So 6(299)-202Q NGON NGlT & D 6 1 SONG
NGOAI NGP VOl BAN N G 5 |
NGHIEN ClTU AP DUNG PHlTOfNG PHAP DAY HQC TICH Cy'C MON TIENG ANH CHO SINH VIEN KHONG CHUYEN TAI MQT TRU'^NG DAI HQC 6 VIET NAM
NGUYEN HANH DAO* - NGUYEN PHU^OfNG LINH**
TOM TAT: Phuang phip dgy hpc tfeh cyc giup phit huy tfnh chfl dgng, phfl hgp vdi cac phong cich hpc tgp ci nhdn ciia ngudi hpc va thing nhit vdi cdc thinh td khic ciia chu trinh thiit kl chuang tiinh mfln hpc. Dya ttin co sd li ludn ndy, mpt nghien cim hdn hgp (mixed - method) duge tiin hinh tgi mpt tiudng dgi hge d Vipt Nam vdi hai ngudn dft lieu djnh tinh va djnh lupng. Dfl lipu dinh tinh duge thu thgp tii cdu trd Idi phdng van ciia 10 giao vien ve kinh nghiim ap dyng phuong phdp dgy hpc tfch eye ttong khfla tiing Anh cho sinh viin khflng chuyin ngfl. Dfl lieu djnh lupng la ciu tti ldi phiiu dinh gii khda hpc cfla 200 sinh vien di tham gia khda hpc tiing Anh do 10 giio viin gidng dgy. Kit qud phdn tich hai nguin dfl lipu giup khing djnh nguyen tie liy nguoi hpc lam trung tim ciia phuang phdp dgy hpc tich cyc vda viic tdng ca hpi giao tiep, tinh chu dpng vd kha ndng ty hge cua ngudi hpc. Tfl dd, bdi viet di xuit cich nSng cao hipu qud cdc hogt dpng dgy hpc theo phuang phdp dgy hpc tich cyc.
TU* KHOA: Phuang phdp dgy hpc tich cyc; boat dpng dgy hpe tich cyc; nguyin Idc liy ngudi hpc lim trung tim; tfnh ty chfl ciia ngudi hpc; ning lyc ty hpc.
NHAN BAI; 21/4/2020. BEN TAP-CHINH SLfA-DUYET DANG: 22/6/2020 l.MiVaiu
De ddp ling nhu ciu su dyng ngogi ngfl, die bipt li tieng Anh, de giao tiip vi hpc tip frong bdi cinh toin ciu hda, chfnh phfl dd ban hdnh cic van bdn phdp quy vi viic day vd hpc ngogi ngfl nhu (Juyit djnh I400-QD-TTg (Bg Gido dye vd Dao tao Vipt Nam, 2008). Tuy nhiin, di dgy va hpc ngogi ngfl thdnh cdng, quan frpng nhit li phii khuyen khich vi hd ttp ngudi hpc chfl dflng vd tich cyc ty hpc. Cic phuong phdp hpc tgp tfch cyc cd thi giup thay ddi eieh nhin nhgn, ei the hda qua trinh hpc tip vi bfli dudng ning lyc hpc tap suflt ddi thflng qua viic quan sat, Ien ki hoach vi nghien cflu cdc cdng cy vd phucmg phdp phfl hpp vdi bfli cdnh day vd hpc (Cambridge Assessment International Education, 2019). Dya ttin bdi cinh dd, nghien cuu hdn hpp niy duge tien hdnh vdi hai myc tiiu nhu sau: tim hiiu y lain cfla giio viin vi vipc ap dyng phuang phip day hpc tich cyc vdi mfln tiing Anh vd tim hiiu trii nghipm cua sinh vien khflng chuyen voi khda hpc tieng Anh dd tgi rapt trudng dai hpc d Vipt Nam.
Di dgt dupc hai myc tiiu ttin, hai cdu hdi nghiin cflu duge dua ra;
Cdu hdi 1: Gido vien ttong tiudng dgi hge ndy di dp dyng nhiing phuang phap dgy hpc tich cyc gl vdi mdn tieng Anh cho sinh vien khflng chuyin cfla trudng?
CSu hdi 2: Vi sao cdc phuong phdp day hpc dd dupc danh gia li phucmg phap day hpc tich cyc?
2. Ca SOT If lu^n
Phuang phdp dgy hpc tich cyc (active learning) theo dudng hudng ISy ngudi hge lam tnmg tam va ngudi hpc chu dpng van dyng kinh nghiem hoac ki nang ±ao luan, ttao doi thdng tin (Ambrose el al, 2010; Fink, 1999). Cdc kinh nghipm dd cd duge do ngudi hge quan sit tfl thyc ti (Observing), trii nghipm thyc ti ODoing), ty dat cdu hoi va trd ldi (Dialogue with Self) hoic Uiao luin vdi nhau (Dialogue wiUi OUiers) (Fink, 1999; Grunert, 1997).
Bin thdnh phin ciia qud trinh hge tip chfl dpng duge md hinh hoa nhu sau;
* ThS; Viin Ngogi ngii, Tnrdng Dgi hge Bdch khoa Hd Ngi: Email: [email protected]. vn
** ThS: Vt^n Ngogi nga. Trudng Dgi hoc Bdch khoa Hd Ngi:
Email: Unh.nguyenphuonghusl.edu.vn
•NGON NGL & Bin S 6 N G S 6 6<299>j020.
IKPtHKNCt Of: OlAlOQUt WfTHi
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Rd rdng, cic phuang phdp giing dgy tich cyc cin giup ngudi hpc dgt myc tiiu bii hpc (objectives) ndng eao kiln Uiuc ngfln ngfl, ki ning Uiyc hinh tiing vd nhgn thfle vi hp gia tii, chuin myc xi hpi.
Tu thogi (Dialogue with Self) dien ra khi ngudi hpc suy ngdm vl chu di vi ghi lgi ttong nhgt ki
npi dung, cich Uiflc hpc va vipc dp dyng rapt ming kiin thfle cy the, v.v. ^ Hgi thogi nhdm (Dialogue wiUi OUiers) duge Uii hipn d nhiiu dang khic nhau nhu vdn bin viet
hoic Uiu dipn tfl va tryc tiip hoic gian tiip giiia cic Uidnh vien Uiam gia.
Quan sdt (Observing) duge tiin hanh khi ngudi hpc quan sit h o ^ nghe ngudi khde thyc hipn
hdnh dpng cy thi tivc tiep hoic gidn tiip. , Tu trdi nghiim (Doing) di cgp din cic hoat dpng yiu cau ngudi hpc phdi Uiam gia lira ttyc tiip
hoic giin tiep.
Phuang phip dgy hpc tich cyc liin quan chat chi vdi phuong phdp ty hpc (self-directed learning) (Ambrose, et al., 2010) vdi nim budc giup hinh Uiinh phong cdch hpc ci nhdn vi phy Uiugc vdo nhgn thfle cua ngudi hpc (Schommer, 1994). Trudc hit, sinh vien dinh gii hogt dgng hpc tgp cy thi dudi sy hudng din, gdp y ciia gido viin (Carey, Flower, Hayes, & others, 1989). Hp cin ty ddnh gid Uie mgnh eua cd nhdn (Dunning, 2007) vd lgp kl hogch hdnh dpng phfl hgp di hoan thdnh vipc ddnh gii dd. Trong qud tiinh Uiyc hiin, hp sfl dyng chiin lupc phfl hgp (Chi et al., 1989) va linh boat thay doi chiin luge di hoin thdnh bii tgp dua ra d mflc tdt nhdt cd thi (National Research Council, 2001).
Ngodi ra. phuong phdp dgy hpc tich eye cd nhieu die diem chung vdi phucmg phdp gidng dgy theo dudng hudng giao tiip (Communicative approach) nhu ngudi hpc ting phin irng ndi vi chu trinh bda (proceduralization) cic kiin Ihirc ngfln ngfl don li (declarative knowledge) (Falout, 2004).
Them vdo dd, phuang phip dgy hpc tich cyc chu y din tinh da dang cua cac phong each hge tip cd nhin (learning styles) (Christensen, 1996). Theo do, npi dung kiin thfle duge sSp xep dya vdo d§
khd, Uidng tin vi ngudi hpc; vipc tfl chfle hogt dgng hpc tap dupc thyc hipn theo quy tic 90:20:8 (nghe 90 phiit, IJp lgi sau 20 phut, ag dyng sau moi 8 phflt) va viec ddnh gia kit qui hpc tgp dupc tilng hdnh frong qud trinh hpc voi nhiiu hinh thfle dpng vien vi khich lp dung thdi diim.
Phuong phap day hpc tich cyc lufln tdc dpng qua lai vdi cac thdnh td khde cua qua tiinh xay dyng chuong trinh mfln hge nhu muc tiiu khda hge, phin tich nhu ciu, thiit ki lii lipu giang day vi tham khdo. ddnh gii kit qud hpc tip va ddnh gid khda hpc (Brarae, 2016; Ambrose et al, 2010;
(Friedenberg et.al., 2003 Qich ttong Westerfield, 2003).
Theo McCarthy (1992). mdi hoat dpng gjang day sau ddy giflp triin khai phuong phip day hpc tich cyc:
Thuyet gidng ngdn kit hap thdo ludn \di ngudi hpc (dii thogi bai chieu): gido viin cd thi gidi thipu tinh hudng cd van di hoic nghien cflu trudng hpp ('problem solving exercises' and 'case studies') di sinh viin chfl dpng chia se y kiin vdi cic thinh viin trong nhdra.
Dpng ndo (brainslormmg); giio viin niu cdu hdi hoic tinh huflng cd vin dl de sinh viin trinh bay y kiin trong khoang 5-7 phut trudc khi gido viin gidi thipu kiln thfle mdi.
S^ 6(299)-2020 N G 6 N NGU" & DCff S 6 N G 75^
TTiao lugn nhdm: giio viin can dilu hdnh, ddt ciu hdi hudng budi thdo luin theo dflng myc tieu vi tdm tit nhihig thdng tin quan ttpng frong budi thdo luan giup tang ca hgi giao tiip vd hung Uiu bgc tgp cho ci nhan smh viin (Pruice, 2004; Michael, 2006; Ruiz-Primo et at, 2011 tiich din trong Linton, et al., 2014; Ambrose, et, al., 2010).
Tinh hudng gid dfnh (ddng vai) ^up nguoi bgc trdi nghipm, tim kiem thdng tin, chia si vd kiim djnh thflng tin vd tim giii phdp cho vdn di cy thi; kit qua la nguoi hpc ren luypn ki ning ngdn ngfl vd bl sung kiln thfle cdn thieu khi ddng vai cfla nhieu nhSn vat khde nhau.
Bdo cdo sau thdo lugn duge thyc hipn sau mdi budi hge khi sinh vien tdm tit npi dung buli hpc vi chia si chiim nghipm vl bai hge.
Nghiin ciru tnrdng hgp l i cic tinh huong thyc t i dupc diing di niu vin d i va giii phip (Brame, 2016). Phuang phdp ndy giup ngudi hge phit triin cdc kT ning phan ti'ch (Herreid, et al., 2011, trich din trong Boimey, 2015) ^ dyng nhihig kiin thfle vi ki ndng mdi hpc vio gidi quyit tinh huflng cy the vi cd cdch nhin nhSn da chiiu vi cdc van de.
3. Npi dung nghiin cuu
Theo Dudley - Evan va St John (1998), dii tupng eung cip y kiln ddnh gii chuang trinh, giio trinh bao gim ngudi dgy, ngudi hpc, ngudi thiet ki tai lipu vi ngudi thiet ki ebuong trinh gidng dgy.
Trong nghien cflu ndy, hai doi higng nghiin cflu Id 10 gidng viin tilng Anh vd gdn 200 sinh vien khdng chuyin cfla mpt trudng dgi hpc khoa hpc-cong nghp d Vjpt Nam.
Nhdm mOt Id 10 gidng viin tiing Anh tfl 24 tufli den 58 tuoi, cd tham niin gidng dgy tiing Anh khflng chuyin tfl m^t nim din gin 30 ndm. Hp cd trinh dp chuyin raon vi nghipp vy su phgm phu hpp vdi bdng tit nghi&p dgi hpc vi cao hpc ngdnh gidng day tieng Anh hoic ngdn ngfl tiing Anh.
Nhdm hai Id gin 200 smh vien khdng chuyen dS hodn thinh eic Idp tiing Anh frong chuong ttinh dio tgo vi dang hpc cic chuyin nginh khoa hpc, kl thuit, cdng nghp ciia tiirdng dgi hpc nay. Hp trong dp tuoi tu 19-24 tudi vdi ti lp 20% Id nfl vd 80% li nam. Hp sdng d cdc vimg mien khic nhau d Vipt Nam vdi 80% tfl khu vyc ndng thdn. Diim kiim ti^ mfln tiing Anh khi tning tuyen vio trudng Id 80% dgt diim tiung binh, tuong flng vdi trinh dp Al cfla khung ning lyc ngogi ngft Vipt Nara (Bd GD & DT, 2015). Trong chuang trinh dio tgo cua tiirdng, diim thi mdn tiing Anh li diiu kipn di sinh viin khflng chuyin cua trudng duge nhgn bing tdt nghipp chuang trinh dai hpc hi chinh quy.
Sinh viin khflng chuyin dgt diiu kipn tieng Anh tuang duong lELTS 5.5 hodc TOEIC 550 si duge miin hpc cdc Idp tieng Anh do tiuong td chuc.
3.L Phmmg phdp nghiin cd-u
Phuang phdp hon hgp (mixed method) sfl dyng ci phuong phap djnh tinh vi djnh lupng di giflp tim hiiu sdu ve vin de nghiin cuu (Creswell, 2011; Clark & Creswell, 2008) duge ip dyng frong nghiin cflu niy thflng qua vipc khii quit tii dft lipu phin tich phiiu danh gia khda hge cua 200 sinh viin khdng chuyin cfla trudng vd cau ttd ldi phdng van cua 10 giio viin tiing Anh gidng day khda hpc cho sinh vien khflng chuyin. Cic cau hdi ttong phiiu phdng van vd trong phiiu danh gii khda hpc dupc trinh bdy bing tilng Vipt va sau khi thfl nghiim vdi nhdm ba ngucri trd ldi tinh nguypn. Hai nhom ddi tugng nghien cflu dS ki vao xie nhin ty nguyen tham gia vdo budi phdng van duge ghi Sm vi ttd ldi phiiu ddnh gii tryc tuyin.
3.2. Phdn ti'ch da Ufa
Mfli ci nhin trong nhdm 10 giao viin day cdc khda hge tieng Anh fra ldi 5 cau hdi phdng van frong 10 phflt. Dfl li§u phdng vin duge ghi ra vin ban vilt chi tiit gflm ci cho ngimg nghi, khoing im ling v.v. niu rfl quan diim, cdch nhin nhdn cua ngudi tti Idi phdng vin. Tfl viec phan tich sa bp ciu trd Idi phdng vdn cua 10 giao viin, nhd nghiin cflu hoin thien viic thiet ke cau hdi ciia phiiu danh gid khda hpc ttin Google form vi chia se dudng link cho cdc ldp sinh viin da hoc cdc khda tiing Anh do 10 giio vien giang dgy. Mdi sinh viin ddnh 3-5 phut dl ttd ldi 10 cau hdi ttong do 3 cau hdi yiu cdu chpn mpt phuong dn dung nhit va 7 cau hdi yiu ciu chgn ft nhat mflt phuong an phu hgp nhSt, Phuong an trd ldi diing duge gdn gii trj 1 diim va phuong an khdng diing la 0 diim. Phin phan tich dfl Uiu si niu rd ddnh gid cua sinh vien vi khda hge md hg thara gia.
76 NGON NGlf& D d l S 6 N G So 6(299>-: !o:o Dfl lipu thu thgp tfl ciu tri ldi phdng \an cua 10 giing viin dupc phin tich dya theo chu de l_
sin (theme-based content analysis) gin vdi co so If lugn cua nghiin cflu va giup trd iin cau hoi ng cflu si 1: Gidng viin di sfl dung phucmg phip dgy hpc tich eye gi vai mdn tieng Anh cho sin ^ khdng chuyen? Tilp Uieo, kit qui phin tieh du hpu cau trd Idi cua nhdm 200 sinh viin khdng '^"'^J^"
giup trd ldi cdu hdi sd 2; Vi sao cac phuong phdp dgy hpc mon tilng Anh dd dupc dinh gi phuang phip dgy hpc tich cyc? • • • a ^ '
Phuang phip phan ticb npi dung dft lipu theo chu di (theme-based content analysis) gii* |"» ™ V tii dft Upu (Domyei, 2007; Datt, 2018) dya vio cdc chfl di cd sin, dupc xdy dyng tfl co sd Ii Uiuyit.
Phuang phip nay dupc tiln hdnh theo nim budc ca bin nhu sau: khao sit so bg dft hpu; ' \ ^ "^^pn don vj (tfl, cym tii, ciu) vd chii di lam ca sd di phin tfch dfl lipu; mi boa dfl lipu theo chfl di; danh gid sy tiling nhit ttong vipc mi hda dfl lipu cfla cic nhi phan tich ttong nhdm (Christoffersen, Araujo
& Moreira, 2004); trinh bay kil qua phin tich theo cdc chfl dl dua ra (United States Government Accountabihly Office, 2013). Ap dyng phuong phdp nay, dft lipu Uiu Uigp tii hai nhdm gido viin vd sinh vien dupc phin tich theo cic chfl di ttong Bing 1 dudi diy;
Bdng 1. Tdng hgp cdu trd ldi phdng vdn cua gido viin theo chu de STT Chu de phan tich dfl lifu
phdng van (neu die diem ciia phutmg phdp day hpc tich cyc)
Phuang phdp dgy hpc tgo co hpi giao tiip cho ngudi hpc.
Phuang phdp dgy hpc phit huy tinh chii ddng hge tgp cho ngudi hge
Tilu chu de
Da dgng hinh ttiflc hpc tgp: ci nhdn, cip, nhdm
Hogt dpng hpc tgp niu van di (tinh huong md di sinh viin thdo lugn nhdm) Sinh viin tim minh chiing giii thfch cho cSu ttd ldi bii dpc, nghe theo nhdm Yeu cdu ty dpc hudng din, de bii kT vd tra cflu tii mdi tnrdc khi din Idp
Chdm vd nhgn xit loi sai ttong bii kiem tra cho nhau
S6 giio viin
10 gv 2gv 5gv 7gv 4gv Phuang phip dgy hpc phfl hpp Tfl chuc it nhdt 2 hogt dflng hpc tap ttong
•di cic phong cdch hpc tap cd mpt bufli hpc
nhin khic nhau frong ldp Hogt dpng thuyet gidng kim thdo Iuan
10 gv
Phuang phip dgy hpc dim bdo thing nhat vdi cic thdnh td khde ciia chuang trinh gidng day nhu myc tiiu, die diim ngudi hpc, tdi Upu giing dgy, vi kiim tra dinh gia
5gv Hoal dflng thdo luan nhom
Hoat dpng ddng vai
3gv Hoal dpng bio cao phdn hoi
8gv Hogt dgng nghiin cuu truang hgp
2gv Dgy td hgp cic kT ndng ngon ngfl co bin 10 gv Chudn bj eac kjch bin ciia bii hpc tnrdc khi 10 gv dgy
Gidi thipu muc tieu khda hpc vi muc tieu bai hpc
Danh gid khda hpc
9gv 5gv
S6 6(299)-2020 N G 6 N NGlT & DPI SONG
Bang I long hgp phdn tich ciu tri ldi phdng vdn cfla 10 giio viin theo bin chfl de niu d$c diim ciia phuong phdp dgy hpc tich cyc. Nhin chung, khdng phii tat cd 10 gido viin ty danh gid phuong phdp dgy bgc ciia hp la phuang phdp day hge tfch cue do khdng dip flng loan bp cic tieu chf ciia phuang phdp dgy hpc tich cyc. 80% giao vien duge hdi di chuin bj bai gidng trudc khi lin ldp, gidi thipu myc tiiu bii hpc, trinh bay npi dung vd danh thdi gjan cho sinh viin luyin tap, chfl yiu lira bii tip trong Idi lipu dgy chinh thfle, vd ddi khi phat thim bdi tip cd djnh hudng luypn thi. Tuy nhiin, 2 giio viin dd dua ra tinh hudng cd vin di lien quan din npi dung chinh cfla 2-3 bai hge va sinh vien thdo lu|n nhdm ho$c ci Idp. Cic giao viin nay dS chudn bi he thdng cic cdu hdi dan dit sinh viin khdm phd kien thfle mdi. Vi dy; trudc khi dpc hiiu bai ve quing cao viic ldm, gido vien di cho sinh vien thao lugn ve cic tiiu chf flng viin cin cd di duge chip nhan vdo vj tri tuyin dyng.
100% gido viin duge hdi diu khing djnh da dgy tich hgp kT nang ngfln ngfl vd tfl chfle it nhit hai hogt dpng hpc tgp frong mgt budi hpc di dip flng phong cdch hge da dang cfla sinh vien. Mpt gido viin niu cdch kit hpp hogt dpng thuyit gidng, nghiin cflu tinh hudng vd thio luin nhdm mang Iai kit qui tich cyc frong m^t gid hpc vl each dflng cua thdi hipn tai don vdi vi dy tinh hulng nit tiln luong thing trong thi ATM.
Trong sd 6 hogt dpng hpc tgp, hogt dpng ddng vai vd hogt dpng thuyit trinh kim thdo luSn dupc nhiiu giio vien dimg hon cdc hogt dpng thdo Iuan nhdm, nghiin cim tinh hudng, neu vin dl va bio cdo phin hdi. RO ring, khi ddng vai nhdn vat, sinh vien cfl hirag thu bit chude cfl chi vd cich diing ngdn ngft ttong tinh huflng it lp dipn cd nhan (Torapkins, 1998) va phit huy vai frd chu dgng cfla ngudi hpc (Oradee, 2012).
Mic dfl, 100% gido viin cho biit hp td chfle hogt dpng hpc tap ca nhan, nhdm vd cd ldp, ra^t nua so giio viin niy neu chi tiet ve sinh viin chfl dpng lam viec nhdm thdo ludn rapt tinh huong cd vin di, nghiin ciiu trudng hpp, ddng vai, md phdng. Hp cd nhieu co hpi giao tiep vi phat frien tu duy phdn bi^n, sdng tgo, dgc lip (Prince, 2004; Michael, 2006; Ruiz-Primo et al., 2011 trich dan ttong Linton, et al., 2014; Ambrose, et, al., 2010).
10% gido viin ttd ldi phdng vin nfli ring hg khdng gidi thiiu va 20% gido viin khic gidi thiiu so luge myc tiiu bii hge, kT ning vi kiin thuc cin nim duge cua bii hpc. 60% giao vien cdn lai gidi thipu cic thdng tin ca bin cua chuang trinh giing dgy nhu myc tieu khfla hpc, phuang thfle kiim tta ddnh gid, phuang phdp hpc tflt nhit, tim hiiu tam tu, nguypn vgng cua sinh vien. 10% gido vien khde thu thip thdng tin cfla sinh vien nhu mong mudn, cdc gdp y ve thdi gian tu hpc, tiiu chi danh gia kit qud hge tip, cdch thfle trao doi thdng tin gido viin-sinh vien, sinh vien-sinh viin trong ldp va nhdm nhd (Ambrose et al, 2010). Ro rdng, sy minh bach thdng tin, gdp y vio vipc thyc hien khda hpc vi khd ndng ty ddnh gii cfla sinh vien se inh huong den tfnh tich cue, chu dgng hpc cua sinh viin (Brame, 2016).
Bin cgnh dd, mdc dfl vi^c tdm tit cufli moi budi hpc giup sinh viin cimg cd viic tiep thu kien thfle vd kt ndng dS hpc vd chuin bj cho viic fln tip vd md rpng viic tiip tbu do (Ambrose et al, 2010), 50% gido viin thinh thoang cho sinh viin tdm tdt bdi hge do thieu thdi gian.
Ngodi ra, 70% giio viin nhSn xit sinh vien tir dpc hudng dan hoac nghe chi din de tham gia boat d0ng hpc tgp dupc giao. Cic giio viin cdn Igi cho ring sinh vien nin doc hudng dan di lam quen vdi cich thfle tiin hinh cdng vipc mpt each dpc lap va cd ttach nhiem. Sinh viin ty dpc chi dan, hudng din vi giio viin sS giii dip khi cd Uiic mic.
Kit qui phin tich dfl li^u phdng vin cfla 10 gido viin tiing Anh tuong doi phu hgp vdi kit qud phdn tich ddnh gid cua 200 sinh viin khdng chuyen ve khda hoc tiing Anh do 10 gido viin tti Idi phdng vin giang dgy.
Bdng 2. Kit qud ddnh gid viec thuc hien cdc noi dung cua phuang phdp day hpc tich cue (N=206)
STT N$i dung dinh gid Mean Standard Deviation 1 Hogt dpng Uido lugn nhdm (Group discussion) 6.09 0.96
Hogt dpng thuyit gidng kem thao luan (lecture with 6.00
78 NGON NGC & Bin S 6 N G S6 6(299):2021
3 4 5 6 7 71 7.2 8 9
. discussion)
• Hoat dong dong vai (Role-playing) Hoat dpng dgng n3o (brainstorming) Ho9t dpng bao cao phan hoi (Report-back) Ho?t dgng nghien ciJru tnrcmg hop (Case study) Hinh thirc to chirc hoat dpng hpc tap Theo ca nhan
Theo nhom Chi dan trong buoi hoc
Tinh tich c ^ , chu dpng tu hpc cua sinh vien dudi sif djnh huong, ho trv cua giac vien
5.95 5.81 5.07 3.98 5.68 5.58 7.06 5.01
1.07 1.06 2.00 0.80 3.00 2.57 0.97 0.91
Cic hogt dpng dgy hpc tich eye do 10 giao vien trd iin phdng vdn di sfl dyng duge sinh viin ddnh gid hipu qud nh^ li hogt dgng thio lugn nhdm va hogt dpng thuyit trinh kim theo tbio lugn vi sinh viin duge chii dgng tiong vai frd mmh ddm nhipm vi duge ddng gdp y kien, chia si kinh nghidm (M=6.09. SD=0.96 vi M=6.00. SD^l.60). Tilp din, sinh vien chgn hogt dgng ddng vai, dpng nio vi bdo cio phdn hfli giup chii dpng tham gia vio bull hpc. Cd it sinh vien chpn hogt dpng nghiin cflu trudng hgp Id hogt dgng phi biin trong khda hpc nhit vi hogt dgng niy doi hdi sinh viin phii sfl dyng cdc kl ning cao cdp nhu kit noi thdng tin, phdn tfch tinh hudn^ gidi quyit vin dl (Herreid, et al., 2011, Qich (&i ttong Bonney, 2015) vd trinh bdy cic vdn dl niy bing ngdn ngft dfch.
Khdng phii tit cd cdc sinh viin lya chpn Idm viic nhdm (M=5.S8); hg cung muon lim vipc d§c lip (M=5.68). Tuy nhiin, cdc sinh viin khdng dflng y hoin toin ve sy phi bien cfla bhUi thfle ldm viic Uieo nhdm vd cd nhdn tiding khda hpc {SD= 3.00 vd 5D= 2.57). Hg dong y i ^ g vipc ty dpc cic ehi dan bdi tgp hojc hogt dflng hge tip ^flp hp hodn thdnh bdi tgp hi§u qui (M=7.06, SD=.97). Ngoii ra, ban 50% sinh viin nghT ngudi hge ein chfl ddng vgn dyng kinh nghipm song, kT nSng ca nhan di gidi quyit vdn di, biit ty ning cao vdn hiiu biet, chuin bj bii dgc trudc khi din ldp, vi nhipt Unh ddng gdp y kiin vdo bdi bgc. Cic em mong muon gido viin td chuc cic hogt dpng di kiin tgp Ihn hieu vi thye ti cupc song \a cflng vipc vd khdng mong muln giio viin thuyit trinh de cic em chip bii.
Tflm lgi, vipc phan tich dfl lipu thu Uidp duge tfl cdu tti ldi phdng vdn cua 10 giio viin tiing Anh vd kit qud phiiu ddnh gid khda hpc cua 200 sinh viin cho thiy mdi quan hp chdt chi gifta cic yiu t l cfla qui trinh thiit kl chuang trinh hpc liy ngudi hpc Id trung tim. Bin canh do, cd nhihig khic bi§t rd rpt trang each nhin nhgn ve phuong p h ^ day hpc tfch cyc efla giio viin vd sinh viin.
3.3. Kit qud nghiin cuu
Tfl kit qua phdn lich dfl Upu tten, cic di xuit sau ddy duge ggi y nhim tdng ca hgi giao tilp cho sinh viin, phit huy linh chu dgng hge lip, d ^ ung tinh da dang ttong phong cich hpc ca nhSn vi tfnh thong nhat ydi cic thinh tfl ciia qui tiinh thiit ki chuong trinh tiing Anh.
Thu nhdt, cic phuong phip day hpc tich cyc lufln dit ngudi hpc Iim tiling tim phdi huy tinh chu dpng hpc tgp cua ngudi hpc ("Ambrose, el al., 2010). Cdc hogl dpng dgy hpc tich cue bao gdm (i) chia nhdm di Uido lugn vi ciu hdi ttong tii lieu hodc bai gidng diu din giflp tgo Uidi quen lim vi$c nhdm, ttao dfli y kiin vi ngi dung bai hpc; (ii) kit noi vdi cac chuyin gia ciia tiing ITnh vyc qua thu
; . , - - . ^., ^ ,. . , - 1 vien phai phan tich tinh huong va dua ra y kien, nhin djnh va cich nhin nhin vi vin di ndy sinh va ggi y gidi phdp; (vi) nghiin cflu tii^ huflng.
Cdc phuang phdp dgy bgc tich cyc cin duge thyc hipn ttin ba nguyin tic: md rgng vd van dung sdng tgo cdc hinh thuc hge tgp ehu dgng. kit hgp cdc hogt dpng hge tgp. vd Igo cdu ndi giira hogt dpng trdi nghiim ihuc ti vd trao ddi ihdng lm. Mdi hogt dgng cua md hinh hpe tgp tich cyc cd nhftne die ttung ning; vi \3>. vipc kit hpp cac hoat dgng si giflp eho bii hpc da d^% vd thfl vj vdi ngudi
S6 6(299)-2020 NGON N G C & DQfl SONG 79^
bpe hem. Sy kit hpp dd si tgo ra hipu qua tuong tic mang tinh gido dye eao thay vi chi bl sung cho hogt dpng hpc tip ciia ngudi hpc. Bdng each tao co hpi di ngudi hpc chfl dpng frong cic hogt dgng hge tip, giio viin cd Uie Uiyc hipn tdt bii gjing cua mmh va ngudi hpc chiim linh dupc kiin thfle, ndng cao kT ning ngdn ngft cfla hg. Giio viin sfi la ngudi chi din va ttg giflp khi cdn thiit d& qui trinh hge tgp chii dpng di dung hudng vi hipu qua, giflp dgt dupc myc tiiu bdi hpc da di ra (Ambrose, etal., 2010).
Thii hai, gfdo vien cdn hudng ddn sinh vien cdch tu hge fself-direeted leaming) (Ambrose et al, 2010:193) theo md hlnh khip km vdi nhgn thfle cfla nguoi hge vl cdc mflc dg hiiu biit vd cich hpc ciia ci nhin Id trung tam vd ndm hdnh dgng bao quanh gflm ty ddnh gid hogt dgng hge tap, ty ddnh gid thi mgnh cfla cd nhdn ttong vipc thyc hien hogt dgng hpc tap do, lip ki hoach tiin hdnh hogt dpng khd thi vd ludn dilu ehinh chiin luge di thyc hipn thanh cong nhiim vy.
Gido viin cdn xdy dgng bg hudng ddn sinh vien tu ddnh gid muc dp ndm vdng vd liin bg ttong timg mdng kien thfle, kT ning cua khda hpc (Ambrose et, al., 2010). De ho frg sinh viin ty hpc vd chfl dflng Uiam gia vio cic hoat dgng hge tip, giio viin cin dua ra chi dan rd rang, lam mau, phin tich vi gdp y v i ^ thyc hipn ciia sinh vien mpt vdi ldn trudc khi de sinh viin ty chfl thyc hien. Ngoii ra, gido viin cd the thiit ki, diiu chmh cic boat dpng hpc tip giup sinh viin bd khuyet nhflng kT ndng ngdn ngfl CO bdn chua dgt yen cau bao gflm kT ning dpc hiiu vd kT nang ndi uing Anh nhu ggi y cfla Christensen (1996). Cdc boat d^ng hpc tap ndy cin dupc sip xip theo tiiu chi dap flng sy da dgng ciia phong cdch hge ed nhin, thdi lupng, dO khda theo cic budc phdt triin tu duy cfla thang do Bloom (Wilson, 2016).
Thu ba, gido vien cdn Ihuc hi^n nghiem tue cdc thao tdc irong qud Irinh dgy hge nhu: (i) khio sit vao bufli hge diu tiin cua khda hge mong raufln, each hpc, hiiu biit ca ban efla sinh viin vi khda hpc tgo sy chfl d^ng vd tfnh trdch nhipm vdi vipc hpc cua sinb viin; (ii) sogn giao an trudc khi lin ldp vdi myc tieu, phuong phdp dgy hpc, hogt dpng hge tgp va phucmg phap ddnh gia hgp li (Lumpkin et al., 2015, trich dan trong Brame, 2016); (in) linh hogt thyc hien cdc bdi hpc theo tinh hudng day hpc va Ihu thip dfl lipu dinh gii khda hpc cfla sinh vien vi ty dinh gii sau khi khda hpc kit thiic.
4. Kit Iuan
Nghiin cim bin hpp (mixed-method) ndy xem xet khd ning ip dyng phuang phip dgy hpc lich cyc vdi hai nguon dft lipu dupe phin tich theo phuong phap phan tich theo chu di (theme-based content analysis). Dfl lipu djnh tinh dupc thu thdp tii phan tra Idi phdng vdn cua gido viin vd dfl lipu djnh lugng tfl cdu tra Idi phiiu ddnh gid khda bgc cua sinh viin. Kit qui nghien cflu giflp khang dinh phuang phip dgy hge tfch cyc ludn dgt ngudi hge lira tiimg tim va tdng ca hdi ty hge, hpc chfl dpng cia ngudi hpc thflng qua vipc kit hgp sdu boat ddng hge tgp tich cyc vi vipc gidi thipu myc tiiu khda hpc, tdm luge ngi dung bdi hge, ddnh gid khda hpc vdo qua trinh giing dgy.
TAI LlEU THAM KHAO
1. Ambrose, S. A., Bridges, M. W., DiPietto, M., Lovett, M. C , & Nonnan, M. K. (2010), How leaming works: Seven research-based principles for smart teaching. John Wiley & Sons, 2. Bp Gido dye vd Ddo tgo Vipt Nam. (2014), Thong tu sd 01/2014/TT- BGDDT: Khung ndng
Igc ngogi ngd 6 bdc ddnh cho Viet Nam.
3. Brame, C. (2016), Active Leaming. Vanderbill University Center for Teaching.
https://doi.org/10.2200/S00429EDlV01Y201207AIM018.
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https://www.cambridgeintemational.org/Images/271174-active-leaniing.pdf.
5. Christensen, D. D. (1996). Teaching sfrategies for smdents wiUi diverse leaming needs.
Nebraska Department of Education.
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NGON NGC & Bin S6NG So6(299>-2020^
8. Dudley-Evans. T . Si John, M. J.. A: Saint John, M. J. (1998), Developments in English for Specific Purposes A multi-disciplinary approach. Cambridge university press.
9. Fink, L D. (1999), Aclrve leaming. Instinctional Development Program. Lni\t."rs'ty ot Oklahoma.
10. Linton, D. L., Pangle, W. M., \\>ait, K. H., Powell, K. N., & Sherwood. R- t ^2014).
Identifying key features of effective acti\'e leaming: the effects of writing and peer discussion.
CBE-Life Sciences Education, I3{3), 469-477.
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(discussion, problem-solving, and role-playing)". International Joumal of Social Science and Humanity, 2(6), 533.
13. Tompkins. P. K. (1998), "Role playing/simulation". The Intemet TESL Joumal. 4(8), MS- ISO.
14. Westerfield, K. (2003), "An Oveniew of Needs Assessment in English for Specific Purposes. " Best Practices in ESP E-Teacher Course. University of Oregon.
15. Wilson, L. O. (20i6), Anderson andKralhwohl'Bloom's Taxonomy Revised: Understanding Ihe New Version of Bloom's Taxonomy. Articel course handbook diakses pada ban selasa tanggal, 5.
The application of active leaming to teaching non-English-majored students:
a mixed-method research at a University in Vietnam
Abstract: Active leaming is a teaching method which promotes learner autonomy, the diversity of leaming styles and close relationship with other factors of course design process, particularly learning goals and course objectives. Based on such an approach, this mixed-method research was conducted at a university in Vietnam with both qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative data was collected from Uie inteniews of 10 English teachers about their active-learning teaching practices of a 15-wcek course for non-English-majored students. The quantitative data were the responses to the course evaluation form of 200 students completing that English-language course.
The resuhs help confirm the principle of leamer-centeredness of active leaming with the increase in leamers" communication, in learner autonomy and in self-directed leaming. Several implications of applying acin e leaming relevanUy to given contexts were also made.
Key words. Active leaming; Active-leaming activities; Leamer-centeredness; Learner autonomy;
Self-directed leaming