Nghien a i u - Trao doi T«p <hi c a n g '
DANG CONG SAN VIET NAM KIEN DjNH VAN DUNG SANG TAG TV TUGNG CUA V.I. LE-NIN
VAO SU NGHIEP XAY DUNG CHU NGHIA XA HOI 6 VIET NAM THOI KY DOI MOr
NGUYEN CHi HIEU**
Chu nghia Mdc - Le-nin Id nin tdng tu tu&ng di Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam van dung, phdt triin ly lugn vi chu nghia xd hpi vd eon du&ng lin chu nghia xd hgi & Viit Nam, Nhung thdnh tuu to l&n co y nghia lich su md Ddng vd nhdn ddn ta dgt duac qua han 30 ndm dii m&i thi Men su van dung dung dan, sdng tgo cua Ddng; Mng th&i, cung gop phdn bo sung, phdt triin sdng tgo chu nghia Mde - Li-nin trong diiu kiin m&i.
Vla-di-mia I-h'ch LS-nin - tam girong mau muc cua tinh than van dung sang tao hgc thuydt Mac v^o su nghiep x^y dirag chu nghia xa hoi hien thuc trong dieu kien cu th£ cua nu^c Nga
K I thira nhiing tu tudng cua C. Mac va Ph. Ang-ghen, V I . Le-nin da tiep tyc bao vd, van dung sang tao hpc thuyet Mac ndi chung va ly luan v l chu nghTa xa hdi khoa hpc ndi rieng teong thdi dai de qudc chu nghia va cd cdng phat teien ly luan cita cac bac tien bdi len mdt tam cao mdi.
Cac Mac, Ph. Ang-ghen da cd ddng gdp ldn teong viec cung cap nhiing luan cii thuyet phyc de bien chit nghia xd hpi tic khong tu&ng trd thdnh chit nghTa xd hpi khoa hoc. Vdi chii nghia duy vat bien chiing va chii ngbia duy vat lich su, C. Mac va Ph. Ang-ghen da cung cdp cho giai cdp cdng nhan "vu khi" ly luan, chi rd vj thd va vai ted ciia hg teong su phat triln ciia lich sir. Trong toan bd ly luan cua
minh, dac biet la trong bd "Tu bdn", cac dng da phan tich, chiing minh rat rd rang, hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi tu ban chii nghta se khdng the try viing trudc nhihig mau thuan cd hiiu, ngi tai, gan lien vdi nd va theo quy luat khach quan, tdt yeu nd se bi thay the bdi hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi cdng san chit nghTa. Trong Iy luan ve chii nghia xa hdi khoa hpc, cac dng ciing chi ra con dudng din ddt giai cdp cdng nhan ddu teanh giai phdng thoat khdi sy nd dich va bdc lot tu ban cbu nghia va tiln tdi xay dung chu nghia xa hdi va chii nghia cgng san. Chinh vi vay, ma sau nay, khdng phai ngdu nhien, VI. Le-nin dac bidt nhdn manh
* Bai Viet la san pliam ciia dS tai cap quoc gia. Ma s6: KX.02.03/16-20 thupc Chucmg trinh Khoa hoc va CoDg nghe trpng diSm cap qu6c gia giai doan 2016 - 2020, "Nghien cmi tong ket, di xudt bo sung, phdt tnin chu nghia Mdc - Le-nin - cdu phan quan trgng cua nin tdng tu tu&ng ciia Ddng Cong sdn Viet Nam "
** PGS, TS, Tap chi Cpng san
50 Sd 939 (thang 4 nam 2020)
Nghien cmi - Trao doi T a p chl CAng sAn
rang: Dieu quan tegng nhat teong hpc thuydt Mac la viec lam sang td vai ted lich su toan the gidi cua giai cap vd san vdi tu each la ngudi xay dung, kien tao xa hpi mdi.
V.I. Le-nin cd ddng gdp hdt siic quan tepng khi dua ra nhirng phan tich vd giai doan phat trien cao cua chu nghTa tu ban - giai doan de qudc chu nghia, chi ra khuynh hudng qua dp tat yeu ciia hang loat nudc teen pham vi toan the gidi tic chu nghTa tu ban len chii nghTa xa hdi. Nhiing ddng gdp to ldn cua V.I. Le-nin khi van dung sang tao hgc thuyet Mac dugc the hien dudi hai gdc do chit ydu sau:
a) Phdt triin ly lugn mdc-xit vi chu nghia xd hpi vd con du&ng di len chu nghia xd hpi
Trdn co sd ke thira va van dung sang tao cac nguyen ly co ban ciia chit nghTa xa hdi khoa hpc, phan tich va tdng ket rapt each nghiem tiic cac sy kien ljch sir dien ra teong ddi sdng kinh te - xa hpi, trong hang lo^t tac pham, bai viet quan trpng, VI. Le-nin da bao ve nhiing nguyen ly co ban ciia chu nghTa Mac; phat hien va trinh bay mdt each cd hd thdng nhiing khai niera, pham trii ly luan khoa hpc phan anh nhiing quy luat, nhiing thudc tinh ban chdt chi phdi su van dpng biln ddi cita ddi sdng xa hdi thdi ky de qudc chii nghia.
Tu tudng mang tinh cuong ITnh cua chit nghTa Mac dupe teinh bay cd dgng trong
"Tuyin ngdn cita Ddng Cpng sdn" (1848).
Sau lara nara sau, teong tac phara "Cdc Mde", V.I. Le-nin khdng dinh: Tuyen ngdn la tac phdra da "trinh bay mgt each hit siic sang sua va ro rang thd gidi quan mdi, chii nghTa duy vat tridt di - chu nghTa duy vat nay bao quat ca ITnh vuc sinh hoat xa hdi, - phep bidn chiing vdi tu each la hgc thuylt toan didn nhdt va sau sdc nhdt vl sy phat teiln, ly luan ddu teanh giai cdp va vai trd each mang -
teong lich sir toan thi gidi - ciia giai cap vd san, hic la giai cdp sang tao ra mdt xa hdi mdi, xa hdi cdng san"^'\
Kien djnh muc tidu cua chu nghia xa hdi va chii nghTa cdng san, nhung V.L Le-nin ciing chi ro muc dich cua giai cap vd san teong thdi ky qua dp "la thiet lap chu nghTa xa hpi, xda bd sy phan chia xa hdi thanh giai cdp, bidn tdt ca nhiing thanh viSn teong xa hdi thanh ngudi lao ddng, tieu diet co sd cua mpi tenh teang ngudi bdc ldt ngudi.
Muc dich dd, ngudi ta khdng the dat ngay tiic khic dugc; mudn the, can cd rapt thdi ky qua dp kha lau dai tir chu nghia tu ban len chu nghTa xa hgi, vi cai td san xuat la viec khd khan"<^'.
Dac biet, V.I. Le-nin khdng chi ke thira tu tudng ve dang cdng san cua C. Mac va Ph. Ang-ghen ma cdn tiep tuc xay dung Iy luan ve dang each mang kieu mdi cita giai cap cdng nhan, ve cac nguyen tac td chiic, cuong Iinh, sach luge teong ndi dung boat dpng ciia dang ciing nhu kien tao td chiic, bp may cita Nha nudc Xd-viet.
V.I. Le-nin cdn hoan chinh ly luan ve each raang xa hgi chii nghia va chuyen chinh vd san, due ket nhiing van de raang tinh quy luat cua each raang xa hpi chii nghTa, xay dyng cbii nghia xa hdi va bao ve Td qudc xa hdi chil nghTa; phat teien ly luan tren rapt loat phuang dien nhu van de dan tpc va cuong ITnh dan tpc, lien rainh cua giai cap cdng nhan vdi ndng dan va cac tang ldp lao dpng khac; nhiing van de ve quan he qudc tl va chu nghia qudc te vd san, quan hi each mang xa hdi chu nghia vdi phong teao giai phdng dan tgc.
(!) V.I. Le-nin: Toantap. Nxb. Tien bp, Mat-x 180, t. 26, tr. 57
(2) V.L Le-nin: Todn tdp, Sdd. t. 38, tr. 464
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N g h i e n c m i - Trao ddi T d p c h i C ^ n g *
Trong radt loat tac pham, V.I. Le-nin ciing la ngudi di tien phong, the hien tinb than ddu tranh triet de, khdng khoan nhugng va ddy m l u myc chdng lai chii nghTa co hpi, xet lai qudc te dudi cac bien the khac nhau ciia nd. V I . Le-nin khdng chi vach tran ban chat cita chii nghia co hdi, xet lai, ma cdn chi ro tinh chat nguy hiem cua chu nghia xet lai ddi vdi phong trao cdng nhan tren toan the gidi.
b) Van dung sdng tgo chu nghia Mdc vdo xdy dung ehu nghia xa hpi hien thuc trong dieu kien cu thi cua nuac Nga
Cudc Cach mang xa hdi chii nghia Thang Mudi Nga thang lgi la mdt mdc son chdi Ipi teong sy phat trien ciia xa hdi loai ngudi.
Vdi thang lpi cila Cach mang Thang Mudi, mdt thdi dai mdi da md ra; tao ca hdi cho nhan loai thyc hien cudc qua dp ljch sir tir chil ngbia tu ban len chu nghTa xa hdi tren pham vi toan the gidi. Thang lgi ciia Cach mang Thang Mudi, sy xuat hien ciia chit nghia xa hgi hien thyc da chirng thyc nhiing dot pha ve ly luan trudc dd ciia V.L Le-nin:
Kha nang xuat hien each mang vd san d mdt sd nudc, tham chi d mdt nudc, ve xu thd qua do tdi chii nghTa xa hdi khdng qua chit nghTa tu ban, vd hudng tiep can mdi ddi vdi chu nghTa xa hdi.
Cimg vdi nhiing kinh nghiera lanh dao trudc, trong va sau Cach mang Thang Mudi vT dai, xay dyng Nha nudc cdng - ndng dau tien teen the gidi, VI. Le-nin da cd nhieu cdng hien vao viec bd sung, phat trien chii nghTa xa hdi kboa hgc trong thdi ky each raang mdi, chua cd tien le, dac biet la viec giai quyet nhiing van de xuat hien teong nhiing nam dau day khd khan cita sy nghiep xay dyng chu nghia xa hdi tai nudc Nga Xd-vilt. Trudc tinh hinh mdi, V.I. Le-nin da cd nhieu budc dot pha ve ly luan, chi ro tirih
chdt ciia thdi ky qua do, d l xudt "Chinb sach kinh td mdi" (NEP) va yeu cdu phai doi m&i cdn bdn tu duy vi chu nghia xd hpi, phan tich v l cudc ddu teanh giai phdng ciia cac dan tgc teong nhiing nudc thudc dia chdng lai chu nghTa de qudc, vi dan chu, hda binh, tiln bp xa hdi va chu nghia xa hdi.
Viec thyc hien "Chinh sach kinh te mdi"
ciia V I . Ld-nin la rapt m l u myc teong viec xac dinh dac diem, ndi dung va nhidm vu, giai phap ciia thdi ky qua dp len chu nghia xa hdi d nudc Nga, tidn hanh hang loat nhiem vu cu the nhu: Xa hdi hda nhiing tu lieu san xuat c a ban theo hudng xa hdi chu nghia; xay dyng nen cdng nghiep hien dai;
dien khi hda ndn kinh te qudc dan; cai tao kinh te tieu ndng theo nhiing nguydn tdc xa hpi chii nghia, thyc hien each mang van hda.
V.I. Le-nin nhan manh: "Chit nghia cpng sdn la chinh quyen Xd-viet cpng vai dien khi hda todn qudc... Chi khi nao nudc ta da dien khi hda, chi khi nao cdng nghiep, ndng nghiep va van tai da dimg viing teen ca sd ky thuat cua dai cdng nghiep hien dai, thi Iiic do, chiing ta mdi cd tbi dat dugc thdng lgi hoan toan"'^'.
Cling vdi dd la viec sir dyng rdng rai chii nghia tu ban nha nudc d l ddn ddn cai tiln che dp sd hiiu ciia cac nha tu ban hang trung va hang nhd thanb sd him cdng cdng. Cai tao ndng nghidp bdng con dudng hgp tac xa theo nguyen tdc xa hdi chu nghTa; xay dyng nen cdng nghiep Men dai va dien khi hda la CO sd vat chdt - ky thuat cita chu nghia xa hdi; hgc chit nghTa tu ban ve ky thuat kinh nghiem quan Iy kinh t l , teinh do gi^o due- su dung cac chuyen gia tu san; cdn phai phat trien thuang nghiep xa hgi chu nghTa. Hang loat nhiing quyit sach dy la minh chirng sinh
(3) V.I Le-nm: Toan tap, Sdd, t. 42, tr. I95 52 S6 939 (thang 4 nSm 2020)
Nghien cuu - Trao doi T a p chf C p n g s d n
ddng, thd hien rd su van dung va phat teidn sang tao Iy luan mac-xit cita V.L Le-nin ve chu nghia xa hdi va thdi ky qua do len chu nghTa xahgi.
Nhu vay, thanh qua vT dai ciia Cach mang Thang Mudi da cho thay sy phat trien sang tao chil nghTa Mac ciia V.I. Le-nin, da tiep tuc chuyen bien thang Igi chu nghia xd hpi lir dia hgt ly ludn sang dia hgt thuc tien. tie chd nghia xa hpi khoa hoc sang chu nghia xd hpi hien thuc va dd ciing la budc ngoat ldn lao trong hanh teinh giai cap vd san, quan chiing lao ddng va cac dan tdc bj ap biic tren the gidi tien tdi nhimg gia tri dan chu, ty do thyc sy.
Dang ki§n dinh van dung, bo sung, phat triSn tu tuoiig cua V.I. Le-nin trong c6ng cudc dfli moi 6* Vift Nam
Nhirng tu tudng ciia V.I. Le-nin da dupe Chu tich Hd Chi Minh va Dang ta van dyng diing dan, sang tao vao thyc te each mang Viet Nam. Dac biet, teong thdi ky ddi mdi, Dang ta da nhan thiic ro luan diem cd tmh phuang phap luan het site sau sac cua V.I. Ld-nin vd mdi quan he bidn chiing giiia
"tinh phd bidn" va "tinh dac thu" ciia con dudng di Ien chii nghTa xa hpi: "Tat ca cac dan tdc deu se di Ien chii ngbia xa hpi, dd la dieu khdng the tranh khdi, nhung tat ca cac dan tpc deu tien tdi chii nghTa xa hdi khdng phai rapt each hoan toan gidng nhau; moi dan tdc se dua dac diem ciia minh vao hinh thiic nay hay hinh thiic khac ciia che dp dan chu, vao loai nay hay loai khac ciia chuyen chinh vd san, vao nhjp do nay hay nhip do khac ciia viec cai tao xa hdi chii nghTa ddi vdi cac mat khac nhau cita ddi sdng xa hdi"^'''.
Dil het siic kien quyet, khdng ngung bao ve, phat trien hpc thuyet Mac, nhung chinh V.I. Le-nin ciing nhilu ldn nhdn manh:
"Chiing ta khdng he coi Iy luan ciia Mac nhu la rapt cai gi da xong xudi han va bdt kha xara pham; teai lai, chitng ta tin rdng Iy luan do chi dat nen mdng cho mdn khoa hpc ma nhiing ngudi xa hgi chii nghia cdn phdi phat trien hon niia ve rapi mat, neu hp khdng mudn ted thanh lac hau ddi vdi cupc sdng"'^'.
Tinh than do cua dng va nhiing ngudi mac-xit sau nay da ggi md cho Dang ta ve viec bd sung, phat trien hpc thuyet Mac - Le-nin trong bdi canh radi hien nay.
Trong thdi ky ddi radi, luan diem cita V.I. Le-nin ve "phdn tich cu the mpt tinh hinh ci^ the. do la bdn chdt, linh hon sdng cua chu nghia Mdc" da ludn dupe Dang ta quan triet nhu mdt nguyen ly phuang phap luan khoa hpc va each mang ciia Dang teong sy nghiep xay dung chu nghTa xa hdi, the hidn tren nhiing phuong dien chu yeu sau:
Thic nhdt, tu tu&ng cua V.L Le-nin Id ca sa ly ludn, dugc van dung kien dinh vd sdng tgo. tieng bu&c dinh hinh con du&ng vd bu&c qud dp lin chu nghia xd hpi phit htyp vai diiu kiin cu the cua Viet Nam.
Trong thdi ky ddi mdi. Dang ta da van dung va phat trien sang tao chu nghTa Mac - Le-nin cho phii hgp vdi dieu kien mdi cita Viet Nam, tir dd da due ket nhiing luan diera ly luan phu hpp vdi rad hinh chii nghTa xa hdi cila Viet Nara. Dd la nhiing luan diem Iy luan ve muc tieu va dac trung cita xa hgi xa hgi chil nghTa Viet Nara, ve con dudng len chu nghTa xa hgi ciia nudc ta.
Trong budc chuyen ddi tic "Chinh sach cgng san thdi chien" sang "Chinh sach kinh td mdi" vao miia xuan nam 1921, V.I. Le-nin da ty phe phan ve nhiing sai lara nghiem trgng khi coi thudng quy luat khach quan va
(4) V.I. Le-nin: Todn tdp. Sdd. t. 30, tr. 160 (5) V.I. Le-nin: Todn tap. Sdd. t. 4, tr. 232
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N g h i e n c m i - Trao d o i T o p c W f ^ ^
yeu cau can thay ddi can ban nhting quan niera, tu duy trudc day ve chii nghia xa hpi.
LTnh bdi tinh thdn dd, Dai hdi dai bieu toan qudc ldn thii VI ciia Dang (thang 12-1986) da tao ra bu&c ngoat trong ddi m&i tu duy vd con dudng Ien chu nghTa xa hpi d Viet Nam.
Phuong cham "Nhin thdng vdo su that, ddnh gid dung su that, ndi ro su that", xuat phat tu thyc tiln, tdn tegng quy luat khach quan la khdi ngudn cho nhiing sang tao cua Dang khi xac dinh rad hinh va budc di teong qua teinh xay dyng chu nghTa xa hdi d Viet Nam.
Dai hgi thira n h ^ sy tdn tai khach quan ciia nen kinh te hang hda nhieu thanh phan teong budi dau thdi ky qua dd. Miiing quan diem ddi mdi ve tu duy kinh te neu tren Hdi nghi Trung uong 6 khda VI (3-1989) khdng dinh va bd sung vdi nhirng budc tien mdi. Tir kinh nghiem cita 5 nam ddi mdi, Dai hdi VII cua Dang (6-1991) da thdng qua Cuang linh xdy dung ddt nuac trong th&i ky qud dp lin chil nghia xd hpi. Cuong ITnh da xac dinh sdu ddc tnmg ca bdn cua che do xa hgi chu nghTa Viet Nam.
So vdi sau dac trung cita xa hdi xa hdi chii nghTa ma Cuang ITnh xdy dung ddt nu&c trong th&i ky qud dp lin chu nghia xd hpi (nam 1991) da neu ra, Dai hdi X da bd sung hai dac trung la xay dyng "xa hpi dan giau, nudc manh, cdng bang, dan chii, van minh"
va "cd Nha nudc phap quyen xa hgi chii nghTa cita nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan dudi sy lanh dao cua Dang Cdng san".
Dai hdi dai bieu toan qudc lan thii XI ciia Dang (thang 1-2011) tiep tyc bd sung va phat teiln Cuang linh cho phu hop vdi thyc tiln cdng cudc xay dyng chii nghTa xa hdi d nudc ta, teong do cd nhung dac trung ciia xa hdi x5 hdi chu nghia Viet Nam.
Cuang ITnh ndm 1991 da vach ra bay phuong hudng co ban cua qua trinh xay
dyng xa bdi mdi theo nbuTig dac trung dugc xac dinh. Sau 20 nam thyc bien Cvomg linh ndm 1991, txi viec tdng k i t thyc tiln cdng cudc xay dyng chit nghTa xa hdi, Cucmg linh (bi sung, phdt triin ndm 2011) da bo sung, phat teiln nhan thuc v l con dudng di len chu nghTa xa hdi, t h i hien d tam phucmg hudng CO ban nhdm thyc hien thanh cdng rauc tieu tdng quat khi k i t thiic thdi ky qua do la xay dyng dupe v l co ban nen tang kinh td ciia chii nghia xa hdi va kien tnic thupng tang vd chinh trj, tu tudng, van hda phil hgp, tao c a sd dd dua Viet Nam trd tharih mpt nudc xa hdi chii nghia ngay cang phdn vinh, hanh phiic.
Dai hgi dai bieu toan qudc lan thii XII ciia Dang (thang 1-2016) tiep tuc khang djnh va phan tich sau sac hon tara dac trung cua xa hgi xa hdi chu nghTa d Viet Nam cho phil hgp hon vdi thyc tidn, bdi canh moi.
Dai hdi XII rut ra ba ket luan quan tegng:
1- Nhiing thanh tyu dd tao tidn d l , ndn tang quan tegng de nudc ta tidp tuc ddi mdi va phat teiln manh me trong nhiing nam tdi;
2- Nhung thanh tyu dd khdng dinh dudng ldi ddi mdi ciia Dang la diing ddn, sang tao;
3- Nhirng thanh tyu dd khdng djnh con dudng len chii nghTa xa hdi cua nudc ta iaphii hgp vai thuc tiin Viet Nam vd xu thi phdt triin cua lich sie.
Tir khi thuc bien cdng cudc ddi mdi din nay. Dang ta da nhan thiic lai, thdm nhudn quan diem thyc tidn, Iich sir - cu thd va phat trien nham khde phuc nhiing each hidu, each nghT, each lam gian dan, sieu hinh siao dieu, duy y chi, trai quy luat khach quan vl thdi ky trudc ddi radi, theo diing tinh thdn ciia V.L Le-nm. Ddi m&i. do dd, khdng phdi Id xa rai hay tie bd chu nghia Mac - Le-nin phu nhdn chu nghia xd hpi khoa hoc md trdi lgi. Id su nhdn thirc dung ddn \ • day dil 54 S6 939 (thang 4 nam 2020)
Nghien cmi - Trao doi T^p chl Cdng sdin
han. Id suphdt triin sdng tgo han niea bdn chdt khoa hpc vd cdch mgng cua chu nghia Mdc - Li-nin, cua chu nghia xa hdi khoa hgc dl tiln hanh xay dyng chu nghia xa hdi radt each cd can cii khoa hgc va thyc tien.
Thie hai, tu tutmg cua V.I. Le-nin ve NEP Id ca s& nen tdng di Ddng ta phdt triin nin kinh te thi tncang dinh hutmg xd hpi chu nghTa - su phdt triin sdng tgo chu nghTa Mdc - Le-nin vdo thifC tiin Viet Nam trong boi cdnh mai
V.I. Ld-nin da bd sung, cu the hda Iy luan Mac ve thdi ky qua do bang thdi Ic^ qua dd di chii nghTa tu ban len chu nghTa xa hdi, tap trung phan tich ve qua dp teong kinh td.
V.I. Le-nin da chi ra nam thanh phan kinh te nudc Nga duong thdi, ddng thdi chii truong thyc hien "nhiing budc qua do nhd", bac nhiing "chiec cau nhd" de di Ien chu nghTa xa hpi. Trong "Chinh sach kinh te radi", ca che thi trudng dupe su dyng de kich thich san xuat, keu gpi dau tu tu ban dudi sy djnh hudng, kiera soat cua Nha nudc; Igi ich cua cac chu the dupe quan tam da cd tac dung phuc hdi lyc lupng san xuat nhanh chdng, thiic day kinh te phat trien, ddi sdng ciia cdng nhan, ndng dan dugc cai thien. Nhd cd chinh sach nay raa den cudi nara 1925, ve ca ban. Lien Xd da hoan thanh vide khdi phuc n§n kinh te qudc dan.
Theo tinh than NEP cua VI. Le-nin, Dai hpi VI da dd ra dudng Idi ddi radi, trong dd cd ddi mdi ca che quan Iy kinh te nham t^o ra ddng Iyc thiic day cac dan vj kinh te va quan chitng lao ddng hang hai phat tei§n san xuat, nang cao nang sudt, chat lugng va hidu qua kinh te. Tuy nhien, phai 15 nam sau, khai niera "kinh td thi trudng djnh hudng xa hdi chii nghTa" radi chinh thiic dugc xac dinh tic Dai hdi IX ciia Dang (nam 2001). Ddn Dai hdi XII (nam 2016),
Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da cd budc phat teien tu duy rat ro net ve kinh tl thi trudng khi xac dinh dac trung co ban ciia nin kinh te thj trudng dinh hudng xa hgi chii nghia. Dai hgi XII xac djnh, nen kinh tl thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghTa Viet Nam la nen kinh te van hanh ddy du, ddng bd theo cac quy luat cua kinh te thj trudng, ddng thdi bao dam djnh hudng xa hgi chu nghTa phu hgp vdi tirng giai doan phat triln cua dat nudc, la nen kinh te thi trudng hien dai va hdi nhap qudc te; cd sy quan ly ciia Nha nudc phap quydn xa hgi chii nghTa, do Dang Cdng san Viet Nam lanh dao, nham muc tieu "dan giau, nudc raanh, dan chu, cdng bang, van rainh".
Nhu vay, tir sy thiic bach ciia cugc sdng, tic nghien cira kinh nghiem ciia cac nudc teong qua trinh ddi mdi ciing nhu nghidn Clin ke thira tu tudng cac nha kinh didn cita chil nghia Mac - Ld-nin, Dang ta da thyc hien ddi mdi, sang tao thira nhan kinh te nhieu thanh phan, chap nhan co che thj trudng va khang djnh nd khdng ddi lap vdi chu nghTa xa hdi, thyc hien phat trien ndn kinh tl thi teudng djnh hudng xa hpi chii nghTa. Chinh V.I. Le-nin ciing da timg nhan ra^nh: "Chiing ta khdng hinh dung mdt thir chu nghTa xa hdi nao khac ban la chit nghTa xa hgi dya tren co sd tat ca nhung bai hgc ma nin van minh Idn ciia chu nghTa ter ban da thu dupc"'^\
Thu ba, cdc nguyen ly cua chu nghia Mdc, ddc biit Id tu tuang cua V.I. Le-nin duac Ddng ta van dung, phdt trien vdo xdy dung, citng cd lien minh giai cdp vd dgi dodn kit todn ddn tpc, phdt huy sue mgnh cua nhdn ddn trong su nghiep xdy dieng chii nghia xd hpi
(6) VI. Le-nin: Todn tap. Sdd, t. 36, tr 334
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Trong giai doan lanh dao Cach mang Tbang Mudi, VL Le-nin da van dung sangtao nhiingquan didm cuaC.Mac vaPh. Ang-ghen v l lien minh giai cdp vao thyc teen each mang nudc Nga va xay dyng dugc lien minh giai cap cdng - ndng ben vimg, gdp phan to ldn vao thdng lpi cua Cach mang Thang Mudi va sy nghiep xay dyng chii ngbia xa hdi. Dac biet, V.l. Le-nin cdn nhieu lan nhan raanh tdi vai ted ciia tri thiic va khang dinh, mudn thu biit hg vao cdng cudc xay dyng chii nghTa xa hdi thi can phai "dam bao cho cac ngudi tei thicc nhiing dieu kien lao ddng tdt nhdt"*^'.
Tu tudng ciia V.I. Le-nin dugc Dang ta nghien ciiu thau dao, nit ra nhiing kinh nghiem quy ban de xay dyng lien rainh giai cap, tang ldp d nudc ta trong thdi ky qua dp len chil nghTa xa hpi, dac biet la tir khi khdi xudng cdng cudc ddi radi dat nudc theo dinh budng xa hdi chu nghTa. Cuong ITnh ndm 1991 lat coi trgng viec thyc hien lien minh giiia giai cap cdng nhan vdi giai cap ndng dan va ddi ngy tei thiic, do giai cap cdng nhan lanh dao vdi y nghTa la n i n tang chinh trj - xa bdi cua Nha nudc cua dan, do dan, vi dan, la nen tang ciia khdi dai doan ket toan dan tdc.
Dai hdi dai bieu toan qudc lan thic IX cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam (nam 2001) khdng chi tiep tuc khang djnh tinh tat y l u cua lien minh cdng - ndng - tri thiic trong sy nghiep bao ve va xay dung Td qudc Viet Nara xa hdi chii nghTa, ma cdn dac biet coi trpng van de nay, coi day la ddng lyc quan trpng trong qua trinh day manh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda dat nudc. Dai hpi chi rd:
"Ddng lyc chii ydu de phat trien dat nudc la dai doan kit toan dan tren co sd Hen minh giiia cdng nhan vdi ndng dan va tri tbiic do Dang lanh dao"'^\
K l thira va phat triln tinh thdn do teong bdi canh mdi, cac Van kien Dai hpi ^?j ^^^^
toan qudc ldn thii X, XI va XII diu tiep teic khang dinh vai ted, tinh tdt ylu cua lien ramh giira giai cap cdng nhan, ndng dan va ddi ngii tei thiic ddi vdi viec citng cd khdi dai doan ket toan dan tdc va ddi vdi sy nghiep xay dyng chu nghia xa hdi d Viet Nam, co bd sung nhung quan diera, dinh hudng vit giai phap mdi.
Thic tu, tu tuang ciia V.I. Le-nin vi Ddng Cpng sdn kieu mai da duac van dung sdng tgo, dem lgi nhung thdnh tmi trong xdy dung vd eimg cd vai trd Ddng Cpng sdn cdm quyen, ldnh dgo Nha nuac vd xd hpi a Viet Nam - nhdn td quan trgng hdng ddu bdo ddm eho sic nghiip xdy dung chii nghia xd hpi a Viet Nam di din thdng lgi
Khi Dang Cdng san ted thanh dang cam quyen thi nang luc lanh dao va siic chien dau ciia Dang phy thudc rat nhieu vao ky luat dang va pham chat tien phong ciia dang vien.
Thang 5-1920, teong tac pham "Binh du tri
"td khuynh" trong phong trdo cpng sdn", V I . Le-nin viet: "Nhiing ngudi Bdn-se-vich se khdng giii dugc chinh quyen, tdi khdng ndi dugc tdi hai nam rudi, ma ngay ca den hai thang rudi ciing khdng dugc nua, neu dang ta khdng cd ky luat hit siic nghiem minh, ky luat sdt that sy"'^'. Theo dng, cd ba ke thil chinh raa ngudi cpng san ciia dang cam quyen phai kien quyet dau tranh la "tinh kiiu nggo cpng sdn chd nghia; ngn mil cha, su ngu ddt, cdn tra viec gido due chinh tri vd ngn hdi Id, tham nhung". Thdm nhudn sau sac nhiing tu tudng nay ciia V.L Le-nin,
(7) V.I. Le-nm- Todn tap, Sdd. t. 38, tr. 266 (8) Vdn kien Hoi nghi lan thu bdy Ban Chdp hdnh Trung ucmg khoa IX, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gja v- M - - 2003, tr. 86 ' •'"
(9) V.I. Le-nin: Todn tdp, Sdd. t. 41, tr. 6
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kl tic khi thanh lap den nay, Dang ta ludn dac biet coi trpng cdng tac xay dyng Dang.
Dang da ban hanh nhieu nghj quyet, chi thj vl xay dyng, chinh ddn Dang. Dd la co sd, tidn dl viing chac bao dam cho Dang ludn trong sach, viing manh, hoan thanh sir menh ljch sii ciia minh.
Gdn 35 nam qua, nhat la trong lOnamgan day, nhan thiic ve cdng tac xay dung Dang cd nhieu ddi mdi. Dang ta nhan thiic ngay cang day dii ban, sau sac ban v; tri ciia cdng tac xay dung Dang. Dang ta ludn khang dinh xay dyng Dang la nhiem vu then chdt, la van de sdng cdn ddi vdi su nghiep each raang.
Nhan thirc cua Dang ta ve cdng tac xay dyng Dang ngay cang day dii, khach quan va khoa hpc; the hien sy van dyng sang tao nhiing nguyen tac cua chii nghia Mac - Le-nin ve xay dyng Dang - dpi tien phong ciia giai cap cdng nhan - phii hgp vdi thyc tiln each mang Viet Nam. Dang ta da thyc hien ldi di huan cita V.I. Le-nin la phai dya vao nhan dan de xay dyng Dang va cac doan the chinh tej - xa hgi; do phai la nhung td chuc bp mdy phuc vu chinh tri chir chinh tri khdng phyc vu bd may. Theo V.I. Le-nin, chinh tri dupe de cap d day chinh la cudc sdng cua nhan dan, Igi ich ciia nhan dan, la sd phan cua hang tridu teieu con ngudi.
Thu ndm, Ddng ta van dung tu tu&ng ciia V.I. Li-nin trong xdy dung Nhd nu&c phdp quyin xd hpi chu nghia, dgc biit Id trong nhgn dien vd xu ly mdi quan he giira Ddng ldnh dgo, Nhd nu&c qudn ly vd nhdn ddn ldm chit
Sau khi Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga thanh cdng, van de xac dinh va phan dinh nhiera vy lanh dgo cua Dang vdi nhiem vu quan Iy ciia Nha nudc dugc V.I. Ld-nin quan tam va chi ro: Chung nao ma Ban Chdp hanh Trung uong Dang va toan Dang cdn tilp tuc
lara cdng tac quan ly hanh chinh, nghia la quan Iy nha nudc thi Dang khdng thi ggi la ngudi lanh dao dugc. Nam 1922, V.I. Le-nin cho rang, giira Dang va cac co quan Xd-vilt hidn nay cd nhiing quan he klidng dung dan va phai nang cao uy quyen cua Hdi ddng dan liy. Vao nhiing ngay thang cudi ddi, V.I. Le-nin tran trd rat nhieu ve viec cai td bp may nha nudc. Ong chi ra tinh trang bp may nha nudc van ngay cang cdng kenh, nang ne; chiic nang va nhidm vu ciia cac bd phan khdng ro rang; quan he giiia Dang va Nha nudc chua ranh mach hoac cd chd thieu ket hgp, chua hai hda. V.I. Le-nin phe phan nghiem khac qua trinh cai td mang tinh hinh thirc va kem bieu qua, dd cho bd may nha nudc lai roi vao quy dao nha nudc cu va td quan lieu biing phat.
Thyc hien nguyen tac bao dara sy thara gia quan ly nha nudc ciia toan the nhan dan lao dpng va nguydn tac phap che trong td chiic va hoat ddng cua bd may nha nudc, V.I. Le-nin khang djnh: "Can phai xdy dung ngay che do dan chit, bat dau tir co sd, dya vao sang kien ciia ban than quan chung, vdi sy tham gia thyc sy ciia quan chiing vdo tdt cd ddi sdng ciia nha nudc, khdng cd "sy giam sat" tir tren, khdng cd quan lai"*'''*.
Trd thanh dang cam quyen, lanh dao cdng cugc xay dyng chit nghia xa hgi. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam khdng ngimg bd sung, phat tridn Iy luan chu nghia Mac - Le-nin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ve xay dung Nha nudc phap quydn xa hdi chii nghia cua dan, do dan, vi dan, tang cudng phat huy va thyc hanh dan chii xa hdi chii nghTa de phat trien ddt nudc trong dieu kien mdi, sdm dua Viet Nara sanh vai cac cudng qudc nam chau nhu tam nguyen cua Bac Hd. •
(10) V.L Le-nm: Todn tap. Sdd, t. 31, tr 337
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