N G 6 N N G f
S 6 l l 2011
wt vifc PHAN LOAI
HANH DONG CAU KHI£N TlfiNG VlfT
Bdi vilt ndy muln dl c|p din phuang phdp vd tigu cM phdn logi hdnh dpng ngdn tft (hdnh dOng ndi) clu kMin tilng ViOt, thdng qua dd, diln gidi mOt sd vin dh md trong cdc bdi bdo trudc chiing tdi chua ndi rd.
1. Vl khdi ntpm d u khiln MOt s l sdch, gido trinh ngdn ngft hgc, ngft dyng hgc bdng tilng Vipt kM ^ c|p din If tiiuylt hdnh dpng ngdn tft thudng gidi tMOu cdch phdn logi hdnh dpng ngdn trung efta Searle [6]. Searle xdc l|p 12 tigu cM cd thl dftng dl phdn logi Id:
1) Dfch ngdn trung (tuong ftng vdi dilu kign cdn bdn) Id myc dfch cua hdnh dOng ndi.
2) Hudng khdp ghgp ldi vdi thvrc tgi
3) Trgng tiidi tdm U dugc till Mpn (tuong ftng vdi dilu kign chdn thdnh), till dy /BAI /i^n till MOn y dinh cua ngudi ndi thvrc MOn cdi gl dd.
4) Lvrc ngdn trung: Id MOu lvrc d ldi cd tMh mgnh ylu khdc nhau kM cd ciing dich ngdn trung. TM dy: ra Ipnh cd MOu lvrc d ldi mgnh, cd tMh sai kMin \i nd mang tfnh cudng bftc ngudi nghe thvrc MOn hdnh dOng, nhd cd MOu lyc d ldi Id tidng dgi vdo tMOn y ciia ngudi nghe cd muln thvrc MOn
PGS.TSPAO THANH LAN hdnh dOng md ngudi ndi muln hay khdng ngn cd tftih ciu.
5) Tfnh quan ylu ciia mli quan hO lign cd nhdn gifla ngudi ndi vd ngudi nghe (cdn ggi: cuong vi xd hpi) tftc Id vi thl giao tilp gitira ngudi ndi vd ngudi nghe.
6) Dinh hudng ciia hdnh dOng ngdn tft, tM dy hiea hudng tdi ngudi ndi cdn m/#nA hudng tdi ngudi nghe.
7) Chftc ndng lign kit ngdn tir 8) NOi dung mOnh dh, tiif dy:
ngudi ndi thvrc MOn hdnh dOng ndo dd Id d$c tnmg vl nOi dung mOnh dl ciia hdnh dOng hda cdn ngudi nghe thvrc MOn hdnh dOng ndo dd lgi Id d|c tnmg vl nOi dung mOnh de ciia hdnh d^ng yiu cdu.
9) Sy cln/ khdng d n dOng tft ngdn hdnh
10) T d c d xd hOi vd hdnh dOng ngdn tii. Cd hdnh dOng phdi cd till ehl xd hOi mdi cd MOu lvrc nhu ddt tin, cd hdnh dpng khdng cln d n till ehl xd hOi nhu nhd.
11) Hdnh dpng ngdn tir vd bilu thftc ngdn hdnh
12) Cdch tiiftc tiiyc MOn hdnh dOng ngdn tii
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Trong dd, Searle thudng dtmg 3 tigu cM CO bdn: dfch ngdn tnmg, hudng khdp ghgp githi ldi vd thvrc tgi, tigng tiidi tdm U dugc till MOn dh phdn thdnh 5 nhdm:
1) Hdnh dQng Uiygn d (dedaiations) Ld nhftng hdnh dpng ndi cd dfch ngdn trung ldm thay dli thyc tgi tiidng qua viPe ndi ra cdc tft nhu hdnh dPng tdbd.ddt tin. sa thdi, khai mgc... D|c trung efta hdnh dpng tuygn bl Id tft ngft ldm thay dli thvrc tgi, ngudi ndi gdy ra tinh hulng.
2) Hdnh dPng Mlu MPn/ bilu kiln (representatives)
Ld nhflng hdnh dpng ndi cd dfch ngdn trung trinh bdy nhftng sy tinh md ngudi ndi tin tudng vdi cdc mftc dp khdc nhau nhu/n^ r/Bi<2r, jcdc n ^ pha nhdn... D|c tmng efta hdnh dpng
bilu Mpn Id: \im tft ngft khdp vdi Aye tgi, ngudi ndi tin tinh hdng.
3) Hdnh dpng bilu cdm/ bpc ip (epressives)
5 kilu hdnh dpng ndi dugc
Ngdn m ^ s 6 11 nam 2011 Ld nhthig hdnh dpng ndi cd dfch ngdn trung thl MPn trgng tMU tdm M efta ngudi ndi dli vdi sy tinh trong nPi dung mPnh dl nhu: phdn ndn, cdm am, boon nghinh... D|c tnmg efta hdnh dpng ndy Id ldm tft ngft khdp vdi thyc tgi, ngudi ndi cdm nh|n tinh hulng.
4)Hdnhd9f«dilukhiln(dirBctives) Ld nhthig hdnh dpng ndi cd dfch ngdn trung ldm cho ngirdi nghe ldm cdi gl dd nhu Ad/, ra ipnh, thinh cdu...
D|c tnmg cua hdnh dpng ndy Id ldm thvrc tgi khdp vdi tft ngft, ngudi ndi m d n tinh hulng.
5) Hdnh dOng udc kit (commisives) Ld nhftng hdnh dpng ndi cd dfch ngdn trung cam kit mPt hdnh dpng tuong lai ndo dd nhu ddm bdo, hda hfn, thi... D|c tnmg efta hdnh dpng ndy UL ldm thyc tgi khdp vdi tft ngft, ngudi ndi dinh tinh hulng.
ting hgp lgi thdnh bdng sau:
Kilu hdnh dPng ndi Tuygn b l
Bilu Mgn Bilu cdm Dilu kMin iTdcklt
Hudng khdp g ^ gifta tft vdi tiiyc tgi Tft ngft ldm tiiay dli tiiyc tgi Ldm tft ngft khdp vdi thvrc tgi Ldm tft ngft khdp vdi thvrc tgi Ldm thvrc tgi khdp vdi tft ngft Ldm thvrc tgi khdp vdi tft ngft
S: ngudi ndi X: tinh hulng SgdyraX S t i n X
ScdmtiilyX S m u I n X SchftdinhX (Theo [4,109])
v l tigu cM 2 - hudng khdp ghgp giflra tft vd thyc tgi tirong bdng trgn chua dugc dinh hudng cy t d . Hudng khdp g h ^ cd t d dugc xdy dyng tiieo hai CMIU: tft ngdn ngft tdi thvrc tgi
(ldi ndi cd tiudc, thvrc tgi cd sau, kf Mpu tiudc sau dCmg miU tgn cd cMlu tii ti-di sang phdi (->). Nd phdn dnh cdc logi hdnh dPng md ngdn tft xdy ra trudc rli thvrc tgi xdy ra sau, dftng
VlviPc...
nhu ngdn tft, tM dy ldi tuygn bk cd hudng khdp ghgp: ldi ndi -> thvrc tgi (ldi ndi ldm thay dli tiivrc tgi), ldi dilu kMin, ldi udc kit cflng cd hudng khdp ghgp: ldi ndi -> thvrc tgi. Dilm khdc nhau cfla cdc kilu ldi ndy Id ngudi tiiyc Mpn, d ldi tuygn bl vd ldi udc kit tM ngudi ndi ding thdi Id ngudi tiiyc MPn cdn d ldi dilu kMin till ngudi ndi ygu d u ngudi nghe thvrc Mpn. Ldi tiiygn b l lgi khdc vdi ldi udc kit d tiidi gian tiiyc Mpn: ldi tuygn d dugc thvrc Mpn ngay khi ndi ra cdn ldi udc kit dugc thyc Mpn sau
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kM ndi. CMlu tiift hai Id tir tiiyc tgi tiM ngdn ngft (thyc tgi cd tmdc, ldi ndi cd sau). Nd phdn dnh cdc logi hdnh dPng md thyc tgi xdy ra tiudc rli ngdn tft xdy ra sau dh phdn dnh tiiyc tgi. Cd ldi bilu MPn vd ldi bilu cdm diu cd hudng khdp ghgp: thyc tgi •> ldi ndi. Chiing khdc nhau d tigu cM 3: tirgng thdi tdm If dugc thl Mgn d ldi bilu MPn Id mftc d^ tm tudng cdn d ldi bilu cdm Id mftc dp cdm nhgn. Tft dd, cd till migu tii khdi qudt 5 kilu hdnh dPng ndi theo bdng sau:
Kilu hdnh dPng ndi (dfch ngdn trung) Tuygn d
Bilu Mpn Bilu cdm Dilu kMin l/dcklt
Hudng khdp ghgp gifla ldi vdi thvrc tgi
Ldi -> thyc tgi Thyc tgi -> ldi Thyc tgi -> ldi Ldi -> thyc tgi Ldi -> thvrc tgi
S: ngudi ndi X: tinh hulng SgdyraX StinX
Scdmnh|nX S muln X SchfldinhX
Cflng vdi 3 tigu cM co bdn, chftng ta cd thl v|n dyng thgm cdc tigu cM khdc tirong s l 12 tigu cM ciia Searle dl tilp tyc phdn logi 5 kilu hdnh dpng ngdn tft ndi trgn thdnh cdc tilu logi.
Chdng hgn, kilu 4 - hdnh dpng dilu kMin cd till phdn thdnh 2 tilu logi:
hdnh dpng hdi vd hdnh dpng ciu kMin.
Chflng khdc nhau d ehl: v l y ngMa, hdnh dPng hdi Id hdi v l dilu gl dd md ngudi ndi chua rd nhdm ygu ciu ngudi nghe thvrc Mpn mPt hdnh dpng ngdn tii Id tird ldi - ldm rd tiidng tm cfla dilu md ngudi ndi hdi. Cdn hdnh dpng ciu kMin tM ygu ciu ngudi nghe I tiivrc Mpn hdnh dpng md ngudi ndi
bdy td, hdnh dpng dd tiudc hit Ui hdnh dpng v|t U (dn, hgc, ngft...) cd thl kgm thgm hdnh dpng ngdn tft (ldi ddp kgm: vdng...) ho|c bdng hdnh dPng ngdn tft kM tft chii ygu clu ciia ngudi ndi. Hdnh dpi^ tich eye/ duong tfnh thod mdn ldi cau kMin Id hdnh dpng v|t U. Cdn hdnh dpng tft chii ldi d u kMin Id hdnh dPng tigu eye/
dm tinh md kM ndi ldi d u kMin, chft ngdn khdng mong dgi. Vl d u Mpu ngdn hdnh efta ldi tM ldi hdi ho|c dftng ldi chfta vi tft ngdn hdnh hdi, ho|c dftng cdc bilu thftc hdi chfta dgi tft hdi {ai, gi, ndo, thi ndo, sao, ra sao...) ho|c dftng bilu thftc hdi
62 Ngdn ngfl' i l 11 nam 2011 chflra kit ciu:...cd...khdng?....dd...
chua? Cdn ldi ciu kMin till sft dyng bilu thftc chfta vi tii ngdn hdnh:
K1=D1+Vnh + D2 + V(p) TM dy: Tdi nhd cd chuyin bdc thu ndy din anh Nam.
Ho|c bilu thftc chfta vi tii tinh tiidi ciu kMin {hdy. dOng. chd) vd/
hole tilu tii tinh tiidi ciu kMin {di.
vdi, xem. dd, thdi, ndo. nhi):
K2 = D2 + Vtck + V(p) + Tck TM dy: Thu^ dftng ldm khd tdi;
U nd bd cdi gigng dy di.
Vdi d|c trung Id trong bilu tiiftc Kl (kilu 1) cd Dl- tii trd chft ngdn/
ngudi ndi, Vnh - vi tft ngdn hdnh vd D2 tft ti-d tilp ngdn/ ngudi nghe, tiong bilu tiiftc K2 (kilu 2) cd D2, Vti:k - vi tii tinh tiidi d u kMin, vd/
hole Tek - tilu tir tinh tiidi dukMin, m|c dfl Dl, D2 cd till khdng Min ngdn d ldi do ngft cdnh cho phgp. {Quy udc gM tdt cfla V(p) == vi tft cd thl cd phy tl).
Nhu v|y chumg tdi dftng khdi mpm d u khiln dl trd tilu logi hdnh dpiig ngdn tft cd dfch ngdn trung d u khioi ngudi nghe tiiyc Mpn hdnh dPng md ngudi ndi bdy td. Npi hdm efta y ngMa ciu kMin bao gIm y ngMa d u (ciu, xm, nhd, mdi, rft, ndi, chftc, van, ]IK), y ngMa kMin (ra ipnh, tiiuc giyc, cam dodn, ngdn cdn, cho phgp, ygu ciu) hole vfta ciu vfta kM»i ( k h i ^ bdo, dk nghi, d|n dd). Hdnh dpng d u kMin cM Id mpt tilu logi tirong kilu hdnh dpng dilu kMin, dli l|p vdi hdnh dPng hdi. Sd dl chftng tdi phdi ndi rd dilu ndy vi sdch [3, 385] lgi dftng khdi mpm cdu khiin dl dich tiiu|t ngft tilng Anh directives. Nhu
till till tirong hdnh dPng d u kMin cd hdnh dpng hdi. Theo chung tdi, kilu 4 ngn ggi Id hdnh dpng dilu kMin nhu [1], [4] hole hdnh dpng cM phii [2],[5]tiiltiifchhgphan.
2.SvphflnlofihanhdPngdn khiln tilng Vipt
Cd thl cdn cft vdo y ngMa ho|c Mnh thftc bilu Mpn d phdn logi hdnh dPng ciu kMin tilng Vipt.
2.1. Phdn logi dvra vdo y ngMa (theo lvrc ngdn trung)
Cdn cft vdo m|t npi dung y nghia cfla hdnh dPng d u kMin tftc Id cdn cft vdo lyc ngdn tnmg efta nd. V ngMa d u kMin bao gIm y ngMa kMin vd du. Lvrc kMin dugc iih|n dipn bdng tfnh mPnh iPnh, tfnh kp d^ tfnh cudng bftc hdnh dpng ciia chft ngdn tiSri tilp ngdn. Ldi khien Id nhffaig mpnh Ipnh cudng biic, d t buPc tilp ngdn thvrc MPn hdnh dpng ngn thih Uch sy rit tii^. Sy till MPn efta hdnh dPng kMin Id thign vl U tri. Lyc d u dugc nh|n dign bdng miic dp dl cao vai trd efta tilp ng&i, dk cao tfnh ty nguyPn hdnh dPng efta tiln ngdn. Sy till Mpn efta hdnh dPng cdu Id tMgn vl thih cdm.
Ldi d u cd tfnh Uch sy cao hon ldi
kMin. TMh kMin dli % vdi tinh
d u d thih c d t cudng bflrc tilp ngdn
tiivrc MPn vgu d u efta chft ngdn. Vi
till giao ti^ Ui mpt tigu cM gii^ nh|n
dign tinh kMin, tinh du. d hdnh dpng
kMin, chft ngdn tiiudng cd vi till giao
tilp cao ban tilp ngdn, d hdnh dpng
du, chft ngdn thudng cd vi thl giao
ti^ tiiln hon tilp nedn. KM lyc kMin
gidm din till lyc clu tdng din. Cho
ngn cd nhftng hdnh dpng cM cd thih
kMin, nhCtaig hdnh dPng cM cd thih
d u vd nhftng hdnh dpng vfta kMin
VlviQc...
vfta d a Tgn ggi efta tftng hdnh dpng ciu kMin cy thl phdn dnh npi hdm ngMa tiiudng tuong ftng vdi vi tft ngdn hdnh d u kMin tudng minh (trft mPt vdi hdnh dpng khdng cd vi tft ngdn
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hdnh ciu kMin tudng mmh nhir nigdn, giyc. ddn. ni, ndi). Dudi ddy Id kit qud phdn logi cdn cft vdo lyc ngdn tiung xIp tiieo mftc dp tinh kMin gidm din, tfnh ciu tdng din:
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Hdnh dOng clu khiln Ralgnh elm Ngin Giyc
Cho/cho phgp Ygudu Dinghi D|n Khuygn Ru Mdi Nhd Chuc Xin, xin ph^
Ciu Ndi Van Lgy
Mftc dO clu khiln Khiln cao ndt Khiln cao nhlt Khiln cao Khiln cao Khien cao Khiln cao
Khiln tmng bhih, clu tiilp
Khiln tfalp, clu thip Khiln tiilp
clu tiilp clu trung binh clu cao
Cau cao clu cao clu rit cao clu rit cao clu fit cao clu cao nhlt
'^Oi dung Ignh
Ldm Khdng ldm Khdng ldm l i m nhanh hon
Ldm Ldm Ldm Ldm Ldm/
khdng ldm Ldm Ldm Ldm Ldm Ldm Ldm Ldm Ldm Ldm
Hkih thuc bilu dgt di^ Mnh
Wvii = ra Ipnh; hdy. di Vnh = cdm; khdng dugc Chd. dimg
Hdy, di; ngft digu mgnh Wtki'cho/chophip, lOy.a
Vnh "yiu cdu; hdy, di Wrh=dir^,hay,ndo^rhi
nhi
Vnh = khuyen, nin!
Vnh + khdng nen nhi, cd... khdng
Wtif=mdi;nhe,c6... khdng Vnh = nhd. vdi
Vnh = chuc. nhi Vnh=xirVxinphqr, nhi Vnh = cdu; vdi
Wvh=xin, van, lgy; vdi Vnh= van; vdi
Vnh = lgy; vdi
(GM chft 1: bdng phdn logi ndy bk sung thgm 2 hdnh dOng: ngdn. giyc so vdi bdng phdn logi trong bdi bdo Nhdn dipn hdnh dpng mdi vd ni trong tiing Vipt (T/c Ngdn ngft, S l l 1,2010 vd tirong sdch [5]).
(GM chft 2: Vnh = vi tft ngdn hdnh; hdy, di. nhi. vdi...= tft cd vai trd ldm phuang tiOn cM din lyc ngdn trung ciu kMin)
2.2. Phdn logi dya vdo Mnh tiiftc bilu MOn
Hudng phdn logi hdnh dOng ngdn tmng theo Mnh thftc bilu MOn thudng dya ti-gn co sd md hinh clu tnic d|c
trung ciia nd md dyng hgc ggi Id bilu tiiftc ngdn hdnh. Tiliig Vigt cd nhftng kilu ldi CO bdn tuong umg vdi tiing hdnh dOng ndi khdi qudt nhir ldi trin thu|t tuong ftng vdi hdnh dOng bilu MOn, ldi cdm tiidn tuong ftng vdi hdnh
64 Ngdn ngfl'sl 11 nam 2011 dpng Mlu cdm, ldi hdi/ ngM vin tuong
flng vdi hdnh dpng hdi, ldi d u kMin tuong ftng vdi hdnh dPng ciu kMin.
Bgn cgnh dd, xgt tft gdc dp dyng hgc tM bilu thftc ngdn hdnh chfta vi tft ngdn hdnh Id diu MPu Mnh thftc d u tign, dl nh|n diPn hdnh dPng ngdn trung ndt. Md Mnh khdi qudt efta ndld:
K l = D l + V n h + D 2 + (p) GMchft:Kl = k i l u l ; D l =danh/
dgi tft ngdi 1; Vnh = v) tft ngdn hdnh;
D2 = danh/ dgi tii ngdi 2; (p) = phin phy cd thl cd ho|c khdng, trong ldi cy till till phin phy cd till Ui tiit, ngft, cft.
Ta cd till dya vdo bilu tiiftc Kl vd nhftng bilu tiiftc clu trftc d|c tnmg cho tiing kilu ldi d nh|n dipn vd phdn logi hdnh dPng ngdn tnmg. £>d Id sy phdn logi tiieo i^uong tiPn bilu Mpn, dyng hgc ggi Id phuong tipn cM din lvrc ngdn trung. Nhflmg hdnh dpng ngdn trung cd mli lign hg trvrc tilp vdi d u true d|c tnmg cfla nd Ui hdnh dPng trvrc tilp. Nhfing hdnh dpng khdng cd mli lign hp tivc tilp vdi ciu tiftc d|c tiung cfla nd, tftc Ui mugn d u triic efta hdnh dPn^^ A d di&i dgt thdnh ldi nhung nhdm tdi dfch ngdn tiung efta hdnh dPng B till B Ui hdnh dPng gidn tilp. Ddy Id sy phdn logi theo phuong thftc (cdch tiiftc) bilu Mpn, dyng hgc ggi Id phuong thftc till MPn lvrc ngdn trung. Chdng hgn ta cd hdnh dpng d u kMin trvrc tilp vd hdnh dpng ciu kMin gidn ti^.
Cdc phuang thftc thl MPn lvrc ngdn trung dft tivc tilp hay gidn tilp diu d tirong mpt don v) ngdn tft ^ i tMlu cd chftc ndng thdng bdo U ldi. Ldi sg dugc ggi tgn vd phdn logi tiieo cdc kilu hdnh dpng ngdn tiung ngn cd
sy tuong iing gifta Mnh thftc Mlu MPn (till dy: ldi c k kMin) vdi npi dung Mlu MPn (till dy: hdnh dpng ciu kMin).
VI till hudng phdn logi hdnh dpng ngdn trung dvra vdo Mnh thftrc bilu MPn ding nhit vdi viPc phdn logi cdc kilu ldi tiieo phuang tiiftc vd phuong tiPn Mlu Mpn lvrc ngdn tirung.
Cdn cft vdo phuong tiiftc till Mpn tivc tilp hay gidn tilp ta cd: ldi chfnh danh (ldi ngdn hdnh) nhu: d u kMin chfnh danh, hdi chfnh danh... vd ldi gidn tilp. Dli vdi ldi gidn tilp cd till dftng tgn kgp dl ggi nhu: hdi - d u kM^ (Mnh tiiftc Ui hdi nhung cd dfch ngdn tiung ciu khiln), trin tinj|t - ciu kMin, cdm thdn ciu kMin. Cdch ggi tgn ndy tit hon cdch ggi d u kMin gidn tilp \ i nd cM ra dugc Mnh thflrc bilu M ^ efta ldi.
Vdi cdch nhin ciia dyng hgc, trong ngdn ngft cd logi v) tft ngdn hdnh dli 1 ^ vdi v) tft pM ngdn hdnh (vi tii migu til). Vi tii nsdn hdnh \k vi tii ndi ndng tivc tilp Mlu Mpn hdnh dpng ngdn trung. Chdng hgn kM ta ndi: "mdi anh ulng nudc" Ui ta dd thvrc MPn hdnh dpng mdi, cho ngn mdj Ui vi tii ngdn hdnh. Vd ldi chfta vi tft mdi Ui ldi ngdn hdnh. VI quan hp gifla v) tft mdi vd hdnh dpng mdi ]k quan hp mpt dli mpt, ngn ldi ngdn hdrih chOa vita ngdn hdnh Id ldi ngdn hdnh tudng minh (explicit). Ngodi vi tft ngdn hdnh, ngdn ngft cdn sft dvimg nhflmg phuong tiPn hinh thftc chuygn dvnig ldm d£i Mpu d|c tiung dl bilu MPn hdnh dpng ngdn trung tuong tmg vdi chiing chdng hgn nhu cdc tft: hdy, dimg, chd dftng trudc dpng tft v) ngCh, ho|c cdc tilu tft thih tiidi: di, vdi, xem, dd, thdi, ndo, nhi dftng culi ldi Id d u Mpu hinh thftc
Vivipc...
chiQ^n dyng dk bilu Mpn ldi d u kMin tilng Vipt. Phuong tiOn Mnh tiitrc chuygn dyng ndy cflng Id phuang tign cM din lyc ngdn tnmg tryc tilp vi d u MOu hhih thftc tuong ftng tryc tilp vdi nOi dung dugc bilu Mgn. Do dd, ldi dugc tgo thdnh vdi hdy. dOng.
chd cflng Id ldi ngdn hdnh; tuy nMgn,
quan hg gifla phuang tiOn bilu Mpn vd hdnh dOng ngdn tiung tirong trudng hgp dflng hdy. dieng/ chd khdng phdi Id quan hO mOt dli mOt: tii /i4[v cd till ftng vdi hdnh dpng ra lOnh ho|c hdnh dOng ygu clu... ViOc xdc dinh hdty d ldi cy thl sg tuong umg vdi hdnh dOng tudng minh ndo phy thuOc vdo d i cdnh giao tilp cy thl vd ngft diOu efta ngudi ndi, cho ngn ldi clu kMin chfta h^ dugc ggi Id ldi ngdn hanh nguyin cq) (primary) hodc hdm dn (inq)licit).
Sy khdc nhmi gitica ldi ngdn hdnh tudng minh vd ngiQ^gn d p Id d cho: ldi tudng minh till ggi ten hdnh dOng ngdn trung mOt cdch cy thl, r6 rdng, xdc dinh cdn ldi ngdn hdnh nguygn d p tM cM neu ra hdnh dOng ngdn tnmg khdi qudt khdng cM ra hdnh dOng ngdn tiung cy the vd nd cd thl tuong ftng vdi mOt sl hdnh dOng ngdn trung cy till (phuang tiOn nguygn d p cd thih hdm In d nghia bilu Mgn). Trong tiudng hgp ndv, chiing tdi chgn thu|t ngft nguygn atp. Do dd ldi d u kMin cMnh danh cflng gIm hai tilu logi:
ldi cdu khiin tudng minh (chura vi tft ngdn hdnh vdi bilu thftc ngdn hdnh Kl vd ldi cdu khiin nguyin cdp (chfta phuone tign cM dan lyc ngdn tiung tivc tilp Id nhdm vi tft tinh tiidi clu kMin, nhdm tilu tft tinh tiidi clu kMin ho|c ngft diOu d u kMin ngft diOu mgnh, dli l|p vi tii ngdn hdnh vdi bilu tiiftc ngdn hdnh K2).
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Ngft dvmg hgc dgi cuong mdi
ngu ra hai khdi mgm: phuang tiPn
chi ddn lyc ngdn trung tudng minh
vd phuang tiPn chi ddn lyc ngdn trung
nguyin cdp [1], nhung qua khdo sdttiiyc tl ldi ciu kMin ti^ ViOt, chflng
tdi thiy, hdnh dOng d u kMin cdn
cd nhftng phuang tiOn cM din lyc
ngdn trung khdc khd phong phft, ndm
giflra hai logi ti^n. Cy till, ldi clu kMin
tilng Vipt cd bilu thftc ngdn hdnh
Kl' chfta dOng tft: mong/mudn/cdn
d vi tri Vnh, cd dfch ngdn trung clu
kMin vd cd lyc ngdn tiung tuong ftng
vdi tgn cfla tftng dOng tft, tiif dy: Chung
con muon m^ lin ddy d vdi chang
con; Tdi cln cd di coi thi dgt hal So
sdnh vdi bilu thftc clu kMin tudng
minh Kl tiii Kl' cM khdc d chS, cdc
dOng tft mong, mudn, cdn vin khdng
phdi Id cdc dOng tft cM hdnh dOng ndi
ndng nhu vi tft ngdn hdnh, kM di vdo
clu trftc Kl' tM chung dugc ngdn
hdnh hod nhu cdc vi tft ngdn hdnh
clu kMin khdc. VI till, chung tdi ggi
Kl' Id bilu tiiftc ngdn hdnh ciu kMin
bdn tudng mmh (bdn = nfta) chfta
phuang tiOn cM din lyc ngdn trung
bdn tudng minh. Dong thdi, bilu thftc
ngdn hdnh clu kMin nguygn d p K2
cflng cd biln thl Id K2' vdi phuang
tign cM din lyc ngdn trung Id nhflmg
dOng tft dugc ngft p h ^ hod nhu nhdm
dOng tft thih tiidi: nin/ cdn/phdi, dOng
tir: di giap. hp. cho... TM dy: Ta ngn
ldy danh dy md thi vdi nhau; Cdc
dng giftp tdi khiing cdi phdn ndy ra
sdn. y ngMa tft vvmg efta cdc dOngtii ndy gdp phin cy thl hod y ngMa
cfla nhflng hdnh dOng d u kMen, giftp
cho nd khdng phy tiiuOc vdo ngft cdnh
nhu phuang tiOn cM din lyc ngdn
trung nguygn d p . Chung tdi ggi K2'
66 Ngdn ngfr s l 11 nam 2011 Id bilu tiiilrc ngdn hdnh ciu kMin bdn
nguygn d p chfta phuang tign cM din lvrc ngdn trung bdn nguygn cip. Bin kilu phuong tign bilu MOn hdnh dOng ngdn tiung dugc xIp tiieo tiinh ty sau:
1) Phuoi^ tiOn cM din lyc ngdn tiung d u kMen tiidng minh
2) Phuoim tiOn cM din lyc ngdn trung ciu kMin bdn tudng minh
3) Phuang tign cM din lyc ngdn trung ciu kMen bdn nguygn d p
4) Phuong tign cM din lyc ngdn trung ciu kMen nguygn d p .
Tft kit qud khdo sdt, chftng tdi l|p bdng phdn logi ldi ciu kMin ding tiidi Id sy phdn logi hdnh dOng d u kMin tilng ViOt tiieo Mnh tiiftc bilu MOn:
Tgngi^tfiBophxxig tiiftc till MOn
Tgn ggi tiieo phuang tiOn bilu MOn
Bilu tMic ngdn hdnh efta hdnh d^ig/
ldi ciu khifa tilng ViOt 1. Hdnh dpng/ldi clu
kMin tudng mmh
Hdnh dOng ciu kMin trvrc tilp (ldi ciu kMin chfnh danh)
2.HdnhdOng/ldiclu kMin bdn ti^ng mmh
K1=D1+Vnhck +D2+V(p)
Kl '=B\-h:dn/mudn/mong*iy2+V(p) 3. Hdnh dpng/ldi
kMlnbdnngv^i K2'=D2/Dg+Vck+V(p)
(ycy^=nen/^phdi,di/giiq»hd/cho);
K2'= D2+W+giap/hd/cho+D\;
K2'=D2+Vl+D+m^V2 4. Hdnh dOng/ ldi clu
kMin nguygn d p
1. Hdi-dukMin
K2=D2+Vtck +V(p>+Tck
(trong dd cM cin cd Vtck ho|c Tek Id dugc);
K2= D2+V(p>i- ngft diOu mgnh Bilu tiiftc hdi: Kl= D1+ AdH- D2+ P;
aicbiBitixb!ii;cd...khdng.dd...chudl Hdnh ddng/ ldi
^ khiln gun 2. Trin tiiu|t - d u kMin
3. Cdm tiidn
kMin u
Bilu tiiftc trin tiiu|t:
D3+V(p); D3-Hd-^D3; D3-Hihm-D3 Bilu tiiftc ldi cdm thdn:
Bilu tiiftc trin tiiu|t + tii cdm tiidn GM chft: Vnhck=Vi tii ngdn hdnh ciu khiln; Dg=Danh tik/dgi tii ngdi gOp
TAI L I $ U
THAM
K H A O1. Dd Hau Chdu, Dgi cuang ngdn ngft hgc, Tpp 2, Ngft dyng hgc, Nxb GD. H. 2001.
2. Nguyin Due Ddn, Ngft dyng hgc, Tpp 1, Nxb GD. H. 1998.
3. Nguyin Thipn Gidp, Gido trinh ngdn ngft hgc, Nxb DHQG. H. 2008.
4. G.Yule., Dyng hgc- mOt sl din lu|n nghign cihi ngdn ngft, 1997, Bdn dich caa Nxb DHQG, H, 2003.
5. Ddo Thanh Lan, Ngft phdp - ngft nghia cfla Idi d u khiln tilng Vigt Nxb
KHXH. H. 2010.
6. Searle J.R., Speech act Cambridge University Press. 1969.