Tgp chi Ddn ldc hgc sd3 - 2020
LICH DOI CUA NGlTOfl M U O N G
PGS.TS. Nguyen Duy Thifu Bao tang Dan toe hoc Viet Nam Bui Van Trinh Lang Chanh, Thanh Hoa
Tdm tdt: Ddn tgc Mu&ng sdng tap trung nhdt & Hda Binh. Tlianh Hda vdi ldi sdng/vdn hda iruyin thdng da duac ddn gian cd due- "Cam dd, nhd gde, nudc vdc. lgn ihui, ngdy lui, thdng ldi". "Ngdy lui. thdng tdi" Id ndi theo cdch tinh lich Mudng cd Iruyin. ggi Id lich Doi vi dugc lgp dira vdo su van dgng tuang thich giira sao Doi vd mat trang. Ljch ndy cd 360 ngdy. 12 thdng. 3 tudn vd mdi ngdy cd 8 canh gid. Ngdy khdi ddu ndm cua ljch Doi (uang duang vdi ngdy mdng 2. edn thdng kh&i ddu liiing vdi ihdng 3 trong lfch dm (ngdy lui. ihdng ldn la vi vciy} Ljch Doi dinh ra mgl bg 8 khdi niem: Cdn Troong. Khda Ngdng. Kim Troong. Khda Rd.
Kim Xa, Xudm Xa. Cdn Xa. Xu&m Troong. md mdi khdi niem cd v nghia tot, xdu. may. riii...
khdc nhau de xdc dinh vd xem thdng. ngdy. gid cu the. Cdc tri thirc vi lich phdp dugc thi hien tren bg lich gdm 12 the tre, tren mdi the (1 thdng) cd khdc 30 net ngang, xien hogc de ky tif khodng trdng. mdi ky tir cd y nghia khdc nhau. Tir ttir&c 1957. lich ndy dugc dimg di xdc dinh nil ihi'r phuc vu sdn xudt, gieo trdng vd tinh ngdy, gid tdt, xdu, may, xui... cho ldm nhd.
.xudt hdnh, cu&i hdi,...
Tir kltda: Ngudi Mudng. Moi, Lich Doi.
Ngdynhdn bdi: 15/4/2020; ngdy giri phdn biin: 27/4/2020; ngdy duyit ddng: 31/5/2020
\. Ngucri Mirdng
Theo eac nhi ngdn ngir bpc va dan tdc bpc, d Viet Nam ed mdt nhdm ngdn ngir dugc gpi la nhdm ngdn ngir Viet - Mudng, nhdra niy thudc ddng ngdn ngii Nam A (Austroasiatie), bao gdm bdn dan lpc (xem bing I).
Bdng 1: Cac toe nguxii thuoc nhom ngon ngir Viet - Muomg g Viet Nam
TT 1 2
Ten tpc ngudi Viet (Kinh) Mudng
Dan so (2009)
73.594.427 1.268.963
Cac ten goi khac
Kinh
Moi. Mual. Moi, Mpi Bi. Au T i
Dja ban cir tru chu yeu
Trong ca nudc Son Tay, Hoa Binh, Thanh Hda, Phii Thp,
.Xgtiycn PuyThjeu- i S i i » •
Chin 6.022
Keo. Mon, Cudi, Hp, Dan Lai, Lv Ha. Ta\ Pong, Con Kha, Xi li ving Sach. May. Rue, Mi Liing. Arem, Tu vang. Pa leng, Xo lang. To byng, hyng Chi cui, U mo, Xa li ving.
Y^JTBJH^NinhJJgil:!:- Nghe An. Thanh Hda
Quang Binh. Quang Tri
Nhu sd lieu frong bang I. nam 2009 tai Viet Nam. tdc ngudi Mutrng cd 1.268.963 nhan khau. cu tni tap tmng tgi hai tinh Hda Binh, Thanh Hda; ngoai ra. ngirdi Muong con phan bd rii rac lgi cac tinh Phii Thp. Yen Bii, San La, Ninh Binh, Hi Npi. Ngay nay, ngudi Mudng da di cu den sinh sdng d nhieu dja phuang tren ci nudc, tip tmng d cac tinh Tay Nguyen. Ngoii Viet Nam, ngudi Mudng cdn cd mat d Lio'. So vdi dja ban cu cii ciia eic nhdm ngudi Thai, ngudi Mudng sdng tai nhiing noi thap ban vi gin ngudi Viet. Tai mpt so noi nhu Mai Chiu (Hda Binh), Cim Thuy, Bi Thirdc, Lang Chinh... (Thanh Hda) ngudi Mudng sdng xen lan vdi ngudi Thai.
Bing nhilu ngudn lii lieu, dgc biet Ii tii lieu Khio cd hpc va Ngdn ngii hpc, cic nhi nghien cthi di vach ra dugc qua trinh hinh thanh, phat trien ciia tdc ngudi Mudng. Theo do, ngudi Mudng va ngudi Viet vdn ciing ngudn gdc, tir tien Viet-Mudng (proto Viet-Muong) den Viet-Mudng chung (Viet-Muong common). Theo mdt sd nhi nghien ciiu, td tien chung ciia ngudi Viet-Mudng li ngudi Lac-Viet, radt frong cic nhdm cbu nhan eua van hda Ddng San. Vao thdi ky cic vua Hiing (tuong ducmg thdi dai ddng thau lrong cich phin ky theo Khao cd hgc) va ci cic thdi ky tiep theo. Viet-Mudng van cdn li mpt khdi thdng nhat (Pham Dire Duong - Ha Vin Tan. 1978). Khoang the ky X, sau khi td tien chung eua ngudi Vipt va ngudi Mirdng ngay nay giinh dugc dpc lap rir tay nha Nam Han, hp cung xay dyng qudc gia dgc lap lu chti. Trong qui trinh iy, bd phan cu dan sinh sdng d cac vung ddng bing do c6 dieu kien de phat trien kinh le. xa hpi. van bda va giao luu tiep xuc vdi ben ngoii nen da phat trien hem. Bd phan nay trd thanh ngudi Kinh, tire la nhiing ngudi sinh sdng d khu vye kinh k\. ke chg. Bd phan nhd cdn lai do sdng d tmng du cd dieu kien khdng thuan lgi dl phal trien rai lai tiep xiic vdi nen van hda ciia cac cu dan vtmg nui cao, nhii la ngudi Thai nen da phat trien theo mgl hudng khic va din dan tach ra thinh mdt tdc ngudi rieng - tdc neudi Mudng ngay nay.
Qua trinh vira ndi kbdng cbi dupc minh chirng bing eic ngudn tai beu Khao cd hoc Ngdn ngu hgc ma ci trong tap sir thi "De dat de nudc" ciia ngudi Mudng. sau khi ndi vl vipc hinh thanh vix try. hinh lhanh con ngudi. cic cich thtic de con ngudi tdn tai, phat iriln d~
kc lai huyen thogi chat eay cbu da cd la bang ddng dd, hoa bang ddng thau va qua bin th"
rage d lang Cha (\a Thiet Ong. huyen Ba Thudc, tinb Thanh Hda) keo ve '"
dyng kinh dd eho \'ua Dit Dang a Noing kinb ky ke chg. Theo Nguyen Tir Chi, '^ 'iiicn xudl dl xiy cai ndi phit
' 6 Lao con co 4 IQC ngirm noi n^on ngii \'iel - Muong nhir sau: I. Turn (2042 ngiroi, so li^u diCu ira (Jan -
: M o i u M m m i 2 . : o : : n g u a i ) . 3 Ngu6n(998 nguinl.4 Krih(924). (Nguyen Duy•nii?u.l996 31i '>*'''-'XS),
Tgp chi Pdn ldc hgc sd'3 - 2020
trien cua ngudi Mudng cd the d viing chin nui Ba Vi, tinh Son Tay (nim d khoing giira Ha Npi va Hda Binh). Sau khi hinh thinh, ngudi Mudng din rad rdng dja ban eu tni din Hda Binh, Nmh Binh, Thanh Hda, Phu Thp, NghTa Lg (Nguyen Tir Chi, 1996, fr. 417^24).
Ngudi Mudng frr ggi ramh la Moi, cd nghTa l i con ngudi; ngudi Thai gpi ngudi Mudng la Tay Moi, ttic ngudi Moi. Cd the ten "Mudng" de ggi toe ngudi niy mdi xuit hien tir khi ngudi Phap den Ddng Duong. Ten gpi niy do ngudi Kinh sir dyng de chi bg phgn eu din vdn cd eung ngudn gdc vdi minh nhung do sdng gin ke vdi ngudi Thii nen hp da vay mugn the chl Bin - Mudng cua ngudi Thii de td chiic thiet che x i bdi tu quin ciia ldc ngudi la Mudng, tiic cpng dong ngudi sdng frong cac don vj x i hdi, rai cae dan vj x i hdi ay ed ten gpi li "Mudng". Nhu vgy, Mudng la ten gpi do ngudi Kinh sti dimg de ggi mdt cdng ddng ngudi vdn cd cting ngudn goc vdi hp nhung sdng frong cic the che xa hdi ed ten gpi la mudng. Ngiy nay ten gpi Mudng dupc sii dyng rpng rai de ggi mdt tdc ngudi rieng biet l i tdc ngudi Mudng.
Trong tmyen tbdng, ngudn sdng chinh ciia ngudi Mudng dya vio hogt dpng ndng nghiep.
Logi tni mpt bp phan nhd cu dan {Tira rogng) eanh lic nucmg ray, dai da sd ngudi Mudng deu trdng lua nude d khu vye cac thung liing chin ntii. Ngoii frdng frpt va chin nudi, sin bat, danh ca vi hai lugm cic sin phim frong rimg ddng vai frd quan frgng cung cap rau qua va cac thiic an dam cho hp. Ve ldi sdng/vin bda Mudng da dugc dan gian Mudng cd dtic trong dogn van vin sau day: "Trdu deo md, ehd leo thang; Qudn mgt dng, do hai gang: Cam dd. nhd gdc, nu&c vdc, tgn ihui. ngdy lui, thdng tdf\
Tuc ngir fren duge cd dtic tir thyc te cua ldi sdng Mudng: chin nudi frau, bd tha rdng, ngudi dan deo mo cho vat nudi de khi di tira tlii ngbe theo lieng md; chd leo thang la each ndi d nha san; phy nii Mudng mac viy (quan 1 dng) vdi ao ngan (2 gang); lam chin gao v i c i mdt sd logi thlic in bang hoi (do); d nha sin (nhi gae); lay nude bing dng buong (vie); dot lgn (thui) de cao long khi lam thjt,... Cdn "ngiy lui, thing tdi" Ii ndi ve cich tinh hch nhu se trinh bay trong phan tiep sau day.
2. Ljch Doi ciia ngirdi Mudng: each thuc xae lap va su dung
Chua ai biet cii the ljch Doi ciia ngudi Mudng dugc thiet lap rir bao gid. Trong dan gian, ngudi Mudng quan niem ring, xua kia cac the he "tri thirc dan phong'' cua ngudi Mudng nhu cac thiy Mo, cic Lang (lang Cun, lang Dao)... d i sang lap ra Ijch. Cdn frong tac pham De dal de nu&c, rapt ban tmdng ca bat hii ciia ngudi Mudng d i de cap: "... Ong Thu Tha bd Thu Thiin. ra iruyin ldm ndm chia thdng, mgt ndm chia ra 12 ihdng, mgt thdng cd 30 ngdy,...".
Theo dd m i rapt nira Ijch Doi ciia ngudi Mudng cd 360 ngiy. Cy the ve nam, thing, man, ngay, gid dugc xac lap nhu sau day:
Nam: ngudi Mudng dua vao sy tuong thich cua mdt chu ky van ddng giiia mil Irang va chdm sao Tua Rua" de lap ljch. Nhiing ngiy chdm sao Tua Rua v i Mat Tring di song
• MQI SO tpc ngucri khac ciing dira vao sao Tua Rua de lap Hch canh tac nong nghiep, vi du nhu nguai Trieng (Xem Nguyin Duy Thi?u. 1997. tr. 27-31).
Nguyen Duy Thicu BuH'/^Lt::
song vdi nhau, hg ggi la "Ngay sao Doi mat Thing" (mgt Thing tuc mat trang) T ^ ket qui quan sil su van dpng ciia frang \ a sao Tua Rua, ngudi Mudng xua da xac din sy van hanh eua hai diien the nay man ihu tbeo mpl quy luit nhit djnh. Theo do. qu
\an dgng iy ed nhung ngiy sao ma ma \ a mat frang song hanh cung nhau. Cy I'l'-" '^•
ba vio hai ngay la mdng 4 va ngiy 28; diing 4 ngay 26; thing 5 vio ngay 24: diing ng y 22; thing 7 ngay 20: diang 8 ngiy 18; diing 9 ngay 16; thing 10 ngiy 14: thing 11 "g^y j thing 12 ngay mdng 10; diing gieng ngay mdng 8; thing 2 ngiy mdng 6. Den day la "^^"^9 chu ky van binh. ngudi Mudng coi li mot nam. Nam sau tilp theo, chu ky nhu vua de cap lai lap lai. Cd lich Mudng liy ngiy diu cua thing 3, thing ed hai ngiy sao ma ma song hanh vdi rail tring (thing 3) lam ngay khdi dau cua mpt nam (xem so dd sau).
Sffdd: Sv tuoTig tac giira cac tinh tii tren bau troi ma ngu-di Mirdng quan sat de lap ljch
Ngudn: Chu Van Khanh, 2001, tr. 261
Tbdng: mgl nam cd 12 thang, theo thii ty tir thing 1 (thing Gieng) den thing 12.
Lich Mudng ciing can cir vao sy van hanh ciia mat trang vi chdm sao Khien Nguu (sao Tua Rua) de phan chia thing va xac dinh Tiet thit rdi chia nam lam 4 raiia Xuan, Ha, Thu, Ddng nhu lich am ma ngudi Kinb van diing. Do sao Tua Rua van hanh nhanh hem Mat Trang nen ngoai trir thang dac biet (thang Ba) cd bai ngay, nhiing thing cdn lgi mdi thing chi cd mpt ngay mat trang va chdm sao Tua Rua di song song cimg nbau. Ngudi Mudng ciing goi thing khdi dau nam la thing Gieng, nhung theo lich Mudng thi thing Gieng triing vdi thing 3 frong ljch am (lich mat trang) phd thdng raa ngudi Mudng ciing dang sir dyng. Bdi thi ma tyc ngti: Mudng. nhu da de cap d fren, gpi "... thdng tdi..."^-
Tudn: lich Mudng mdi nam cd 12 thing, radi thing cd 30 ngay; moi thing duoe chia thinh 3 man. mdi tuan li 10 ngiy. 0 man diu tir mdng 01 cho den ngay mdng lo woi la tuin .Mdc mgoc, ed nai ggi li nhiing ngiy Cdn. Tir 11 din ngiy 18 gpi la nhtmg ngiy pro dne
' Theo tai li?u dan tOc hpc. trong tniyen thong, cac cu dan ban dja a E>6ng Nam A deu smh s^ng hk nghio). c i ) luong th\ic chinh la liia canh tac mot vu. Theo do, lich nong nghiq) ciia hg khui dau vao th*^ "^^^
nghiep. c i ) luong th\ic chinh la lua canh tac mot vu. Theo do, nch nong nghiq) cua hg khui dau vao th" • - mua kho chuydn sang mua mua, CM the la vao thang 3 am ljch. Ngay nay Thai Lan, Lao. Campuchia. vT ^h^^
tpc neuai thieu so 6 khu vuc van an Tet vao dip ihan^ ba thang tu hang nam (xem Nguyen Duy 7 ;„L-U 20201"
Tgp chi Pdn ldc hgc sd'3 - 2020
Khdng, cd noi gpi li nhihig ngay Ld dng, tir ngiy 19 eho den ngay 30 gpi li nhimg ngay Lgn, cd nai gpi li nhimg ngay Cuoi hay Cdi.
Ngdy vd ten ggi cdc ngdy trong cdc thdng cua mgt ndm: mdi thing 30 ngiy, trong dd cd ngiy tot, ngiy xiu, ngay may, ngay xui. Trong Ijch Mudng ngay raay, ngay xui dugc xac djnh nhu sau: ngiy khdi dau nim, ngay mdng mdt, frong Ijch Mudng ggi la ngay Cdn Troong. Ngay niy ciing li ngiy kbdi diu eiia thing Gieng frong ljch Mudng ggi li thing Khda Ngdng. Ngiy mdng hai ngiy Xudm Troong, mdng ba Kim Troong, mdng 4 Khda Rd, mdng 5 ngiy Kim Xa, mdng 6 ngay Xu&m Xa. radng 7 ngay Cdn Xa. mdng 8 ngiy Khda Ngdng. Sau 8 ngay vdi 8 ten gpi nhu vira trinh bay, den ngiy tiep theo (ngiy mdng Chin) chu ky ten gpi tren duge lap lai. Cii the mi tinh eho den ngay 30.
Cdc thdng tiep sau: thing hai vi thing ba, gpi li thing Cdn Troong, thi ngiy mdng 01 gpi li ngay Xuiym Troong. Thing tu gpi li thang Xudm Troong. ngay mdng 01 la ngay Kim Troong. Thing nim vi thing siu gpi li thing Kim Troong. ngiy mdng 01 gpi la ngay Khda Rd. Thing biy ggi la thing Khda Ro. ngiy mdng 01 ggi la ngiy Kim Xa. Thing tim va thang chin ggi li thing Kim Xa, ngiy mdng 01 ggi la ngiy Xudm Xa. Thing mudi li thang Xif&m Xa, ngay mdng 01 gpi li ngay Cdn Xa. Thang Mpt, thang Chap (thang 11 - 12) ggi li thang Cdn Xa, ngiy mdng 01 ggi la ngiy Khda Ngdng.
HII mgl nam, den nim sau, chu ky nbu tren day lgi lip lai. NghTa la khdi dau tir thing Gieng (thing Khda Ngdng), ngay mdng 01 ggi Ii ngay Cdn Troong.... Ciing can ndi them, ngay mdng 4 trong ljch Mudng li ngiy ma sao Tua Rua va Mat Tring di chuyen song song vdi nhau, ngay do Wang duong vdi ngiy mdng 5 lich ira (ljch hien vin dugc sir dting).
NghTa la ngiy cua lich Mudng chim hem ngiy trong ljch am lieh I ngay, do dd rai trong luc ngir Mudng cd cau "ngiy lui" la vi vay.
Ngdy idt ngdy xdu, ngdy may ngdy xui: theo quan niem ciia ngudi Mudng, nhung ngay Cdn li nhiing ngay tdt eho viec dtmg vg gi chdng, cimg ciu via hoic khdi cdng lam nha, tin gia, xuit hanh, nhim chtic,... Nhdng ngay Xu&m li nhirng ngiy tlt cho viec sin thu, danh ca, gii biy. Nhiing ngay Kim li nhtmg ngiy hao, lam gi cung lam mudi chi dugc nim, niu la a mua Thu, thing Ha thi nhimg ngiy niy thudng la nhirng ngiy cd gid to. Nhtrng ngay Khda la nhtrng ngiy xui xeo, tuy nhien ngay Khda Ngdng lai tdt cho viec dam chim, bay thil. Nhiing ngay Cdn Troong, Xu&m Trong la ngay Ci; nhimg ngay Cdn Xa, Xu&m Xa la nhirng ngay Moong (ngay thii) lot cho viec sin ban... (xera bang 2).
Bdng 2: Bang tinh ngay theo tung thing ciia lieh Doi
Thing MQT.
CHAP GIENG
Ten t h i n s Canxa Khoa ngan^
1 9 17 25
Khoa ngauR Can trong
2 10 18 26 Can trone Xirom trong
3 11 19 27 Xucrm
trong Kim trong
4 12 20 28
Kim Irons
5 13 1 6 14 1 7 15 21 29 1 22 30 23 t,, . , - ^- Xifom Khoa ho Kmi xa i
Khoa ; ^ . Xucrm 1 „ , 1 Kim xa ' Can xa ho xa
8 16 24 Can Kli6a ii<;anii
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K i m i r o n a K h o a h o K i m .xa
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C a n t r o n g X u c r m I r o n g K i m t r o n g
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AV, Lyc Van Tinh, xa Thiet Ke, huyen Ba Thudc, tinh Thanh Hda'' Gid tot gid xdu: trong ngay eung ed gid tdt gid xiu. Ddi vdi lich Mudng, each phan chia gid va each linh gid tdt gid xau nhu sau: klidi dau la gid Hirng sdng, tiep sau li cie gid Rgng ddng. Mgc mat. Trua Ire. Tnca cd, Trdn bdng, Chiiu g-uang. Chieu ngan. Lgn mgl, Ddt ddu. Cdu ndm, Xam ngu, din Ngu udi, Ngu trdi^. Khdi dau tinh gid tdt, gid xau dugc tinh tir gid Himg sdng dd li gid Cdn Troong, rdi cti the raa tinh cac gid tilp. Tuy theo gid tuang ling vdi cac ten mong thich {Cdn Troong. Khda Ngdng. Kim Troong. Khda Ro. Kim Xa. Xu&m Xa. Cdn Xa. Xudm Troong) ma tinh gid tdt gid xau,...
3. Bp Ijch Doi bang the tre va each su dung
Khao Doi - Bd hch Mudng dang tnmg bay d Bio tang Dan tdc hpc Viel Nam (Anh cLia tac gia).
Tat ca nhimg tri thirc \c licb phap kbi phirc tap nhu da frinh bay tren day da duo th"
hien Icn Iren rapt bd ljch. Bd hch cd ciu tao bing 12 the tre, moi the dai khoang hon 25
•* Theo Icri ong Lyc \ an Tinh. \ao thai k\ Hiip tac xa. luc nhung nam 1960 lh6 ky XX. be". , thuong xuyen sir dyng ljch nay de tinh thoi \M san xu4i va lua chpn ngay. giu \U dO l6 L\V.- doi song thuang ngay
' Theo Chu Van Khanh (2001. tr. :4>)-:.MI( nguoi Muong a Hoa Binh chia moi ngay iha- tieng Muong nhu sau. Ca cay, Hifng lang. Loi tha. Trua del, Trua ca. NiJa ngay, Khupng i L§n Iffi. Vang mat. Giat d^u. Cau nam. Kham i,i. Kh.i> nuij Khupi a, Lang la.
va uac M - ^"ili IK,.
-' khu("
) nong trong
Tgp chi Ddn ldc hgc sd3 - 2020
CO chilu rpng chung han 2cm, mdt diu duge xau vao vdi nhau, khi xde ra frdng gidng nhu bg nan quat giay (xem inh). Mdi the fre tuang thich vdi radt thing. Tren cic the fre, ngudi tgo lip da sir dimg cac ky hieu tir khoing cich, hudng eiia cac net khac (thing, hudng len, hudng xudng) va do sau ctia cac vgch khic..., de chuyen tii cac tri thtic rit phiic lap ve lieh phap. Bd ljch niy gidng nhu la rapt bd tai lieu de tra eiiu su dyng Ijch. Trong din gian, da sd ngudi Mudng ed the tinh duge ljch mdt each don gian bing each bim theo cac dot ngdn lay. Cdn nhimg ai mudn thdng tirdng ve ljch thi phai hpc, hpc bang each fruyen mieng. Thdng Ihudng cac ihay eung (thiy mo), cac lang dgo, die biet la lang eun thudng la nhtmg ngudi hieu biet ve ijch, ca ve cic tri thirc lich phip lan thyc hanh khi sir dyng lich frong ddi sdng thudng ngay.
Trong din gian, bd lieh fre nay thudng dugc ngudi diing (thudng la cac thay nio, cie dng lang va nhiing ngudi "cd hpc") fran frpng freo d cdt nhi ehinh tmdc bin thd ciia cic gia dinb.
Tmdc nhimg nim 1950 eua the ky XX, hiu het ngudi Mudng deu theo ljch nay de tinh ngiy tdt ngay xau phye vu cho sinh hogt bing ngiy. Tir khoang nhiing nira 1950 trd lgi day, ngudi la dung Am lich theo ngudi Kinh vi Duong Ijch nhu hien nay. Tuy nhien, d vung mudng Bi va mpt sd viing Mudng khic van dung Lich Mudng eho viec lim nhi, cudi hdi, san bin, tang ma, xem bdi vi die biet li xem de xac djnh Tiet thti pbuc vu eho viec sin xuat gieo frdng. Qua thuc te chiem nghiem da phan ngudi Mudng deu cdng nban ring viec xem Uing, sao theo ljch Doi Mudng de xie djnh Tiet thii theo thai vu trong ndng nghipp la tuang ddi chinh xie, den nay van duge radt bd phin ngudi din tin dung.
Ket luan
Ket qui nghien ciiu nhu da trinh, my chua day du nhung cting cd the nhin thay rang, de cd lieh Doi Mudng, nhtmg ngudi sing lip ra chung di ket hgp linh le giira kien thirc thien vin vdi nhimg tri thuc qua frai nghiem sdng tir nhieu ddi. Hg da kien tri "quan fric" cic tinh tii (cy the li mat tring va sao Tua Rua/sao Doi) van hanh trong vii tru, thdng qua su quan sal nhan bill quy Iugl vgn hinh theo chu ky cua chiing. Qua frii nghiem sdng frong mdi frudng ty nhien lau dai ctia nhilu Ihl he, hg di nhan bill mdi quan he gitra su van dgng ciia cac tinh tii trong vii try vdi sy biln dpng vl thdi tilt, khi hgu vi sy van ddng ay di lic dgng den sy sinb tmdng ciia mudn loii, tie dpng din sy smb tin va cae frang thai eua ban thin con ngudi, cupc sdng ctia con ngudi,... Tir dd, hg djnh ra khung Iich (nam. thing, ngiy, gid) vi ggi ra cic boat ddng tuang thieh, ddng thdi dy bio hieu qui cic boat ddng do ed the mang lai. Ttr nhiing tu lieu tren cdn cho thiy, ljch Doi Mudng cd hai nlidra: mpt la nhimg tri thirc, kien thiic ve ljch phap; hai li bp ljch lam bing nan fre fren dd cd nhiing ky tir giiip cho ngudi dimg "dpc" vi sti dyng. Ci ming vit thi lin phi vat thi cua ljch Doi Mudng da tao nen mpt di san van hda quy biu mang dam di bin sic cua ngudi Mudng. Nha dan tdc hpc hang dau nghien ciru ve ngudi Mudng la Nguyin Dtic Tir Chi di chi ra cac radi quan he gin giii giiia van hda/ldi song cua cu dan Mudng, eu dan Viet vdi ngudi Viet cd. Theo Ong, nhting rad tip trang tri tren mat frdng ddng Ddng San mi tnmg tim la hinh mat trdi co the li each ma ngudi Ddng
.Njjro t7i Duy Thi\'u -Bjdjj^
Son xua phin inh vc Ijch ndng nghiep^ Rit tiee, cho den nay chua cd ai nghien ciru Iji-''^
Mumig iheo hudng nhu Tir Chi mong dgi. de diir giai raa nhiimg dilu m i Ong da suy doan.
Tai lieu t h a m khao
1 Ngu\cn Tir Chi (2014), "Sire sdng Ddng Son", Tgp chi Bdo tdng tk Nhdn hgc. So I.
2. Nguyin Tir Chi (1996), Gdp phdn nghien cim van hda vd tgc ngirdi. Nxb. Vin hoa Thdng tin. Ha Npi.
3. Phgm Dtic Duong. Ha Van Tin (1978). "Vl ngdn ngii tiln Viet - Mirong". Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc. Sd l.fr. 46-49.
4. Quach Giao, Thuong Diem, Biii Thien (1976), De ddt. de nu&c, Nxb. V i n hpe.
5. Nguyin Van Huy (Chti bien. 2007), Tir diin hiin vdt Vdn hda cdc ddn tgc Viet Nam.
Nxb. Giao dye.
6. Chu Vin Khanh (2001), "Ljch fre cua ngudi Mudng" trong." Cdc cdng trinh nghien cim ciia Bdo ldng Ddn lgc hgc Viil Nam II, Nxb. Klioa hoc xa hdi. H i Ndi.
7. Nguyin Duy Thieu (1996), Cdu g-uc tgc ngudi & Ldo, Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hgi. H i Npi.
8. Nguyen Duy Thieu (1997), "Ddi net ve vin hoa vat chit eiia ngirdi Trieng", Tgp chi I 'du hod nghe thudt, Sd 1, fr. 27-31.
9. Nguyen Duy Thieu (2003), "The cbe xa hpi mudng tmyen thdng: Nghien ctiu so sanh gitra mudng ciia ngudi Mudng va raudng eiia ngudi Thii d Viet Nam", Tgp chi Nghiin cim Ddng Nam A. Sd 2. tr. 16-29;
10. Nguyin Duy Thieu (2020), "Tiet, Nghi le ndng nghiep v i Tet", Tgp chi Bdo tdng &
Nhdn hgc, Sd 1,
11. Tdng cyc Thdng ke (2010), Bdo cdo kit qud diiu lra todn bg Tdng diiu tra ddn sd vd nhd d Viii Nam 1/4/2009, Nxb. Thing ke. Ha Ndi, 2010. Phy luc 1: C i e bilu so lieu.
Bieu 1 .PL: Din sd ehia Iheo dan tdc Viel Nam.
12. \'ien Dan tpc hpc (1978), Cdc ddn tgc il nguai a Viit Nam (Cdc iinh phia Bac), Nxb. hChoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Npi.
"Trong lac pham "Hpa \ an cap \ a \ Mu,Tn^' eua Nguyen Tir Chi (1996), tac gia da "giai mii "cac do ho- tren tren m?i tring dong Dong Son. dupc ihC- hien bang chat lipu la dong, ky thuat diic. tren bu cue ciia kh" ^^"^.^
m&l tron.. ci> cac moi quan he vc loai hinh mo tip hoa van (cac bi6u tupng: mat troi. chim muong c6 ' " " ^ ^ ^ "
cac canh sinh ho?t ciia con ngucri) tren cap \a> Muong dupc tha hi?n b4ng chit li?u spi bc'in;;. h^Jij, [jo''?! . ^ '!' m*n khong uian giai ngang Day la mpt trong tac cir ]i?u de ong neu gia thuydt. ngucri Muf.rng ia hiiu d " •' ^^^
dan E)ongS(m Di xa hon ong timg ngh! rang trang tri tiOn lrong diing Dong Son la each the hiC-n nono 1 k^"^ *^"
dan Dong Scm. Rit uec cho toi nay chua co ai nghien cuu sau dd giai ma > tuong hip dan na> ^.ja one *^"'' '^'^