NGHIEN CUU
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Anh himng cua cuoc each mang cong nghidp 4.0 toi till tnrong lao ddng pho thong a Viet Nam
Nguyen van Ho^ng Hoc vien Ng&i hang - PhSn vl6n Bac Ninh
Cdcb mgng cdng nghidp 4.0 (CMCN 4.0) dang ddn trd nen rd net d mdi qudc gia, dnh hudng khdng nhd tdi tdl cd iinh vgc cfla ddi sdng kinh te. Nd tde ddng dd'n nhidu mdt, hong dd, dnh hudng tdi Igc lugng laa ddng Id kha rd net. Hidn nay trdn the gidi, Igc lugng lao ddng phd thdng van cdn chiem da sd, md CMCN 4.0 lal mang ddn sg thay thd ngudn nhdn Igc phd thdng Id phd bidn. Trdn ca sd tim hieu vd phdn tich, bdi vidt sd tim hidu mdt each Cd bdn ve lao ddng phd thdng vd nhung dnh hudng cfla cudc CMCN 4.0 tdi Iao ddng phd thdng, tii dd dua ra mdt sd' dinh hudng nhdm tdn dung nhflng mdt tich cue, ddng thdi ban chd tdi da anh hudng Udu cue cua cudc cdcb mgng cdng nghidp ldn thfl ndy.
1. Khai niem Cach mang cong nghiep 4.0 Trong thdi gian qua, cum lu "Cach mang Cdng nghidp 4.0" da trd nen quen thudc tren tmyen thdng, mang xd hdi vd ddi sdng hdng ngdy. Nd trd thdnh ldn sdng mdi tdc ddng khdng nhd tdi cdc doanh nghiep d Viet nam vd ddi hdi cdc doanh nghidp tidp can vd thieh flng vdi nd. Vdy, CMCN 4.0 la gi? Nd ed nhung thudn Igi, khd khdn nhu the ndo?
Theo ngudi sdng Idp vd chfl tich didu hdnh Dien ddn Kinh id Thd Gidi Klaus Schwab CMCN 4.0 dugc hieu nhu sau: "Cach mang cdng nghidp ddu tidn sfl dung nang lugng nude va hai nude dd ca gidi hda sdn xudl. Cugc cdcb mang Idn 2 didn ra nhd flng dung didn nang dd sdn xudt hdng loat. Cudc cdeh mang Ian 3 sfl dung didn tfl vd edng nghd thdng tin dd tg ddng hda sdn xudt. Bdy gid, eude Cdcb mgng Cdng nghidp Thu tu dang nay nd tu cudc cdeh mgng Idn ba, nd kdt hgp cdc cdng nghe Igi vdi nhau, Idm md ranh gidi gifla vdt Iy, ky thudt sd vd sinh hgc". Cung theo Klaus Schwab, tdc dd biit phd cfla Cdeh mgng Cdng nghidp 4.0 hien "khdng ed tidn Id lich su". Tdc dg tidn tridn cua cudc cdeh mang ndy so vdi cde cudc cdcb mgng tmdc khdng phdi Id td'c dd tuydn tinh ma dang theo mgt hdm sd mfl. Dudi tde ddng manh me cfla nd, hau het ngdnh cdng nghidp d mgi qudc gia dang bi phd vd vd ddi hdi mgt su chuyen ddi hgp ly cua todn bd he thdng sdn xudt, quan ly va quan tri.
Cdeh mang Cdng nghidp 4.0 se dien ra tren 3 Iinh vue chinh gom: Ky thudt sd, Cdng nghd sinh hoe va Vdt ly. Tri tud nhdn tgo (Al), van vdt ket ndi - Intemet of Things (loT) vd dfl lieu Idn (Big Data) Id nhung yeu td cot ldi cfla ky thudt sd trong cugc cdcb mang nay; Tren Hnh vuc cdng nghd sinh hgc, tap tmng vdo nghidn cflu dd tgo ra nhflng budc nhay vgl trong cdc ngdnh Ndng
nghidp, Y dugc, Thfly sdn, che bidn thue phdm, bdo vi mdi trudng, ndng lugng ldi tao, hda hgc vd vdt lieu;
Robot thd hd mdi, mdy in 3D, xe tu ldi, ede vdt lieu mdi (skyrmions, graphene ...) va cdng nghd nano.
2. Lao apng pho thong o Viet Nam 2.1. Lao dong phd thong la gi
Hidn nay, chua ed van bdn ehinh thflc nao dua ra khdi nidm Iao ddng phd thdng, mac du cum tfl nay dugc sfl dung rat nhieu trong cdc van ban quy pham phdp ludt hay hong cac van bdn lidn quan dd'n ngudi lao ddng. Cung cd nhidu lac gid dua ra nhimg each hidu ve laa ddng phd thdng, nhung tuu tmng Igi thi lao dgng phd thdng dugc hidu Id nhiing Iao ddng mti mang nhiing ddc didm sau ddy:
- Thdng thudng hg Id nhiing Iao ddng cd trinh dd hgc vdn bd't Idp 12 trd xudng, va ndm trong dd tudi lao ddng theo Ludt lao ddng quy dinh (tfl dfl 15 tudi hay lir 16 tudi trd ldn). Vi vdy, hg thudng khdng cd bang cap vd chuyen mdn nghidp vu so vdi nhflng Iao ddng da trdi qua chuong trinh dai hgc, cao ddng.
- Vd edng vide, dd'i vdi nhiing lao ddng ndy, thudng la nhflng cdng vide su dgng sflc lao ddng chdn lay la chinh, thao tdc Idm vide mang tinh ldp di lap lai. Vi du:
nhiing Iao ddng trong ngdnh cdng nghidp may mac, gidy ddp... Vi vdy, nhflng lao ddng ndy cd qua tiinh ddo tao rdt ngdn Id cd tiid Idm dugc ma khdng phai trai qua qud trinh ddo tao ldu ndm hay chuyen sdu.
- Ve tien luong hay tien cdng, Iao ddng phd thdng thudng nhdn mue luong thap nhdt trong tie thdng luong dp dgng trong cdc nganh nghd, thdng thudng ho nhdn dugc mflc luang co sd hodc mflc luong tdi thieu, cdng vdi cdc khodn phu cap ndu cd.
Nhu vdy, thudt ngfl lao ddng phd thdng duge su dung dd md td mdt ngudi bode nhdn vidn hodn thdnh ede nhidm vu, Iao dgng khdng cdn ky nang cao do thieu gido due ddo tao bode kinh nghiem md ngudi dd cd thd cd. Vide thie'u hut ndy ngdn cdn hg tham gia vdo bdt ki vi tri ndo ngoai tru cdc vj tri co bdn nhdt, vd cflng Id nhtrng vi tri khidn mflc luong cfla hg d muc tdi thidu nhdt trong bdt ki don vl sdn xuat hay td chiic ndo Irong xd hdi.
2.2. Tinh hinh lao dgng va lao dgng phd thong d- Met Nam
Theo Thdng cdo bdo chi ve Unh hinh Iao ddng vide ldm qui I nam 2019 cfla Tdng cue Thd'ng kd thi:
- Lgc lugng laa ddng tfl 15 tudi hd ldn cfla cd nude quy I ndm 2019 udc tinh Id 55,4 tridu ngudi, gidm 207,0 nghin ngudi so vdi quy trudc vd tdng 331,9 nghin ngudi so vdi cung ky ndm hudc. Luc lugng lao ddng gidm sd vdi quy trudc do quy I la thdi gian cd ky nghi Tdt Nguydn ddn va didn ra cdc le hdi nen ngudi ddn kda ddi thdi gian nghi Idm viec, nhu cau ldm vide vd tim kidm vide lam hong ddn cu gidm.
- Luc lugng lao ddng trong dd tudi Iao ddng quy I nam 2019 udc tinh Id 48,8 tridu ngudi, gidm 96,4 nghin ngudi so vdi quy trudc, tdng 444,2 nghin ngudi so vdi cflng ky ndm trudc. Luc lugng Iao ddng trong do tudi 6 khu vgc thdnh thi la 16,9 tridu ngudi, chidm 34,7%;
luc lugng Iao ddng nu hong dd tudi Iao ddng dat 22,3 tridu ngudi, chidm 45,6% tdng sd Iao dgng hong dd tudi cfla cd nude.
- Ty Id tham gia Iuc lugng Iao ddng quy I ndm 2019 udc tinh Id 76,6%, gidm 0,6% diem phdn trdm so vdi quy trudc, gidm 0,1 diem phdn ham so vdi cflng ky ndm trude. Ty Id tham gia Iuc lugng lao ddng nu Id 71,1%, thdphon 11,3 diem phdn hdm so vdi luc lugng Iao ddng nam (82,4%). Mtrc do tham gia Iuc lugng Iao ddng cua ddn cu khu vuc thdnh thi vd ndng thdn vdn cdn khdc bidt ddng kd, cdeh bidt 12,5 didm phdn (thdnh thj: 68,7%; ndng tiidn: 81,2%); d cac nhdm tudi, ty Id tham gia Igc lugng lao ddng d khu vgc thdnh thi ddu thdp ban ndng thdn, hong dd chdnh Ideh nhidu nhdt d nhdm 15-24 ludi vd nhdm tit 50 tudi trd Idn.
- Vd Lao dgng gidn don hay Iao ddng phd thdng Id luc lugng lao ddng thu hut nhidu nhdn lue nhat trong thi trudng lao ddng d nude ta, chidm 35,0% Iao ddng cd vide Idm trdn loan qudc. Ty Id ngudi ldm eac cdng vide gidn don cdn cao trong bdi cdnh ddo tao chuydn mdn ky thudt (ttr trinh do "So cap nghd" hd ldn) cha ngudi lao ddng cdn thdp (khoang 22,5% ddi vdi luc lugng lao ddng va 22,2% ddi vdi lao ddng cd vide Idm).
3. Nhirng ani; huung cua CMCN 4.0 tdl luc Iirong lao dong pho thong
Vdi nhtmg ddc diem, dac tnmg cua cudc CMCN 4.0 da va dang dien ra trdn todn cdu, dd dang nhdn thdy Sfl tdc dOng khdng nhd cua nd tdi Iuc luong lao ddng
ndi chung. Ngay cd lad ddng cd ky ndng bdc tmng cung sd bj dnh hudng ndu bg khdng trang bi cac kien thuc mdi, ky ndng sang tgo cho ndn kinh td' trong didu kidn mdi, thi luc lugng lao ddng phd thdng se bj de dga vd nguy ca mat vide ldm trong thdi gian tdi. Luc lugng lag ddng gidn don hay lao ddng phd thdng ndi ehung d tdt cd ede ngdnh, Iinh vuc kinh te sd chiu dnh hudng trdn nhieu khia cgnh khdc nhau, trong dd van dd vide ldm Id ndi bat hon ca.
Theo cdc chuydn gia kinh te, vdi su xudl hidn cfla cdng nghd, mdy mdc thdng minh vd robot cd tri tud nhdn tgo... tfl cfldc CMCN 4.0 till thi hudng lao ddng vide Idm se cd nhimg bidn ddi Idn vol nhidu gde dd.
Lao ddng pho thdng d nude ta cdn ehidm da sd vd vi vdy nhtrng Unh vgc dua ehu ydu vdo lao ddng phd thdng hay nhiing ngdnh nghd gan lien vdi qua trinh tu ddng hda sd bi anh budng. Vi du nhu nganh del may, da gidy, didn tu,... nhirng ngdnh ma su dung chfl ydu lugng lao ddng pho thdng Id dd'i tugng bi dnh hudng nhidu nhdt. Vdi CMCN 4.0, mdy mdc cd thd thay thd mdt sd khdu nhat dinh hong qua trinh sdn xudt, ddc bidt cd thd Idm vide 24/24h, robot hay tri tue nhdn tao cd thd thay thd con ngudi. Rd rdng rang CMCN 4.0 ddi vdi vide ldm sd Id su dich chuydn tii thdm dung Iao ddng sang thdm dung tri thuc vd cdng nghd.
Thea dg bdo cua Lidn hgp qud'c, se cd khodng 75%
Iao ddng trdn thd gidi cd thd bi mat viee Idm trong vdi thdp nidn tdi. Cdn mdt nghidn cflu khde cfla Td chflc Lao ddng Qud'c td (ILO), khodng 56% sd lao dgng tai 5 qudc gia Ddng Nam A dung trude nguy Cd mdt vide vi rdbdt. Trdng do, Viet Nam Id mdt trong nhflng nude chiu dnh hudng nhidu nhdt tu CMCN 4.0. ILO cdnh bdo, trong 10 ndm tdi, khodng 70% sd vide Idm trong cdc nganh su dgng nhieu Iao ddng phd thdng d Vidt Nam nhu da gidy, ldp rap dien tu, chd bidn thuy sdn, dich vu ban Id (rieng ngdnh del may Id khodng 86%)...
cd rfli ro caa bi thay the bdi mdy mdc vd thiet bj hidn dai. Cflng theo du bdo cfla Bd Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghd, trong tuong lai, mdt so nganh nghd d Viet Nam sd bidn mdt do tac ddng cfla cudc CMCN 4.0. Tuy nhidn, d chieu hudng khdc, Uch cue hem, CMCN 4.0 se tao them ngdnh nghd, vide ldm mdi md ngudi mdy hay robot khdng the dap iing dugc. Dieu dd ddi hdi ngudi lao ddng phdi cd ky ndng, trinh dd cao mdi cd thd ddp ung duge nhu cdu cfla xd hdi. Theo du bdo, tdi ndm 2025, cd ldi 80% cdng vide se Id nhimg cdng vide mdi md chua tung cd d thdi diem bidn nay".
Vj the cfla lao ddng gidn dan hong mdt sd ngdnh, linh vuc dich vu ngdy cdng dugc khdng dinh vd chat, nhung edu loai hinh lao ddng ndy ndi ehung ngay cdng gidm manh tao ndn biic tranh lao ddng tu do, lao ddng hong khu vuc phi ket edu ngdy cdng ldn, neu chflng ta khdng cd giai phap dot pha vd mang tam chidn luge: "Ld mdt qudc gia dang hdi nhdp qudc te sdu rdng vd ndn kinh te cd do md cad, nhung lad ddng hong nen kinh te nude ta chi "vdng" vd sd lugng, chfl chua "vang" vd chat lugng
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NGHIEN CUU
bdi cd gan 77% (hon 43 hidu Iao ddng) luc lugng Iao CMCN 4.0, nhung trdnh bi ddng, ma can tdn dung ddng cua ca nude khdng cd tiinh dd chuyen mdn ky nhflng mdt tich cgc ma nd mang lai. Ben cgnh nguy ca thudt. Day Id mdt nflt thdt Idn hong UTJC phdt hidn kinh thieu vide ldm thi CMCN 4.0 eung tao ra nhieu vide ldm te - xd hdi cfla nude ta vd dugc cho Id khdng dd khai mdi, do dd cdn bidt tdn dung vd thay ddi phu hgp thdng hong "mdt sdm mdt chieu" bdi mdt luc lugng Iao nhdm gidm thieu nguy eo thdt nghiep, bdi nghjch ly ddng gidn don vdn cdn qud ddng vd ehua cd ddu hieu Iao dgng ed trinh do nhung vdn khdng ddp ting duoc gidm nhanh trong sud't hang thdp ky qua".
4. Mot SO dinh hu^ong trong boi canh mbl Trong bdi ednh nen kinh id the gidi dang budc vdo thai dai cudc CMCN 4.0, hau hdt cde qudc gia trdng dd cd Vidl Nam cflng khdng ndm ngodi xu thd dd, chju dnh hudng khdng nhd vdi ndn tang cfla thdi dai kinh te sd ra ddi va phdt trien. Du bidu theo nghia hay khia canh ndo thi cdc nude trdn thd gidi cung ddu ddn nhdn vd cd nhflng each tiep can sao cho phu hgp vdi su phdt tridn kinh td cua timg vflng, tihig qudc gia. Viet Nam cung dan thich flng vdi su phdt tridn vd hda cung su phdt tridn cfla ndn kinh te' thd gidi, theo dd, nhflng tac ddng tieh cue hay nhting dnh hudng lieu cue md CMCN 4.0 dem Igi, ddc biet la vdn dd vide ldm cho ngudi lao ddng, trong dd ed mgt dgi ngu lao dgng chidm sd lugng ddng ddo Id Iao ddng phd thdng hay lao ddng gidn don. Vi vdy, cdn phdi cd nhung dinh hudng, ehinh sdeh phu hgp nham tan dung vd han ehd nhiing dnh hudng ngddi su mong dgi md CMCN 4.0 mang lai.
Tren co sd tdc ddng cua cudc CMCN 4.0 tdi luc lugng Iao ddng, va ddc biet la dd'i tugng Iao ddng phd thdng, ddi tugng ma chiu dnh hudng nhieu nhdl bdi vdn de vide lam. Tde gid dua ra mdt so djnb hudng sau:
Thu nhdt, vdn dd vide lam cua ngudi Iao ddng gidn dan hay iao ddng pho thdng phu thudc chu ydu vao trinh do chuydn mdn efla ngudi lao ddng. Vi vdy, vide ndng caa trinh dd chuydn mdn cfla ngudi lad ddng cd tinh cap thidt hdng ddu. Rd rdng, ddy khdng phdi nhidm vg cfla ridng ai, md dd Id nhidm vu eua lodn xd hdi, ydu eau cd su lidn kdt tu nha nude ddn dia phuong vd ddc biet Id ngudi lao ddng. Nhflng chinh sdeh, djnb hudng phfl hgp cfla nhd nude se giup ngudi lao ddng cd trinh do thap nhdn thuc vd cd lua chgn dflng ddn cho nhiing nguy co vd viec Idm efla minh.
Thfl hai, eude CMCN 4.0 ngdy cdng ldc ddng mdt cdcb sdu rdng, anh hudng tdi tbi trudng lao ddng ndi chung, vi vdy md vide kdl nd'i cung cau lao ddng gitra cdc ngdnh, linh vuc Id didu cdn thidt. Can cd co chd giflp thj tmdng lad ddng luu thdng, lien ket, nhdm trdnh trudng hgp noi thfla lao ddng nhung lgi cd noi thie'u hut lao ddng. Bdng cdeh phdt tridn he thd'ng cung cap thdng tin dinh hudng nghd nghidp, hd thdng djch vu vide Idm vd he thd'ng thdng tin thj trudng lao dgng de ngudi lao ddng vd ngudi sfl dung lao ddng dd ddng nam bat thdng tin vd kdt nd'i vdi nhau. Cdn day manh tmg dung cdng nghe hidn dai vao vide kdt ndi cung - cau Iao ddng hong nude vd qudc td.
Thfl ba, du chju nhung anh hudng Udu cue cfla
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su ddi hdi cua Udn bg kboZhgc ky thudt, ddn ddn thdt | nghidp.
Thfl tu, tien luong id mdt hong nhihig ydu td quan trgng nhat ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng, nd cd thd quyet djnb ddn mgi phuong dn md ngudi lao ddng dua ra, ke ca tu nguyen thdt nghiep. Do vdy, cbinh sdeh tien luong cfla ehinh phfl vd doanh nghidp cdn ddm bao cho ngudi lao ddng cd tdm ly dn dinh, giflp hg co nhiing sg Iga chgn dflng dan va hgp Iy trong bdi cdnh mdi. Nd cflng kich thich su sdng tgo vd ldp tmng ndng cao trinh do chuydn mdn cua ngudi lad ddng.
Thu ndm, cdn kd't hgp mgt each hai hda giua qu4 trinh Iao ddng phd thdng vd qud trinh tu ddng hoa nham dgt dugc hieu qud, ndng sudt lao ddng cao nhdt ma it dnh hudng tdi vide Idm vd thu nhdp cfla ngucri Iao ddng, ddc bidt Id lao ddng gidn don./.
Tai lieu tham khao
Cdeh mang cdng nghidp 4.0 tai Viet Nam — Hdmy dd'i vdi thj trudng lao ddng, ILO - Tdm tdl chinh sach cua Viet Nam | Thdng 5/2018
Cdcb mgng cdng nghiep 4.0 — Co hdi va thach thuc lodn cdu, truy cdp tii https://news.appota.com/vi/cach-mang-cong-nghiep- 4-0-eo-hoi-va-thach-thuc-toan-eaii/
'Ddn sd vang', nhung chat lugng lao ddng chua 'vdng' tmy cdp tfl https://baolintuc.vn/viec-lam/dan-so- v a n g - n h u n g - c h a t - l u o n g - l a o - d o n g - c h f l a - v a n g 20181031123440600.htm
Didn ddn kinh td thd gim https://wv™'.wefomm.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth- industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to- respond/
Thi trudng lao ddng Vidt Nam trong bdi cdnh CMCN 4.0, tmy cdp tu htlp://cansosukien.vn/thi-tmong-lao- dong-viet-nam-trong-boi-eanh-cmcn-4-0. h tm
Tdng cue thdng kd, Thdng cdo bdo chi vd tinh hinh Lao ddng vide Idm quy 1 nam 2019