Chinh sach tien lucng v6i viec thuc hien muc tieu l<inh te vT mo d Viet Nam
TRINH THI AI HOA
3aj vie't phan tich mpt so'diem chUa hop ly trong chinh sach tien luong va thitc hien
^ chinh sach tiin lUOng thdi gian qua, tif dd di xuit mgt so chinh sach tiin lUdng gop phin thiic hien muc tieu tang trudng va on dinh kinh te'vTmo d Viet Nam.
TiJf k h o a ; luong cd sd, IdOng to! thieu, chinh sach tiin lUOng toi thieu.
1. Chinh s a c h t i e n litdng toi t h i l u c u a Viet N a m da dtfdc thtfc hidn nhU t h e nao?
TrUdc nam 2009, lUdng tdi thieu dUdc ap dung chung cho khu vuc cdng (hudng lUdng ngdn sach nha nUdc (NSNN)) va khu vUc doanh nghiep, hdp tac xa, trang trai va cac td chiic cua Vidt Nam thue mUdn lao dgng (sau
BANG 1: Tang lUdng cd sol ap d u n g trong k h u viic hiidng lUdng n g a n s a c h n h a niidc c u a Viet N a m tif n a m 2002 - 2019
day ggi chung la k h u vUc doanh nghiep). TU nam 2009 den nay, Nha nUdc ap dung lUdng cd sd cho khu vUc cdng va miic lUdng td'i thieu cho khu vuc doanh nghiep. Tii n a m 2002 dd'n nay, mUc lUdng cd sd trong khu viic cdng da dUdc tang 7 lan, tii 210.000 dong/thang (nam 2002) len 290:000d6ng/thang (nam 2003) va 1.490.000 dong/thang (nam 2019) (xem bang 1).
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ngiy i p dung 1-1-20O2 1-1-2003 1-10-2004 1-10-2005 1-10-2006 2007 1-10-2008 1-5-2009 1-5-2010 1-5-2011 1-5-2012 1-7-2013 2014 1-1-2015 1-5-2016 1-7-2017 1-7-2018 1-1-2019
Miic luong CO s6 (nghin ddng/thang)
210 290 290 350 450 Khang tang
540 650 730 830 1.050 1.150 Khdng ting
Tang 8%
1.210 1.300 1.390 1.490
VSn b ^ chinh s&:h ND 77/2000/ND - CP, 15-12-2000 ND 03/2003/ND - CP, 15-1-20O3 ND 203/2004/ND - CP, 14-12-2004 ND 118/2005/ND - CP, 15-9-2005 ND 94/2006/ND - CP, O7-9-20O6 Khdng tang
ND 166/2007/ND - CP, 16-11-2007 ND 33/2009/ND - CP, 6-4-20O9 ND 28/2010/ND - CP, 25-3-2010 ND 22/2011/ND - CP, 4-4-2011 ND31/2012/ND-CP, 12-4-2012
ND 66/2013/ND-CP, NQOH - L6 Irinh da d u y « la 1.300 Kh6ng tanf-
ND 17/2015/ND- CP, ngSiy 14-2-2015) ap dung dSi voi ngu6i CO hft s6' tir 2,34 trtl xu6ng
ND 47/2ai6/ND-CP, 26-5-2016
NQ 27/2016/QH 14, ND 47/2017/ ND-CP. 24-4-2017 NQ 49/2017/QH 14, ND 72/2018 /ND-CP, n g i y l 5 - 5 - 2 o T F ND157/2018/ND-CP,nsavl6-ll-2018
NguSn-. l&ag hpp cua tac gia tii cdc nghi dinh, nghi quyg^E cua Chinh phii.
Trinh Thi Ai Hoa, PGS. TS., Hoc vifin Chi'nh tri qu6c gia H6 chi Minh.
12 Nghiin ciiu Kmh t4s6 7(494) - ThangT/^^
Chinh sich tien iuong
N h u vay, t r o n g g a n 20 n a m q u a (tit Ivtdng N S N N , co h e so l u o n g tti 2,34 t r d n a m 2002 - 2019), chi trit n a m 2007, x u o n g ilucic t a n g t h e m 8% mtSc luong 2014, 2015, C h i n h p h u d a lien ttic t a n g h i e n hUcIng tit 1-1-2015 d e n 30-4-2016 luong cd sS. R i e n g nhfing n g u o i huctng ( h i n h 1).
HINH 1: T a n g lifdng c d sot t r o n g k h u vufc hi<dng liidng n g a n s a e h n h a midc ciia Viet N a m ti* n a m 2002 - 2019
•1-7-2019 ' , « „ ' '-%'r
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"''''^°^^ HHHHHOT'^^W^^^"'
•'•"°'' " M ^ ^ ^ • .
•1-1-2015 1 " '
•1-1-2014 1
1 1 „>( • 1
•1-7.2013 Wtt^.#(Wytf.»A>.v... ..„•»«,
•1-5-2012 1
•1-5-2011 '1-5-2010
•1-5-2009
•1-10-2008
.730 4ttS?16*i»fitiis„. ,'..1 '."III 'i.fiii m
^'.t.iSigmU'A^ MO
•i-'-2»»7 ps^«fe.<«,^i6*|f^,450
•1-10-2006 1 t , . p^ 455
•1-10-2005 1 355
•1-10-2004 ^ i » ; ^ , , . . , > ; . ; f ! i ^ 2 9 0
•1-1-2003 j . 290
•1-1.2002
c
210
200 400 600 BOO
;4..,.;1490 1390
•V, • • ' ' ' l a o o 1210
• ^ . 12«
1150
— ._- U55
m
1000 1200 1400 1600
NguSn. T6ng hop cua tac gia Doi vdi n g u d i l a o d d n g l a m viec t r o n g
k h u vtic d o a n h n g h i e p , til n a m 2 0 0 2 d e n nay, chi t r i n a m 2 0 0 7 , C h i n h p h i i c u n g
da l i e n tiic t h t i c h i e n t a n g l u d n g t m t h i ^ u ciia ngUdi l a o d o n g d 4 viing ( b a n g 2).
«3Wn cilu Knh lisS7(494l - ThSfig 7/20)9 1 3
Chinh sich tten luong ...
BANG 2: T a n g liidng toi t h i e u c u a ngiicri l a o d p n g t r o n g k h u vijtc d o a n h n g h i e p , hdp t a c xa, trang trai v a c a c t o chitc c u a V i e t N a m t h u e m i i d n l a o d o n s
SIT
1
2
3
4 5 6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Ngfly ip dung /V9n b ^ cbinh sich Til 1-1-2002
ND 77/20O0/ND - CT, 15-12-2000 Til 1-10-2004
ND 203/20O4/ND - CP, 14-12-2004 Tit 1-10-2005
ND 118/2005/ND - CP, 15-9-2005 Til 1-10-2006
ND 94/2006/ND - I T , 07-9-2006 2007 -KhdnsIatiR Til 1-10-2008
ND 166/2007/ND - CP, 16-11 -2007 Tit 1-1-2009
ND 110/2008/ND - CP, 10-10-2008 Tit 1-1-2010
ND 97/2009/ND - CP, 30-10-2009 Til 1-1-2011
Til 1-7-2011
ND 108/2010/ND - CP. 29-10-2010 Til 1-10-201 ld«n 31-12-2012 ND 70/2011/ND - CP, 22-8-2011 Til 1-1-2013-31-12-2013 ND 103/2012/ND-CP Til 1-1-2014- 31-12-2014 ND 182/201.3/ND-CP Til 1-1-2015-31-12-2015 ND 103/2014/ND-CP Tit 1-1-2016-31-12-2016 ND 122/2015/ND-CP Til 1-1-2017- 31-12-2017 ND 153/2016/ND-CP, 14-11-2016 Till-1-2018-31-12-2018 ND 141/2017/ND-CP, 7-12-2017 Til 1-1-2019
ND 157/2018/ND-CP
VUng I (n^&d&ig)f^
210 290 350 450
540 800 980
1.350
2.O00 2.350 2.700 3.100 3.500 3.750 3.980 4.180
Viing n (nghin t!6ng)
210 290 350 450
540 740 880
1200
1780 2100 2.400 2.750 3.100 3.320 3.530 3.7100
Viing i n (n^iin d6ng)
210 290 350 450
540 690 810
1.050
1.550 1.800 2.100 2.400 2.70O 2.90O 3.090 3.250
Viing IV
Jnglund^5lL
210 290 350 450
540 650 730
830
1.400
1.650 1.900
2.150 2.400 2.580
2.760 2.920 Ngudn: T6ng hop cita tac gia tit cac nghi dinh cua Chinh phii.
2. Mot so nhan xet ve thiic hien chinh sach tien liidng toi thieu
Mgt la, vi$c tang lUdng toi thieu trong thdi ky lam phat cao la chua hop ly.
Theo De an cai each tien lUdng giai doan 2008-2012, luong toi thieu dUijc tang til nam 2008, md dau mot thdi ky tang ludng toi thiiu hen tiep, tien tdi thtic hien mdc ludng toi thieu
chung mu8n nha't vao nam 2013. Nhu vHy co thi thay rang, lg trinh tang luong toi thieu duilc xay dtjng va khi thtic hien da khong tinh tdi viec thtic hien cac mijc tieu kinh te vl mo khac. Trong thdi ky 2007 - 2011, lam phat 'o mile cao hai chii so (trit nam 2009), Chinh nhii vJn thtic hien tang ludng theo lo trinh dj dUdc dua ra til tnidc do (bang 3).
14 Wfffttfn COu Kinh lSsd7(494} -1)5^5^
Chinh sich tien luong ...
BANG 3: Toe do tang lUdng, tang tniotag kinh te va lam phat cl Viet Nam giai doan 2003-2019
S I T
1 2 3 4 5 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17 NSm
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Luong CO s6 (Khu vuc nh& nu6c) MtScltnmg (nghin ddng)
290 290 350 450 450 540
650
730
830
1050
1150
Khdng tAng
Kh6ng tang
1210
1300
1.390
1490
T(tcd6t&ig 38 20,7 28,57 20,0
20,37
12,3
13,7
26,51
9.52
5,2
7,44
6,92
7,19
Luang tifi thi^u (Khu vuc floanh nghifip) Mtic luong
(nghin ddng) 210 290 350 450 540 1:800 n : 7 4 0 ra:690 IV:650
1:980 n : 8 8 0 i n : 810 IV: 730 I: 1350 U: 1200 n n : 1050
IV:830 1: 2.000 11: 1.780 n i : 1.550 IV:1.400
1: 2.350 11:2.100 ni:1.800 rV: 1.650 1:2.700 n:2.400 ni:2.100 rV:1.900 1:3.100 n:2.750 m : 2 4 0 0 IV:2.150 I: 3.500 n:3.100 ni:2,700 IV:2.400 1:3.750 n:3.320 ni:2.900 rV:2.580 1:3.980 n:3.530 ni:3.090 rV:2.760 1:4.180 n : 3.710 n i : 3.250 IV:2.920
TKc d« tang
(%)
38 20,7 28,57 20,0
-
1.48,15 H: 37,04 n i : 27,80 rV: 20,37
1: 22,50 n : 18,91 n i : 17,39 IV. 12,30 I. 37,75 11: 36,36 n i : 29,62 IV: 13,7 1:48,15 H: 48,33 n i : 47,62 IV: 68,67 L 17,5 n : 18,00 n i : 16,13 rV: 17.86 I: 14,89 II: 14,29 m : 16,67 rV: 15,15 I: 14,81 D: 14,58 n i : 14,28 IV:13,16
I: 12,9 H: 12,72 n i : 12,5 rV: 11,63 L 7 , 1 4 n : 7 , 0 9 ni:7,04 IV: 7,5 I: 6,13 n:6,3 ni:6,55 IV:7,0 1:5,0 n : 5 . 1 n i : 5 . I 8 IV:5.8
T « c d « tang GDP(%)
7,24 7,69 8,43 8,17 8,48 6,23
5,32
6,78
5,89
5,03
5,42
5,98
6,68
6,21
6,81
7,08 Lam pliit
(%)
3,0 9,5 8,4 6,6 12,63 19,89
6,52
11,75
18,58
6,81
6,6
4,09
0,63
4,74
3,53
3,54
Ngudn: Ti'nh loSn cua tdc gia tit s6 liftu lang GDP va lam phdt cua T6ng cue Thdng kt.
Ngh$n cSu Kmh tff sff 7(494) • Thing 7/2019 15
Chfnh sich tign lirong ,
Theo Bao cao LUdng toan c^u n a m 2012/2013 cua ILO, trong thcH ky 2006-2010, n^u tinh den lam phat v i n S mtic cao, tien liidng thuc te cua Viet Nam v i n t a n g 12,6%
h a n g nam'. Viec tang lifctng cd s5 va lUdng to'i thieu trong thdi ky lam phat cao khien m a t bang lUdng thi trifdng lao dong tang, t h u nhap danh nghia cua ngdbi lao dgng (dUdc hiidng lUdng) co the dildc cai thign nhung dieu do lam gia tang lam phat, do tong c l u t a n g (tieu dung tang va chi tieu cua Chinh phu cho lUdng tang). Do vay, chinh sach tang lifdng t6i thieu trong thcfi ky lam phat cao gay r a hieu iing ngiJdc v6i cac chinh sach khac chShg lam phat cua Chinh phu. Mat khac, do'i v6i nhiing ngUcIi co thu rihkp khong tit lifdng, thu nh4p danh nghia cua ho co the khong tang (do ho kh6ng difdc hitcing lUdng), trong khi lam phat tang cao hdn do tang lUdng toi thi^u, n h u da phan tich b tren.
Theo do, thu nh&p thtic te cua ho se cang giam xuo'ng, dcii so'ng cua ho cang kho khan hdn. LUc luCdng lao dong nay 6 Vi§t Nam la k h a 16n, hp la n6ng dan, buon ban nho, ngifcJi lam thu6 theo th6i vu, khong co hdp dong lao dpng, Nhu vay, viec tang lifdng trong thcti k;y lam p h a t cao khong chi lam gia tang lam phat ma muc tieu cai thien dcii song cho ngifcfi lao dpng trong n e n kinh te ma Chinh p h u dat r a khong thilc hi§n difdc nhu mong ddi. Thilc te cho th&'y. viec Chinh phu tang lUdng cd scl va lifdng to'i thieu da khong lam cho ngifcJi lao dSng pha'n kh3i ma trai lai, khie'n cho ngUcli lao d6ng them lo ldng vi lo lam phat tiep tuc t a n g cao.
Hai la, toe do t a n g lifdng cd sb vk lifdng toi thieu b Viet Nam chUa hdp ly.
V I 1 ^ thuyet va t r e n thilc t^' b Viet Nam, lifdng toi thi^u la can cut de chu siJt dung lao dong thifdng lifdng tien lifdng doi v6i ngifdi lao d5ng. Tuy nhien, nhip dp tang, t i n suat t a n g t i l n lifdng toi thieu cua N h a nddc se a n h hifSng den toe dp t a n g tien lifdng t r e n t h i trifdng lao dong. Miic lifdng tSl thieu mdi ciing chinh thiic t h i l t l i p mot m a t biing tien lUdng mdi t r e n t h i trifdng lao dSng.
6 Viet N a m , tfic d6 t a n g lUdng toi thieu difdc cho la cao t r o n g thdi k^ dai da khien cho toe do t a n g lifdng t r u n g binh chifa hdp ly- J a n g tnfSng ludng d a n h nghia va thilc te d Viet Nam cao hdn toe do t a n g n a n g sua't lao ddng. Theo bao cao lifdng toan cdu n a m 2012/2013 cua To chiic Lao dong qud'e t e (ILO), td'c do t a n g t r u d n g tien lifdng d a n h nghia va t h u c t e d Viet N a m cao hdn td'c dd t a n g n a n g sulTt lao dpng it nha't 3 lan^. Tinh theo sd' lieu cua Economist Intelligence Unit, t r o n g giai doan 2000- 2013, t r o n g k h i n a n g su§!t lao ddng cua nen k i n h te t a n g chua den 50% t h i miic lUdng t r u n g binh S Vidt N a m t a n g tdi 2,8 l a n (Vu T h a n h Tu Anh, 2011).
Nghien cdu cua Vien Nghien ciiu kinh te va chinh sach (VEPR) ciing cho tha'y, trong giai doan 2004-2015, lUdng thilc td' trung binh cua Viet N a m da t a n g ga'p ddi (Nguyin Diic Thanh, 2018). Td'c do t a n g lUdng trung binh cua nen kinh te'Viet Nam la 6,67%, cao hdn tdc dp t a n g n a n g sua't lad dong cua nen kinh te (4,96%) trong giai doan nay (Nguyen Dtic Thanh, 2018).
Ne'u so s a n h td'c do t a n g lifdng tdi t h i e u va t a n g n a n g sua't, miic c h e n h lech cdn ldn hdn. T r o n g giai doan 2000-2015, n a n g sua't lao ddng p h i ndng n g h i e p chi t a n g chua den 30%, l u d n g t6i t h i ^ u thilc (sau khi d i l u c h i n h l a m p h a t ) t i n h t h e o t i l n dgng t a n g tdi g i n 5 l l n , cdn n l u t i n h theo ddla My t h i t h a m chi cdn t a n g cao hdn, len de'n h d n 9 l a n (Vii T h a n h Tif A n h 2011).
Trong khu vile Chau A - Thai Binh Difdng, miic t a n g ludng t r u n g binh cua Vi$t Nam thuoc didn t a n g n h a n h so vdi n h i l u nifdc trong khu vUc. Trong ca giai doan 2006-2010 td'c dd tang lifdng binh quan hling n^m cua Viet Najn la 20%, tfif nSm 2010 d i n n a m 2012, td'c dp t a n g trifdng lifdng binh q u a n
1, 2. http://www.tin247.com/. Viit Nam thudc qudc gia ting tnrdng luong cao,G&-\Vm\2^ ^°^
1 6 Nghi&r, cHu ^ ^ ' ^ ^ ^ ^ W T ^ S j ^ ^ J ^ S ^
Chinh sdch Win luang ...
h a n g n a m tii 10% -15%; trong khi do, td'c dp tien lUdng binh quan cua cac nUdc Chau A — Thai Binh Difdng khoang 6,3%l
Theo chuyen gia cao cap v l q u a n he lao ddng cua ILO, dng Yoon Youngmo, td'c do tang nang sua't lao dpng co vai trd r a t quan trpng trong viec quyet dinh miic lUdng t a n g nhu the nao. Nd'u miic lUdng t a n g thsLp hdn qua nhieu so vdi to'c dp t a n g n a n g sua't lao ddng, cd nghia la ngifdi lao ddng khong dUdc hudng t h a n h qua cua sU p h a t trien va ngUdi CO ldi la chu sd hQu vd'n. Ne'u miic lUdng tang cao hdn n h i l u so vdi td'c dp t a n g n a n g sua't lao ddng thi cd nghia la ngUdi lao ddng difdc hiidng n h i l u hdn nhiing gi hp ddng gdp va ngUdi hi thiet hai d day la chu sd hiiu vo'n^.
Xet ve hieu qua va cdng bang (theo chieu ngang), viec ngifdi lao dong dUdc hudng hdn mtic ddng gdp cua hp la khdng hdp ly va khdng cdng bang. Mat khac, viec chu sd hiiu bi thiet se lam n a n long d a u t u cua ho. Khi tinh trang nay keo dai, nd se a n h hifdng dd'n tang trifdng ciia n i n kinh te. N h u vay, viec tang lifdng toi thieu cao hdn td'c dp t a n g n a n g sua't lao ddng da khdng bao dam cdng bang (theo chilu ngang) giiia ngUdi lao ddng va chu sd hQu vd'n. D i l u nay lam giam ddng lilc md rdng quy md san xua't cua cac doanh nghiep va keo theo a n h hudng tdi t a n g trifdng kinh te va n h i l u he luy khac.
Ba la, tang lifdng toi thieu d Viet Nam gay kho khan cho doanh nghiep, a n h hifdng tdi tang trifdng kinh t l trong t r u n g va dai han.
Tii nam 2008 den n a m 2011, doanh nghiep da phai chiu miic lai sua't cao do tac dpng cua chinh sach tien te va chinh sach tai khda t h a t chat, chd'ng lam phat, hp cdn phai chiu them ganh nang chi phi tra lifdng t a n g do Chinh phu tang ludng toi t h i i u d miic k h a cao (bang 3).
Thifc te tang lifdng toi thieu vdi td'c dp cao d Viet Nam va theo do lifdng t r u n g binh cua nen kinh te t a n g da lam t a n g chi phi t r a lUdng cua doanh nghiep, gay khd k h a n cho hp, huge doanh nghiep cd t h i p h a i giam quy
mo san xuat, sa t h a i n h a n cdng, lam gia tang tha't nghiep, t h a m chi doanh nghiep bi pha san.
Nghien ciiu cua VEPR chi r a rSng, d Viet Nam, lifdng tdi thieu t a n g 1% se khien cho lifdng t r u n g binh t a n g 0,32 %, lao dgng giam 0,13%, ty lg ldi n h u W d o a n h t h u giam 2,3 diem % (Nguydn Diic Thanh, 2018). Tac dpng nay chac chfin se a n h hifdng tdi tinh hinh pha san, giai the doanh nghiep. Trong giai doan 2006-2010, so' doanh nghiep difdc t h a n h lap t a n g binh q u a n 18%/nam^, sd' doanh nghiep viia va nhd t a n g 22% mdi nam^. Day dUdc coi la thdi ky ma doanh nghiep Viet Nam cd bifdc phat trien chUa tiing cd.
Ra't khd de xac dinh chinh xac, lifdng hda dUdc tac dpng cua td'c do tang lifdng to'i thieu tdi so' doanh nghiep pha san va td'c dp tang trifdng kinh te cua Vidt Nam. Tuy nhien, chiing ta co the chac rang, to'c dp tang lifdng cao d Viet N a m trong thdi gian dai cd anh hudng tdi sil p h a san, giai the ciia doanh nghiep va a n h hudng de'n td'c dp tang trifdng kinh te. Bdi le, lUdng la chi phi san xua't cua doanh nghiep, nd anh hudng tdi ldi n h u a n va quy md d l u tif cua doanh nghiep. Sd'lieu ndi trdn Cling cho tha'y sU p h u hdp cua nhiing p h a n tich nay.
Khi lam p h a t viia dUdc khd'ng che v l miic 6,81% (nam 2012), doanh nghiep viia t r a i qua thdi ky "sdng gid" lam p h a t cao (lai sua't cao, miic c l u giam, khd tieu t h u h a n g hda), Chinh p h u v i n tiep tuc thilc hien t a n g lUdng cd sd vdi miic 26,51%, t a n g lUdng td'i thieu vdi mi2c tha'p nha't b v u n g 1 ciing len tdi 3. Vu Thanh Tu Anh, Chuong Idnh giang day kinh t6' Fulbright: luang tdi thiSu va nang sui't lao ddng, https://www.thesaigontimes.vn 1-9-2015.
4. http://giaothongvantai.com.vn, Luang va Ihi tnidng lao dong?
5. http://www.baomoi.com, Tif 2006-2010: mdi nam cog&i 70.000DNdmc thanh lip
6. http;//dddnxom.vn, Giai doan 2006 • 2010: mSi nam tang 22% sd luong DN.
Nghiin aiu Kinh ti'sa 7(494) • Thing 7/2019 17
Chinh sdch tien lifong ,
48,15%. Miic tang lUdng td'i thieu d vung 4 cdn cao hdn va cao nha't, len tdi 68,67%. Miic tang lUdng toi thidu chi giam d i n tii nam 2013 va den nam 2017, td'c dp tang lifdng mdi giam ve 1 chQ so'. Bang 3 cho thay, thdi k;^
kinh te tang trifdng d miic tha'p ciing la thdi ky t i l n lUdng tdi thieu difdc t a n g vdi miic dp cao va lien tuc (nam 2008 - 2012 va keo sang tdi nam 2016).
Bdn M, tang lifdng cd sd trong khu viic n h a nifdc chua hdp ly, anh hifdng tdi thiic hien mpt so muc tieu kinh te vi md.
Viec tang lifdng cd sd ap dung trong khu vile Nha nifdc chifa hdp ly dUdc the hien tren ba diem sau:
Thd nhit, lifdng cd sd va miic tang liJdng cd sd trong khu vifc n h a nifdc cd sif each biet qua ldn so vdi iUdng tdi thieu va miic tang lUdng td'i thieu trong khu viic doanh nghiep.
Tii ngay 1-1-2008, miic lifdng cd sd cua khu vile nha nudc dUdc quy dinh tha'p hdn miic lifdng tdi thieu cua khu vuc doanh nghi§p.
Dong thdi, miic t a n g lifdng cd sd cung tha'p hdn n h i l u so vdi miic tang lifdng tdi thieu trong k h u vile doanh nghiep (bang 3). Dilu nay da d i n tdi tinh t r a n g hang loat can bd xin nghi viec n h a nifdc de lam viec cho khu vUc doanh nghiep. Mdt d i l u chSc chan la nhflng ngifdi nay khdng the la nhiing ngifdi cd trinh dp yeu kem. Bdi doanh nghidp se khdng t r a lifdng cao hdn Nha nUdc cho nhiing ngifdi trinh dp y l u kem va lam viec lifdi bieng, t h i i u trach nhiem.
Thd hai, viec t a n g lUdng cd sd cung dUdc cho la nhanh da khie'n cho viec chi tra tien lifdng cho nhiing ngifdi hudng lifdng NSNN vifdt qua k h a nang can doi NSNN, gay t h a m h u t ngan sach ldn hdn. P h a n tich d trdn da cho tha'y tang lifdng toi thieu n h a n h la mgt trong nhiing y l u to' lam n h i l u doanh nghiep pha san va lam giam td'c dp t a n g tnfdng kinh te. Khi cac doanh nghidp pha san, kinh te t a n g trudng cham lai khien cho t h u ngan sach nha nifdc gap khd k h a n hdn. Trong khi dd, vide t a n g lifdng cd sd vdi miic tang da difdc a'n dinh tnfdc trong k l hoach t a n g lifdng
cua Nha nUdc. D i l u nay khdng tifdng thich vdi quy NSNN da trd n e n ee hep trong dilu kien kinh te t a n g trudng cham lai. Chinh vi vay, viec tang lUdng cd sd trong khu vile n h a nudc nam 2013 tii 1.050.000 dong len 1.150.000 dong tii ngay 1-7-2013 thay vi nhif Id trinh len 1.300.000 dong vao 1-5-2013.
Theo Bd trifdng Bo Tai chinh, ly do cua viec tang lUdng khdng diing nhif k l hoach la do lifdng t i l n chi t r a cho lifdng vildt qua k h a nang can ddi cua NSNN n a m 2013. Mac du miic t a n g tha'p hdn ke hoach, nhUng NSNN da phai chi tdi 20.700 ty dong (tifdng difdng 1 ty USD) de 8 trieu ngifdi difdc t a n g lifdng diing h a n ' .
Thd ba, viec t a n g lifdng cd sd ddng loat cho nhiing ngUdi hifdng lifdng NSNNtrong thdi ky lam p h a t cao khien cho N S N N tham h u t ldn hdn, gop p h a n gay ap life gia tang lam phat nhv( da p h a n tich. Tuy nhien, do sd' ngifdi hifdng lUdng tif N S N N d Viet Nam qua ldn. Mac dii NSNN phai chi chd t a n g lifdng ra't ldn, nhUng lUdng t i l n lifdng danh nghia mdi ngifdi n h a n dUdc t h e m khdng nhieu va chi cd the du bu p h a n nao miic tnfdt gia. Do vay, vide tang lifdng cd sd khdng cai thien difdc miic sd'ng cho ngifdi hifdng lifdng nhif Chinh phii mong ddi va khdng lam cho ngifdi hifdng lifdng pha'n khdi.
Cd the thay rang, dudng nhif chinh sach t a n g lifdng Cd sd va t a n g lifdng toi thi^u chi nham tdi muc tieu dam b i o ddi sd'ng cua nhung ngudi co t h u n h a p tii lifdng ma chifa hUdng tdi thuc hien cac muc tieu k i n h t l vi mo khac, t h a m chi cdn gay hieu iing ngifdc vdi tac dpng cua cac chinh sach khac D i n g thdi, viec dam b i o ddi sd'ng ngudi hudng lUdng khong dat dudc nhif muc tieu m o n e
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Mgt la, thifc hien chinh sach t a n g lifdng td'i thieu can phai difdc can cii vao t i n h h i n h kinh t l vi md va phoi hdp tot hdn vdi cac chinh sach kinh t l vi md k h a c .
Lg trinh t a n g lifdng dUdc xay diing va chi nen dUdc thilc hien trong trifdng hdp n i n kinh t e on dinh, khdng cd lam p h a t cao. Khi nen kinh t l cd lam p h a t cao, Chinh p h u khdng nen t a n g lUdng td'i thieu. Bdi le, vide nay se gay ra he luy khdng td't n h i l u hdn nhflng ldi ich ma chinh sach n a y m a n g lai.
Ddng thdi, Chinh phu can giai thich cho ngifdi lao ddng nhiing tac ddng tieu cifc ddi vdi hp va dd'i vdi n i n kinh te nd'u Chinh p h u thilc hien t a n g lifdng tdi thieu t r o n g thdi ky lam phat cad. Tang lifdng cd t h e lam cho t i l n lifdng danh nghia cua ngudi lao ddng tang nhUng d i l u dd lam cho lam p h a t gia tang, theo dd, t i l n lifdng thilc te cua hg se giam xud'ng. Khi dd, muc tieu chdng lam phat va cai thidn ddi song ciia ngifdi lao ddng d l u khdng difdc thiic hidn hieu qua.
Chinh phii c l n giai thich cho ngifdi lao ddng nhan thiic difdc rang, viec t a n g lifdng se dutdc thifc hien khi lam p h a t difdc khd'ng che, dieu dd se td't hdn cho ngifdi lao ddng.
Trong trudng hdp dd, ta't ca doanh nghidp, ngifdi lao ddng, ca xa hoi d l u p h a i ddng long
"that lifng budc bung", c h u n g tay ciing Chinh phu chd'ng lam p h a t . Tuy nhien, trong thdi k;? lam p h a t cao, ta't ca mgi ngifdi d l u phai chiu tac ddng cua lam p h a t , t h u nhap thilc te deu bi giam xud'ng. Song, nhQng ngifdi t h u n h a p tha'p se chiu ton thUdng n h i l u hdn, hgise la ngifdi khd k h a n nha't va can difdc ho trd, Chinh p h u can hd trd t n i c tiep cho doi tUdng nay. Chinh p h u cd the phat cho hg p h i l u m u a h a n g t h i l t yeu thay vi each ban h a n g binh d'n gia nhif da lam. Chinh p h u khdng t h e va khdng c l n ho trd cho mpi ddi tifdng trong n e n k i n h te.
Dac biet, Chinh p h u cang khong can giam thue t h u nhap ca n h a n cho nhiing dd'i tifdng chiu t h u l t h u nhap, nhtf da lam trong thdi ky 2008 - 2011. Bdi le, ngifdi phai chiu t h u e thu nhap ca n h a n la nhflng ngifdi cd t h u nhap cao. Thu n h a p thilc te cua ho se giam
trong thdi ky lam p h a t cao, nhUng ddi sd'ng cua hp khdng t h e khd d i n miic can sU hd trd cua N h a nifdc. Trong thdi ky lam p h a t cao, Chinh phii can t a n g thue' t h u n h a p ca n h a n va dung sd' t h u l dd de hd trd cho nhiing ddi tifdng cd t h u n h a p t h a p trong xa hgi, trd ca'p trilc tie'p cho nhiing dd'i tifdng cd miic lifdng tha'p trong k h u vifc n h a nifdc.
Hai la, toe dp t a n g lUdng tdi thieu can p h u hdp vdi td'c dp t a n g n a n g sua't lao ddng.
Mdt xa hdi, mdt n e n k i n h t l khdng the sdng cao hdn miic san xua't thilc t e cua n i n kinh te. Kinh nghidm n h i l u nifdc cho tha'y, n i n kinh te' se rdi vao k h u n g hoang khi tieu diing vifdt q u a n a n g lilc san xua't cua n i n kinh t l (nhif trifdng hdp Achentina n a m 2001). M a t khac, viec tieu diing cua nen kinh t e p h a i bao dam cd p h i n tich liiy de gia t a n g n a n g life san xua't trong dai h a n hoac de phdng nhiing bid'n ddng ba't thudng dd'i vdi n i n k i n h t l . Do vay, chinh sach t a n g lifdng tdi t h i e u c l n dam bao cho td'c dd t a n g lifdng t r e n thi trifdng lao ddng bang hoac tha'p hdn td'c dp t a n g n a n g sui't lao dgng b miic p h u hdp. D i l u nay dam bao cho chu sd hflu vdii cd ldi va cd ddng lilc dau tif, p h a t trien san xua't, bao dam duy tri t a n g trifdng kinh te trong dai h a n .
Ba la, quy dinh tien lUdng can difdc thd'ng nha't t r o n g toan bp n e n kinh t l .
Quy dinh miic t i l n lifdng tdi thieu c l n difdc thd'ng n h a t gifla cac k h u viic: khu vile hudng lifdng NSNN; k h u vile doanh nghidp trong nifdc va k h u vile doanh nghiep cd voh d l u tif nudc ngoai. Chinh sach n a y bao dam binh dang, cdng b a n g giiia nhiing ngifdi lam cdng hudng lUdng t r o n g cac k h u vile cua n i n kinh t l , dong thdi h a n che' difdc tinh t r a n g
"chay m a u c h a t xam" khdi k h u vile cdng.
M a t khac, miic lifdng toi thieu, t r u n g binh, cao trong cac k h u viic khdng qua gan n h a u , ddng thdi khdng qua each biet. Cac miic lifdng n a y khdng qua g i n n h a u de dam bao duy tri ddng life cho sil cd'ng hien cua ngUdi gidi; nhifng miic chenh lech qua ldn se d i n den p h a n hda giau ngheo. Nha nifdc cd the
Nghiin aiu Kinh tSsS 7(494) - Thing 7/2Q19 1 9
Chinh sach tien luang ...
ap dung miic t h u e cao dd'i vdi nhflng ngifdi cd t h u n h a p cao, bao dam khd'ng che t h u n h a p cua ngifdi cd thu n h a p cao d mdt mflc td'i da xac dinh, khong qua ldn so vdi ngudi CO thu n h a p tdi thieu. Hdn nfla, mflc lUdng trong nen kinh te khdng nha't thiet ludn ludn tang ma cd the cd liic giam. Dd la trong tnfdng hdp kinh te suy thoai, ca nen kinh te' khong the cd ddi sd'ng cao khi san xua't dinh ddn. Khi dd, lUdng cua mgi ngUdi deu difdc d i l u chmh xud'ng cung vdi su di xudng cua san xua't. Trong trudng hop nay, Chfnh phu chi c l n quan tam hd trd cho nhflng ddi tUdng cd t h u n h a p t h a p nha't, nhUng dd'i tUdng ye'u the trong xa hdi.
LUdng ciia cdng chflc va vien chflc cung dUdc xay difng t r e n cd sd nang lUc san xua't thuc te cua n i n kinh te. Mflc Ifldng ciia cdng chflc, vien chflc cd the bang mflc Ifldng t r u n g binh ciia 60% 70% doanh nghiep t r u n g binh trong ca nfldc (day la kinh nghiem cua N h a t Ban). Mflc Ifldng nay se len hoac xud'ng ciing vdi lUdng trung binh cua doanh nghiep.
Boh ia, t h u n h a p cua cac ca nhan can dUdc quan ly, h a n che' t h a n h toan t i l n mat trong n i n kinh t l .
Chinh phii can cd chfnh sach quan ly t h u n h a p cua cdc ca n h a n . Trudc m i t , Chinh phu cd the quan ly t h u n h a p cua nhflng ngfldi lam cdng a n lUdng thugc cac khu vUc trong nen kinh te' thdng qua tai khoan ca n h a n . Tutng bifdc thflc hien t h a n h toan qua tai khoan dd'i vdi nhflng khoan chi tfl t r e n mdt h a n mflc nao dd (chang h a n tfl 500.000 ddng trd len). Cac ca n h a n chi dfldc t h a n h tdan bang t i l n m a t dd'i vdi nhflng khoan chi dfldi h a n mflc nay.
Nam ia, c l n cai each m a n h me triet de bd may h a n h chinh n h a nfldc, giam manh bien
che trong cac cd q u a n n h a nUdc, dac biet cac cd quan q u a n ly n h a nUdc. Viec nay da thilc hien hdn chuc n a m nhUng ket qua khdng cao. Trong thdi gian tdi, bg may quan ly h a n h chinh n h a nudc can dUdc cat giam m a n h hdn. Chinh p h u cd t h e ap dung khoan lUdng, khoan bien che cho cdc ddn vi hfldng lUdng ngan sach. Chinh sach nay budc cac cd quan n h a nudc khdng t h i gifl nhflng ngudi y l u kem, ludi lao ddng trong cd quan n h a nudc.
Tren day la mgt sd' k h u y e n nghi chinh sach t i l n Ifldng n h a m gop p h i n thilc hien cac muc tieu k i n h te vi md. Chinh sach t i l n lUdng la mgt chinh sach phiic t a p va phai thilc hien n h i e u muc tieu k h a c n h a u , lien quan tdi n h i e u linh vUc. Do dd, cac bien p h a p phai dUdc thilc hien mdt each d i n g bd va phai cd sU t h a m gia phd'i hdp hieu qua ciia nhieu cd q u a n va chinh quyen cac cap./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 - Vii Thanh Tir Anh, Chuong trinh giang day kinh ti' Fulbright: luong tdi thiSu vi nang suit lao ddng, https://www.thesaigontimes.vn 1-9-2015.
2. POSTS. Nguyin Diic ThSnh va GS.TS. Ohno Kenichi, Bio cao thudng niin kinb ti' Viit Nam 2018:
Hiiu thi trudng lao ddng dS tang ning suHt, Nxb Dai Hoc Qu6c gia Ha N6i.
3. Ngan hing The gidi, DiSm lai cip nhit tinh hinh phattrii'nkinh l6'Vi6tNam, 2014, tr.l6, thang 12-2014
4. Thily Mifing, (2012). Ngudi_ lao ddng lao dao trong lin sdng doanh nghiep pha san, https://www.careerlink
Ngay nhan bai- 11-04-2019 Ngay nhan ban sita: 12-05-2019 Ngay duyet d&ig: 20-05-2019
20 Nghi€n cClu Knh 1gs£7(494) -Jh^^
