HAN6 CAO CHAT lUliNG DAD TAD NGHE THDNG THOI Kl HDI NHAP
TRL/ONG MINH TRi*
V
iet Nam cd nguon lao ddng doi dao, nhung chat lupng lao dpng cdn han che' do thieu nguon nhdn luc cd tay nghe. Vi vdy, ddo tao nghe se la mpt trong nhung uu tien cua nganh giao dye nhdm giai quyet tinh trang "thda thiy thieu thp".De' ndng cao chat lupng dao tao nghe, viec ndng cao chd't lupng nguon nhdn luc dap ung yeu clu sunghipp cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va hpi nhdp qud'c te, gdn dao tao vdi giai quye't vipc lam la ye'u td quan trpng. NhQng nam qua, cac trudng day nghe da cd nhieu chu tmong, chinh saeh nang cao chd't lupng dao tao nghi. Tuy nhien, de' cai thien chd't lupng va hieu qua cua he thd'ng dao tao nghe trong thdi ki hpi nhdp, theo chiing tdi, cin cfiii y mpt sdvd'ndesau:
1. Chuai dau ra cho chuong trinh dao tao nghe Cde tmdng tmng cap vd cao dang nghe phai cdng bd chuan dlu ra, ehi rd sau khi tdt nghiep ngudi hpe cd tri thde, kT ndng gi, lam viee d eae vj tri nao, cd the' hpe tap tie'p tuc lien thdng nhu the' ndo. TQ dd, khuyen cao vide tra luong eho ngudi tdt nghiep trong tuong quan vdi eac trinh dp dao tao, cae nganh nghe khae nhau. Kien thiifc; kT nang; thai dp; vi tri va kha nang lam viec sau khi td't nghiep; kha nang hpe tap, ndng eao trinh dp sau khi tdt nghiep la 5 tieu ehi dugc de cap trong chuan dlu ra ciia tmdng. Chua'n dau ra cae nganh dao tao se la co sd de' ngudi hpc tu so sanh, do chieu, bdi dudng kien thde eiia minh. Ngudi hpc cd the'dya vao chuan dlu ra de' khie'u nai nha tmdng neu ehua dupc hpe nhung phln kien thil'c ein thiet da neu trong chuan dlu ra.
2. Chuan cho giao vien day nghe
Chuan cho giao vien day nghe ehu yeu ve dao due nghe nghiep, Ici sdng, tae phong, ndng lyc chuyen mdn, nang lyc su pham day nghe. De dat chuan gido vien day nghe quan trpng nhai ia viec nang cao nang lyc cliuyen mdn cung nhu nang lyc su pham day nghe.
Cu the, ve nhiem vy, quy djnh vien chuc lam cdng tac giang day phai dap ung cac yeu elu chung nhu:
kT nang giang day nghiep vy, giao dye dao ddc, nghien cdu khoa hpc, cai tie'n kT thudt... Ve ndng luc, phai ed kien ttiuc hieu biet ve chuong trinh, ke hoach
Tap chi Gido due so 302
dao tao, kT nang nghe nghiep, to' chii'c quan Ii... Ve trinh dp phai ed bdng elp, tieu chuan bdc thp, chQng chi su pham...
Vi du: Giang vien (GV) cao cd'p day nghe la vien chuc ehuyen mdn dam nhiem vai trd chu tri, chi dao va thyc hien giang day trinh dp cao ddng nghe;
nghien cuu, ung dung Ichoa hpc kT thudt, cdng nghe mdi trang tmdng eao dang nghe.
GV cao cap day nghe phai cd kha nang thyc hidn dupc 12 nhiem vu nhu: giang day theo module, mdn hpc dupc phdn cdng dat yeu clu ve muc tidu, npi dung, kT nang, phuong phap, cd chit lupng tdt. Chii tri thiet ke, cai tie'n, che tao trang thiet bi, phuong tidn day hpc, xdy dyng phdng hpe ehuyen mdn...
De'fhye hien 6U(3c eac nhiem vy dupc giao, GV cao cap phai dam bao 6 tieu chua'n ve nang lyc:
Ndm vung muc tieu, chuong trinh, ke hoach dao tao va kien thde ciia nghe dupc phdn cdng giang day. Ddng thdi phai cd hieu biet sdu rdng ve td' chde quan Ii dao tao va san xud't, nhQng tie'n bp khoa hpc kT thuat, cdng nghe mdi eua nghe va cd kha ndng thyc hien thanh thao cae kT ndng cua nghe dupc phdn cdng giang day, cung nhu, biet to chii'c quan Ii dao tao, lao dpng san xud't, djeh vy nghe dupe phdn cdng giang day...
Ve trinh dp ehuyen mdn, GV cao cap phai cd bdng thac sT va la nghe nhdn, ngudi cd tay nghe bac 6/7,5/6 hoac tuong duong trd len; cd ehung ehi su pham day nghe cho GV day trinh dp cao ddng nghe hoac tuong duong; cd de tai nghien ciiu hoac cdng tiinh khoa hpc cap nganh dugc edng nhdn vd ap dung ed hieu c^ua...
3. Doi mdi phuong phap day hpc (PPDH) De' ndng cao chd't lupng dao tao nghe, ein gdn chat viec ddi mdi PPDH cua GV vdi doi mdi phuong phdp hpc ciia sinh vien (SV).
Mdt thuan Ipi Idn hien nay hd trp ddc lue cho viec thye hien bien phap nay la Quye't djnh sd43/
2607/ciD-BGDOT ngay 15/08/2007 cua Bd GD-
* Khoa CO khi che tao n y , TntPng Bai hpc su pham Kl thidt TP. Ho Chl Minh
•(kl2-112013)
OT ban hanh Quy che dao tao dai hpc va cao ddng hd ehinh quy theo he thd'ng tin ehi dp dyng dai tra tai cae trudng dai hpc - cao dang - nghe tu nam hpc 2007-2008. Hpe chd' nay ddi hoi dpi ngu GV phai thay dd'i hoan toan PPDH, d l u tu rat nhieu cdng sQc cho vide soan bai giang, gidi thieu chi tie't tai lieu c i n 6oc, chu trpng ren luyen kT ndng lam vide nhdm, kT nang tmyen dat, eac kT ndng v l cdng tac thdng tin cho SV, hudng ddn hp thao ludn, nghidn cuu khoa hpe; SV phai thay dd'i hoan toan phuong phap hpc, phai tham gia hpe tap vdi thai dp tich eye, chu ddng tim kiem va tham khao eac tai lieu thieh hpp vdi tQng mdn hpc, tQng chuyen de khae nhau de' dat yeu c l u cua mdi tin chi. SV phai tu hpe, tu nghien cQu la chinh vdi su tu van cua cd van hpc tap va su djnh hudng cua GV cac mdn hpc.
Tuy nhien, trdn thuc te, hien nay viec thay dd'i phuong phdp day chua song hanh vdi su thay dd'i phuong phap hpc cua sd lupng kha ddng SV. Theo hpc che tin chi, cac mdn hpc co sd va ehuyen nganh dupc hpc ngay tQ ndm thd nhait ciing vdi eae mdn hpc chung trong bdl canh ti le SV thich nghi nhanh vdi each hpe mdi khdng cao; phln Idn SV van hpc theo kie'u dd'i phd, de'n luc thi mdi hpc. Mudn bao dam chit lupng, (3V se phai cd gdng rat nhieu de' budc SV phai hpc tdp nghidm tiic, ddi luc phai chju dung sy keu ea eiJa SV. Ve vide phai tiiam khao "qua nhieu"
tai lipu, bj "qua tai" v l cae thdng tin phai xd Ii, td'c dp thuyet trinh chdm do kha nang phan tich, td'ng hop tai lidu ciia SV cdn ye'u... GV phai giiip ngudi hpc ve kT ndng phan tich, td'ng hpp, lpc tin, kT ndng cd dac thdng tin khi thuyet trinh tmde Idp, each thde ndm vung dupc cac kien thOc co ban cin thiet ngay trong gki hpc. Cdng vide nay thudng lam mat nhieu thdi gian eua GV vi pliai giao djeh qua thu dien ti; va tiep SV ngoai gid len Idp, sik chQa cac bai tap tren Idp...
V i ^ huan luypn cac kTnang nghe nghiep tiiudng ddi hoi dd kidn nhdn cao d ngudi day va y chi, tinh ty giac 0 ngudi hpe.
4. Co 80 v^t chat
Hipn nay tai Ha Npi, TP. Ho Chi Minh, phln Idn GV deu da su dyng thiet bj may mdc de' giang day va SV cung da quen vdi vipe hpc bdng may. Tuy nhien, neu GV khdng tao ra sy khae biet giua ndi dung bai giang dupc chieu len man hinh vdi ndi dun^
giao trinh, tai lipu tham khao thi sue thu hut cua budi len kip se rat thd'p. 6 cac kip khdng did'm danh, hien tupng SV bo tie't do nhQng nguydn nhdn khae nhau, trong dd ed nguydn nhdn ndi dung bai giang chinh
(ki2-1/2013)
gidng het trong giao trinh, tai lieu tham khao, vide giang day cua GV phu thude vao eae slide trinh chieu nen SV khdng cd hdng thu hpc tap. Vi vdy vide tdm tdt ndi dung, nhd'n manh nhQng did'm quan trpng nhd't va sy phat trie'n md rpng kien thde tren Idp eua ngudi thiy la khdng the' thieu de' SV nhdn thd'y rdng tu dpc giao trinh, tai lieu tham khao se khdng dii, phai de'n Idp du gid giang, phai vao thu vien dpc tai lieu tham khao va ghi chep lai thi mdi ed ket qua hpc tap cao.
De'cd mdt tie! hpc hap din, viec chuan bj bdi giang cua GV phai cdng phu hon, mat nhieu tiidi gian, cdng sue. Nhu vdy vide tang cudng co sd vdt chat, thiet bj hien dai phyc vu cho viec dao tao cua nha tmdng phai di ddi vdi tinh thin trach nhiem cao cua ngudi GV va tinh ty giac eao cua ngudi hpc.
5. tJng dyng cdng nghe thdng tin
Cdng nghe thdng tin md ra trie'n vpng to Idn trong vide dd'i mdi cac phuong phap va hinh thde day hpc.
Nhung PPDH theo each tiep can kien tap, I^PDH ttieo dy an, day hpe phat hien va giai quyet van de cang cd nhieu dieu kien de' Qng dung rdng rai. Cac hinh ttidc day hpc nhu day hpc ddnp loat, day ttieo nhdm, day ea nhdn cung cd nhQng ddi mdi trong mdi tmdng cdng nghe thdng tin va tmyen thdng. Chang han, ca nhdn lam vide tu lyc vdi may tinh, vdi Intemet, day hpc theo hinh thde Idp hpc phdn tan qua mang, d^y hpc qua clu tmyen hinh. Neu tmde kia ngudi ta nhan manh tdi phuong phap day sao eho ngudi hpe nhd lau, de hie'u, thi nay phai dat trpng tdm la hinh thdnh va phat trial cho SV eac phuong phap hpc chu ddng.
Neu tmde kia ngudi ta thudng quan tdm nhieu dd'n kha ndng ghi nhd kien thde va thyc hanh kT ndng van dyng, thi nay ehu trpng ddc biet de'n phat trie'n ndng lyc sang tao, ndng luc thuc hien cua SV. Nhu vdy, viec chuye'n tQ "lay giao vidn lam tmng tdm" sang
"Id'y SV lam tmng tdm" se trd nen d i dang hon.
* * *
Vide tie'p tyc phat trie'n he thd'ng giao dye kT tiiudt va dao tao nghe djnh hudng theo nhu clu dupc coi la mdt nhiem vy rat quan trpng trong qua trinh eai each (hien dai hod, phat trie'n, hdi nhdp vao nen kinh te ttie gkii, hd trp tao viec lam va xda ddi giam ngheo).
Chinh phu Viet Nam dang ddt myc tieu tang tt' le lao ddng da qua dao tao tu26% vao nam 2010 len 50%
vao nam 2020 (Chien lupe cua Bd LO-TB va XH).
Viec Luat Giao duo dupc thdng qua vao nam 2005 va Luat Day nghe dupe thdng qua vao nam 2006 da tao CO sd vQng ehdc cho viec tie'p tuc xdy dyng
(Xem Hep bang 55)
Tap chi Gido due so 302
han. Viec phdn tich cdu hoi trie nghiem ttiudng su dung Li thuyet trie nghiim cd'dien (CTT - Classcal Test Theory) bao gom cac ttianh ft/u li luan Ben quan den ttiilt kicac cong eu do ludng, eac mo hinh dudng cong giai ttiich KQHT va giai ttiich cac ttiong ke v l die'm tmng binh, dp lech chud'n cua die'm so, dp tin cdy va dp phdn bigt ciia bai trdc nghiem, su tuang quan giiia die'm so moi cdu hdi va td'ng dilm toan bai trdc nghiem,... va Li thuylt iing dap cdu hdi (Item Response Theoiy - IRT). Theo li thuylt IRT, dp khd cua cdu hdi khong phu thupc vao cac thi sinh tra kii cdu hdi dd va ngupc lai, nang luc cua ttii sinh la bat biln doi vdi cae edu hdi dupc thue hidn. Thong qua mo hinh dudng cong ddc trung dupe lira chpn, can Cli vao kit qua lam bai ciia HS, thu tue udc tinh kha ndng kim nhat trong xde suit ttiong ke dupc su dung nhu mpt thu tuc lap nhdm udc lupng dong thdi eac ttiam so cua edu hdi va ndng luc cila thi sinh. Kit qua ctJa vide udc tinh se cho eae kit qua djnh lupng ve ttiam so eua cdu hdi va ndng luc cua thi sinh eung vdi eae chi so v l dp phu h(7p cua mdi cdu hdi doi vdi mo hinh A\S(ic lua ehpn. Li thuyd't nay h i trp rat tot eho vigc chuan hda cae d l kiem tra va do ludng ehinh xac ndng lue eua HS.
Nhu vdy, OGKQHT cila HS chi cd tac dung khi
dupc tiln hanh cd muc (!ich, eo k l hogch, gdn vdi eac chud'n danh gia. Vide danh gia tren co sd chud'n KT, KN cua mon hpe se hinh thanh each ddnh gia than thiert, tgo su tu tin va hiing thii trong HT cda HS, gop phln ndng cao chdi lupng giao due d tiudng phd'ttiong. •
Tai lieu tham khao
1. NguySn Tlij Lan Phuong. Ddnh gid ket qud theo chudn kiin thiic, ki ndng chuong trinh gido dfic phd thdng Viet Nam. DS tai KH&CN cip B6, ma srf B2007- 37-36, Vifn Khoa hpc giao due Viet Nam. H2009.
2. Trin Thj Tuygt Oanh. Ddnh gia v4 do liiwng kft qua hpc tap. NXB Dpi hpc supham, H. 2007.
3. NguySn Diic Tham - NguySn Ngpc Hung - Phjm Xuan Qu^. Phmmg phap day hoc Vat li d tnivng trung hpc phd th6ng. NXB Dpi hpc suphpm, H. 2002.
SUMMARY
In this paper, we introduce an assessment proc- ess of Physics studying results of high school stu- dents basing on sidlls and knowledge standards, which contributes to the innovation in teaching meth- ods on the basis of students' feedbacks In order to improve education quality.
Nang cao chat lirong dao tao...
(Tiep theo trang 5)
cac quy djnh vd chiic ndng dilu hanh cila Chinh phil trong ITnh vuc giao due kT thugt va dgy nghi ciing nhu vai tro ciia nin kinh t l .
Tdm lai, ndng cao chat lupng dao tao nghe tgi cae tn/dng kT thudt ehdc chdn rdng se edn la vd'n d l biic ttiiet trong boi canh chung cua giao due kT ttiudt tai Viet Nam. Giai quylt bai toan chd't lupng dao tgo nguon nhdn luc ddi hdi phai cd thiii gian, khong ttie ngay mpt, ngay hai ma la mpt qua ttinh chuye'n dpng ti'ch cue eila eac tmdng. Mpt vai bien phap nhd neu tien nlu tiln hanh dong bp va quy^ lidt ciing vdi nhilu bign phap khae ma cac tmdng dang dp dung se gdp phln thiic dd'y qua trinh chuyen dpng nay nhanh han, manh hon trong thuc t l . U
T i i lifu tham khao
1. Creamer R. H. Machine design. Addison Wesle.
1984.
2. Ha NguySn. Bio Cido rf(ic <S Thdi dpi, ngay 16/11/
2012.
(ki2-1/2013) •
3. NguySn Vi^t Ti^n. Li thuyet thiet ki san ph Jm cdng nghidp. NXB Khoa hpc vd KI thudt. H. 2005.
4. Truang Minh Trf - Tr4n DiJc Thdng. Ml thuit cdng nghiep. Truang Dpi hpc su phpm kl thu^t TP. Hd Chi Minh, 1997.
5. Ki ySu Trufirng Dai hpc su pham kl thuSt TP. H6 Chi Minh nam 2010.
6. Bao cao T6ng kA 5 nam day nghS 2008-2012 tai Da NSng, thang 11/2012.
7. Website T6ng cue d?y nghS: http://tcdn.pov.vn/.
SUMMARY
Vietnam has abundant labor resources, but the quality of labor is limited by the lack of skilled hu- man resources. Therefore, training wiU be one of the priorities of the education sector to address the status "surplus teacher shortage mechanic'. Improve the quality of vocational training to meet the indus- trialization and modernization of the country. To shift- ing to economic development in depth, in order to achieve the above objectives, improving the quality of human resources to meet the requirements of In- dustrialization, modernization and intemaUonalin- tegration. training associated with Jobs is an impor- tant factor. The Vocational School has many guide- lines and policies to improve the quality of voca- tional training.