhan tinh cao quy. Trta binh dien dao due hpc, cai nhin "vd nga" la dieu kien cho hanh dgng dao due, bdi vi nd khai thdng kha nang ehuyta ddi con ngudi, tao dilu kien xa bd vj ky, pha chap nga, chuin bj tam linh hda nhap va cam thflng vdi tha nhta (ngutri khac), md rgng tinh thuang, tit bi vdi mufln loai.
Xuat phat ttt quan diem vfl nga, Phat giao khuyta con ngudi md rdng phtim vi eai "Tfli" bang Ifli sflng vj tha. Vj tha la mflt ngi dung cfla hanh tu bi, dflng nghia vdi ttt tudng "minh vi mgi ngudi", bilt cam thdng, chia se ndi khd dau eua ngudi khac, khflng chi lo ritag cho Igi ich cua ban than; bang ldi ndi, hanh dgng ma sflng va dflng cam vdi tha nhan. Thiu tti?t ly vfl nga, con ngudi miM thoat khdi sy rang budc cfla cai "Tdi" ich ky, tham lam chiem hiiu, vugt qua nhirng gidi han h?p hdi cua ea nhan va cd dugc thai dd
sflng an nhita, ty tai, hudng dta mgt Ifli sflng cao dep day tinh ngudi.
Thu hai, thuyet tinh Khdng giiip con ngudi nhdn ra quy ludt vd gid tri cudc sdng. Sd dl mgt sfl ngucri lufln dau bufln vi nhan thuc sai lim ve thye tai, ngo nhan ring mgi sy vat la thudng edn; tit dd ed tu tudng bam try, niu keo de thda man mpi dye vpng, coi dd la vui sudng, hanh phuc. Khi mgi vat tita tan, cac yeu td v$t chat gia tam dd khdng cdn thi khita ldng ttd nta bi tham, dau khfl vi nudi tiec. Bta canh dd, mflt sfl ngudi lai cd hita biet sai lech va nflng can ve vo thudng, cho rang "chet la het", eugc ddi khflng edn y nghia gi ntta, vi vay ma co suy nghi va hanh dpng tan hudng, sflng gap, din dta Ifli sflng xa hoa, truy lac, chim trong "biln ngfl dye"... tao mai kilp tram luan.
Vd thudng la quy luat cua thi gidi duyen sinh. Khi hilu dugc tinh vo thudng, eon ngudi mdi dirt trir dugc tham ai tita tai, quyln lyc, danh vpng...
Biet vd thudng, thi con ngudi dam hy sinh tai san, sinh mang dl lam vice nghia. Hita dugc quy luat tit ylu cua cudc sflng trong cac hien tugng sinh, lao, benh, tti, thi con ngudi mdi bdt bam viu, chip thu, bilt chip nhan nhttng thay dfli eua cufle ddi, trd nen ty do, ty tai.
Sy phat triin cfla xS hgi hien dai khita nhilu ngudi, nhit la gidi tre, tilp can vdi nhilu phong each Ifli sflng khac 36
Thuyit tinh Khdng trgng triit hgc Phdt gida...
nhay; hg sflng hfli ha hon, "tap" hon (xu huiing nao cung thu), sflng "thoang"
han, dl dai hon va cung dl danh mat minh hon. Nam bat va hieu dugc vfl thudng, con ngudi se sdng cham Iai dl biit bon chen, ganh dua nhau bat chap thu doan, dl biet yeu thuong nhita hen, tran trgng nhirng gia trj dep dg cua fmh ngudi, nhirng trai nghiem vd gia, nhung thdi khac dang sdng. Khi tinh trang hien tai khflng dugc nhu y con ngudi ciing khflng chan nan. Sy vat vfl thudng cho ta niem tin mgi viec deu cd the thay ddi neu ta biet each chuyen hda. Thau triet duge vd thudng, con ngudi se cd tam Idng rgng md, nhan hau va them yta cufle sflng.
Thu ba, thuyet tinh Khdng giup con ngital sdng cd trdch nhiem hem vdi cdng ddng. Theo thuyit Duyen sinh, trong vu try khflng cd sy v^t hien tugng nao tfln tai mflt each biet lap rieng re. "Cai nay cd vi cai kia cd, van vat nuong nhau ma sinh thanh va phat trien". Quy luat tucmg tac dd giup chung ta cd cai nhin dung din ve mfli quan he mat thiet gitta ca nhan, gia dinh va xS hpi. Theo dd, hanh phiic cua ngudi nay cflng la an lac ciia ke khac, khfl dau cua ngudi nay cung chinh la bit hanh eua ngudi khac.
Ndi khae di, cupc song cua mfli ngudi, tryc tiep hay gian tilp, lufln "dy phan"
vao cupc sdng chung cua mgi ngudi.
Gid day, gitta b^n bl dua tranh cua kinh t l thj tmdng, khi mdi quan he gitta ca
nhan va xa hgi ngay cang trd nta ldng leo, sy giao cam gitta ca nhan va cgng dflng ngay cang giam sut thi viec tinh tam suy nghi mgi thu trong mfli lita he duyta sinh se cho ta thay Iai dugc y nghia cfla ca nhan trong vai trd la mflt ca thi xa hgi. Vdi bit ky van de chua tdt nao cfla xa hfli, mgi ngudi can thay ed trach nhiem va bdn phan cua minh trong dd. Tren tinh than chung tay gdp sue cua ca cflng dflng "lgi lac quan sinh, vfl nga vj tha", Phat giao ngay nay dang nfl lyc han gan vet ran trong mfli quan he giua con ngudi vdi con ngudi bing viec giao due eho eon ngudi tinh thuang yta, sy cam thflng, chia se, gan bd. Tinh than doan ket tuong than tuong ai cua ngudi Viet Nam hdm nay cd mgt phan anh huong khflng nhd tu Phat giao.
Thuyet tinh Khdng chinh la chia khda dl nhan thu:c the gidi duyta sinh, vd nga, vd thudng, la anh sang soi rgi tam hfln con ngudi, giac ngd trd ve vdi chinh minh. Tinh Khdng khflng chi la mpt khai niem cfla tri thirc luan. Sy chimg nghiem, Iinh ngp tinh Khdng cdn la mdt phuang each giup con ngudi vugt qua dugc nhiing cam dfl trong cuge sflng hien dai diy ap lyc, dieu chinh hanh vi cho mdi ca nhan, hoan thien minh theo chuin mye dao diic cua xa hgi. Thuyet tinh Khdng cd cdng nang dep tru mgi cfl chap, gdp phan giup con ngudi trang xa hgi hien nay tu duang dao du:c, tir bi, nhan ai va thang hoa dta chan - thien - my.