VAN DE GIANH DOC LAP VA XAC LAP TOAN VEN CHU QUYEN LANH THO QUOC GIA d INDONESIA QUA CACH TIEP CAN DOI SANH Vdl VIET NAM
BUI VAN BAN*
Tom tat: Neu van dung thang phan logi quoe gia eda James Goldsmith (theo do, cox:
niiac tren the gidi ditac phan thdnh ba logi hinh: quoc gia dan tgc, nhd nitdc gia tgo vd vung ddt cd ddn cU sinh sd'n^-^') thi den nay, Indonesia udn Id "nhd nid^c gid tgo", trong khi dd Viet Nam co thi ditac coi Id "qu6c gia dan tgc". Tgi sao Cgng hoa Indonesia vd Viet Nam Ddn chu Cgng hda (nay la Cgng hda xa hgi chd nghia Viet Nam) ra ddi ciing thdi dii'm ud diu trdi qua hdng chuc ndm m&i cung co' diAfc nen doc lap ddn tgc va thdng nhdt ddt nddc nhit nhau, nhitng d^'n nay lgi cd ki't qud phan logi khdc nhau nhu vgy?
Nhiing kien gidi trong bdi viet ndy phdn ndo gidi ddp ddctc cdu hdi tren.
Tii khda: Indonesia, Viet Nam, chu nghia ddn tdc, doc lap ddn tdc, xdc lap chd quyin lanh thS.
1. N h § n thiic c h i n h tri c u a n h a n d a n v e d a n t p c v a c h u q u y e n l a n h t h o q u o c g i a t n f d c k h i c h f n h d a n g e a c h m a n g l a n h d a o d a n tOc x u a t h i ^ n
Trong thcfi thUc dan, lanb tho Indonesia du'dc gpi la Dong An Ha Lan. Do la mot lien bang thuoc dia vdi dien tich phan lanh thd hcfn 1,9 trieu km^ bao gora hang van cac dao 16n nho trai rbng tr6n mpt vimg bien dao 5 trieu km^ cua hai khu vUc dia- sinh thai va hanh chinh khac biet. Khu vUc thd nhdt la mang dia-sinh thai Asia, n a m cf phan T i y va Trung tara lanh th6, ' T S . Biii V a n B a n , TriTdng Dai hpc Quy N h o n
chiem t r e n 75% dien ticb, gom hai quan dao la Dgi Sunda v6i cac dao Icfn: Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Sulawesi va Tiiu Sunda v&i cac dao nho; Bali, Lombok, Soenbava, Dong Timo... Kbu vtfc dia-sinh thai nay la noi cU tru ciia hcfn 300 sSc toe thubc nhom ngtfcfi Ma Lai; trilcfc khi bi Ha Lan chiem, hp la than dan cua cac vxfcfng qu6'c mandala'^' ton tai trong hai loai hinb:
raandala thu'cfng raai ven bien va mandala nong nghi&p npi dia ciia cac dao ldn, hoac la cLf dan ciia cac tiiu qudc, bd lac rieng le.
Khu vile thd. hai la mang dia-sinh thai Australiasia n a m & phia Dong lanh th6.
NRhiin cvtu Ddng Nam k_s£9/20l9^
chie'm gan 25% dien tich, gom bai quan dao la Maluku vcfi cac dao nho: Temade, Ambon, Halraabera.. va Papua vdi phan Tay ciia dao New Guinea cung cac dao nho lan can. Khu vUc dia-sinh thai nay la ncfi cu tru cua nhora ngifcfi Melanesia, ho la cii dan ciia cac bo lac biet lap hoac la than dan cua cac tieu vi/cfng quoc.
Xet rieng v§ trang thai banh cbinh, trong th&i co trung dai, tren khong gian Dong An Ha Lan luon song hanh hai trang thai ccf ban. Mot la, sif ton tai lau dai cija hang chuc cdc tieu quoc rieng re va cdc bg Igc biet lap tao ra xu hifdng duy tri trang thai banh cbinh phan lap, cat cd ben vCfng.
Hai la, siJ thang tram cua mot so de che mandala dUdc khdi phat tti quan dao Dgi Sunda co xu hu6ng mcf r6ng sU lien kg't, thong nhat ra toan khu VLTC nhung cbua bao gitJ tho'ng linh dupe toan bp lanh tho D6ng An Ha Lan. Vi nhii viipng qudc man- dala tbuong mai Srivijaya {650-1377), du'dc coi la tien than cua Nba niidc Indonesia dUdng dai, cung cbifa dia sijfc vijon den khu vutc dia-sinb thai Australiasia'^'. Co nghia la, trong lich B\i cbtfa ttftig ton tai mpt qudc gia dan tpc truyen thdng bay rapt nba niicfc phong kien tap quyen nao phu day khong gian Dong An Ha Lan. Vi vay, y tbufc chinh tri cua ngu'cfi dan & Dong An Ha Lan ve dan t6c va cbu quyen lanb thd qudc gia cao nhat chi la trong khuon kbd ttftig vUdng qudc phong kien. Nhan quan chinh tri phong kien hep hoi da ngan trd sy" doan ket cbdng ke tbii chung ciia t a t ca cac vifdng qudc trong Lien bang thuoc dia Dong An. Tham chi, ben canh cac vUcfng qudc chdng thiTc dan Ha Lan, ciing co rapt vai viidng quoc chap nhan thoa hiep vcfi
Ha Lan de chdng lai vifPng qudc thti dich lang gieng.
Mai den nam 1913, y tbufc chinb tri v&
mpt nha niidc Indonesia thdng nhat mdi xuat bign khi cac chinh dang each mang theo chu ngbia quoc gia ra dcfi va chap nhan khai niem "Indonesia", thay cho Dong An Ha Lan va khai n i e m
"Indonesian" de chi ngddi dan sdng &
Indonesia, khong phan bi§t nguon gdc, ton giao...<*'. Dang Qudc dan (1912 -1913), da^c thanh lap bdi nbiftig ngUdi lai Au - A, ngJdi Indonesia va ngiidi Hoa cap tidn, la chfnh dang each mang dau tien dda ra tU tudng chu nghia dan tgc todn Indonesia vdi chii tnidng xay ddng mot ddn tgc Indonesia bao gdm moi ngiidi dSn sdng tren toan bp lanb tbo Dong An Ha Lan.
Khac vdi Indonesia, tnfdc khi bi thiJc dan xam lUdc, Viet Nam da la rapt qudc gia dan tpc truyen thong va da co cUcfng vifc xac dinh. Y thdc chinh tri eua nhan dan ve dan toe va ve chii quyen lanh tho quo'c gia da sdm xuat hien va dinh binh. Dufdi trieu NguySn, Viet Nam la rapt n h a nUdc phong kien tap quyen hting m a n h thong linh toan bp - t h a m chi ldn hcfn - phan lanh tho thuoe dia "ba ky" do Phap ttiy ti&n 'Ve lai"'^'. Vi the, bat chap cac thu doan "chia tach va sap nhap de tri" cua Pbap trong thdi ky tbiic dan, ngay trUdc khi Dang Cpng san Viet Nam ra ddi, n h a n dan Viet Nam da nhan thdc sau sac ve nhiem vu dau tranh vi sU tru'dng ton ciia gidng noi Rdng Tien, vi su toan ven bd coi do tien n h a n de lai.
D^ n h a n thay rang, do ed cau r a t phdc t a p ciia Dong An Ha Lan va sii thie'u
Bui Vdn Ban - Vdn de gidnh ddc lap vd xdc lap todn ven chii quyen lanh tho...
vang mot qudc gia dan tde truyen thdng du sdc d§n dat nen y thdc chinh tri cua ngUcfi dan Indonesia trade n a m 1913 ve d a n tpc va ehu quyln lanh tho quo'e gia toan Indonesia cbifa xuat bien. Trong khi do, nhd c6 y tbufc chinh tri r a t eao ve dan tpc va ehu quyln l a n h thd quoc gia ma ngudi Vi§t Nam da xac dinh ro muc tieu da'u t r a n h ngay tiT khi bi thUc dan P h a p xam lUdc.
NhCfng khae bi&t tr&n day t a t c6 a n h hirdng ldn den phUcfng thdc va chat lifpng qua trinh dinh hiidng, tap hdp liTc lifdng eung nhu kdt qua cua qua trinh dau t r a n h gianh dpc lap dan tpc va thdng nha't da't nudc d mdi qudc gia.
2. DticTng l o i v a hxt.&c c h u a n b i Itfc liftfng t i e n t 6 i g i a n h dOc l a p , t h d n g n h a t d a t nifdc c u a c h i n h d a n g e a c h m a n g l a n h d a o d a n t p c
Ke thifa ehu nghia d a n tpc toan Indonesia do Dang Qude dan d l ra n a m 1913, ngay sau khi dupe t h a n h lap vao ngay 4/7/1927, Dang Dan tpc Indonesia {Partai Nasional Indonesia - PNI), dUdi sU lanh dao cua Sukarno da nhanh chdng xae dinh dUdc cUdng linh cbinh tri va de xuat cac giai phap dinh hudng dung dan hudng den tao lap qudc gia toan ven. CUdng linh chinh tri eiia PNI la tranh thu nen dpc lap va thUc hien doan ket d i n tpc, doan ket ta't ca mpi ngUdi dan sdng t r e n lanh tbo Ddng An H a Lan. Nen tang tU tddng eiia CUdng linh cbinh tri ciia PNI la chu nghia binh dan (raarhaenism), tdc la van dpng toan bp quan chung each mang cung nhau doan ket thuc hien cbinh sach ba't hdp tac toan dien, manh me de gay "sdc ep tinh than"
bupc Ha Lan trao tra dge lap va toan ven lanh thd eho Indonesia.
Chii trUcfng tao diftig "qudc gia toan ven"
eua PNI khong chi la muc tigu dat den ma eon la giai phap tap hpp lUc lupng. Tridt ly dang sau ehu trUdng nay theo Sukarno la mgt ddt nudc da nguyen nhd Indonesia khdng the ndo ddc lap vd viing mgnh neu nhd no khdng thong nhdt ud hda hgp. Tai phien toa cua thUc dan Ha Lan thang 12/1930, ong m a n b me tuyen bd: Khdng thi cd doc lap neu khdng cd chu nghia qudc gia vd thieu siic mgnh. Di cd doc lap cdn phdi cd nhiing diiu kien nhdt dinh la tgo diing tinh ddn tdc ud to chdc Idc Idgng cdch mgng... Vi thi, PNI cd gdng tgo ra nhUng dim kien dd^^K
Y thdc ro ve sdc manh cua sU doan ket, thdng nha't y cbi toan quoc, ngay sau kbi t h a n h lap, PNI da van dpng cac cbinh dang cd khuynh hudng dan tpc chii ngbia eung thara gia Mat t r a n dan tpc cd ten Uy ban hiep thdang cua cdc dodn thi chinh tri ddn tgc Indonesia dUdc thanh lap thang 12/1927. Cung luc dd, Hdi nghien cdu Indonesia cung dUdc thanh lap do Sukarno lam ehu tich vdi muc dieb tim hieu sU tUdng ddng, qua dd tao ra sU hieu biet, gan ke't giiia eac dan tpc, vung mien trong toan lanh tbo Dong An Ha Lan, hUdng den xay dung dat nude Indonesia theo cae nguyen tac: Bhineka Tunggal Ika (Nhieu, nhdng la mgt hay Thdng nhdt trong da dgng) va Musjawarah (Ddn chd truyen thdng hay Hiip thUcnig-nhdt tri). Ket qua eua qua trinh kien tri van dpng xay dUng chu nghia qude gia va doan ket ddn t6e cua PNI (ttr nam 1931 dudi tSn gpi mdi la Dang Indonesia Partindo) la ddn eudi
Nghiin cdu Ddng Nam A, so 9/2019_
nam 1939, da huy d6ng dUdc 90 dang phai va to chdc ehinh tri tren toan Dong An Ha Lan cung nhau tham gia Bgi hgi nhdn ddn Indonesia de thong qua cac nghi quyet ve Qude ngd, Quoc ky va Quoc ca.
Dinb budng chinh tri cho sU nghiep da'u tranh vi "mpt dan tpc toan Indonesia" dUdc hoan t a t vao ngay 01/6/1945, khi Sukarno mo hinh hda marhaenism tbanh Tu tUdng cua nha nUdc Indonesia dpc lap, dupe gpi la Pantja Siia, nghia la Ndm nguyen tdc nhU sau: 1) Chii nghia ddn tde tboiig nha't tren lanh tbo Indonesia; 2) Chu ngbia qudc te bay chu nghia nban van, tdc tir bo cbu nghia so-vanh de doan ket hdu nghi vdi td't ca cae dan tdc; 3) Mufakat bay nen dan chu phu bdp vdi truyln thdng cua xa hdi Indonesia: 4) Xa hpi thinh vUpng; va 5) Niem tin vao thUdng de, tdc moi ngUdi diu CO quyln ton thd vi than cua minh*'''.
Nbiftig thanh tUU trong cong tac dinh hudng cbinh tri va bUdc cbuan bi nhdng dieu kien thiet yd'u vda neu cua PNI/Partindo la nhiiiig tien de quan trpng cho thang ldi cua cupc Cach mang tbang Tam nam 1945 va cupc dau t r a n b gianh chu quyen, tho'ng nha't dat nUdc sau do.
Kbdng gid^ng nhU Indonesia, Viet Nam la rapt qudc gia dan tpc truyln thdng nen y thdc chinh tri v l dan tpc va cddng vUc lanb tbd qudc gia trong ddn chung da dUdc dinh binh raanh me. Dang Cong san Viet Nam dUpc t b a n b lap nam 1930 ldp tdc trd thanh Dang dpc quyen duy nbat lanb dao dan toe. Ngay trong Hpi nghi tbanh lap, Dang da thdng qua Chinb cUdng van t a t va Sach lUpc van t a t xac dinh ro muc tieu each mang la gianh dpc
lap va toan ven cbu quyln lanb tho theo phuong cham "nUde Viet Nam la mot, dan tpc Viet Nam la mot". Du tbUc bien chi dao eua Qudc td Cong san ddi ten Dang t h a n h Dang Cong san Ddng DUdng (thang 10/1930) va trien khai boat dong r a toan cdi Ddng DUdng, nhUng nhitog ngddi Cong san Viet Nam vdn khong quen mue tieu dan tpc, va ludn n h a n rd sU khae biet v l dac diera va ldi ich dan toe gida Viet Nam so vdi hai nudc ban trong khdi Lien bang Dong Duong thupc P h a p la Campuehia va Lao. Den ndm 1941, Ho Chi Minh da ehu trddng t h a n h lap d mdi nUdc mpt Mat t r a n dan t6e {d Viet N a m la Viet Nam ddc lap dong minh, d Campuehia la Cao Mien ddc lap dong minh, cdn d Lao la Ai Lao ddc lap dong minh) d l nang eao chSit lupng da'u tranh gianh dpc lap cho mdi nUde. Tren cd sd thau hieu va tdn trpng tuyet ddi y thdc cbinh tri ve dan tpc va ehu quyln qu6'e gia cua n h a n dan ba nudc Vigt Nam, Lao va Campuehia, tai Dai hpi Dang ldn thd II, n a m 1951, eac dai bieu da nha't tri ddi ten Dang Cpng san Ddng DUdng t b a n b Dang Lao dpng Viet Nam va ehu trUdng thanh lap Dang rieng cbo Lao va Campuehia.
Tren nen tang lUc lUdng dan tpc la eae giai tang yeu nude rpng rai trong ea nUdc, cac cap bp Dang va lanh tu Hd Cbi Minh da tien hanh tdp hdp luc lupng, giao due va to chdc tap dUdt dau t r a n h each mang cho dan chung. Dac biet, ddt tap dupt dau tranh giai phdng dan tpc, thdng nhat dat nude dudi sU lanh dao cua Mat tran Viet Minh ttr nam 1941 da dat den dinh cao dan den lam bung no cupc Cach mang thang Tara nam 1945 thang ldi vang dpi.
Bdi Vdn Ban - Vdn de gidnh ddc ldp vd xdc lap todn ven chii quyen lanh tho...
Khdng the phii nhan la Dang Cpng san Viet Nam hoat dpng trong bdi canh thuan Idi hdn PNI/Partindo d Indonesia; nhd vay ma Dang da giup eho dan t6c Viet Nam ed dUdc bude "chay da hoan hao" trUde khi thUe hi§n "bUdc nhay" t h a n h cdng trong Cach mang t h a n g Tam n a m 1945. Mac dii chua t h a t chu toan neu ddi sanh vdi Viet Nam, nhung vhi cd the k h a n g dinh rang, cac bi§n phap dinh hudng, cdng tac chuan bi tien den gianh dpc lap dan tpc va toan ven chu quyen lanh thd quoe gia eiia PNI/Partindo d Indonesia la "rd't vi dai".
Viec PNI/Partindo tao r a dddc sir dinb hudng dung dan, triet ly chinh tri va eae bi6n phap, nguyen tac phu hdp de d i n dat tat ca cac dan tde, vung raien t r e n toan lanh thd Dong An Ha Lan hUdng ddn mpt muc tieu ehung thi that dang khdm phue.
Tuy nhien, ehinh nhiing khia canh ehUa chu toan khong t r a n h khdi trong qua trinh chuan bi do chac c b i n se anh hudng den chat lUdng cua qua trinh Men thUc hoa mue tidu thara vpng eua PNI/Partindo la gianh dpc lap va toan ven chu quyen lanh thd qudc gia, tidn tdi bien Indonesia t h a n h mdt qudc gia dan tpc hien dai.
3. T i e n t r i n h d a u t r a n h g i a n h dpc l^p v a x a c l a p sii t o a n v e n c h u q u y e n l a n h t h o
Thue chat cude dd'u tranh gianh dpc lap va xac lap chu quyen lanh tho qudc gia d Indonesia keo dai 24 nara (1945-1969) la cupc each mang tgo lap qudc gia m&i va :cde lap quyin kiim sodt t a t ca cac vung lanh thd trgn toan Ddng An Ha Lan. Mue tieu each mang la t h a n h lap Nba nude eong hda ddn nha't*^' nhU la mpt giai phap nen
tang de cd ket quoc gia va thu phuc lanh thd t r e n toan Ddng An Ha Lan.
Mpt ngay sau khi Sukarno dpc Tuyen ngdn dpc lap, cac cbinh dang each mang eung tbam gia Hdi nghi Uy ban tru bi doc lap Indonesia vao ngay 18/8/1945 n h a m khai sinh ra nUdc Cpng hda Indonesia sau khi thdng qua Hiin phdp mdi, lap ehinh phii, quan ddi qudc gia va xac dinh chu quyen qudc gia tren ba dao ldn: Java, Madura va Sumatra. De truyen ba tU tUdng doe lap den n h a n dan d cac vung lanh thd xa xoi heo lanh ehua kiera soat, ngay 23/8/1945, Sukarno r a Idnh may raUdi trieu la cd Td qudc va phat t a n tay cbo hp, ddng thdi quy dinh each chao radi: ket hdp ldi cbao Merdeka (Ddc ldp) va gia tay 5 ngon (tUdng trUng cho Pantja SUa).
Tuy nhidn, cube dau tranh gid viing cbinh quyen, n i n dpc lap va xac lap sU toan ven chu quyen lanh thd da dien r a vd eung khd khan. TrUdc ap lUe tai chilra cua thue ddn Ha Lan (ed sU giup sdc cua Anh), chinh quyen Sukarno da hai lan (thang 3/1947 va 01/1948) nhUdng bp, cha'p nban cat bdt chu quyen va tai nguyen tren vung lanh thd do minh kiem soat cho Ha Lan, ddng thdi chap nban tham gia Lien bang Indonesia cting vdi cac lanh thd do Ha Lan ehi phdi, trong kbi Lien bang nay nam trong Lien hi^p Hd Lan - Indonesia do nil hoang Ha Lan diing d4u. Vdi mUu toan loai bd boan toan Cpng hoa Indonesia, ngay 19/12/1948, thuc ddn Ha Lan bat ngd ta'n cdng, bat giam toan bp ehinh phu each mang. Nhd ap lue cua du luan qud'c te va cupc da'u tranh kien eUdng eua nhan dan Indonesia, ngay 02/11/1949, Ha Lan bude phai ky vdi Cpng hoa Indonesia Hi$p dinh
Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A, so 9/20l9_
La Hay, trao pban Idn lanh tho Dong An Ha Lan (trd quan dao Papua) cho Cong hda Lien bang Indonesia (mdi), sau dd dUdc thanh lap ngay 19/12/1949, gdm: Cong bda Indonesia va 14 bang dia pbuong do Ha Lan diftig len. Doi lai, Lien bang nay tiep tuc d trong Lien hiep Hd Lan - Indonesia, tiep tuc le thupc vao "mau qud^c" vl tbUdng raai, ngoai giao va pbai cong nhan, tra lai va dam bao quyln ldi v l tai san, xi ngbiep, don dien cho tu san Ha Lan va nUde ngoai.
Dudi sU dan dat cua Cbinh phu Cpng hda Indonesia, td dau nam 1950, phong trao dau tranh xda bo the che Lien bang, xoa bo sU phu thuoe Ha Lan, tbanb lap nha nUdc dpc lap thuc sif va toan ven lanh thd da bung nd rpng khap va ngay eang raanb rae. Da sd cae bang lan lUdt tuyen bd tu nguyen gia nhap Cpng hda Indonesia.
Ddi vdi mpt sd bang do khac biet ve van hda t5c ngddi va ton giao hoae bi Ha Lan xui giuc ma khdng chiu gia nhap thi Chinh phu bupc pbai sii dung vu lUc de khuat phuc. Ddn ngay 15/8/1950, qua trinb "nbat the hda" cac bang dia phddng vao Cpng boa Indonesia hoan tat. Tren ed sd do, vao ngay 17/8/1950, nhdn ki nidm 5 nam ngay cdng bd Tuyen ngon doc lap, Tong thong Sukarno tuyen bo' nUdc Cpng hda Indonesia la mpt qudc gia dcfn nhd't, ket thue mUu toan gay cbia re dan tpc bang the ehe Lien bang cua thUc ddn Ha Lan, tao dilu kien thuan ldi cbo cuoc da'u tranb vi nen doe lap that sU va vi sU toan ven cbu quyen lanh tho quo'e gia sau dd.
Ttr dau nam 1950, cupc dau tranb vi nen dpc lap that su eua Cong hda Indonesia tiep tuc dUdc day manh, ttTng bUdc gianh tbang ldi. Dau tien, dai dien hai nude lien
tiep ky cae nghi dinh thU nhkm cha'm dUt pbai bp quan su Ha Lan d Indonesia (thang 4/1953), xda bd Liin hiep Hd Lan - Indonesia v l nguyen tac va cham ddt eac hiep dinh ve do'i ngoai, van hda va hdp tac quan sU gida hai nudc (tbang 8/1954). Kd den, Chinb phu Cong boa Indonesia ddn phuong tuyen bd buy bo Lien hiep Hd Lan - Indonesia (tbang 02/1956) va Qudc hpi Indonesia thdng qua dao luat hiiy bo Hipp itdc La Hay (tbang 4/1956), chuyen moi quan be Ha Lan - Indonesia sang quan hd thong thudng giCfa cac nUde cd chu quyen.
Cbinh phij "dan chii co cbi dao" cua Sukarno ban h a n h lenh qudc hiJu bda toan bp tai san va cac cong ty cua kieu ddn Ha Lan, ddng tbdi true xuat 46.000 ngUdi Ha Lan khoi Indonesia (thang 12/1957). Den day, qua trinh gianh dde lap va cung cd nha nUdc each mang mdi thUe sU hoan ta't.
C6ng cupc da'u t r a n h doi lai vting lanb thd Papua (chiem 2 1 % dien tich ca nUdc) tu tay Ha Lan dign ra kha phdc tap. Khi Ha Lan khdi sU xam chiem Papua td n a m 1S2S thi vung dd't nay dang thupc chu quyln eua Sultan Tidore trong Quan dao Maluku. NhUng sau kbi hoan ta't xam chiem vao nam 1920 thi Ha Lan lai coi vung lanb tho nay thupc dao New Guinea, gan vdi chdu Dai Duong. Vi the, ngay 19/2/1952, Qudc hpi Ha Lan thong qua phan Tu chinh hien phap de cap viec thu nap Papua vao Ha Lan. Trong khi dd, vdi chu trUdng tao ddng mot "dat nude toan ven", Chinh phu Indonesia luon coi Papua la mpt phan khdng tach rdi eua da't nudc.
Tbue hien Hien phap 1950, Cpng hda Indonesia lign tuc len tieng ddi lai Papua.
Lue dau, Chinh phu Sukarno sd dung bien
Biii Van Ban - Vdn de gidnh ddc lap vd xdc lap todn ven chii quyen lanh thd..
phap dam phan ddi Mt, nhitog den t h a n g 8/1960 da m a n h me tuydn bd rang:
"Indonesia khong cau xin nija ma tU chpn con dudng mdi de giai quyet Van de Papua". TrUdc ap lUe dau t r a n h vii t r a n g va ngoai giao cua Indonesia va trong bdi canh Indonesia dang n h a n dUdc sU hau thudn ldn tir Lien Xd va My (ca hai dang mudn gay a n h hudng idn Indonesia), vao ngay 15/8/1962, Ha Lan bupc phai ky Hiep dtic chuyin giao chu quyen Papua cho Li&n hiep qudc qudn ly trong thdi ky chuyen tie'p 7 t h a n g (ke td ngay 01/10/1962 den b e t ngay 30/4/1963).
Indonesia tiep tbu quyen quan ly ttr ngay 01/5/1963 va to chdc tntog cau dan y trong nam 1969. Tren ed sd eude trUng cau ddn y to chdc vao thang 7 va 8/1969, ngay 17/9/1969, Chinh phu ra quydt dinh sap nhdp Papua nbU la tinh thd 26 eua Cong hda Indonesia. Den day, qua trinh tao dung rapt da't nude Indonesia dpc lap va toan ven lanh thd radi thUc sU hoan tat.
Khae vdi Indonesia, thUc chat cupc dau tranh gianh dpc lap va qua trinh tho'ng nha't dat nUdc d Viet Nam keo dai 30 nam (1945-1975) la cude da'u t r a n h chdng thUe dan Phap d l tdi lap nen dpc lap dan tpc trong md hinh n h a nUdc dUdng dai va tien h a n b cac cupe khdng cbien chdng chinh sdch chia cdt cua dd qudc My nham tdi lap sd thdng nhat, toan ven cbu quyen lanh thd qudc gia.
Trong Cach mang thang Tam n a m 1945, t u ngay 14/8 den 28/8, nhdn dan Viet Nam da thdnh lap dUde chinh quyln each mang trdn t a t ca cae tinh thanh, gidnh lgi trpn ven chu quyln lanh thS dat nudc. Ngay 02/9/1945, Hd Chi Minh dpc
Tuyen ngon ddc lap khai sinh ra nUdc Viet Nam Ddn chu Cdng hda, cung la khang dinh Nha nudc each mang da tho'ng linh duoc todn bd ehii quyen lanh tho quoe gia.
Khi thUe dan Phap quay lai gay b a n vdi mdu toan tie'p tue ehia cat Nam Bp ttr ngay 23/9/1945, ca nudc da hpp sdc cting nhau chdng Phap. D l t r a n h mdt cupc chien khong can sde trong bdi canh thUc dan Phap dufa vao Hidp udc Hoa-Phap thang 2/1946 am mUu md rpng xam lUdc ra ea nudc, Hd Cbi Minh bupc pbai chap nhdn hda hoan, nban nhupng bang Hiep dinh sd bp ngay 6/3/1946 va Tam udc ngay 14/9/1946. The nhdng, tbue dan Phap v i n khdng tu bd da tam tai xam lUpc, nd dich Viet Nam. Vi the, Chinh phu Viet Nam Ddn ehii Cpng boa va Chu tich Hd Chi Minh bude phai lanh dao toan dan tpc Viet Nam tien hanh eupc khang chien than t h a n h 9 nam lam nen cbien thang Dien Bien Pbu cha'n dpng dia cau, bupc Phap ky Hiep dinh GidnevO, giai phong mien Bac, tien tdi hiep thUOng, tdng tuyen cd thd'ng nha't da't nUde.
Vdi da tam nd dich mien Nam, chia eat va chong pha each mang Viet Nara, tU ndm 1954 de qude My da sd dung tay sai Ngo Dinh Diem lap ndn nha nUde Viet Nara Cpng bda. Chinh pbii Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng boa tiep tue lanh dao nhan dan ca nudc tie'n hanh eude khang cbien chdng My, cUu nudc keo dai 21 nam bang tri tue va sdc manh Viet Nam de Iam nen Dai thang Mua Xuan nam 1975, thu non sdng v l rapt mdi.
Nhu vay, xuat phat tir dae trUng ddn tde va yeu cau each mang khac nhau ma qua
10 Nghiin cdu Ddng Nam A, so'9/2019 trinb va pbuong each dd'u tranh gianh doe
lap, thdng nha't da't nude d Indonesia va Viet Nam khong hoan toan gidng nhau.
Cach mang thang Tara nam 1945 d Viet Nam da tdi lap dupe nen dpc lap va chu quyen lanh tho toan ven da dinh hinh tir tbdi phong kien trong md hinh nha nUde cpng hda ddn nhat theo dinh hddng xa hpi chu nghia. ThUc chat cac cu6c khang chien d Viet Nam chdng thUe ddn Pbap (1945-1954) va chdng de qudc My (1954- 1975) la chddng lai mUu toan nd dieh va cbia eat da't nUde cua ngoai xam de gidnh lgi nen dpc lap va thdng nhd't toan ven lanh thd vdn co, de khdng dinh ehan ly bien nhien rang: Nudc Viet Nam la mgt, dan tpc Viet Nam la mot!
Trong khi do, Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 d Indonesia chi bUde dau lap mdi dUdc nen dpc ldp va chu quyln tren mpt phan lanh tbd Ddng An Ha Lan trong m6 hinh nha nddc edng boa ddn nhat theo dinb budng dan chu tu san. ThUc cha't cupc khang chien chdng thUc dan Ha Lan d Indonesia dUdi sU lanb dao cua Cbinh phu Cpng hda Indonesia (1945-1969) la tttog bddc xac lap nen dpc lap ddn tpc thUc eha't, kdt hdp vdi viec tirng bUde md rpng sU kiem soat chii quyen lanh thd qudc gia nham tbUe hien tu tddng chil nghia ddn tgc todn Indonesia va ehu trUdng xay ddng mdt ddn tgc Indonesia bao gom moi ngUdi dan sdng tren toan bp lanb thd Dong An Ha Lan cua eac chinh dang each mang ehi mdi xud't bien dau the ky XX.
K e t l u a n
Khi la'y Viet Nam lam "vat chuan" de
ddi sanh trong ngbien edu Vdn di gidnh ddc lap vd xdc lap todn ven chu quyin lanh tho qudc gia d Indonesia, cd thd nban thdy:
Thd nhdt, chu trddng thanh lap mot qudc gia dddng dai Indonesia thdng linh toan bp lanh thd Ddng An Ha Lan la tS^t yeu.
Nhung, de hien thdc bda chu trUdng dd.
Dang lanh dao ddn toe PNI/Partindo phai ddi dien vdi rat nhieu trd lUc, kho khan.
Trong dd, kbd khan ldn nha't (cung la kbae biet ldn nhat so vdi Viet Nam) la cbda tiTng tdn tai mpt qudc gia dan toe truyln thdng, mpt nha nddc tap quyln nao thdng linh toan bp lanh tbd Dong An Ha Lan.
Thd hai, du PNI/Partindo da r a t co gang va ket qua qua trinh chuan bi eho Cach mang thang Tam n a m 1945 la rat can ban. Nbung, ndu ddi sanh vdi Vigt Nam thi ket qua chuan bi dd ehUa t h a t sd ehu toan. Day eung la ly do khien qua trinh tien hanh each mang gianh dpc lap va thu phuc toan ven lanh thd d i l n r a lau dai va kho triet de.
Thti ba, viee gianh dpc lap va xac lap toan ven ehii quyln l a n h tbo d Indonesia thuc cha't la qua trinh lap qudc hay tgo diing nen ddc lap thdng qua sap n h a p td't ea cac chu the n h a nUdc va eae vting da't ed eu dan sinh song khae nhau vao nudc Cpng hoa ddn nha't Indonesia; ra't khac qua trinh tdi lap qudc hay gidnh lgi nen doc lap d Viet Nam. Vi thd, sau dpc lap trong khi Viet Nam cbi can cai bien "qudc gia dan tpc truyen thdng" t h a n h "qudc gia dan toe hien dai" thi Indonesia phai chuyen doi dat nudc td t r a n g thai "nha nude gia tao" t h a n h "qude gia dan tpc hien dai"./.
Biti Vdn Ban - Vdn di gidnh doc lap vd xdc lap todn ven chii quyen lanh thd...
CHU THICH
1. James Groldsmith (1997), Cgm bdy phdt triin: co hdi vd thdch thdc, Nxb. Chinb tri qudc gia, Ha Npi, tr.59-64.
2. Theo m6 ta cua nha sd hoc Oliver Wolters thi Mandala la mpt binh thdc nha nddc truyen thdng d D6ng Nam A, xuat bien td thdi cd trung dai, la sd lien minh long leo giiia mpt vddng qudc trung tam vdi cac tieu qud^c bao quanh. Xem them Mary Somers Heidbues (2007), Lich sd phdt triin Dong Nam A, Nxb. Van boa thong tin. Ha N6i, tr.23 va 44.
3. B^ che Srivijaya khSng phai la m6t qudc gia ve mat lanh tbd ma la mpt lien minh kiiu mandala thuang mgi gom nhieu nha nddc CO ven bien d mien Dong Sumatra, ban dao Malaya va mot phan cac dao Kalimantan va Java. Trung tam cua lien minh nay la nha nddc ba chu cua ngddi Ma Lai vdi kinh do Srivijaya - m5t thddng cang nam d Dong Nam dao Sumatra. Sd ldn manh cua kinh do-tbdong cang Srivijaya da cho no sdc manh ket ndi vdi cac trung tam quyen Idc phu thupc no, thddng la cac cang thi trpng ydu 6 cac dao lan can; cac cang thi cang xa hoac it quan trpng thi sd rang bupc ldi ich buon ban vdi Srivijaya cang long leo, con cac tieu qudc nam sau trong npi dia cac dao ldn hoac d tr§n cac qudn dao Maluku va Papua xa xoi thi hoan toan nam ngoai tam ki^m soat cua de cbe thddng mai nay.
4. Cac thu^t ngd Indonesia (An Dp hai dao, tddng dng vdi D6ng An Ha Lan) va Indonesians (ngddi Indonesia) xuat hien td the ky XVIII trong gidi hpc gia phddng Tay. Nhdng phai den nam 1913, cac thuat ngd nay mdi dUpc hoc gia Indonesia la Suwardi Suryaningrat sd dung khi ong tbie't lap mpt van phong bao chi Indonesisch Pers-bureau tai Ha Lan, Cung td do, cac chinh dang each mang theo chu nghia qudc gia d Indonesia mdi chap nhan va sd dung cac thuat ngd nay di bay to nhan quan chinh tri va y thdc dan tpc cua minh.
5. Xem Lg Thanh Kbdi (2014), Lich sd Viet Nam tit nguon gdc den the ky XIX, Nxb.
The gidi, Ha N6i; va Lich sii Viet Nam, Bach khoa todn thu md Wikipedia, ngay
15/6/2019.
6. Nguyen Dinh Ll, Nghiem Dinh Vy (1987), Tren ddt niCdc nhdng ddo dda, Nxb. Giao due, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, tr.82.
7. Lddng Ninh (chu bien, 2005), Lich si& Dong Nam A, Nxb. Giao due. Ha Npi, tr.365.
8. Nha nddc dan nha't (hay Nha nddc nha't the, Nha nUdc tap quyen) la kiiu nba nudc quan ly bdi mot bp may hay mot cd che duy nha't, trong do cbinh quyen trung uong la tdi cao, cac chinh quyen dia phddng cbi co cac quyen ban nhat dinh ma chinh quyen trung ddng iiy thac. Chinh quyen trung ddng co the thanh lap hoac bai bo c6c don vi dia phddng cap dddi;
chuyen giao m6t phan quyen Idc cho cac dia phddng theo quy che td tri nhung vSn giCf quyen thu hdi hoac cat giam quyen Idc, tham chi can thiep de giOf cho dia phddng do luon trong vong kiem soat cua minh.
TAI U E U THAM KHAO
1. J. Goldsmith (1997), Cgm bdy phdt triin:
CO hgi va thdch thdc, Nxb. Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Npi.
2. M. S. Heidbues (2007), Lich sd phdt triin Ddng Nam A, Nxb. Van hoa thSng tin, Ha Npi.
3. Le Thanh Kh6i (2014), Lich sd ViH Nam tic ngudn gdc den gida the ky XX, Nxb.
The gidi. Ha Noi.
4. Nguyin Dinh Ll, Nghiem Dinh Vy (1987), Tr&n ddt niCdc nhdng ddo dda, Nxb. Giao due, Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh.
5. Lich sH Viet Nam, Bach khoa todn thu md Wikipedia, ngay 12/6/2019.
6. Luang Ninh (chu bien, 2005), Lich sd Dong Nam A, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi.
7. A. Vickers (2005), A History of Modern Indonesia, Cambridge University Press.