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CHINH SACH PHAT TRIEN D Q I NGU GIANG VIEN DAI HOC 6 TRUNG QUOC VA BAI HOC KINH
NGHIEM DOI V d i VIET NAM
Pham Thi Minh Thiiy'
Tom tdt: Bdi viet de cap den chinh sdch phdt trien ddi ngd gidng viin d Trung Qudc, td chinh sdch ve quy hogch, tuyen dung, sd dung, ddo tgo, boi dudng den ddi ngd gidng vien. Thdng qua do, rut ra mgt sd bdi hgc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam trong xdy ddng vd thUc thi chinh sdch phdt trien dgi ngd gidng viin theo hudng dam bdo quyin td chii cCia cdc trudng dgi hgc hiin nay.
Td khoa: chinh sdch phdt trien gidng viin; Trung Quoc; Viet Nam
Abstract: The article refers to the policy of developing lecturers in China, including the policy of planning, recruiting, using, training and treating lecturers. After that, the author draws some lessons for Viet Nam regarding the construction and the implementation of lecturers developing policy which ensures the autonomy of current universities in Viet Nam.
Keywords: Policy of developing lecturers; China; Viet Nam
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 05/4/2019 Ngdy sda bdi: 15/4/2019 Ngdy duyet ddng: 25/5/2019
I. He thong giao due dai hpc va phan trd la nha dau tfl chinh, eac ddi tac xa hpi la cap quan ly giao due dai hoc d Trung Qudc ddng dau tfl. Bd Giao due la cO quan nam
He thdng giao due dai hoc d Trung W « ' " 1 " ^ 't' ^l^'" '''^'^h nhiem thflc thi Qudc dfloc chia thanh 4 tfag: dai hoc ^^^ ™ *>*" '"»' "^" 1"^"' " ' ^ '''"''•
nghien cflu; dal hoc nghito cflu - giing hfldng din va cac chinh sach cua Trung day; dai hoc giang day; cao ding. Hien nay ''«"& « / ^Ung cac ke hoach phat tnen Trung Qudc cd 2880 trudng cao ding va "g^nh giio due, diin phdi cac chflong dai hoc vdi gSn 37 trieu sinh vien. Trung trinh qudc gia ve' giio due. Bd Giao due Qudc dang tap trung vao muc tieu phat gia q"y& ki™ ^°^^ <'°' ™' " hon 5%
trie-n 42 trfldng trong diim vdi 59 nganh trong tdng sd cac trfldng dai hpc va cao dao tao trong diem [7]. Chinh phu h6 trd ding [HI- Tuy nhien, nhflng trfldng trflc dao tao dai hpc vdi phflong cham la dao thudc Bp Giao due quan ly la cac trUdng tao ra nhflng nh4n tai de phuc vu sfl phat dai hpc hang diu dupc giao nhiem vu de trie'n cua xa hpi theo dinh hfldng xa hdi trd thanh trfldng ding cap the gidi. Cdn chu nghia. ¥ . hau hit cac trUdng dai hpc trflc thudc
, , „. „ , , , chinh quySn cap tinh hoac dac khu.
He thong giao due Trung Quoc thong
nhat trong toan qudc. Chinh phu, vdi vai Trong trfldng dai hpc Trung Qudc cd '•' ThS, TrUdng Bai hoc Hiing VUdng, tinh Phu Tho
^ Tap chi Khoa hoc Npi vu I 51
} DAO TAO - B6I DU&NG i i i
mpt he thong quan ly song hanh mdt mat la phia hpe thuat do hieu trfldng va dpi ngu giang vien lam dai dien, va mat khac la bf thfl dang fly (thfldng khdng phai la hieu trfldng ma la phd hieu trfldng dilu hanh) dai dien cho Dang cpng san Trung Qudc trong trfldng dai hpc. Ca hai phfa phai ddng thuan vl vile quan ly va lanh dao nha trfldng. CJ cac trfldng "dinh" cua dat nfldc, hieu trfldng thfldng dflde nha nfldc trflc tiep bo nhilm. Chfla cd quy dinh bat bupe eae trfldng phai cd hpi dong trfldng, nhilu trfldng dai hpe thude dfl an 985, 211 chfla thanh lap hpi dong trfldng [7]. Vai trd cua Hdi dong trfldng la tfl van va huy ddng tai trd cho trfldng.
2. Khai quat ve dpi ngu giang vien dai hpc d Trung Quoe
Kinh trpng giao viln la mdt truyin thong tdt dep cua dan tpc Trung Hoa. Nam 1985, Trung Qude lay ngay 10 thing 9 hang nam la Ngay nha giao. Ben canh Luat Giao due, Luat Giao due dai hpc, Luat Vien chfle, Trung Quoe cdn xay dflng va ban hanh LuS.t Giao vien (cd hieu Iflc tfl ngay 01 thang 01 nam 1994). Luat Giao viln dfldc ban hanh, ghi nhan thim mpt bflde no Iflc cua Nha nfldc trong viec nang eao vi the cua giao vien trong xa hpi. Luat Giao vien gdm 9 chfldng, 54 dilu va phu luc gdm 5 chfldng 20 dieu quy dinh eu the ve quyen, traeh nhilm, bang cap, tuyl'n dung, dao tao va danh gia giao vien ciing nhfl quy dinh ve thu lao, thfldng phat va nhflng nghia vu raa giao viln phai tuan theo.
Theo quy dinh cua Luat Giao vien, giao viln la nhdng nhan vien chuyen nghiep, thflc hien ehflc trach giao due va giang day, ganh vac sfl menh dung sach day ngfldi. Cdng dan Trung Quoc tuan thu
Hiln phap va luat phap, yeu nghi giao viln, cd tfl each dao dflc tdt, cd qua trinh hpe tap theo quy dinh cda Luat Giao vien hoac da trung tuyen ky thi tfl each giao vien quoc gia, ed nang Iflc giang day, du tieu ehuan giao viln, cd the dfldc edng nhan la giao viln.
Trong eae trfldng dai hpc, giao vien cd cac chdc danh bao gdm: giao sfl, phd giao sfl, giang vien va trp ly giang day. Giang vien dai hpe can cd hpc Iflc tfl tot nghiep nghien cflu sinh trd lln.
Giang vien cd quyin tien hanh cac boat dpng giang day, phat tril'n rpng vile cai each, thflc nghiem giao due va giang day.
Tien hanh hoat dpng nghien cflu khoa hpe trao doi hpe thuat, thara gia doan the chuyin mdn, phat bilu mpi y kiln trong qua trinh hoat dpng hpc thuat. Dong thdi dfldc nhan Ifldng va thfl lao dung ky ban, dfldc hfldng dai ngp phue lpi theo quy dinh cua Nha nfldc va dflpc nghi he, nghi ddng ed hfldng Ifldng.
Giang vien phai tuan thu Hiln phap, luat phap va dao ddc nghe nghiep, lay danh dfl nha giao lam gfldng cho rapi ngfldi;
quan triet phfldng chara giao due eua nha nfldc, tuan thu ndi quy, quy dinh, thflc hiln kl hoach giang day eua trfldng, hoan thanh nhilm vu cdng tae giang day,.
Giao sfl, phd giao sfl phai dam nhan edng tac giang day rapt hpc phan khoa hpc CO ban hoac hpc phan khdng thupc khoa hpc Cd ban, to chfle thao luan trin Idp, ehi dao thflc tap, dieu tra xa hpi, hfldng dan luan van, luan an va dfl an tdt nghiip, nara vflng tinh hinh phat trien hpe thuat trong phara vi mdn hpc, tham gia boat dpng hpc thuat va dong gdp bao eao hpc 52 Tap chi Khoa hpc Npi vu
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thu^t, tham gia nghien cflu khoa hpc, khai thac ky thuat dich vu xa hpi va eac cdng tac khoa hpc ky thuat khac; can efl vko nhu eau, dam nhan vai trd phu trach nghiin cflu khoa hpe, phu trach hoae tham gia phi duyet luan van tot nghiep, chu tri hoac thara gia bien soan, binh xet giao trinh mdi va cae sach tham khao, ehu tri hpc tham gia nghien cflu phfldng phap day hpe,... [5]
3. Chinh sdch phat triln ddi ngii giang vien dai hoc d Trung Quoc
a. Chinh sdch quy hogch dgi ngd gidng vien Nam 1993, Di efldng eai each va phat triln giao due Trung Quoe dflpc BCH Trung fldng Dang Cpng san Trung Qude thdng qua la diera mdc khdi dau cho tiln trinh cai each giao due Trung Quoe mpt each toan diln va cd ban nhara hinh thanh mdt he thong giao due xa hpi chu nghia, mang raau sac Trung Quoe. Cupc cai each nay hfldng den tflng cap hpe, trong do, cai each giao due dai hpc gan liln vdi vile phat trien nhan tai dflpc Nha nfldc d^e bilt quan tara. "Hai chu ehdt"
trong cude eai each giai doan nay la phat triln giao due dai hpe va thflc hien Dl an 211 nham xay dflng 100 trfldng dai hpc chu chdt hfldng tdi thi ky XXI [2]
Thang 5/1998, Bp Giao due Trung Quoe khdi xfldng "Kl hoach hanh dpng giao due hfldng tdi the ky 21" dac biet nhan raanh din sfl phat trien cac trfldng dai hpe dang cap thi gidi va eac trfldng dai hpc nghiin cflu trinh dp eao ndi tieng the gidi. Dfl an 985 ra ddi vdi rauc tilu phat trien 10 din 12 trfldng dai hpc dfldc eho la dat dang cap the gidi [2]
Dfl an 985 eune vdi dfl an 211 dfldc coi
la hai chien Iflpc quan trpng cua Chinh phu Trung Qudc trong nd Iflc nang eao chat Ifldng dao tao trong xu the phat trie'n dai tra nganh giao due dai hpc.
Chien Iflpc phat trien giao due trung han, dai ban giai doan 2010 - 2020 xac dinh 2 mue tilu can dat dfldc (i) xay dflng dfldc dpi ngu nhan tai; (ii) xay dflng mdt xa hpi toan dan hpc tap vdi ty 1140% dan sd trong dp tuoi dfldc di hpc giao due dai hpc. Thang 10/2017, Dai hpi Dang cdng san Trung Qudc toan qudc lan thfl XDC khang dinh, cac rauc tieu cda Chiln Ifldc phat trie'n giao due trung ban, dai han giai doan 2010 - 2020 da dflde hoan thanh (nam 2017) ty 11 sinh viln cao dang va dai hpc trong dp tuoi d Trung Qude la 42,7%) [7].
Cung vdi qua trinh cai each toan dien giao due dai hpe, quy hoach mang Ifldi cae trfldng dai hpc, dac biet trong vile quy hoach cae trfldng dai hpc dang cap qude te thi viec quy hoach, tao nguon dpi ngu giang vien, cung dflde dac biet quan tam nhfl chinh sach flu dai ddi vdi nganh sfl pham (tfl nam 2007, toan bp sinh vien nganh sfl pham dflde mien hpc phi); tang quyin tfl ehu, day manh cai each dl nang eao chat Ifldng dao tao giao vien d cac cd sd giao due dai hpe dao tao giao vien; tfch cfle efl sinh viln, giang vien eua minh thara gia hpc tap va nghien cdu d cac nfldc cd nen giao due hiln dai va phat trie'n. Van de quy hoach dpi ngu giang viln d Trung Qudc gan liln vdi quy hoach dpi ngu "nhan tai"
eho dat nfldc vdi hang loat cac ehinh sach thu hut "nhan tai" trong va ngoai nfldc tham gia giang day, nghien cdu tai eae trfldng dai hpe. Td nam 2002 Trung Qudc da cd "Bi efldng quy hoach xay dflng dpi ngu nhan tai toan qudc 2002-2005" va din Tap chf Khoa hpc Ndi vu I 53
f DAO TAO' BOI DUdNG Hi thang 6 nam 2010, Trung fldng Dang Cdng san va Quoc vu vien nfldc Cong hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa ban hanh "De efldng Quy hoach phat tril'n nhan tai trung va dai ban Qude gia (2010-2020)".
b. Chinh sdch tuyen dung gidng vien Cac trfldng dai hpc cdng lap dfldc Qudc vu viln giao chl tieu bien che, tuy nhien cae trfldng thfldng khdng sfl dung het chi tieu dfldc giao, ma tien hanh ky hdp ddng lao ddng va sfl dung bien che edn lai dl thu hut nhan tai. Cac trfldng da tiln hanh viec tuyl'n dung nhan Iflc chat Ifldng cao tfl nfldc ngoai vl giang day trong trfldng dai hpc va nghien cflu tai eac td ehflc mdi md.
Dl thu hut nhdn tai td nfldc ngoai ve nfldc tham gia edng viee nghiin cflu, Trung Qudc da dl ra rat nhieu ke hoach nhfl "Ke hoach trara ngfldi"; "Kl hoach thu hut nhan tai kilt xu^t tfl nfldc ngoai",
"Ke hoach dpi sang tao hpp tac quoc te"...
Chinh phu tai trd eho cac dfl an nghien cflu cua nhflng trfldng dai hpc va viln nghien cflu tuyen dung hp. Dau nara 2007, Vien Khoa hpc Trung Qudc da efl mdt doan cdng tac vdi quy md ldn, di din cac nfldc chau Au, chau My, tuyen dung nhan tai la cac Iflu hpe sinh flu tu. Day la mdt trong nhflng boat ddng tuyen dung d nfldc ngoai quan trpng nhat eua Viln Khoa hpc Trung Qudc trong thdi gian qua.
Cuoi nam 2008, Trung Qude da khdi xfldng chfldng trinh mang tin "Tuyen dung cae chuyin gia toan cau", hay cdn dfldc gpi la "Kl hoach nghin nhan tai".
Muc tieu day thara vpng cua Chflong trinh nay la trong khoang 5-10 nara se thu hut mpt Iflpng ldn tai nang Trung kilu
hang dau the gidi trd ve Trung Qudc dai luc lam vile. Den nam 2011, ke hoach nay da md rdng ddi tfldng, bao gdm ca nhflng nha khoa hpc nfldc ngoai va cac tai nang tre khap the gidi. Va sau rapt th4p ky, "ke hoach nghin nhan tai" da thu hut hdn 7.600 nha khoa hpe va ky sfl cao cap den Trung Qude lam vile, trong do ed 3.500 nha khoa hpc tre day triln vpng, tham ehi cd nhdng nha khoa hpc doat giai Nobel (nhfl GS Fraser Stoddart) [4].
Van dl "ddng huylt" trong myen dung.
Khi nhieu giao sfl dfldc dao tao d cung mdt trfldng dai hpe raa hp lam vile se lam giam sut sfl da dang trong tfl tfldng va kha nang tao ra y tfldng mdi hay nhflng chfldng trinh cai each, \i cac nha khoa hpc nay ed cung mot cd sd tri thflc va phfldng phap. De khae phuc van de ve
"ddng huyet" trong nghe giang viln, nhilu trfldng dai hpe hang dau eua Trung Quoc nhfl Dai hpe Bac Kinh da tien tdi viec ket thue hien tfldng "dong huyet" va thien ve vile tuyen dung nhflng giang viln dflpc dao tao tfl rapt ndi nao khae. Tai khoa Toan Dai hpc Thanh Hoa, chi cd 1 trong so 21 giang viln dfldi 45 tuoi la ngfldi tot nghiep tfl chfnh Dai hpe Thanh Hoa [13].
c. Chinh sdch sd dung, ddnh gid gidng vien Phan ldn eac vi tri, chfle vu, giao sfl, giang vien, diu thflc hien theo hdp dong cd thdi ban va thdng qua egnh tranh. Hp cd che dp lam vile suot ddi vdi nhflng giao sfl flu tu. Hiln nay, d cac vien, eae trfldng dai hpc ldn Trung Quoe ehi cd 20% so can bd dfldc hfldng che dp bien chl suot ddi.
Trfldng dai hpc, hpc vien da phan quy^n quan tri ve cae khoa va bd mdn dflpc quyen tfl chu nhieu hdn trong viec tuyin dung, phat trien va danh gia dpi ngu gidng vien. ' 54 I Tap chi Khoa hpc Ndi vu
\ \ \ BAO TAO-BOI Di/dNG'
Trung Qudc da thay the he thong chfle danh quan lieu bang mdt he thdng ehflc vu dfla tren ph&n chat va nang Iflc. Lflong ciia giang vi^n dfldc tra, dfla vao nang lUc, ket qua giang day va nghien cflu chfl khdng hoan toan phu thude va tham nien.
Viec ap dung he thdng mdi nay giflp cac trfldng thuc hien dflpc chUOng trinh giam bien che quy md ldn cua can bd, giang vien trong trudng dai hpc. Thflc te da cho thSy, nhflng ngfldi giam bien che chu yeu la nha quan ly, can bp dang, nhan vien phuc vu va mdt sd it giang vien thieu nang lUc. d Dai hoc Ha Mdn, giam tfl 31 xudng 24 ddn vi hanh chinh, 54 xudng 32 don vi dao tao, sd nhan vien 537 xudng 270. O Dai hpc Khpa hpc va Ky thuat Trung flOng Trung Qudc, 450 nhan vien dfldc giam xudng cdn 290 [11].
d. Chinh sdch Uu ddi doi vdi gidng vien Chinh phii Trung Qudc cd gang hen tuc nang cao vi tri xa hdi va vat chat cho giao vien. Luat Giao vien da chi rd "Ifldng giao vita khdng dfldc thap hon hoac phai cao hon lflong cua cdng chfle nha nfldc thudc cac nganh khac va phai tflng bflde nang Ifldng giao vien" va "giao vien dflpc tham gia vao cac dich vu cham sdc sflc khde cua cac cdng ehflc nha nfldc tai dia phflong"
[5]. Tfl nhflng nam 1990, Trung Qudc da khdi xfldng chinh sach dai ngd mdt lan (cd the len den 1 trieu nhan dan te), thang ehflc, trp cSp nha d, tang can hp... de thu hiit dpi ngu giang vien trfldng dai hpc.
Nha nfldc dam bao lflong cd ban cho dpi ngu can bd thudc bien che, ngoai ra cac trudng dai hpc cdn tra them Ifldng cho dpi ngu giang vien dUa tren ket qua thUc hien cdng viec va ngudn tai chinh ma nha trfldng huy ddng dflpc. LUOng cua giang
vien bao gdm 3 phan: lUdng co ban xep theo trinh dd hpc van; Ifldng trach nhiem xep theo chfle vu dang dam nhan va chfle danh khoa hpc; Iflpng theo ldi ich cdng viec bao gdm tien thfldng, tien phan tram tfl kinh phi de tai khoa hpc hoac tfl cac hpp ddng nghien cflu. Chinh quyen trung flong va chinh quyen dia phfldng deu cd nhflng flu dai ve nha d, viee lam cho ngUdi than va hpc hanh cho con cai giang vien cflng nhflng hd trd ve tai chinh cho nhan tai lam viec tai cac trUdng dai hpc d Trung Qudc.
Cling nhu nhieu nUdc dang phat trien tren the gidi, Trung Qudc phai ddi mat vdi tinh trang "chay mau chat xam". De ban che va khac phuc tinh trang nay, Chinh phu Trung Qudc nhan thflc dfldc rang "khdng the tim each ngan chan bang phfldng phap hanh chinh ma can phai cd cai nhin linh ddng". Chinh vi vay, mdt mat Trung Qudc van khuyen khich tao dieu kien cho can bd, giang vien di hpc tap, nghien cflu d nfldc ngoai, mat khac, dfla ra cac chinh sach thu hflt nhan tai du hpc d nfldc ngoai trd ve tham gia sang tao, lap nghiep. Cac chinh sach flu dai cUc ldn de thu hflt Hoa ki& ve nfldc tham gia giang day, nghien cflu tfl phia Chinh phu den cac trfldng dai hpc (ve Ifldng, thfldng, nha d,...). Mfle lUdng cho mdt nghiSn cflu sinh bac sau tien si d Trung Qudc hien len den 600.000 NDT (87.827 USD) mdt nam, gan gap ddi mflc luong trung binh cho cung mpt cdng viec d My, Tai My, mflc lflong trung binh hang nam cho ngfldi sau tien si la khoang 47.000 USD [6].
Ben canh nhieu "gdi" kich thich kinh te va cd hdi phat trien nghe nghiep, Chinh phu Trung Qudc xay dUng va thflc hito ke hoach cai each toan dien he thdng giao due Tap chi Khoa hpc Ndi vu I 55
( DAO TAO - BOI DUdNG / / /
va dau tfl khdng ngflng cho khoa hpe, edng nghe, tao mdi trfldng giang day, nghien cflu, lara viec tot nhat cho cae nhan tai cd Cd hdi tilp tuc phat trien. Trung Qudc da kip nang cap va xay dflng hang loat ed sd ha tang nghiin cflu hiln dai dat trinh dp the gidi; eac khu cdng viln edng nghe cao dflde phat trien nhanh chdng, tieu bieu nhfl: Dfl an khoa hpe va cdng nghe trpng dil'm qudc gia; Chfldng trinh 863 (cdn gpi la Chfldng trinh nghien cflu va trie'n khai cdng nghe cao qude gia); Chfldng trinh 973 (hay Chfldng trinh qude gia vl dfl an nghiin cflu cd ban trpng dilra); Dfl an Tai trd khoa hpc tfl nhiln quoc gia. Dai hdi Nhan dan toan qude lan thfl XIII cua Dang Cpng san Trung Qude (3/2018) da nhat trf thdng qua Luat tang efldng tham quyen eua Bp KH&CN (MOST) trong vile cap phep lao dpng cho cae chuyin gia nfldc ngoai,... Nhfl vay, eae nha khoa hpe, chuyin gia da cd khdng gian sang tao dinb cao de din dat nghien cflu, tao nen nhflng dot pha khoa hpe mdi. Ddi vdi nhflng nha khoa hpe nfldc ngoai se dflde trp cap eho d, ehi phi an d, di lai, ehi phi giao due; dfldc hfldng dich vu cham sdc y tl, bao hilm xa hpi bao gdm Ifldng hflu, bao hilm y te va bao hiera thfldng tat liln quan den cdng viec; thara chi la eae ehi phi di lai ve tham que hfldng. Ngoai ra, khi raang theo gia dinh, hp se dfldc bd tri cdng viec eho vp hoac chdng di theo vdi mflc Ifldng tfldng dfldng vdi mflc kha d dia phfldng efl tru.
Chinh phu Trung Quoc cung tao thuan ldi cho viec nhcLp efl, efl tru doi vdi nhflng ngfldi du dieu kien trong "Kl hoach nghin nhan tai".
Khdng chi keu gpi cac nha khoa hpc vl dinh efl trong nfldc de tham gia giang
56 I Tap chi Khoa hpc Ndi vu
day, nghiin edu, Trung Qude edn khuyen khich Hoa kieu trd ve lam vile trong khoang thdi gian ngdn den trung binh (Chinh sach "Tia sang mua xuan", chinh sach "Phue vu dat nfldc"). Bd Ngoai giao cung ddn gian hda cac thu tuc nhap canh va cap thi thflc dai h^n de tao dilu kiln cho chuyen gia quoe te di lai dl dang.
Cac hpe gia dflde khuyin khfch gid vi tri chuyin mdn d ea Trung Quoe va nfldc ngoai, quay trd lai Trung Quoc de giang day va trao doi hpe thuat, nhan hoa hong neu tham gia dfl an hdp tac gida Trung Qudc va qudc tl...
d. Chinh sdch ddo tgo, hoi dddng Bin canh chinh sach thu hut n h ^ tai, Trung Qude eung rat quan t^ra den edng tae dao tao, boi dfldng giang vien. Td nara 2003, Trung Quoc da trien khai 1500 khda hpe xuat sac dat tilu chuan qudc gia trong vdng 5 nam, vdi muc dich dap flng ve ed ban cac ehuyen nganh chfnh va thuc day chia se cae nguon Iflc giang day chat Ifldng; tien hanh cae dfl an "Dad tao nhan tai xuat chdng xuyen thi ky"; "Ddi mdi trong giao due cao hpe"; eai each cong tae giang day tiing Anh tai eac trfldng dai hpe, day manh dao tao giang vien tiing Anh trong cae trfldng dai hpc va cai thien cac ky nang nghe ndi eua sinh vien;...
Ngoai yeu cau tat ca cac giang vien phai thdng qua chfldng trinh nghien cdu sinh, de bdi dfldng cae chuyin gia, nhat la cac chuyin gia dau nganh, Trung Quoc edn thflc hien chl dp efl di hpc tap, nghien cflu d eae cd sd khoa hpe cdng nghe ldn, ed trinh dp d eac nfldc phat trien dl nang eao nghiep vu. Vi vay, du la ndi thu hut dflpc dong dao sinh vien quoe te din hpc tap (tren 200.000 sinh vien quoc tl),
\ \ \ DAO TAO - BOI DUdNG I
nhflng nfldc nay cung tieh cfle ed sinh vien, giang viln cua minh tham gia hpc tip va nghien cdu d cac nfldc cd nin giao due Men dai va phat trien. Chi tinh rieng Iflu hpc sinh va can bp eua Trung Quoc lam vile tai My hiln nay khoang 45.000 ngfldi. Chinh phu cd nhflng hd trp manh me eho cae sinh vien, giang vien Trung Quoc di du hpc nfldc ngoai va klu gpi phoi hdp hanh dpng cua eae nha dau tfl de lam tang nguon kinh phi va eae dieh vu ho trp eho cac sinh vien, giang vien ed nguyen vpng di du hpe nfldc ngoai. Trong nam 2005, Chinh phu Trung Qude da tai trfl cho vile to chfle "Dien dan Han lam Quoe gia" danh cho eac tiln sl, tai trd cho 12 to chfle giao due dai hpc thanh lap 13 chfldng trinh trai he danh cho eae nghien cflu sinh sau dai hpe va hd trp 16 to ehdc giao due dai hpe thanh lap eae trung tam d6i mdi sau dai hpe trong va bin ngoai eae trfldng dai hpc va lam cho chung trd thanh cac ed sd quan trpng ddi vdi vile eai to cac mo hinh dao tao sau dai hpe. Chinh phu Trung Quoe dac biet quan tam, tao dilu kien cho cac trfldng dai hpc thanh lap cac quy tfl do nghiin cflu de eae nha nghien cflu, eac giang viln cd the theo duoi cac y tfldng "khac, la" cua minh va lam nhdng gi hp muon de kham pha thi gidi.
e. Chinh sdch tdn vinh, khen thddng Trung Qude eung rat chu trpng din viec bieu dfldng nhan tai, dac bilt la nhflng nhan tai kiet xuSt, nham khuyen khfch xa hdi tdn trpng trf thflc, tdn vinh nhan tai. Chinh phu da thanh lap cac giai thfldng danh eho eac nhdn tai, hpc gia, eac nha nghien cflu tai nang nhfl Giai thfldng Yangtze-River (cdn gpi la Giai thfldng TrildntT Giane^) danh eho eac hpe gia;
Giai thfldng danh eho cac giang vien tre tai nang trong cae trfldng dai hpc; tham chf, Trung Quoc to chfle ca Hdi nghi nhan tai (Hdi nghi nhan tai lan thfl 1 dflpc to chfle thang 12 nam 2003). Nam 1999 lan dSu tien Trung Qudc trien khai viee bilu dfldng "Nhan tai ehuyen radn kiet xuat"
vdi 50 ngfldi dflde bieu dfldng, trong do 10 ngfldi dflde trao "Huy chfldng nhan tai ehuyen mdn nghiep vu kiet xuat", 40 ngfldi cdn lai dfldc ghi edng [3]. Vile bieu dfldng "Nhan tai chuyin mdn nghiep vu kiet xuat" toan qudc dfldc td ehflc dinh ky, thfldng khoang hai nara/Mn, do Ban To chfle trung fldng. Ban Tuyin huan trung fldng, Bp Nhan sfl va Bp Khoa hpc - Ky thuat xet chpn cac ea nhan dflpc bieu dfldng. Ngay nay, Trung Qudc thiet lap va eai tiln he thdng trao giai thfldng eho nhan tai ed ky nang vdi phfldng chara coi phan thfldng cua ehinh phu lam phfldng hfldng chi dao, giai thfldng cua ddn vi cdng tac lam tru cot va phan thfldng xa hpi nhfl rapt sfl bo sung.
VI viec phong giao sfl, phd giao sfl.
Trflde day, trong viec de bat giao sfl bi kiera soat mdt each rat tap trung, nhflng ngay nay, trung fldng chuye'n giao thara quyen quylt dinh ve cho eac trfldng dai hpc nhieu hdn. Vile phong giao sfl, phd giao sfl do trfldng thflc hien theo nhflng tieu chuan cua nha nfldc va thdng qua 3 hdi dong, cap khoa, cap vien va cap trfldng [7].
4. Cac bai hoc kinh nghiem doi vdi Viet Nam vl chinh sach phat triln dpi ngu giang vien trfldng dai hpc
Cung gidng nhfl Viet Nam, Trung Qudc nam trong he thdng giao due dai hpc chiu sfl ke hoach hda va kilm soat tap trung dang thdi ky qua dp sang tfl chu
Tap chi Khoa hpc N6i vu |
f DAO TAO - BOI DUdNG iii va trach nhiem xa hdi [9]. Van dl tfl chu dai hpc eung nhfl xay dflng cac trfldng dai hpc dang cap qudc te d Trung Qude van edn nhilu dieu dang ban. Tuy nhien, khdng the phu nhan nhflng thanh tflu an tflpng ma dat nfldc nay da dat dfldc trong phat trie'n he thdng giao due dai hpc, phat triln va thu hflt nhan tai - giang viln trong thap ky qua. Tfl nhflng thanh edng eua Trung Quoe ke trin, Viet Nam cd the rut ra nhflng bai hpe phu hdp trong xay dflng ehinh sach phat trien giang vien cac trfldng dai hpe, dae biet trong boi canh dam bao quyin tfl chu cua eac trfldng dai hpc nhfl hiln nay.
Thd nhdt, tdng eddng phdn cdp qudn ly nhd nUdc doi vdi trddng dgi hoc vd gidng vien dgi hgc
Thflc hiln Nghi dinh 127/2018/ND-CP ngay 21/9/2018 Quy dinh vl trach nhilm quan ly nha nfldc doi vdi giao due, eac cd quan trung fldng can tiep tuc phan cap dang ke eho ehinh quyen dia phfldng, cung nhfl thflc hien tot ed chl phoi hpp cae bd, nganh. Phan cap quan ly d cap Bp Giao due va Dao tao theo hfldng Bp thflc hien quan ly nha nfldc ve giao due d^ii hpc, trong do, tap trung vao viee xay dflng ehinh sach, chiln Ifldc phat triln, radi trfldng phap ly cho giao due dai hpc;
UBND tinh, thanh phd can phat huy vai tro quan ly nha nfldc ve giao due dai hpe tren dia ban dia phfldng; thara gia kilm tra, giam sat vile thflc hien ehinh sach, phap luat doi vdi dpi ngu giang viln cua cac trfldng dai hpc; xem xet vile edng nhan cac Hdi ddng trfldng. Ban giam hieu dai hpc. Cae trfldng dai hpe can ra soat quy che hoat dpng cua minh, lam ro quyin tfl chu, nghia vu tfl chiu trach
nhiem, cd eae chfldng trinh phat triln dpi ngu giang vien, ddng thdi chu ddng trong vile huy dpng eac ngudn Iflc thu hut, dao tao, phat trien giang vien,...;
Thd hai, xdy ddng quy trinh tuyen dung md, nham thu hut nhan tdi trong vd ngodi nddc tham gia gidng dgy vd nghien cdu trong cdc trddng dgi hgc cdng lap, khac phuc tinh trgng "dong huyet" trong tuyen dung gidng vien.
Can nhanh chdng eu thi hda Nghi dinh 16/2015/ND-CP va hoan thien eae van ban hfldng dan thi hanh Luat Viln ehflc, Lucit sfla doi bo sung mpt so dilu cua Luat Giao due dai hpe nam 2018, de eae trfldng dfldc tfl chu trong edng tac tuyen dung giang vien cua minh, chi bao eao kit qua tuyin dung vdi ed quan chu quan de kiem tra, theo ddi. Tiln tdi d cae trfldng dai hpc da thflc hiln tfl chu, phan cap tuyl'n dung ve khoa - ddn vi ehuyen mdn se trflc tilp quan ly giang vien dl ed nhflng danh gia ehinh xac vl chuyin mdn, giup tuyen dflde nhflng ngfldi thflc sfl ed trinh dp, nang Iflc.
Linh dpng trong quy trinh tuyen dung giang vien de edng tac tuyen dung thflc sfl cd bien doi vl chat, tuyen dflpc nhflng ngfldi tai, cd nang Iflc thflc sfl tham gia giang day va nghien cflu tai trfldng dai hpc. Ddng thdi can quan tam da dang hda ngudn tuyen dung giang vien, han ehe tinh trang "ddng huylt" trong tuyen dung.
Khuyen khfch hinh thflc ky hdp dong vdi cac nha quan ly, cac chuyen gia trong va ngoai nfldc tham gia giang day, nghien cflu khoa hpc tai eac trfldng dai hpc.
Thd ha, sd dung gidng vien hgp ly hieu qud Nha nfldc can trao quyin cho cac hieu 58 Tap chi Khoa hpc Noi vu
\ \ \ DAO TAO ~ BOI DUdNG ' trfldng thflc hien vai trd eua ngfldi sfl
dyng lao dpng, dflpc dilu dpng, sa thai giang vien vi pham hpp ddng. Khuyen khieh viee thflc hien hdp dong lao ddng dfla tren sfl thda thuan mflc Ifldng va cam ket traeh nhilm rd rang doi vdi vi tri viee lam. Song song do, Nha nfldc tang efldng bien phap thanh tra. Idem tra quan ly va sfl dung lao dpng;
De thflc hiln cd hieu qua ehinh sach tinh gian bien ehe theo Nghi dinh 108/2014/ND-CP cua Chinh phu, eae trfldng dai hpe can ehu dpng tiln hanh ra soat va dilu ehinh chfle nang, nhiem vu va cd eau td ehflc cua cae ddn vi trflc thupc theo hfldng nham giam biln che d bp phan viln chfle hanh ehinh, danh ehi tieu dl Ifla chpn va tuyen dung giang vien gidi;
Thd tu, quan tdm xdy ddng vd thdc hien cdc chinh sdch Uu ddi nham thu hut, phdt trien gidng vien, tgo dieu kiin de gidng vien dUdc hgc tap, bdi dddng d trong vd ngodi niidc.
Cai each ehl dp tiln Ifldng, thflc hien tra Ifldng cho giang vien tfldng xflng vdi vi tri vile lara, chfle danh nghi nghiep, ehflc vu quan ly va kit qua edng viec. Nha nfldc can cd nhflng ehinh sach linh ddng hdn nfla, thflc sfl flu dai hdn nda de thu hflt dflpc nguon nhan Iflc chat Iflpng eao ea trong va ngoai nfldc tham gia giang day, nghien cflu tai cae trfldng dai hpe. Khdng chi ddn thuan la eae ehi tra vl Ifldng, thfldng, eac ehe dp flu dai, ho trd ve nha d, dat d,... ma dieu quan trpng nhfl nfldc lang gilng da lam do la cai each toan dien he thdng giao due - dao tao, khoa hpc v^ cdng nghe tao mdi trfldng tdt nhat de nhan tai cd kha nang phat trien.
Ben canh nhflng flu dai, dilu quan trpng, Nha nfldc phai lam sao de cac giang vien gidi, trinh dd eao cam thay minh thflc sfl dfldc tdn trpng, dflde sfl dung, phat huy hit kien thflc, nang Iflc, dflpc khang dinh minh thdng qua vile da dang eae hinh thflc tdn vinh. Dieu do la thflc sfl cin thilt trong dieu kiln kinh t l - xa hdi chung ta edn khd khan, nguon Iflc tai chinh cdn ban chl de thflc hien nhflng ehinh sach flu dai mang tinh dot pha, canh tranh vdi cac nfldc phat triln. Ben canh do, can tao rapt ed chl phdi hpp gifla Nha nfldc, nha trfldng, doanh nghiep, giang vien, eung chia se, phdi hdp nguon Iflc dl cd nhflng flu dai, hd trp tot nhat cho giang viln.
Kit luan
Nlu chat Ifldng dad tao la tara diera eua nhu cau doi radi giao due thi van de trpng yeu nhat hien nay la chat Ifldng giang vien. Tuy nhiln, chat Ifldng dpi ngu giang viln dai hpc hien nay cdn nhieu ban ehe so vdi yeu cau cua thflc tiln. Trflde tinh hinh do, doi mdi quan ly nha nfldc vl giao due dai hpc va giang viln dai hpe trd nen bflc thiet va dfldc eoi la "khau dot pha" nhara nang eao chat Iflpng giao due dai hpc, chat Ifldng dpi ngu giang viln [8].
Trong thdi ky qua dp sang tfl chu dai hpc ndi ehung va tfl ehu vl nhan sfl ndi rieng nhfl ngay nay, hdn luc nao hit, vai trd cua eac cd quan quan ly nha nfldc ed thara quyen can phai dflde phat huy, khdng phai de tang efldng quan ly dpi ngu giang vien theo CO che tap trung, quan lieu, bao cap ma dat ra yeu cau doi vdi Nha nfldc can ed nhdng giai phap hieu qua, the hien dung vai trd dinh hfldng, giam sat, thuc day va tao dieu kien eho cac trfldng dai hpc, eho dpi ngu giang viln dfldc ehu dong, sang Tap ehi Khoa hoc Npi vu I 59
( DAO TAO - B6I DUdNG / / / tao phat huy tdi da kha nang, nang Iflc cua minh.
Khdng chi dflng lai d Trung Quoe, viec nghien cdu, hpe tap kinh nghiem cua cac qude gia ed nin giao due dai hpc phat trie'n la viec hit sflc nen lam va can thiet. Qua do, biet chat lpc, tiep thu nhflng tinh hoa phu hdp vdi dac dilm nin giao due Viet Nam, hfldng tdi xay dflng mpt he thdng giao due dai hpe "theo hfldng chuan hda, hien dai hda, xa hpi hda, dan chu hda va hdi nhap quoc te" [10].
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Ban chap hanh Trung fldng Dang (2013), Nghi quyet ve "doi mdi cdn bdn, todn dien gido due ddo tgo ddp dng yiu cdu cdng nghiep hda, hien dgi hda trong nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hddng XHCN vd hdi nhgp qudc te". Ha Ndi.
2. Cue Thdng tin KH&CN Quoc gia (2010), Tdng luan: "Cdc chien Iddc vd chinh sdch cua Trung Qudc nhdm thuc day doi mdi gido due dgi hgc vd ddo tgo nhdn cong tay nghe cao"
3. Dao tao nhan tai d Trung Quoc, https://tuoitre.vn/dao-tao--nhan-tai-o- trung-quoe-65107.htm
4. Nguyen Thi Hien, Nguyln Dflc Minh, Dai hpe Quoc gia Ha Npi, TrungQud'c: Mdt thdp ky trien khai "Ke hogch nghin nhdn tdi" http://kho ahocvacongnghevietnara .eora.vn/tin-tuc-su-kien/khcn-nuoe- ngoai/22769-trung-quoc-raot-thap-ky- trien-khai-ke-hoach-nghin-nhan-tai.html
5. Nhflng npi dung ed ban trong Luat giao vien cua Trung Qudc http://
vnelp.gov.vn/PICMS/TaiLieu_View.
aspx?TaiLieuID=2238
6. Thu Phfldng (Theo SCMP), Trun^
Qudc ngdn chdy mdu chdt xdm thdnh cdng nhd mdc Iddng 'khung' vd chinh sdch mdi cua My! https://baomoi.com/trung-quoe- ngan-ehay-mau-chat-xam-thanh-cong- nho-muc-luong-khung-va-chinh-saeh- moi-cua-my/c/27725972.epi
7. Quan ly nha nfldc ddi vdi giao due dai hpc: Mot sd kinh nghiim cua Trung Qudc vd khuyen nghi cho Viet Nam, http://chuongtrinhkhgd.moet.gov.vn/
tintue-sukien /Pages /hop-tae-quoc-te.
aspx?ItemID=4515
8. Ihu tfldng Chinh phu (2010), Chi thi ve doi mdi qudn ly gido due dgi hgc giai dogn 2010-2012, sd 296/CT^TTg, Ha Npi.
9. Pham Van Thuan (2016), Qudn ly dgi ngd gidng vien dgi hgc, gdc nhin td chu vd trdch nhiem xd hdi, Nxb Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi
10. Van kiln Dai hpi Dai bieu Ttoan qudc lan thfl XI, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia - Sfl that. Ha Npi, tn 130-131
11. Philip G Altbaeh (2009), The Giants Awake: Higher Education Systems in China and India, https://www.epw.in/
journal/2009/23
12.XiangraingChen,Chinese Academic Profession, The Decline of the Guru; The Academic Profession m Developing and Middle-Income Countries, 119
13. A Chinese University (2004), Elite Once More, Chronicle of Higher Education 50, no.44
60 Tap ehi Khoa hpc N6i vu